TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

---------------------*---------------------

BI TP NHM
H C S TRI THC
ti:

H HC
Ging vin hng dn:
Bi c Dng
Sinh vin thc hin:
Tng c Nam 52131893
Nguyn Th Ngc 52131898
Trn Th Trm 52131924
Nguyn Th nh Trc 52131927
Trn Th Nh 52131944
Lp: 52CNTT

Nm 2013

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

MC LC
H HC: ............................................................................................................................. 4

I.

1. Hc vt: ........................................................................................................................... 4
2. Hc bng cch ch dn: .................................................................................................... 4
3. Hc bng qui np: ............................................................................................................ 4
4. Hc bng tng t: .......................................................................................................... 4
5. Hc da trn gii thch: ................................................................................................... 4
6. Hc da trn tnh hung: ................................................................................................. 5
7. Khm ph hay hc khng gim st: ................................................................................ 5
II.

CY NH DANH: ........................................................................................................ 5

III.

THUT TON QUINLAN: ........................................................................................... 7

1. Thut ton: .......................................................................................................................... 7

2. V d: .................................................................................................................................. 8
3. Pht sinh tp lut: ............................................................................................................. 13
IV.

HC THEO BT NH ........................................................................................ 14

1. Thut ton: ........................................................................................................................ 14

2. V d. ................................................................................................................................ 15
THUT TON ILA ...................................................................................................... 20

V.

1. Xc nh d liu. ........................................................................................................... 20
2. Thut gii ILA ............................................................................................................... 20
3. u im ca thut gii................................................................................................... 21
4. V d minh ha .............................................................................................................. 21
5. nh gi gii thut. ........................................................................................................ 27
VI.

M HNH MNG NEURON NHN TO: ................................................................ 27

1) Tng quan v mng neuron nhn to : ............................................................................. 27

2) Mng truyn thng v gii thut hc lan truyn ngc: ................................................... 30
VII.

MT S NG DNG .................................................................................................. 31

1. Tm kim thng tin ........................................................................................................ 31

2. Khai ph d liu v pht hin tri thc ........................................................................... 32
3. Li xe t ng ................................................................................................................ 32
4. Robot ............................................................................................................................. 32
5. Cc ng dng khc ........................................................................................................ 33

H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

LI GII THIU
T khi cc h c s tr thc ra i cho n nay, ngi ta khng ngng thc hin cc
cng trnh nghin cu a t tng nghin cu cng vi my tnh ng dng vo gii quyt
cc cng vic trong thc tin i sng.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho cc h c s tri thc ph bin trong thi i
hin nay l vic lm cho my tnh tr nn thng minh hn, ni c th hn l ngi ta tm cch
to ra cc chng trnh thng minh hn c kh nng gii quyt cc vn thc t nh cch
gii quyt ca con ngi. vic hc chng trnh my tnh ngy cng bin ha v pht trin
thch ng vi mi trng v yu cu phc tp ca x hi hin nay.
Bi bo co sau y v h hc trong h c s tri thc, l vic hc bng phng
php xy dng cy nh danh. Bi ton c t ra l t mt mu c s d liu c sn, my
tnh c th pht hin ra tnh quy lut trong mu d liu bng phng php xy dng cy
nh danh v nh gip con ngi a ra cc quyt nh nhanh chng v chun xc.
Trong mt bi ton ca h hc, u vo l mt tp d liu hun luyn bao gm cc
mu d liu. Mi mu d liu bao gm mt tp gi tr ng vi cc thuc tnh. Tp thuc tnh
c chia lm hai phn: thuc tnh quan st v thuc tnh kt qu. Mc tiu ca hc my l
tm mt nh x t thuc tnh quan st vo thuc tnh kt qu (tm moi quan h gia thuc tnh
quan st v thuc tnh kt qu) ng vi tp d liu hun luyn. nh x ny s c p dng
ln nhng mu quan st mi rt ra kt qu tng ng.
Cng vic ca tng thnh vin
STT

Thnh vin

Ni dung c phn cng

T l

Tng c Nam

Demo + ng dng

20%

Nguyn Th Ngc

bt nh + ng dng

20%

Trn Th Trm

ILA + ng dng

20%

Nguyn Th nh Trc

Cc hnh thc hc + nron + ng dng

20%

Trn Th Nh

Cy nh danh + Quinlan + ng dng

20%

Cng

H hc

100%

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Danh mc cc hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh
Hnh

1Cy nh danh c c hay khng ................................................................................... 7

2Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu ....................................................................................... 9
3Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu v Kch thc 1 ........................................................... 10
4Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu v Kch thc 2 ........................................................... 12
5Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu, Kch thc, V........................................................... 13
6Cy nh danh y ................................................................................................... 13
7Cy nh danh Mu theo bt nh ............................................................................ 16
8Cy nh danh Kch thc theo bt nh ................................................................. 17
9Cy nh danh Kch thc theo bt nh 2 .............................................................. 19
10Cy nh danh y ................................................................................................. 20
11Mng neuron nhn to ................................................................................................ 28

Danh mc cc bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng

1Bng s liu Cy c c hay khng ............................................................................... 6

