04 Internet 2pages

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh B mn K thut thng tin Vin in t - Vin thng HBK H Ni Email: thanhnh@hust.edu.vn
Ni dung
Ti sao phi kt ni mng lp Internetworking? Khi nim kt ni mng v kin trc Internet Cu trc a ch IP, lin h gia a ch IP, a ch MAC IP v cc giao thc c lin quan nh tuyn trong Internet
t vn
Nhu cu: kt ni nhiu mng con vi nhau thnh mt mng ton cu Kt ni nhiu mng LAN lp MAC c kh thi?
Khi nim
a ch IP
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc
nh tuyn
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh
t vn (tip)
Cc kh khn:
Khi nim
Do a ch MAC khng c cu trc nn khng th s dng nh tuyn phi to ra mt spanning tree

Vic to ra spanning tree kt ni hng chc ngn nt khng kh thi:
Chn nt gc? Kch thc bng chuyn tip (forwarding table) qu ln Cc bn tin cu hnh qung b vi s nt ln lm mng b lt vi cc bn tin iu khin
a ch IP
Vic kt ni cc mng vt l: cu trc vt l khc nhau v cch nh a ch khc nhau cc k phc tp (Ethernet, WiFi, ATM, .v.v.)
nh tuyn
t vn (tip)
Kt lun:
Cn phi c mt phn lp chung c lp vi cc mng vt l kt ni mng lp Internetworking mng Internet
Application TCP
Khi nim
a ch IP
Application TCP IP 802.11 802.3 IP LLC/MAC (802.3) Physical Receiver

IP LLC/MAC (802.11) Physical
Physical
nh tuyn
Sender
Yu cu thit k mng Internet

Phi to ra mt lp kt ni lin mng (Internetworking)
Khi nim
a ch IP
a ch mng c cu trc: ph thuc vo v tr mng thch hp cho nh tuyn Phn lp chung khng ph thuc vo c s h tng v cng ngh mng phn cng Giu c s h tng mng pha di vi cc dch v mng lp trn
nh tuyn
Yu cu thit k mng Internet (tip)

Internet
Khi nim
a ch IP
Router
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc Ethernet 3G/4G
DSL
ATM
nh tuyn
Lch s pht trin ca Internet

1957: M thnh lp c quan ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) trc thuc B quc phng 1962: M tp trung nghin cu cc phng thc gi d liu qun s theo phng thc phn tn nguyn l chuyn mch gi 1968: ARPA thnh lp d n ARPANET kt ni UCLA, SRI (ti Stanford), UCSB (Santa Barbara), H Utah. Bng thng 50kbps 1972: Email u tin. ARPA i tn thnh DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency). ARPANET s dng NCP (Network Control Protocol) cho php truyn d liu gia 2 nt trn cng mng 1973: Vinton Cerf v Bob Kahn (Stanford) bt u pht trin TCP/IP, cho php cc my tnh lin mng trao i d liu 1974: thut ng Internet c s dng ln u tin 1976: Robert M. Metcalfe pht trin mng Ethernet. Mng truyn s liu qua v tinh c pht trin. APARNET c hn 23 nt
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
Lch s pht trin ca Internet (tip)

1981: NSF quyt nh xy dng mng CSNET cho nghin cu c lp vi ARPANET. Lin kt gia ARPANET v CSNET. Host: 213 1983: thnh lp Internet Activities Board (IAB). TCP/IP thay th hon ton NCP. H Wisconsin a ra DNS u tin. Host: 562 1985: NSF thnh lp mng NSFNET, dung lng: 1,55Mpbs. Host: 1962 1986: IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) c thnh lp. Host: 2308 1990: ngn ng htlm ra i. Host: 330000 1992: s ra i ca World Wide Web. Bng thng mng li: 45Mbps. Host: 2.000.000 1993: Mosaic ra i: web browser u tin vi giao din ha 1996: host: 15.000.000 1998: IPv6 c chun ha bi IETF 1999: 802.11 ra i
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
c im ca Internet
Mi gi c nh tuyn (tm ng) mt cch c lp router khng lu gi trng thi ca cc lung d liu Cho php truyn gi qua nhiu mng vt l khc nhau Khng c c ch m bo tr Khng c c ch m bo th t gi Khng c c ch m bo gi s c truyn n ni nhn
Gi c th b mt do trn hng i nt trung gian
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
Cc chc nng thng minh (truyn li gi, sp xp th t gi, iu khin lung, chng tc nghn) c thc hin bi thit b u cui Giao thc Internet (Internet Protocol IP) c s dng!
10
Chc nng chnh ca lp Internetworking

nh tuyn (routing): tm ng i cho mt gi tin t ngun n ch thut ton vo giao thc nh tuyn Chuyn tip (forwarding): chuyn mt gi tin t mt u vo router ra u ra thch hp bng chuyn tip (forwarding/routing table)
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
11
a ch IP
a ch IP
IPv4: 32 bit (chng ny ch xt IPv4) IPv6: 128 bit
Khi nim
Yu cu: phi c cu trc, cho php nh tuyn a ch IP:

Network ID. (a ch mng) Host ID. (a ch my trm)
a ch IP
Mi giao din mng c mt a ch IP a ch IP c tnh duy nht Cp pht a ch IP:

Tnh ng (TD qua DHCP)
nh tuyn
12
a ch IP (tip)
Biu din a ch IP
Khi nim
4 byte c biu din bi 4 ch s thp phn c chm

X . X . X . X
8 bit (0 - 255)
a ch IP
TD: a ch DNS ca FPT: 210.245.0.10
nh tuyn
13
a ch IP (tip)
Khng gian a ch IP:
Theo l thuyt
Khi nim
C th l 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Mt s a ch c bit (RFC1918) Private address 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
a ch IP
(khng c ngha ton cc)
Loopback address 127.0.0.1 Multicast address

nh tuyn
14
a ch IP (tip)
S my trm ti a trong mt mng:
k=2n 2
Khi nim
Trong : n s bit ca Host ID.
2 a ch cn li:
a ch IP
a ch ton 0 a ch mng
TD: Mng 171.64.15.0
a ch ton 1 a ch qung b trong phm vi mt mng

TD: 171.64.15.255 a ch qung b trong phm vi mng 171.64.15.0
nh tuyn
15
a ch IP (tip)
Nguyn tc nh a ch:
Khi nim 223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.4
a ch IP
Mi mng LAN c a ch mng ring bit v c ngn cch bi router Cc my trm (k c router) nm trong mt LAN c chung a ch mng, cn a ch my trm khc nhau C bao nhiu mng LAN trong hnh bn?
223.1.1.3
223.1.9.2
223.1.7.2
223.1.9.1 223.1.8.1 223.1.2.6 223.1.8.2
223.1.7.1
223.1.3.27
nh tuyn
223.1.2.1
223.1.2.2
223.1.3.1
223.1.3.2
16
a ch IP (tip)
Cu hi:
Khi nim
Lm sao phn bit c a ch mng v a ch my trm trong 32 bit a ch IP?
a ch IP
Phn loi a ch IP:

C phn lp (classful addressing) Khng phn lp (classless addressing):
Subnetting Supernetting (CIDR)
nh tuyn
17
a ch IP (tip)
a ch IP c phn lp: 5 lp (A, B, C, D, E)
8bits 8bits 8bits
Khi nim
8bits
a ch IP
Class Class Class Class Class
A B C D E
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
7 H H H 6bit N H H 0 5 N N H 1 0 Multicast 1 1 Reserve for future use
A
0
D
232-1
nh tuyn
18
a ch IP (tip)
Class A
Khi nim
# of network 128 16384 2^21
# of hosts 2^24 65536 256
Class B Class C
a ch IP
a ch IP c phn lp: (tip)

Th d:
18.181.0.31 class A 171.64.74.155 class B
Nhn xt: a ch c phn lp gy lng ph khng gian a ch
nh tuyn
19
a ch IP (tip)
Th d:
Khi nim
18.181.0.31 (www.mit.edu) ? 171.64.74.155 (stanford) ?
a ch IP
nh tuyn
20
10
a ch IP (tip)
Nhn xt: nh a ch c phn lp c mt s nhc im
Khi nim
a ch IP
Cng nhc, lp C qu nh, lp B qu ln khng tn dng hiu qu min a ch Cc router trong mng ni b cn phi c a ch mng (network ID.) ring bit cho tng giao din Th d: mt c quan c tng cng 300 my tnh tm c ch nh a ch?
nh tuyn
21
a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting: chia nh mt mng thnh nhiu mng con vi nhiu a ch mng con
Khi nim
CLASS B e.g. Company
14
16
10
Net ID
Host-ID
a ch IP
2 14 16 2 14 16
10
Net ID
0000
Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (12)
10
Net ID
1111
Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (12)

10
Subnet ID (20)
Subnet ID (20)
14
16 000000
14
16
1111011011
Net ID
Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (10)
10
Net ID
Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (6)
Subnet ID (22)
Subnet ID (26)
nh tuyn
22
11
a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting (tip):
Khi nim
Subnetting thng c biu din bng a ch IP km theo mt n mng (subnet mask) Th d:

IP address: 171.64.15.82 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
a ch IP
Subnet mask: 24 bit u (3 byte u) l a ch mng, 8 bit cui l a ch my trm Cch biu din a ch mng: a.b.c.d/x, trong a.b.c.d l a ch mng, x l s bit ca a ch mng
171.64.15.0/24 mng c a ch 171.64.15.0 vi phn a ch mng di 24 bit
nh tuyn
23
a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting (tip):
a ch my trm: 171.64.15.82
a ch mng (24 bit) a ch my (8 bit)
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Khi nim
171
a ch IP
64
15
82
Mt n mng: 255.255.255.0
Cc bit phn a ch mng c gi tr 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255 255 a ch mng (24 bit) 255 0 a ch my (8 bit)
a ch mng: 171.64.15.0
nh tuyn
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24
12
a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting (tip):
Th d: subnetting ti Stanford
Gii thch s mng bn di?
Khi nim To: cenic.net a ch IP
hpr1-rtr
171.64.1.131 171.64.1.132/30 171.64.1.133
171.64.74.0/24
Stanford Class B Address

171.64.0.0/16 AS 32
171.64.1.161 171.64.1.178
bbr2-rtr
171.64.74.1
Gates-rtr
171.64.1.160/27
171.64.74.58
yuba
171.64.1.152 171.64.1.144/28
To: cogentco.com
border2-rtr
171.64.1.148
nh tuyn
25
a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting:
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing:
Khi nim
Ton b vng a ch IP c chia thnh cc segment c c trng bi mt tin t (prefix) TD: 128.9.0.0/16 th hin mt segment vi vng a ch t 128.9.0.0 128.9.255.255 (2^16 a ch)
a ch IP
128.9.0.0
65.0.0.0/8 128.9.0.0/16
142.12.0.0/19
216
232-1
nh tuyn
128.9.17.1
26
13
a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting (tip):
ng i n mt a ch IP xc nh cc router nh tuyn da trn nguyn tc longest prefix match TD: a ch IP 129.9.17.1 thuc v mng no trong cc mng sau:
Khi nim
128.9.16.0/20 128.9.16.0/21 128.9.24.0/21 128.9.16.0/21 128.9.24.0/21
a ch IP
128.9.16.0/20 128.9.176.0/20 128.9.0.0/16
232-1
nh tuyn
128.9.17.1
27
a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting (tip):
Khi nim
a ch IP
Cho php nhm nhiu segment con thnh mt segment ln hn Mc ch ca supernetting:

Tit kim vng a ch Gim s bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn
Ch : supernetting ch c php khi tt c cc segment con cng nm trn mt hng

nh tuyn
28
14
a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting (tip):
Th d: ti bng nh tuyn ca R1
Khi nim
/22
a ch IP
128.9.16.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00010000 00000000 128.9.20.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00010100 00000000 128.9.24.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00011000 00000000 128.9.28.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00011100 00000000
128.9.16.0/20
R1
128.9.32.0/20 128.9.16.0/22 R2 4 128.9.20.0/22
/20
3 2
1
nh tuyn
2 3
128.9.48.0/20
128.9.28.0/22
29
a ch IP (tip)
Mi lin h gia giao thc nh tuyn v phng thc nh a ch:
Khi nim
a ch IP
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch h tr phng thc nh a ch c phn lp (classful addressing): RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol) Cc giao thc nh tuyn h tr nh a ch khng phn lp: RIP-2, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), IS-IS
nh tuyn
30
15
NAT
NAT: Network Address Translation IETF RFC 1631 Phng thc nh x a ch IP private thnh a ch IP public, cung cp s nh tuyn trong sut gia cc host. Gateway router cn phi c mt bng NAT Phn loi:
Static NAT Dynamic NAT NPAT (Network Port Address Translation)
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh
31
Static NAT
L qu trnh nh x 1-1 t a ch IP private thnh a ch IP public.
Khi nim
S dng khi s lng IP trong LAN bng s lng NAT-IP. n gin.
a ch IP
Th d: a ch 192.168.1.2 s lun lun nh x sang a ch 200.18.123.15

192.168.1.2 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6 200.18.123.15 200.18.123.14 200.18.123.12
nh tuyn
32
16
Dynamic NAT
L qu trnh nh x mt a ch IP private thnh mt a ch IP public t mt di cc a ch IP c ng k.
Mi kt ni t bn trong mun ra ngoi s c cung cp mt a ch trong di. Nu di a ch ny c cp pht ht th cc kt ni s khng th ra ngoi na.
Khi nim
Th d:
My tnh vi a ch IP 192.168.1.2 s chuyn i sang a ch u tin cha c s dng trong di a ch public 200.18.123.10 n 200.18.123.20 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6 200.18.123.10
. . .
a ch IP
200.18.123.20
nh tuyn
33
NPAT
Cc a ch IP trong mng LAN c du di mt a ch NAT-IP.
Mi gi tin c gi ra ngoi bng a ch NAT-IP v port ngun c thay th bng mt cng no cha c dng NAT (thng ln hn 1024). Khi nhn c gi tin, router s kim tra a ch IP v port trong bng NAT v chuyn n n host.
Khi nim
a ch IP
Th d: Cc a ch private u chuyn thnh a ch 200.18.123.10 nhng vi cc port khc nhau

192.168.1.2 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6 200.18.123.10:1211 200.18.123.10:1212 200.18.123.10:1213
nh tuyn
34
17
Lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP

Trong mng vt l, cc trm trao i d liu thng qua cc khung lp MAC IP datagram c ng gi vo MAC frame A B:
A gi 1 gi IP vi a ch ngun l IP addr. ca A, ia ch ch l ia ch IP ca B Gi IP c ng vo mt khung MAC vi a ch ngun l As MAC addr, a ch ch l Bs MAC addr Thng thng A ch bit a ch IP ca B
223.1.1.1 223.1.2.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
Khi nim
B
223.1.1.3 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2 223.1.3.2
a ch IP
nh tuyn
Lm th no A bit a ch MAC ca B?
35
Lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP (tip)

MAC frame IP datagram Bs MAC As MAC addr addr frame dest. addr
Bs IP addr As IP addr IP payload
Khi nim
a ch IP
frame IP src addr dest. addr
IP src. addr
Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): tm a ch MAC tng ng vi mt a ch IP cho trc
Mi nt mng (my trm, router) u chy giao thc ARP Lu gi bng ARP (ARP table): nh x gia a ch IP v a ch MAC {IP addr., MAC addr., TTL} TTL: thi gian sng ca mt bn ghi (thng thng 20 pht)
nh tuyn
36
18

A B:
IP: 223.1.1.1 1: A kim tra a ch IP ca B A MAC: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B nhn ra B nm trong cng mt LAN vi A 2: A tm a ch MAC ca B IP: 223.1.1.4 trong bng ARP (tng ng MAC: 88-B2-F2-54-1A-0F vi a ch IP ca B) 3: nu tm thy: A ng gi IP vo khung MAC vi a ch B MAC ngun ca A v a ch MAC ch ca B IP: 223.1.1.3 4: nu khng tm thy: A MAC: 5C-66-AB-90-75-B1 qung b bn tin ARP request vi a ch MAC ch l a ch qung b (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) km theo a ch IP ca my cn tm B 5: Cc my trm trong LAN nhn c bn tin ARP request. Ch B tr li bng bn 6: A nhn c bn tin ARP reply t tin ARP reply ti A c cha B cp nht bng ARP, gi gi IP a ch MAC ca B trong khung MAC
Khi nim
E
IP: 223.1.2.2 MAC: 1A-2B-EF-60-A3-5F
37
a ch IP
nh tuyn

A E:
1: A kim tra a ch IP ca B nhn ra B nm trn mng khc (LAN2) quyt nh gi gi ti default router (R1) 2: A tm a ch MAC ca R1 trong bng ARP (tng ng vi a ch IP ca B) 3: nu tm thy: A ng gi IP vo khung MAC vi a ch MAC ch l R1 4: nu khng tm thy: A qung b bn tin ARP request vi a ch MAC ch l a ch qung b (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) km theo a ch IP ca my cn tm R1 5: Cc my trm trong LAN nhn c bn tin ARP request. Ch R1 tr li bng bn tin ARP reply ti A c cha a ch MAC ca R1 6: A nhn c bn tin ARP reply t R1 cp nht bng ARP, gi gi IP trong khung MAC
IP: 223.1.1.1 MAC: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B IP: 223.1.1.4 MAC: 88-B2-F2-54-1A-0F
Khi nim
B
IP: 223.1.1.3 MAC: 5C-66-AB-90-75-B1
LAN2 R1
E
IP: 223.1.2.2 MAC: 1A-2B-EF-60-A3-5F
38
a ch IP
LAN1 LAN3
nh tuyn
7: R1 nhn c khung MAC t A ly gi IP, tm chng tip theo gi gi (LAN2) 8: R1 li thc hin c ch ARP trn LAN 2 nh cc bc 1 - 6
19
Lin h gia tn min v a ch IP

Tn min Domain Name System
L mt h thng t tn cho my trm, dch v, router, cc loi ti nguyn khc nhau trm mng Mc ch: d nh v thun tin
Khi nim
a ch mng tn min (domain name) a ch my trm tn my (host name)

mail.hut.edu.vn 202.191.57.199
a ch IP
c im ca DNS:
Tn my ho c tn min c cu trc phn lp: mt tn c th thu c v mt tn min cp cao hn
mail.hut.edu.vn thu c v hut.edu.vn
Nhng tn min hay s dng:

Theo lnh v c: .com, .edu, .net, .gov., .org Theo a l: .us, .vn, .ru, .au, .de
nh tuyn
Tn min cp cao nht c cp pht b i ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) Tn min . vn c cp pht bi VNNIC Mt tn min s tng ng vi mt t chc duy nht
39
Lin h gia tn min v a ch IP (tip)

M hnh truy vn DNS:
Client server C s d liu tn min c lu ti DNS server DNS server
Khi nim
Phn tn C cu trc phn tng Mi min u c mt server gc
a ch IP
nh tuyn
40
20
Lin h gia tn min v a ch IP (tip)

M hnh truy vn DNS (tip):
DNS query:
ng dng gi mt DNS query n DNS server gn nht (local DNS server) TD: web browser gi DNS server v a ch IP ca www.wikipedia.org DNS server kim tra, nu khng c thng tin cn tm th s chuyn tip DNS query n DNS server cp cao hn .v.v. Khi nhn c DNS reply, ng dng lu gi a ch IP trong cache. fpt.vn DNS reply (IP address)
Khi nim
a ch IP
Phng thc gi bn tin DNS query:

Linux/Unix: host [tn min] Windows: nslookup [tn min] C/C++: gethostbyname() TD: host vnexpress.net
sales.fpt.vn test.fpt.vn rd.fpt.vn DNS query (host1.rd.fpt.vn)
nh tuyn
Ch : DNS c th c s dng vi nhiu mc ch TD: cn bng ti: cng vi mt DNS query DNS server c th tr li vi cc a ch IP khc nhau
41
Internet Protocol
IP:
Version 4 hin ti ang c s dng rng ri Version 6 l giao thc ca tng lai Phin bn IP c th hin trong trng version ca IP header
Protocol Stack
Khi nim
a ch IP
App Host-to-Host Internetwork Network Access TCP / UDP IP

Data Hdr
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
nh tuyn
42
21
Internet Protocol (tip)

Tip u IP (IP header)
IP protocol version header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to ver
head. len
32 bits
DSCP
length
fragment offset
Internet checksum
total datagram length (bytes) for fragmentation/ reassembly
Khi nim
16-bit identifier flgs

time to live upper layer
a ch IP
32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) E.g. timestamp, record route taken, pecify list of routers to visit.
nh tuyn
43
Phn mnh gi tin

Vn : truyn IP datagram qua nhiu mng vi kch thc gi cho php ln nht khc nhau (TD: Ethernet: 1500byte) Phn mnh (Fragmentation)
Source Destination
Khi nim
Ethernet
A
MTU=1500 bytes MTU<1500 bytes
MTU=1500 bytes
a ch IP
R1 R2 Gii php: R1 phn mnh IP datagram thnh nhiu datagram ngn hn

Offset>0 More Frag=0
Data
HDR (ID=x)
Offset=0 More Frag=1
Data
nh tuyn
HDR (ID=x)
Data
HDR (ID=x)
Data
HDR (ID=x)
44
22
Phn mnh gi tin (tip)

Vic ghp mnh (assemble) ch c thc hin thit b u cui Nn trnh phn mnh trong mng thit b u cui c th c lng chiu di gi nh nht (Maximum Transmission Unit - MTU) cho php trn ng i Bn pht c th gi cc gi c kch thc khc nhau, khng phn mnh tm path MTU
traceroute F www.hut.edu.vn 1500 traceroute F www.hut.edu.vn 1501 (DF=1 trong IP header; router gi bn tin ICMP li)
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
45

Phn mnh s dng cc trng: identification, flags, fragment offset
Khi nim
Identification: 16 bit - cc offset ca cng 1 gi ln c cng mt ID. Flags: 3 bit

#1 bit: khng s dng #2 bit Dont fragment (DF) bit:
DF=1: Khng c php phn mnh DF=0: c php phn mnh
a ch IP
#3 bit More fragment (MF) bit: nu DF=0

MF=1: hy cn phn mnh tip theo MF=0: phn mnh cui cng
Offset: 13 bit
V tr ca gi tin phn mnh trong gi tin ban u Theo n v 8 bytes
nh tuyn
46
23

Th d:
Khi nim
a ch IP
ID=2356 Flag=0.0.0 Offset=0

0 1400 2800 3999
1399 ID=2356
Flag=0.0.1 Offset = 0/8 = 0

1400 2799 ID=2356
Internet Protocol 2800 Cc giao thc khc
Flag=0.0.1 Offset = 1400/8 = 175

3999 ID=2356
Flag=0.0.0 Offset = 2800/8 = 350
nh tuyn
47
Cc trng khc
Version: 4 bit
4: IPv4 6: IPv6
Khi nim
IHL (Internet Header Length): 4 bit th hin chiu di ca header theo n 1 dword (32bit) DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point): 8 bit
Tn c: type of service (TOS) Hin ti c s dng trong qun l cht lng dch v (Quality-of-Service: QoS) (TD: cc dch v thi gian thc .v.v.) DiffServ (RFC2474)
a ch IP
ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification): 2 bit bo hiu mng b tc nghn, ch dng khi thit b u cui h tr c ch ny Total length: 16 bit - di ton b, tnh c phn u
Tnh theo bytes Max: 65536
nh tuyn
48
24
Cc trng khc (tip)

TTL (Time-To-Live): 8 bit thi gian sng
di ng i gi tin c th i qua Max: 255 Router gim TTL i 1 n v khi nhn v chuyn tip gi tin Gi tin b hy nu TTL bng 0
Khi nim
a ch IP
Protocol: 8 bit cho bit cc giao thc c ng gi vo IP datagram:

Giao thc tng host-to-host: TCP (6), EGP (8), IGP (9), UDP (17), OSPF (89), SCTP (132) Giao thc tng internetworking: ICMP (1), IGMP (2), IP (IP in IP) (4)
nh tuyn
49
Cc trng khc (tip)

Header Checksum: 16 bit Kim tra li cho header Options:
di thay i, c th ln n 40 byte c s dng thm cc chc nng mi
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
50
25
ICMP
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol RFC 792 ICMP c s dng tng mng trao i thng tin Bo li: bo gi tin khng n c mt my trm, s chng vt qu gii hn cho php (TTL=0), kch thc gi tin qu di .v.v. Thng tin phn hi nh dng bn tin ICMP: Type, Code, cng vi 8 bytes u
tin ca gi tin IP b li Type
Khi nim
a ch IP
Code Rest of the header Data
Checksum
nh tuyn
51
ICMP (tip)
Mt s dng bn tin ICMP:
Type 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 9 10 11 12
Khi nim
a ch IP
Code 0 0 1 2 3 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
nh tuyn
description echo reply (ping) dest. network unreachable dest host unreachable dest protocol unreachable dest port unreachable dest network unknown dest host unknown source quench (congestion control - not used) echo request (ping) route advertisement router discovery TTL expired bad IP header
52
26
ICMP (tip)
Ping:
Khi nim
a ch IP
S dng kim tra kt ni Gi gi tin ICMP echo request Bn nhn tr v ICMP echo reply Mi gi tin c mt s hiu gi tin Trng d liu cha thi gian gi gi tin
Tnh c thi gian i v v - RTT (round-trip time)
C php: ping [a ch IP/tn host]