2Bng s liu cy c c hay khng ................................................................................ 8
3Bng theo thuc tnh Mu Xanh .................................................................................. 10
4Bng theo thuc tnh Mu ...................................................................................... 11
5Bng theo thuc tnh Mu , Kch thc Ln ........................................................... 12
6Bng s liu Cy c c hay khng ............................................................................ 15
7Bng theo thuc tnh Mu Xanh .................................................................................. 17
8Bng theo thuc tnh Mu ...................................................................................... 18
9Bng theo thuc tnh Mu , Kch thc Ln ........................................................... 19
10Bng s liu Cy c c hay khng .......................................................................... 22
11Bng theo kt qu c c .......................................................................................... 22
12Bng theo kt qu Khng c .................................................................................... 23
13Bng theo kt qu c c .......................................................................................... 23
14Bng C c sau khi nh du "Xanh, Nh" ............................................................. 24
15Bng C c sau khi nh u "Xanh, Nh" v "Nhn, , Ln" ............................ 24
16Bng theo kt qu Khng c .................................................................................... 25
17Bng Khng c sau khi nh du "Nu" .................................................................. 26
18Bng Khng c sau khi nh du "Nu", ", Nh" ............................................... 26
19Bng Khng c sau khi nh du Nu, , Nh, C gai, Ln ..................... 27

H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

PHN I. L THUYT

I.

H HC:
Thut ng "hc" l tip thu tri thc.
C hai tip cn cho h thng hc:
Hc t k hiu: bao gm vic hnh thc ha, sa cha cc lut tng minh, s kin v

cc quan h.
Hc t d liu s: c p dng cho nhng h thng c m hnh di dng s lin
quan n cc k thut nhm ti u cc tham s. Hc theo dng s bao gm mng Neural nhn
t o, thut gii di truyn, bi ton ti u truyn thng. Cc k thut hc theo s khng to ra
CSTT tng minh.
Qu trnh hc din ra di nhiu hnh thc nh:
1. Hc vt:
H tip nhn cc khng nh ca cc quyt nh ng. Khi h to ra mt quyt nh
khng ng, h s a ra cc lut hay quan h ng m h s dng. Hnh thc hc vt
nhm cho php chuyn gia cung cp tri thc theo kiu tng tc.
2. Hc bng cch ch dn:
Thay v a ra mt lut c th cn p dng vo tnh hung cho trc, h thng s c
cung cp bng cc ch dn tng qut. V d: "gas hu nh b thot ra t van thay v thot ra t
ng dn". H thng phi t mnh ra cch bin i t tru tng n cc lut kh dng.
3. Hc bng qui np:
H thng c cung cp mt tp cc v d v kt lun c rt ra t tng v d. H
lin tc lc cc lut v quan h nhm x l tng v d mi.
4. Hc bng tng t:
H thng c cung cp p ng ng cho cc tc v tng t nhng khng ging
nhau. H thng cn lm thch ng p ng trc nhm to ra mt lut mi c kh nng p
dng cho tnh hung mi.
5. Hc da trn gii thch:
H thng phn tch tp cc li gii v d (v kt qu) nhm n nh kh nng ng
hoc sai v to ra cc gii thch dng hng dn cch gii bi ton trong tng lai.

H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

6. Hc da trn tnh hung:
Bt k tnh hung no c h thng lp lun u c lu tr cng vi kt qu cho
d ng hay sai. Khi gp tnh hung mi, h thng s lm thch nghi hnh vi lu tr vi
tnh hung mi.
7. Khm ph hay hc khng gim st:
Thay v c mc tiu tng minh, h khm ph lin tc tm kim cc mu v quan h
trong d liu nhp. Cc v d v hc khng gim st bao gm gom cm d liu, hc nhn
dng cc c tnh c bn nh cnh t cc im nh.
V d:
- H MYCIN.
- Mng Neural nhn to: Mng neuron s dng mt hnh thc hc c s hng dn.
- Thut ton hc Quinland.
- Bi ton nhn dng.
- My chi c car, c tng ...

II.

CY NH DANH:
Cy nh danh l cy m nu ta i t nt gc n cc l ta s c mt quyt nh hay

mt quy lut da vo cc Thuc tnh trn ng i t gc n l, nh vy mi ng i t nt

gc n nt l s cho ra mt quyt nh hay mt quy lut.
V vy ngi ta cn gi cy nh danh l cy quyt nh.

Bng d liu

Th

cy nh danh

Xy dng

lut.

Bi ton hc bng phng php xy dng cy nh danh c phn tch v khai thc
qua cc bc sau y, da vo bng d liu bng s 1 phn t vn .
Ngi ta da vo tng tip cn hnh hc l phn chia khng gian bi ton to thnh
mt cy nh danh sau xy dng cc phng php hc da trn cy nh danh . Cy
nh danh c xy dng bng cch tm cc quy lut ca d liu.
Ta xt ngu nhin qua tng thuc tnh ri phn nhm kt qu theo tng gi tr
ca Thuc tnh
H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Ln

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 1Bng s liu Cy c c hay khng

Ta c kt qu

H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Hnh 1Cy nh danh c c hay khng

THUT TON QUINLAN:

III.

L thut ton hc theo quy np dng lut, a mc tiu.

- Do Quinlan a ra nm 1979.
- tng: Chn Thuc tnh quan trng nht to cy quyt nh.
- Thuc tnh quan trng nht l Thuc tnh phn loi Bng quan st thnh cc bng
con sao cho t mi bng con ny dphn tch tm quy lut chung.
1. Thut ton:
Vi mi Thuc tnh dn xut A cn c th s dng phn hoch th ta tnh:
xy dng cc vector
VA(j) = (T(j, r1), T(j, r2), , T(j, rn), )
Trong
-

r1, r2, , rn l cc gi tr Thuc tnh mc tiu.

Thuc tnh A l Thuc tnh dn xut.

T(j,r1)=TAij/TAj

TAij: tng s phn t trong phn hoch c Thuc tnh A l j v Thuc tnh mc tiu l ri.
TAj: tng s phn t trong phn hoch c Thuc tnh A l j.
H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

-

T(j,r1)+T(j,r2)++T(j,rn)=1
Vector n v nu n c duy nht mt thnh phn c gi tr 1 v nhng thnh phn
khc c gi tr 0.

Thuc tnh c chn phn hoch l Thuc tnh c nhiu vector n v nht.

2. V d:
Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Ln

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 2Bng s liu cy c c hay khng

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr):

VV(C gai) = (T(C gai/c),T(C gai/Khng c)) = (2/8;6/8) = (1/4;3/4);
VV(Nhn) = (T(Nhn/c),T(Nhn/Khng c)) = (4/8;4/8) = (1/2;1/2);
S vect n v : 0
H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Thuc tnh Mu (3 gi tr):
VMu(Nu) = (T(Nu/c),T(Nu/Khng c)) = (0/3;3/3) = (0;1);
VMu(Xanh) = (T(Xanh/c),T(Xanh/Khng c)) = (4/6;2/6) = (2/3;1/3);
VMu() = (T(/c),T(/Khng c)) = (2/7;5/7);
S vect n v : 1
Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr):
VBn trong(Cng) = (T(Cng/c),T(Cng/Khng c)) = (3/10;7/10);
VBn trong (Mm) = (T(Mm/c),T(Mm/Khng c)) = (3/6;3/6) = (1/2;1/2);
S vect n v : 0
Thuc tnh Kch thc (2 gi tr):
V Kch thc (Ln) = (T(Ln/c),T(Ln/Khng c)) = (2/7;5/7);
V Kch thc (Nh) = (T(Nh/c),T(Nh/Khng c)) = (4/9;5/9);
S vect n v : 0
Chn Thuc tnh Mu lm Thuc tnh phn hoch.

Hnh 2Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu

Bng theo Thuc tnh mu xanh:

Mu

Tn

Bn trong

Kch thc

Xanh

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Xanh

C gai

Mm

Ln

Khng

Xanh

C gai

Mm

Nh

H hc

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Xanh

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Xanh

Nhn

Mm

Nh

Xanh

C gai

Cng

Nh

Bng 3Bng theo thuc tnh Mu Xanh

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr):

VV(C gai) = (T(C gai/c),T(C gai/Khng c)) = (2/4;2/4) = (1/2;1/2);
VV(Nhn) = (T(Nhn/c),T(Nhn/Khng c)) = (2/2;0/2) = (1;0);
S vect n v : 1
Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr):
VBn trong(Cng) = (T(Cng /c),T(Cng /Khng c)) = (2/3;1/3);
VBn trong (Mm) = (T(Mm/c),T(Mm/Khng c)) = (2/3;1/3)
S vect n v : 0
Thuc tnh Kch thc (2 gi tr):
VKch thc (Ln) = (T(Ln/c),T(Ln/Khng c)) = (0/2;2/2) = (0;1);
VKch thc (Nh) = (T(Nh/c),T(Nh/Khng c)) = (4/4;0/4) = (1;0);
S vect n v : 2
Chn Thuc tnh Kch thc lm Thuc tnh phn hoch:

Hnh 3Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu v Kch thc 1

H hc

10

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Bng Thuc tnh mu :
Mu

Tn

Bn trong

Kch thc

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Ln

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Bng 4Bng theo thuc tnh Mu

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr):

VV(C gai) = (T(C gai/c),T(C gai/Khng c)) = (2/4;2/4) = (1/2;1/2);
VV(Nhn) = (T(Nhn/c),T(Nhn/Khng c)) = (0/3;3/3) = (0;1);
S vect n v : 1
Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr):
VBn trong(Cng) = (T(Cng/c),T(Cng/Khng c)) = (1/2;1/2);
VBn trong (Mm) = (T(Mm/c),T(Mm/Khng c)) = (1/5;4/5);
S vect n v : 0
Thuc tnh Kch thc (2 gi tr):
V Kch thc (Ln) = (T(Ln/c),T(Ln/Khng c)) = (2/3;1/3);
V Kch thc (Nh) = (T(Nh/c),T(Nh/Khng c)) = (0/4;4/4) = (0;1);
S vect n v : 1
Chn Thuc tnh Kch thc lm Thuc tnh phn hoch:

H hc

11

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Hnh 4Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu v Kch thc 2

Kch thc

Tn

Bn trong

Ln

Nhn

Mm

Ln

Nhn

Cng

Ln

C gai

Cng

Khng

Bng 5Bng theo thuc tnh Mu , Kch thc Ln

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr):

VV(C gai) = (T(C gai/c),T(C gai/Khng c)) = (2/2;0/2) = (1;0);
VV(Nhn) = (T(Nhn/c),T(Nhn/Khng c)) = (0/1;1/1) = (0;1);
S vect n v : 2
Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr):
VBn trong(Cng) = (T(Cng/c),T(Cng/Khng c)) = (1/2;1/2);
VBn trong (Mm) = (T(Mm/c),T(Mm/Khng c)) = (1/1;0/1) = (1;0);
S vect n v : 1
Chn Thuc tnh V lm Thuc tnh phn hoch:

H hc

12

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Hnh 5Cy nh danh thuc tnh Mu, Kch thc, V

Cy nh danh kt qu:

Hnh 6Cy nh danh y

3. Pht sinh tp lut:

Kt qu hc:
1. If (Mu = Nu) then (c = Khng)
H hc

13

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

2. If (Mu = Xanh) AND (Kch thc = Ln) then (c = Khng)
3. If (Mu = Xanh) AND (Kch thc = Nh) then (c = c)
4. If (Mu = ) AND (Kch thc = Nh) then (c = Khng)
5. If (Mu = ) AND (Kch thc = Ln) AND (V= Nhn) then (c = c)
6. If (Mu = ) AND (Kch thc = Ln) AND (V= C gai) then (c = Khng)

HC THEO BT NH

IV.

i vi mt c s d liu thc th khng phi lc no cng cho ra mt tp ng nht. Vi

c s d liu ny ngi ta cn o bt nh (ln xn) ca d liu, hay khng ng b
nht trong cc tp con c sinh ra.
-

bt nh Entropy ca thuc tnh Y c tnh theo cng thc:

( )

Trong :
nt l tng s phn t c trong phn hoch.
nb l tng s phn t c thuc tnh dn xut Y c gi tr b.
nbc : tng s phn t c thuc tnh dn xut Y c gi tr b v Thuc tnh
mc tiu c gi tr c.
D cng thc cha cho thy s ln xn nhng ngi ta dng n o
thng tin. thy c cc kha cnh quan tm, gi s c mt tp gm cc phn t
ca 2 lp A v B. Nu s phn t ca 2 lp l cn bng th bt nh l 1 v gi tr
cc i v bt nh c tnh theo:
=
Mt khc nu phn t thuc ch 1 trong A, B, bt nh l 0.
-1

-0

=0

bt nh bng 0 khi tp l ng nht v bng 1 khi tp khng ng nht.

bt nh s c gi tr t 0 n 1.
1. Thut ton:
B1: Ta tnh bt nh cho tt c cc Thuc tnh
H hc

14

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

B2: Chn Thuc tnh c bt nh nh nht phn hoch. Tr khi ht
Thuc tnh phn hoch th dng.
2. V d.
y l bng kho st v loi qu c c hay Khng c c

Bng 6Bng s liu Cy c c hay khng

Gii:
-

Thuc tnh V: (2 gi tr)

Tp C gai: 2/8 b c ; 6/8 Khng b c
Tp Nhn: 4/8 b c ; 4/8 Khng b c
E (V) =

Thuc tnh Mu: (3 gi tr)

Tp Mu nu: 0/3 b c ; 3/3 Khng b c
Tp Mu : 2/7 b c ; 5/7 Khng b c
Tp Mu xanh: 4/6 b c ; 2/6 Khng b c
E (Mu) =

(
+

)
(

= 0,721
H hc

15

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

-

Thuc tnh Bn trong: (2 gi tr)

Tp Cng: 3/10 b c ; 7/10 Khng b c
Tp Mm: 3/6 b c ; 3/6 Khng b c
E (Bn trong) =

) = 0,550 +

=0,925

Thuc tnh Kch thc: (2 gi tr)

Tp Ln: 2/7 b c ; 5/7 Khng b c

Tp Nh: 4/9 b c ; 5/9 Khng b c
E (Kch thc) =

)
) = 0,377 + 0,557 = 0,934

Vy ta chn Thuc tnh Mu lm Thuc tnh phn hoch

Hnh 7Cy nh danh Mu theo bt nh

Ta rt ra c lut :
Nu Mu ca qu l Nu th s Khng b c

T s trn ta c 2 bng:
Bng 1:
Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

Xanh

C gai

Cng

Ln

khng

Xanh

C gai

Mm

Ln

khng

Xanh

C gai

Mm

Nh

Xanh

Nhn

Cng

Nh

H hc

16

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

L

Xanh

Nhn

Mm

Nh

Xanh

C gai

Cng

Nh

Bng 7Bng theo thuc tnh Mu Xanh

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr )
Tp C gai: 2/4 b c ; 2/4 Khng b c
Tp Nhn: 2/2 b c ; 0/2 Khng b c
E (V) = (

= 4/6 = 0.66
-

Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr)

Tp Cng: 2/3 b c ; 1/3 Khng b c
Tp Mm: 2/3 b c ; 1/3 Khng b c
E (Bn trong) = (

= 0,459 + 0,459 =0,981

-

Thuc tnh Kch thc (2 gi tr)

Tp Ln: 0/2 b c ; 2/2 Khng b c
Tp Nh: 4/4 b c ; 0/4 Khng b c
E (Kch thc) = (

) =0

Vy ta chn Thuc tnh Kch thc lm Thuc tnh phn hoch

Hnh 8Cy nh danh Kch thc theo bt nh

T cy trn ta rt ra c lut :
-

Nu Kch thc ca qu l Ln v qu c Mu Xanh th s Khng b c

Bng 2:

H hc

17

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Ln

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Bng 8Bng theo thuc tnh Mu

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr)

Tp C gai: 0/3 b c ; 3/3 Khng b c
Tp Nhn: 2/4 b c ; 2/4 Khng b c
E (V) = (

,571
-

Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr)

Tp Mm: 1/2 b c ; 1/2 Khng b c
Tp Cng: 1/5 b c ; 4/5 Khng b c
E (Bn trong) = (

= 2/7 +0,515 = 0,801

-

Thuc tnh Kch thc (2 gi tr )