ping www.google.com
nh tuyn
53
ICMP (tip)
Traceroute
Tm ng i (cc router trung gian) t ngun ti ch C php:
Linux: traceroute [a ch IP/tn host] Windows: tracert [a ch IP/tn host]
Khi nim
C:\Documents and Settings\tnh>tracert www.jaist.ac.jp Tracing route to www.jaist.ac.jp [150.65.5.208] over a maximum of 30 hops:
a ch IP
nh tuyn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.1.1 15 ms 14 ms 13 ms 210.245.0.42 13 ms 13 ms 13 ms 210.245.0.97 14 ms 13 ms 14 ms 210.245.1.1 207 ms 230 ms 94 ms pos8-2.br01.hkg04.pccwbtn.net [63.218.115.45] * 403 ms 393 ms 0.so-0-1-0.XT1.SCL2.ALTER.NET [152.63.57.50] 338 ms 393 ms 370 ms 0.so-7-0-0.XL1.SJC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.55.106] 402 ms 404 ms 329 ms POS1-0.XR1.SJC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.55.113] 272 ms 288 ms 310 ms 193.ATM7-0.GW3.SJC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.49.29] 205 ms 206 ms 204 ms wide-mae-gw.customer.alter.net [157.130.206.42] 427 ms 403 ms 370 ms ve-13.foundry2.otemachi.wide.ad.jp [192.50.36.62] 395 ms 399 ms 417 ms ve-4.foundry3.nezu.wide.ad.jp [203.178.138.244] 355 ms 356 ms 378 ms ve-3705.cisco2.komatsu.wide.ad.jp [203.178.136.193] 388 ms 398 ms 414 ms c76.jaist.ac.jp [203.178.138.174] 438 ms 377 ms 435 ms www.jaist.ac.jp [150.65.5.208]
Trace complete.
54
27
ICMP (tip)
Traceroute (tip):
Bn gi truyn gi tin cho bn nhn Gi th nht c TTL =1 Gi th 2 c TTL=2, Khi gi tin th n n router th n: Router hy gi tin gi mt gi tin ICMP (type 11, code 0) c cha tn v a ch IP ca router khi nhn c gi tin tr li, bn gi s tnh ra RTT
Khi nim
a ch IP
Khi ngun nhn c gi tin ICMP ny s dng li Mi gi tin lp li 3 ln

3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
nh tuyn
55
Tng quan v nh tuyn

Bn Internet 1999:
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
Ngun: http://www.lumeta.com
56
28
Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)

Bn Internet 2006:
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
Ngun: http://www.lumeta.com
57

S bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn ti mng li Internet
Ngun: http://www.cidr-report.org/
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
58
29

Phn b cc bn ghi
Number of entries
100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0

8 12 16 20 24 Prefix length (bits)
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
59

Vn : A B
A
Khi nim
B R2
a ch IP
R3 R1 R4
R1 chn chng tip theo i n B ntn?
nh tuyn
60
30

Bng nh tuyn (routing table) :
Khi nim
a ch IP
Bng nh tuyn nm trong cc router Cho php vi mt a ch mng ch th phi gi gi tin ra giao din mng no ca router Bng nh tuyn c to ra do cc router trao i bn tin nh tuyn thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols) Nguyn l nh tuyn ca router: longest prefix match
nh tuyn
61

Bng nh tuyn (tip)
Khi nim
dest. network 10.0.0.0
net. mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
next hop A IP addr. C IP addr.
interface 1 2
metrics 1 1
a ch IP
172.16.0.0
Router A
Router B
Router C
10.0.0.0/24
1 3
2 172.16.0.0/24
10.0.0.0/24 nh tuyn
192.168.0.0/24
172.16.0.0/24
62
31

Mc tiu:
Tm ng i ngn nht t mt nt gc ti cc nt cn li xy dng cy theo ng ngn nht (shortest path tree - SPT) Cc thut ton xy dng cy SPT:
Khi nim
Thut ton Bellman-Ford distance vector routing (RIP, IGRP) Thut ton Dijkstra link state routing (OSPF)
a ch IP
Cu hi:
S khc nhau gia cy bc cu ti thiu (Minimum Spanning Tree) v cy theo ng ngn nht? Ti sao nguyn tc nh tuyn trong Internet li tun theo cy SPT?
Ch :
Xem li mn C s mng thng tin hiu chi tit v l thuyt nh tuyn
nh tuyn
63

Cc giao thc nh tuyn:
Khi nim
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min (Intra-AS routing):

OSPF, RIP-1, RIP-2 IS-IS, EIGRP, IGRP
a ch IP
Cc giao thc nh tuyn lin min (Inter-AS routing):

BGP
nh tuyn
64
32

Cho R8 l nt gc, tm ng i ngn nht t R8 n cc nt cn li
Khi nim
a ch IP
R1
2
R2
2
R4
3
R6
3 2
R3
R5
R7
R8
nh tuyn
65
Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn

1: Gi Xn=(C1,C2,,C7) l cc khong cch t Ri R8 (i=1 - 7), n s bc lp 2: X0=(, ) 3: Router i gi Xk ti cc nt hng xm ca i theo chu k T vector khong cch (distance vector) 4: Nu router i nhn c bn tin vi khong cch Ci nh hn khong cch hin ti Ri cp nht Xn. 5: Lp li bc 3 cho n khi Xn+1=Xn 6: Dng
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
66
33
Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip) n=1

R1
2
Khi nim
R2
1 2
R4
4
3
R6
3 2
a ch IP
R3
R1 R2 R3
R5
R7
R8 4
3
n=2
Inf Inf 4, R8 Inf 2, R8 2, R8 3, R8
R1
2
R2
2 4
R4
R6 2
3 2
R4 R5
nh tuyn
R6 R7
R3 4
R5
R7
R8
0
67
Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip)

R1 R2 R3 R4
6, R3 4, R5 4, R8 6, R7 2, R8 2, R8 3, R8 5, R2 4, R5 4, R8 5, R2 2, R8 2, R8 3, R8
6 R1
2
4 R2
2 4
R4
2
6 4
3
R6 2
3 2
Khi nim
R5 R6
a ch IP
R7
R3 4 5 R1
1
R5
R7
3 R8
n=3
R1
4 R2
2
R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
R4
R6 2
3 2
nh tuyn
R7
R3 4
R5
R7
R8
68
34
Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip) Nhn xt:

Khi nim
Cc bn tin DS c gi theo chu k, khng ph thuc vo trng thi ng truyn
Cc vn :
a ch IP Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc
S bc lp ca thut ton? (thut ton s chy bao lu) Thut ton c lun hi t hay khng (n< )? iu g s xy ra khi mt nt/lin kt b hng hoc khi khong cch thay i?
nh tuyn
69
Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip) Tnh khong cch n R4:

Khi nim
R1
Bc lp
R2 R2 2,R3 2,R3 4,R3 4,R3
R3
R4
a ch IP
0 1
nh tuyn
2 3
R1 3,R2 3,R2 3,R2 5,R2
R3 1, R4 3,R2 3,R2 5,R2
R3
R4 hng
Counting to infinity
70
35
Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip)
Khi nim
Khc phc vn phn k ca Bellman-Ford (counting to infinity problem):

t s bc ti a, TD: Ci<16 Split horizon: Do R2 nhn c khong cch nh nht t R3, R2 khng gi gi ca mnh n R3 na Split horizon with poison reverse: R2 gi khong cch ti R3
a ch IP
nh tuyn
71
Thut ton Dijkstra