Tp Ln: 2/3 b c ; 1/3 Khng b c
Tp Nh: 0/4 b c ; 4/4 Khng b c
E (Kch thc) = (

= 0,393
Vy ta chn Thuc tnh Kch thc phn hoch

H hc

18

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Hnh 9Cy nh danh Kch thc theo bt nh 2

T cy trn ta rt ra c lut :
-

Nu Kch thc l Nh v qu c Mu th s Khng b c

T hnh trn ta c bng :

Bng 3:
Tn

Bn trong

Nhn

Mm

Nhn

Cng

C gai

Cng

khng

Bng 9Bng theo thuc tnh Mu , Kch thc Ln

Thuc tnh V (2 gi tr)

Tp C gai: 0/1 b c ; 1/1 Khng b c
Tp Nhn: 2/2 b c ; 0/2 Khng b c
E (V) = (

Thuc tnh Bn trong (2 gi tr)

Tp Mm: 1/1 b c ; 0/1 Khng b c
Tp Cng: 1/2 b c ; 1/2 Khng b c
E (Bn trong) = (

Vy ta chn Thuc tnh V phn hoch

Ta rt ra c lut :
-

Nu qu c Kch thc Ln v Mu qu l v qu c V Nhn th s b c.

Nu qu c Kch thc Ln v Mu qu l v V l C gai th s khng b c.

Cy nh danh
H hc

19

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Hnh 10Cy nh danh y

V.

THUT TON ILA

Thut gii ILA c dng xc nh cc lut phn loi cho tp hp v cc mu hc.

Thut gii ny c thc hin c ch lp, tm lut ring i din cho tp mu cng lp. Sau
khi xc nh c lut ILA b cc tp mu lin quan khi tp mu, ng thi thm lut mi
ny vo tp lut
Kt qu c c l mt danh sch c th t cc lut.
1. Xc nh d liu.
-

Tp mu c lit k trong mt bng, vi mi dng tng ng mt tp mu, v

mi ct th hin mt Thuc tnh trong tp mu.

Tp mu c m mu, mi mu gm k Thuc tnh, trong c 1 Thuc tnh quyt

nh. Tng s n gi tr ca Thuc tnh ny chnh l s lp ca tp mu.

Tp lut R c gi tr khi to l .

Tt c cc dng trong bng ban u cha c nh du (kim tra).

2. Thut gii ILA

-

B1: Da vo Thuc tnh quyt nh (c m gi tr), chia bng thnh m bng con.

B2: Xt bng con th (i):

H hc

20

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Khi to bin m kt hp Thuc tnh j, j=1 (Thuc tnh).
-

B3: Vi mi bng con ang xt, phn chia danh sch cc Thuc tnh theo cc t
hp phn bit, mi t hp ng vi j Thuc tnh phn bit.

B4: Vi mi t hp cc Thuc tnh, m cc gi tr Thuc tnh xut hin theo cng

t hp Thuc tnh trong cc dng cha c nh du ca bng con ang xt
(ng thi khng xut hin vi t hp Thuc tnh ny trn cc bng cn li). Gi
t hp u tin (trong bng con) c s ln xut hin nhiu nht l t hp ln nht.

B5: Nu t hp ln nht bng , tng j ln 1 v quay li B3.

B6: nh du cc dng tho t hp ln nht ca bng con ang xt.

B7: Thm lut mi vo tp lut R, vi v tri l tp cc gi tr ca Thuc tnh ng

vi t hp ln nht (kt hp cc Thuc tnh bng ton t AND) v v phi l gi
tr Thuc tnh quyt nh tng ng.

B8: Nu tt c cc dng u c nh du th ta thc hin tng t vi cc

bng con cn li (B2 -> B7). Ngc li (nu cha nh du ht cc dng) th quay
li B4. Nu tt c cc bng con c nh du ht th ta kt thc, kt qu thu
c l tp lut cn tm.

3. u im ca thut gii
-

Dng cc lut s ph hp cho vic kho st d liu, m t mi lp mt cch n

gin phn bit vi cc lp khc.

Tp lut c sp theo th t, ring bit cho php quan tm n mt lut ti thi

im bt k mt cch d dng.

4. V d minh ha
Bng:

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

H hc

21

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

H

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Ln

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 10Bng s liu Cy c c hay khng

Bng c 4 thuc tnh dn xut (V, Mu, Bn trong, Kch thc) v 1 thuc tnh dn xut
(c).
B1: Chia bng trn thnh 2 bng con (da vo thuc tnh quyt nh l c c hay khng).
Bng 1:
Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Cng

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 11Bng theo kt qu c c

Bng 2:
Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

H hc

22

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

K

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Bng 12Bng theo kt qu Khng c

B2: Xt bng 1:
Bng 1:
Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Cng

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 13Bng theo kt qu c c

Xt j=1 (Thuc tnh).

C 4 t hp: {V}, {Mu}, {Bn trong}, {Kch thc}
{V}

{Mu}

{Bn trong}

{Kch thc}

T hp ln nht = .
Xt j = 2 (Thuc tnh).
C 6 t hp: {V, Mu}, {V, Bn trong}, {V, Kch thc}, {Mu, Bn trong}, {Mu, Kch
thc}, {Bn trong, Kch thc}.
{V,

{V,

{V,

{Mu,

{Mu,

{Bn trong,

Mu}

Bn trong}

Kch thc}

Bn trong}

Kch thc}

Kch thc}

Nhn, Xanh (2)

Xanh, Nh (4)

T hp ln nht: {Mu, Kch thc} = Xanh, Nh.

nh u dng c {Mu, Kch thc} = Xanh, Nh.

H hc

23

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Cng

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 14Bng C c sau khi nh du "Xanh, Nh"

{Mu = Xanh AND Kch thc = Nh THEN c = C}.

R= R

Quay li kim tra, ta c:

{V,

{V,

{V,

{Mu,

{Mu,

Mu}

Bn trong}

Kch thc}

Bn trong}

KchThc}

{BnTrong,
thc}

Xt j = 3 (Thuc tnh)

C 3 t hp: {V, Mu, Bn trong}, {V, Mu, Kch thc}, {Mu, Bn trong, Kch
thc }.

{V,

{V,

{Mu,

Mu, Bn trong}

Mu, Kch thc}

Bn trong, Kch thc}

Nhn, , Mm (1)

Nhn. , Ln (2)

, Mm, Ln (1)

T hp ln nht: {V, Mu, Kch thc} = Nhn, , Ln.

nh du dng c {V, Mu, Kch thc} = Nhn, , Ln.

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

Nhn

Mm

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Nhn

Xanh

Mm

Nh

Nhn

Cng

Ln

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Nh

Bng 15Bng C c sau khi nh u "Xanh, Nh" v "Nhn, , Ln"

H hc

24

Kch

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

-

R= R

{V= Nhn AND Mu = AND Kch thc = Ln THEN c = C}.

Xt bng con i=2

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Bng 16Bng theo kt qu Khng c

Xt j = 1 (Thuc tnh).

C 4 t hp: {V}, {Mu}, {Bn trong}, {Kch thc}

{V}

{Mu}

{Bn trong}

{Kch thc}

Nu (3)

T hp ln nht: {Mu} = Nu.

nh du dng c {Mu} = Nu.

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

H hc

25

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

K

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Bng 17Bng Khng c sau khi nh du "Nu"

{ Mu = Nu THEN c = Khng}.

R=R

Quay li kim tra:

{V}

{Mu}

{Bn trong}

{Kch thc}

Xt j=2 (Thuc tnh).

C 6 t hp: {V, Mu}, {V, Bn trong}, {V , Kch thc}, {Mu, Bn trong},

{Mu, Kch thc}, {Bn trong, Kch thc}.

{V,

{V,

{V,

{Mu,

{Mu,

Mu}

Bn trong}

Kch thc}

Bn trong}

KchThc}

C gai, (3)

C gai, Ln (3)

Xanh, Ln (2)

{BnTrong, Kch
thc}

, Nh (4)

T hp ln nht: {V, Mu} = , Nh.

nh du dng c {V, Mu} = , Nh.

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Bng 18Bng Khng c sau khi nh du "Nu", ", Nh"

R= R

{Mu = AND Kch thc = Nh THEN c = Khng}.

H hc

26

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

-

Quay li kim tra:

{V,

{V,

{V,

{Mu,

{Mu,

Mu}

Bn trong}

Kch thc}

Bn trong}

KchThc}

C gai, (1)

C gai, Ln (3)

Xanh, Ln (2)

T hp ln nht :{V, Kch thc} = C Gai, Ln

nh du dng c {V, Kch thc} = C Gai, Ln

{BnTrong, Kch
thc}

Tn

Mu

Bn trong

Kch thc

C gai

Nu

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Cng

Ln

Khng

C gai

Xanh

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Cng

Nh

Khng

C gai

Cng

Ln

Khng

Nhn

Nu

Mm

Ln

Khng

C gai

Mm

Nh

Khng

Nhn

Cng

Nh

Khng

Bng 19Bng Khng c sau khi nh du Nu, , Nh, C gai, Ln

{V = C gai AND Kch thc= Ln THEN c = Khng}.

R=R

nh du ht dng AND xt ht bng con => kt thc.

5. nh gi gii thut.
S lng cc lut thu c xc nh mc thnh cng ca thut gii. y chnh l
mc ch chnh ca bi ton phn lp thng qua mt tp mu hc.

VI.

M HNH MNG NEURON NHN TO:

1) Tng quan v mng neuron nhn to :

Tri vi m hnh hc my trn c s tri thc, m hnh hc my nh mng neuron nhn to
l m hnh hc bng cch m phng li cu trc v nguyn l lm vic ca h neuron sinh hc
con ngi. H neuron sinh hc con ngi c tha nhn c khang 1010 hoc 1012 t bo
neuron gm nhiu lp l lp vo, cc lp n v lp ra. Lp vo ni vi cc phn t cm
H hc

27

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

bin nh tai, mt, ming, mi, da vn vn, lp ra ni vi cc phn t c bp nh chn, tay vn
vn v cc lp n cha cc n v x l x cc thng tin nhn c t lp vo v gi quyt
nh n lp ra iu khin cc phn t c bp nh chn v tay vn vn. Mi neuron sinh
hc c nhiu ng vo v mt ng ra v ng ra ca neuron ny c kt ni vi ng vo ca
neuron khc. Tn hiu truyn t neuron ny n neuron khc l di dng in p. Nu tn
hiu truyn gia hai neuron l in p dng th hai nuron c kt ni di dng kch thch.
Nu tn hiu truyn gia hai neuronl in p m th hai neuron c kt ni di dng c
ch. Nu tn hiu truyn gia hai neuron l in p zero th hai neuron l khng c s kt ni.
Lng in p truyn gia cc neuron c gi l cng kt ni. Trn c s ca h neuron
sinh hc con ngi nh c m t, mt mng neuron nhn to nhiu lp c thit lp nh
hnh:

Hnh 11Mng neuron nhn to

C ba thnh phn c bn ca cc mng neuron nhn to l m hnh kt ni, n v

x l v lut hc.
+ M hnh kt ni : C hai m hnh kt ni l kt ni truyn thng v kt ni hi
quy. M hnh kt ni truyn thng c gi l mng truyn thng l cu trc mng c
kt ni chuyn tip tn hiu t lp vo thng qua lp n v n lp ra. M hnh kt ni hi
quy c gi l mng hi quy l cu trc mng c kt ni chuyn tip tn hiu t lp
vo thng qua lp n n lp ra v ng thi hi tip tn hiu v n v x l chnh n hoc
cc nv x khc trong lp hoc lp khc. + n v x l : Mt mng neuron nhn to c
nhiu lp l lp vo, cc lp n v lp ra. Lp vo cha cc neuron c xem nh ni
H hc

28

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

cha cc tn hiu vo. Cc lp n cha cc neuron c xem nh cc n v x l. Lp ra
cha cc neuron c xem nh cc n v x l ra quyt nh. Kt hp vi mi n v x l
c hm tng hp v hm kch hat. Hm tng hp c chc nng tng hp tt c cc thng tin
t cc ng vo ca n v v hm kch hat c chc nng to tn hiu ra ca n v khi nhn
c tn hiu vo t hm tng hp.
Hm tng hp dng tuyn tnh ca mi n v x l th i c thit lp l

trong , Wij l trng s kt ni gia n v j v n v i, xj l ng ra ca n v j chnh l

ng vo ca n v i v

l n v ngng ca n v x l i. - Hm kch hat to tn hiu

ra ca nv x l th i c thit lp mt trong cc dng l:

+ Lut hc: C hai cch hc trong cc mng neuron nhn to l hc cu trc v hc

thng s. Hc cu trc l qu trnh hc thay i cu trc Bn trong ca mng. Hc thng s l
qu trnh hc cp nht cctrng s kt ni gia cc n v x l trong mng sao cho xp x
vi b trng s mong mun c c nh x vo ra nh mong mun.
Cho Wij l trng s kt ni gia n v th j v n v th i, lut hc cp nht trng s
ti thi im t+1 c thit lp l

Trong ,

l hng s dng c gi l tc hc v

( ) l lng gia tng

trng s ti thi im t.
C ba th lai hc trong cc mng neuron nhn to l hc gim st, hc cng c v
hc khng gim st.
- Hc gim st: cho tp d liu vo ra mong mun, qu trnh hc cp nht cc trng
s kt ni gia cc phn t x l trong mng sao cho ng ra that s ca mng xp x vi ng
ra mong mun ca mng.
H hc

29

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

- Hc cng c : cng l th lai hc gim st, tuy nhin, tn hiu ra mong mun ca
mng l tn hiu cng c l tn hiu thng v pht. Qu trnh hc, cp nht cc trng s
kt ni gia cc n v x l sao cho ng ra tht s ca mng xp x vi ng ra mong mun
thng vi tin cy cng cao cng tt.
- Hc khng gim st : l th lai hc khng c d liu ra mong mun, qu trnh hc
vi tp d liu vo mong mun, mng t cp nht cc trng s kt ni da trn c s tp d
liu vo mong mun sao cho ng ra thc s ca mng thch nghi vi ng vo mong mun.
2) Mng truyn thng v gii thut hc lan truyn ngc:
Cho mng truyn thng ba lp nh c m t trn, v vi hm chi ph o tn hiu sai s gia
ng ra thc s yi(k) ca mng v ng ra mong mun di (k) ca mng cho bi mi mu tn
hiu vo mong mun X(k) l

Gii thut hc lan truyn ngc cp nht trng s kt ni c m t gm cc bc sau :

Bc 0: Nhp tp mu hun luyn vo ra mong {X(k), d(k), cho k = 1, . . . ,p}, trong
X(k) l vct mu vo v d(k) l vct mu ra. Thit lp tc hc , sai s cho php hi
t Emax, trng s khi to, E = 0 v k = 1.
Bc 1 : Truyn tn hiu chuyn tip t lp vo, qua lp n v n lp ra.

Bc 2 : Tnh sai s chun gia ng ra mong mun v ng ra thc s ca mng.

Bc 3: Lan truyn ngc cp nht trng s kt ni gia cc lp.

H hc

30

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

Bc 4: Kim tra nu k < p th tng k = k + 1 v quay v bc 1; khc n bc 5.

Bc 5: Kim tra nu E < Emax th dng th tc hun luyn; mt khc thit lp E = 0
v k = 1 v quay v bc 1 thc hin mt th h hun luyn khc.

VII.