Router gi bn tin cp nht khi lin kt ni vi n thay i trng thi bn tin Link State Advertisement (LSA) Da vo bn tin cp nht, mi router t tnh khong cch nh nht t chnh n n tt c cc router khc s dng thut ton Dijkstra
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
72
36
Thut ton Dijkstra (tip)

C ch qung b trong Dijkstra:
Gi tin trng thi lin kt (Link State Packet - LSP) bao gm:
ID ca router Ri gi bn tin LSP Danh sch cc hng xm ca Ri cng vi khong cch tng ng t Ri S th t TTL
Khi nim
a ch IP
Khi router Rj nhn c bn tin LSP:

Nu s th t ch ra bn tin mi nht gi LSP trn tt cc cc giao din cn li (qung b) Nu khng hy gi tin
Cc router gi bn tin hello n cc nt hng xm nhn bit c trng thi knh truyn
Xy dng cy SPT:
Da trn bn tin LSA cc router t xy dng cy SPT da trn thut ton Dijkstra
nh tuyn
73

Bc
{S} R8 R8,R5 R8,R5,R6 R8,R5,R6,R7 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2,R3 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2,R3,R1 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2,R3,R1,R4
P(R1), d(R1)
P(R2), d(R2)
P(R3), d(R3)
P(R4), d(R4)
P(R5), d(R5)
P(R6), d(R6)
P(R7), d(R7)
0 1 Khi nim 2 3 4 Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc 5 6 7 nh tuyn

5,R2 5,R2 -
4,R5 4,R5 4,R5 -
4, R8 4,R8 4,R8 4,R8 4,R8 -

6,R6 6,R6 5,R2 5,R2 5,R2 -
2,R8 -
2,R8 2,R8 -
3,R8 3,R8 3,R8 -
a ch IP
74
37

n=0
R8 0 R6
2 2
n=1 R5
R8 R6
2
Khi nim
n=2
n=3
a ch IP
R5
R8
0 R2
4 1 2
R5
R7
R8 R6 R7
3 2
R1
n=7
R4
2
nh tuyn
R3
R5
R8
75
So snh
Bn tin nh tuyn:
Khi nim
Kch thc S lng bn tin trao i
a ch IP
Lng thng tin cn lu ti router n nh (khi cc bn tin b li) Thi gian hi t

Gi : trong LS c hin tng counting-to-infinity khng?
nh tuyn
76
38
So snh (tip)
Bn tin nh tuyn:
Kch thc:
DV: ln (gi ton b thng tin v kt ni t 1 router ti tt c cc router khc) LS: nh (ch c thng tin t 1 router ti cc router hng xm ca n)
Khi nim
a ch IP
S lng bn tin trao i

DV: t (ch gi n cc nt hng xm) LS: nhiu (qung b ti ton mng)
Lng thng tin cn lu ti router:

DV: ch lu gi trng thi cc router hng xm LS: lu gi hnh ton mng
nh tuyn
77
So snh (tip)
n nh:
DV: 1 router c th gi cc bn tin vi khong cch khng ng ti cc hng xm lan ra ton mng LS: 1 router c th qung b cc bn tin LSA khng ng/li cho ton mng
Tuy nhin cc router khc vn c th xy dng c hnh mng da vo cc bn tin LSA ti t cc router khc
a ch IP
Khi nim
Thi gian hi t:
DV: cc bn tin DV c gi c chu k, khng ph thuc vo trng thi ng truyn thi gian hi t lu, ngoi ra c th to vng lp (routing loop) (nh li gii php split horizon!) LS: cc bn tin LSA c gi ch khi trng thi ng truyn thay i thi gian hi t nhanh hn
nh tuyn
78
39
nh tuyn trong mng Internet

Internet thc hin nh tuyn c phn tng (hierarchical routing):
Khi nim
a ch IP
Internet c phn thnh cc h t tr - AS (Autonomous System) Mi AS do c qun tr ring bit bi cc qun tr mng Trong mt AS: s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ni min (interior gateway protocol) Gia cc AS: s dng giao thc nh tuyn lin min (exterior gateway protocol)
nh tuyn
79
nh tuyn trong mng Internet (tip)

Exterior Gateway Protocol (BGP )
3a
Khi nim
1c 1b 3c 3b 3a AS3 1a
2a
a ch IP
2a 1c 1d 1b AS1
2c
AS2
2b
nh tuyn
Interior Gateway Protocol (OSPF, RIP)

80
40
EGP v IGP
AS2 AS1
Khi nim
IGP
EGP
OSPF domain
a ch IP
RIP domain
EGP
IGP
EGP EGP
IGP IGP
AS4
EGP
RIP domain
AS3
RIP domain
AS5
OSPF domain
nh tuyn
RIP domain
81
H t tr
Mi h t tr c mt s hiu ring AS number (ASN - 16 bits hay 32 bits)
Khi nim
2914 NTT-COMMUNICATIONS-2914 - NTT America, Inc.

a ch IP
3491 BTN-ASN - Beyond The Network America, Inc. 4134 CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street 6453 GLOBEINTERNET Teleglobe America Inc. 24087 VNGT-AS-AP Vietnam New Generation Telecom 24066 VNNIC-AS-VN Vietnam Internet Network Information Center 17981 CAMBOTECH-KH-AS ISP Cambodia .
nh tuyn
82
41
H t tr (tip)
ASN c cp pht bi IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
Khi nim
Source: http://www.potaroo.net/
a ch IP
2008
nh tuyn
83
nh tuyn ni vng
Intra-AS routing = Interior Gateway Routing (IGP) Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng thng dng:
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) Ch s dng cho cc router ca Cisco
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
84
42
RIP
c im:
Khi nim
a ch IP
RIP Routing Information Protocol L giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch s dng thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn c pht trin ln u di h iu hnh BSD Unix nm 1982 Trc y c s dng rng ri, hin nay t c s dng Khong cch l s chng ti mng ch S chng ti a: 15 chng
nh tuyn
85
RIP (tip)
Trao i thng tin:
nh k
Cc vector khong cch c trao i nh k - 30s Mi thng ip cha ti a 25 mc Trong thc t, nhiu thng ip c s dng
S kin
Khi nim
Gi thng ip cho nt hng xm mi khi c thay i Nt hng xm s cp nht bng chn ng ca n
Cc b m thi gian:
a ch IP
Update timer
Dng trao i thng tin c 30s
Invalid timer
Khi to li mi khi nhn c thng tin chn ng Nu sau 180s khng nhn c thng tin -> trng thi hold-down
Hold down timer

Gi trng thi hold-down trong 180s Chuyn sang trng thi down
Flush timer
nh tuyn
Khi to li mi khi nhn c thng tin chn ng Sau 240s, xa mc tng ng trong bng chn ng
86
43
RIP (tip)
update update
no update
When it is timeout, hold down timer starts
Invalid timer Khi nim

When it is timeout, This info will be deleted from RIP database When it receives update, Invalid timer restarts
a ch IP
Hold down timer
Internet Protocol Flush timer Cc giao thc khc
When it is timeout, Routing info will be deleted from routing table

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
nh tuyn
87
RIP (tip)
RIP
Khi nim
RIPv1: ch h tr nh tuyn trong cc mng nh a ch IP c phn lp (classful)

Bn tin cp nht: thng tin mng ch, khong cch ti mng ch
a ch IP
RIPv2: h tr nh tuyn trong c mng nh a ch khng phn lp (classless)

Bn tin cp nht: thng tin mng ch, subnet mask ca mng ch, khong cch ti mng ch
nh tuyn
88
44
OSPF
c im:
Khi nim
a ch IP
OSPF Open Shortest Path First Thng tin v trng thi lin kt - LSA (link state advertisement) c qung b trn ton AS Vi cc AS ln: OSPF c phn cp thnh nhiu min OSPF nh Cc router s dng thut ton Dijkstra thit lp bng nh tuyn Khong cch (gi): 100Mbps/dung lng knh
nh tuyn
89
OSPF (tip)
Phn vng trong OSPF:
Khi nim
Trong vic chn ng, ti sao phi chia mng thnh cc vng nh hn? Nu c qu nhiu router
Thng tin trng thi lin kt c truyn nhiu ln hn Phi lin tc tnh ton li Cn nhiu b nh hn, nhiu ti nguyn CPU hn Lng thng tin phi trao i tng ln Bng chn ng ln hn
a ch IP
nh tuyn
90
45
OSPF (tip)
boundary router
Gb
Area border router
Khi nim
Ga
Backbone
backbone router
Gc 2c
a ch IP
3c 3b 3a AS3 1a 1c 1d 1b AS1 2a
AS2
2b
nh tuyn
internal router
91
OSPF (tip)
ABR - Area border routers: Qun l 1 vng v kt ni n cc vng khc ASBR - Autonomous system boundary router: Ni n cc AS khc BR - backbone routers: thc hin OSPF routing trong vng backbone Internal Router Thc hin OSPF bn trong mt vng
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
92
46
RIP v OSPF So snh

RIP
c im
Khi nim
OSPF
Phn cp Cu hnh phc tp Mng c va v ln C Ln Nhanh Trng thi lin kt Link-state 10s (Hello packet) Bng thng
Router bnh ng Cu hnh d dng Mng c nh Khng Nh Chm Bng chn ng Distant vector 30s S nt mng
Kh nng m rng
a ch IP
phc tp tnh ton Hi t
Trao i thng tin Gii thut Cp nht hng xm n v chi ph
nh tuyn
93
nh tuyn lin min

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): giao thc nh tuyn lin min thng dng nht hin nay BGP-4 Vn ny sinh trong nh tuyn lin min:
hnh: mng Internet c hnh phc tp, khng cu trc Tnh t tr ca cc AS: cc AS nh ngha khong cch hoc gi khc nhau kh tm c ng i thc s ti u tin cy (trust): mt s AS khng mun gi lu lng ca mnh ti mt s AS xc nh Chnh sch (policy): Mi AS c mt chnh sch nh tuyn khc nhau
Khi nim
a ch IP
nh tuyn
94
47
Quan h khch hng nh cung cp

Khch hng (customer) Nh cung cp (provider) Khch hng tr tin cho nh cung cp Internet c truy nhp vo mng
Khi nim
a ch IP
provider
Internet Protocol provider Cc giao thc khc customer
IP traffic
customer
nh tuyn
95
Quan h khch hng nh cung cp (tip)
Khi nim
a ch IP

provider
nh tuyn
customer
IP traffic
96
48
Quan h khch hng nh cung cp (tip)
Khi nim
a ch IP
peer provider
peer customer
nh tuyn
traffic allowed
traffic NOT allowed
-Lu lng thng c trao i gia cc AS theo quan h provider customer - Cc AS cng cp khng mong mun trao i lu lng (khi khng c hp ng trao i lu lng)
97
BGP
c im:
Khi nim
Khng s dng phng thc vector khong cch v trng thi knh truyn s dng vector ng dn (path vector)
Cho php mt AS bit c thng tin i n AS khc BGP trao i cc bn tin path vector: AS_PATH
a ch IP
Gi thng tin ny vo bn trong AS Xc nh ng i tt nht da trn thng tin v cc chnh sch chn ng Cho php thit lp cc chnh sch
Chn ng ra Qung b cc ng vo
nh tuyn
98
49
BGP (tip)
eBGP v iBGP:
External BGP vs. Internal BGP Phn tn thng tin chn ng
Khi nim
1. 3a gi ti 1c bng eBGP 2. 1c gi thng tin ni b ti (1b, 1d, ) trong AS1 bng iBGP 3. 2a nhn thng tin t 1b bng eBGP
eBGP session
a ch IP
3c 3a 3b AS3 1a AS1
iBGP session
2c 2a 2b
AS2
1c 1d 1b
nh tuyn
99
BGP (tip)
p dng chnh sch nh tuyn vi BGP:
Khi nim
Khi cc router gi v nhn thng tin chn ng:

BGP c th t cc chnh sch
Cho ng vo Cho ng ra
a ch IP
nh tuyn
100
50
BGP (tip)
Cc bn tin BGP:
Khi nim
Open: Thit lp mt phin BGP gia 2 router. Keep Alive: Bt tay theo chu k. Notification: Hy b phin BGP sau khi trao i thng tin. Update: cp nht cc tuyn mi hoc hy b cc tuyn c
a ch IP
nh tuyn
101
BGP (tip)
Bn tin cp nht: cha cc thuc tnh ca tuyn Thuc tnh ca tuyn: c s dng chn ng ti u khi c nhiu tuyn cng i n mt ch
ORIGIN
a ch IP
Khi nim
Ngun ca thng tin (IGP/EGP/incomplete)
nh tuyn
AS_PATH NEXT_HOP MED (MULTI_EXIT_DISCRIMINATOR) LOCAL_PREF ATOMIC_AGGREGATE AGGREGATOR COMMUNITY

102
51
BGP (tip)
Cc mc u tin khi chn tuyn
Khi nim Enforce relationships E.g. prefer customer routes over peer routes
Highest Local Preference
a ch IP
Shortest ASPATH Lowest MED traffic engineering
i-BGP < e-BGP Lowest IGP cost to BGP egress
nh tuyn
Lowest router ID
Throw up hands and break ties
103
BGP (tip)
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 1755 1239 7018 6341
AS 1129
Global Access
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 1239 7018 6341
AS 1755
Ebone 135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 1129 1755 1239 7018 6341
Khi nim
AS 1239
a ch IP
Sprint
AS 12654
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 7018 6341
Pick shorter AS path
RIPE NCC RIS project
AS 7018
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 6341 AT&T
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 3549 7018 6341
AS 6341
AT&T Research
135.207.0.0/16
nh tuyn
Prefix Originated
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 7018 6341Global Crossing
AS 3549
104
52
Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn

Cc vn lin quan n tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (table lookup):
Trong nh a ch c phn lp:
Exact prefix match: hashing
Khi nim
a ch IP
Trong nh a ch khng phn lp: longest prefix match:

Binary trie Patricia tree
nh tuyn
105
Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (tip)

t vn :
S bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn trong mng li Internet tng theo hm m Phn b chiu di ca network prefix (CIDR) thay i bt k
Khi nim
a ch IP
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc S bn ghi trong router li (Ngun: http://www.cidr-report.org/)
nh tuyn
Phn b di network prefix trong router li

106
53

t vn (tip):
Khi nim
a ch IP
Router li tip nhn lung bit c tc Gbit/s, cn phi gi khong 1 triu gi/s/port tc x l nhanh Bng nh tuyn thay i lin tc:
100 ln/s vi chc ms phi cp nht bng nh tuyn 1 ln
nh tuyn
107

Yu cu:
Cc bn ghi trong bn nh tuyn phi c sp xp sao cho:
Khi nim
a ch IP
Cp nht cc bn ghi (table entry) nhanh v d dng Tc tm kim nhanh (table lookup) Kch thc b nh cha bng nh tuyn nh Thch hp vi c ch nh a ch khng phn lp (classless addressing - CIDR) longest prefix match
Gi:
W: di ca a ch IP
IPv4: W=32
N: S bit a ch mng (prefix)

Trong CIDR: N thay i
nh tuyn
108
54

Cc thut ton lookup (longest prefix match) cho CIDR:
Khi nim
Binary trie Patricia tree
a ch IP
nh tuyn
109
Th d
Xt bng nh tuyn:
dest. network (bin.)/subnet mask a: b: 0/1 01000/5 011/3 1/1 100/3 1100/4 1101/4 1110/4 1111/4 next hop
Khi nim
c: d:
a ch IP
e: f: g:
h: i:
nh tuyn
a ch mng: P1 = 010011110 P2 = 111000110 thuc v prefix no bng trn?
110
55
Th d (tip)
Gii p:
Khi nim
P1 = 010011110 a P2 = 111000110 h
a ch IP
nh tuyn
111
Binary Trie
a: 0 b: 01000 c: 011 d: 1 e: 100 f: 1100
1 0 0
P1 = 010011110 d
(1) 1 0
(0) 1
1 0 1
Khi nim
e
(011)
(100) (1100)
g: 1101 h: 1110
(1101)
h
(1110)
h
(1111)
a ch IP
i: 1111
(01000)
Nt mc L th hin chiu di L bit Cc prefix trong bng nh tuyn c nh du bng nt mu thm Thut ton tm kim:
i theo cy nh phn theo nhnh ph hp Ghi nh nt prefix va i qua (a) i cho ti khi khng gp nt ph hp na th dng prefix cui cng i qua l bn ghi thch hp
nh tuyn
112
56
Bi tp
Bi tp 1:
Cho bng nh tuyn ti router R1 R1 s gi gi n mng no khi nhn c cc gi tin c a ch ch nh sau:
192.138.32.1 192.138.32.100
dest. network/subnet mask 192.138.32.0/26 192.138.32.0/24 192.138.32.0/19 next hop 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3
Bi tp (tip)
Bi tp 2:
Cng ty A xy dng mt mng LAN bao gm 1000 host c nhm theo kiu supernet. Trc tin qun tr mng ca cng ty ny phi yu cu ISP B cung cp mt di a ch IP thuc lp C.Cng ty A c th chn mt vi a ch nm trong di sau:
La chn 1 gm 5 a ch: di 200.1.15.0, 200.1.16.0, 200.1.17.0, 200.1.18.0, 200.19.0. La chn 2 gm 5 a ch: 215.3.31.0, 215.3.32.0, 215.3.33.0, 215.3.34.0, 215.3.35.0
Hy trnh by cch thc la chn a ch v tm supernet mask tng ng
57
Bi tp (tip)
Bi tp 3:
Cho mt mng cc b thuc cng ty A c phn a ch 220.130.15.0. Mng ny c chia thnh 7 mng nh:
Mng th nht v 2 c 62 host. Mng th 3 v 4 c 30 host Mng th 5, 6, 7 mi mng c 14 host
Hy thit k mng ny.
Ti liu tham kho

Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol 1, Douglas Comer, Prentice Hall Computer Networking: a top-down approach featuring the Internet, James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, Addison Wesley, 4thed, 2006 Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition Computer Networks, Nick McKeown, Stanford University M. Sanchez, E. Biersack, and W. Dabbous, "Survey and Taxonomy of IP address lookup algorithms," IEEE Network, 15(2):8-23, 2001. M. Waldvogel, G. Varghese, J. Turner, and B. Plattner, Scalable High Speed IP Routing Lookups, Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 97, Sept. 1997, pp.2536.
58

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CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Do a ch MAC khng c cu trc nn khng th s dng nh tuyn phi to ra mt spanning tree

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Application TCP IP 802.11 802.3 IP LLC/MAC (802.3) Physical Receiver

IP LLC/MAC (802.11) Physical

Yu cu thit k mng Internet

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Yu cu thit k mng Internet (tip)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc Ethernet 3G/4G

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Lch s pht trin ca Internet

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Lch s pht trin ca Internet (tip)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Chc nng chnh ca lp Internetworking

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Yu cu: phi c cu trc, cho php nh tuyn a ch IP:

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Mi giao din mng c mt a ch IP a ch IP c tnh duy nht Cp pht a ch IP:

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

4 byte c biu din bi 4 ch s thp phn c chm

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

TD: a ch DNS ca FPT: 210.245.0.10

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

(khng c ngha ton cc)

Loopback address 127.0.0.1 Multicast address

Trong : n s bit ca Host ID.

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

a ch ton 1 a ch qung b trong phm vi mt mng

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

223.1.9.1 223.1.8.1 223.1.2.6 223.1.8.2

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Lm sao phn bit c a ch mng v a ch my trm trong 32 bit a ch IP?

Phn loi a ch IP:

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Class Class Class Class Class

7 H H H 6bit N H H 0 5 N N H 1 0 Multicast 1 1 Reserve for future use

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

# of network 128 16384 2^21

# of hosts 2^24 65536 256

a ch IP c phn lp: (tip)