MT S NG DNG
C hai hng tip cn tr tu nhn to ng dng trong i sng: dng my tnh

bt chc qu trnh x l ca con ngi v thit k nhng my tnh thng minh c lp vi

cch suy ngh ca con ngi. Chng ta xem xt mt vi lnh vc ca tr tu nhn to c nhiu
thay i c ng dng trong nhng nm va qua:
1. Tm kim thng tin
Thng tin trn mng hng ngy c gia tng theo cp s nhn. Vic tm kim thng
tin m ngi dng quan tm by gi l tm ng thng tin mnh cn v phi ng tin cy.
Theo thng k, c n hn 90% s lng ngi Vit Nam ln mng internet thc hin vic
tm kim thng tin. Cc my tm kim (search engine) hin nay ch yu thc hin tm kim
da theo t kha. Th d, Google hay Yahoo ch phn tch ni dung mt cch n gin da
trn tn sut ca t kho, th hng ca trang v mt s tiu ch nh gi khc. Kt qu l rt
nhiu tm kim khng nhn c cu tr li ph hp, thm ch b dn ti mt lin kt khng
lin quan g do th thut nh la nhm gii thiu sn phm hoc li nhn c qu nhiu ti
liu khng phi th ta mong mun, trong khi li khng tm ra ti liu cn tm.
Hin nay, cc nh nghin cu ang ci tin cc cng c tm kim trc tuyn mt
ngyno , n c th hiu v tr li c nhng cu hi c th, th d nh gi tour du lch r

H hc

31

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

nht tH Ni i Lt trong ba ngy ca thng ny l bao nhiu?...Tuy vy, thc t cho
n by gi cha c my tm kim no c th lm hi lng ngi dng kiu nh vy.
2. Khai ph d liu v pht hin tri thc
y l lnh vc cho php x l t rt nhiu d liu khc nhau pht hin ra tri thc
mi. Ngoi ra, ng dng trong lnh vc ny cng cn phi bit tr li cu hi ca ngi s
dng chng t vic tng hp d liu thay v my mc ch p tr nhng g c sn trong b
nh. Thc t lm c iu ny rt kh, n gn nh l m phng qu trnh hc tp, khm
ph khoa hc ca con ngi. Ngoi ra, d liu thng c s lng rt ln, vi nhiu kiu (s,
vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh, video,) v khng ngng thay i. tm ra tri thc th cc
chng trnh phi i mt vi vn phc tp tnh ton, y l lnh vc vn cn ang
trong giai on u pht trin.
3. Li xe t ng
Theo Sebastian Thrun, Gio s ngnh my tnh v k thut in ca i hc Carnegie
Mellon: u im ln nht ca xe t li l kh nng loi b sai st ca con ngi - nguyn
nhn dn n 95% s v t vong mi nm ti M do tai nn giao thng. Chng ti c th
gim bt 50% s v tai nn do nguyn nhn ny, ng Sebastian Thrun khng nh.
Ch to c t t li v an ton cao cng l mt mc tiu c Cc nghin cu cc
d n cng ngh cao B quc phng M DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency) khi xng v h tr di dng mt cuc thi mang tn thch thc ln ca DARPA
(DARPA grand challenge).
Chng ta hy vng s n mt ngy, nhng chic t chy trn ng khng cn ngi
li. Ch ni ni mun n, xe s a ta i v i an ton.
4. Robot
Nhiu n nghin cu v robot thng minh v cc lnh vc lin quan c ng dng
trong i sng. Cc n ny hng n cc sng to cng ngh c nhiu ngha trong vn
ha, x hi v cng nghip, i hi phi tch hp nhiu cng ngh, nh nguyn l cc tc t,
biu din tri thc v khng gian, nhn bit chin lc, lp lun thi gian thc, nhn dng v
x l cc chui hnh nh lin tc trong thi gian thc, Mt trong nhng ng dng l
n RoboCup: t chc thi u bng gia cc i robot. Mc tiu hng n ca n ny l
n nm 2050, s ch to c mt i robot c th thng i bng v ch th gii.
ng dng quan trng khc ca lnh vc ny l ch to robot i ph v d tm nn
nhn trong cc thm ha. Trong s c h hng ti nh my in ht nhn xy ra sau trn ng
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t v sng thn ngy 11 thng 3 Nht va qua, ngi ta gi robot c tn Quince hot
ng ti nhng khu vc kh tip cn do phng x cao ca nh my Fukushima. c iu
khin t xa, Quince c th lm vic trong nhiu gi ng h chp hnh v o phng x
trong nhng ta nh b ly nhim cht phng x, ni m cc k thut vin khng th vo Bn
trong.
5. Cc ng dng khc
-

ng dng cy nh danh d on ch s nhm n h tr qun l ri ro tn

dng

ng dng thut ton cy nh danh vo vic h tr quyt nh nhp sch trong

ca hng sch.

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33

Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

PHN

II.

CHNG

H hc

TRNH

MINH

HA

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Bi tp nhm - Hc phn H c s tri thc

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Gio trnh h c s tri thc _ Bi c Dng
2. Gio trnh cc h c s tri thc _ GS.TSKH.Hong Kim, TS. Phc, TS. Vn
Nhn
3. http://123doc.vn/document/139780-bai-thu-hoach-hoc-may-trong-xu-ly-ngon-ngu-tunhien.htm
4. http://vi.scribd.com/doc/81901789/Lythuyet
5. http://idoc.vn/tai-lieu/mot-so-vi-du-ve-may-hoc.html
6. http://vuihoc24h.vn/baiviet/1674-Chuong-7-Viec-hoc-may-Mon-tri-tue-nhan-tao.html
7. http://idoc.vn/tai-lieu/tri-tue-nhan-tao-chuong-9-hoc-may.html
8. Cc H c s tri thc KBS - Nguyn nh Thun Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin i hc
Nha Trang

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