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CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh B mn K thut thng tin Vin in t - Vin thng HBK H Ni Email: thanhnh@hust.edu.vn

Ni dung
Ti sao phi kt ni mng lp Internetworking? Khi nim kt ni mng v kin trc Internet Cu trc a ch IP, lin h gia a ch IP, a ch MAC IP v cc giao thc c lin quan nh tuyn trong Internet

t vn
Nhu cu: kt ni nhiu mng con vi nhau thnh mt mng ton cu Kt ni nhiu mng LAN lp MAC c kh thi?

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

t vn (tip)
Cc kh khn:
Khi nim

Do a ch MAC khng c cu trc nn khng th s dng nh tuyn phi to ra mt spanning tree


Vic to ra spanning tree kt ni hng chc ngn nt khng kh thi:
Chn nt gc? Kch thc bng chuyn tip (forwarding table) qu ln Cc bn tin cu hnh qung b vi s nt ln lm mng b lt vi cc bn tin iu khin

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Vic kt ni cc mng vt l: cu trc vt l khc nhau v cch nh a ch khc nhau cc k phc tp (Ethernet, WiFi, ATM, .v.v.)

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

t vn (tip)
Kt lun:
Cn phi c mt phn lp chung c lp vi cc mng vt l kt ni mng lp Internetworking mng Internet
Application TCP
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Khi nim

a ch IP

Application TCP IP 802.11 802.3 IP LLC/MAC (802.3) Physical Receiver


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IP LLC/MAC (802.11) Physical

Physical

nh tuyn

Sender
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

Yu cu thit k mng Internet


Phi to ra mt lp kt ni lin mng (Internetworking)
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

a ch mng c cu trc: ph thuc vo v tr mng thch hp cho nh tuyn Phn lp chung khng ph thuc vo c s h tng v cng ngh mng phn cng Giu c s h tng mng pha di vi cc dch v mng lp trn
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Yu cu thit k mng Internet (tip)


Internet
Khi nim

a ch IP

Router

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc Ethernet 3G/4G

DSL

ATM

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Lch s pht trin ca Internet


1957: M thnh lp c quan ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) trc thuc B quc phng 1962: M tp trung nghin cu cc phng thc gi d liu qun s theo phng thc phn tn nguyn l chuyn mch gi 1968: ARPA thnh lp d n ARPANET kt ni UCLA, SRI (ti Stanford), UCSB (Santa Barbara), H Utah. Bng thng 50kbps 1972: Email u tin. ARPA i tn thnh DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency). ARPANET s dng NCP (Network Control Protocol) cho php truyn d liu gia 2 nt trn cng mng 1973: Vinton Cerf v Bob Kahn (Stanford) bt u pht trin TCP/IP, cho php cc my tnh lin mng trao i d liu 1974: thut ng Internet c s dng ln u tin 1976: Robert M. Metcalfe pht trin mng Ethernet. Mng truyn s liu qua v tinh c pht trin. APARNET c hn 23 nt
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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Lch s pht trin ca Internet (tip)


1981: NSF quyt nh xy dng mng CSNET cho nghin cu c lp vi ARPANET. Lin kt gia ARPANET v CSNET. Host: 213 1983: thnh lp Internet Activities Board (IAB). TCP/IP thay th hon ton NCP. H Wisconsin a ra DNS u tin. Host: 562 1985: NSF thnh lp mng NSFNET, dung lng: 1,55Mpbs. Host: 1962 1986: IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) c thnh lp. Host: 2308 1990: ngn ng htlm ra i. Host: 330000 1992: s ra i ca World Wide Web. Bng thng mng li: 45Mbps. Host: 2.000.000 1993: Mosaic ra i: web browser u tin vi giao din ha 1996: host: 15.000.000 1998: IPv6 c chun ha bi IETF 1999: 802.11 ra i

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

c im ca Internet
Mi gi c nh tuyn (tm ng) mt cch c lp router khng lu gi trng thi ca cc lung d liu Cho php truyn gi qua nhiu mng vt l khc nhau Khng c c ch m bo tr Khng c c ch m bo th t gi Khng c c ch m bo gi s c truyn n ni nhn
Gi c th b mt do trn hng i nt trung gian

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

Cc chc nng thng minh (truyn li gi, sp xp th t gi, iu khin lung, chng tc nghn) c thc hin bi thit b u cui Giao thc Internet (Internet Protocol IP) c s dng!
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Chc nng chnh ca lp Internetworking


nh tuyn (routing): tm ng i cho mt gi tin t ngun n ch thut ton vo giao thc nh tuyn Chuyn tip (forwarding): chuyn mt gi tin t mt u vo router ra u ra thch hp bng chuyn tip (forwarding/routing table)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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a ch IP
a ch IP
IPv4: 32 bit (chng ny ch xt IPv4) IPv6: 128 bit
Khi nim

Yu cu: phi c cu trc, cho php nh tuyn a ch IP:


Network ID. (a ch mng) Host ID. (a ch my trm)

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Mi giao din mng c mt a ch IP a ch IP c tnh duy nht Cp pht a ch IP:


Tnh ng (TD qua DHCP)

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
Biu din a ch IP
Khi nim

4 byte c biu din bi 4 ch s thp phn c chm


X . X . X . X
8 bit (0 - 255)

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

TD: a ch DNS ca FPT: 210.245.0.10

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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a ch IP (tip)
Khng gian a ch IP:
Theo l thuyt
Khi nim

C th l 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Mt s a ch c bit (RFC1918) Private address 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

(khng c ngha ton cc)

Loopback address 127.0.0.1 Multicast address


CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
S my trm ti a trong mt mng:
k=2n 2
Khi nim

Trong : n s bit ca Host ID.

2 a ch cn li:
a ch IP

a ch ton 0 a ch mng
TD: Mng 171.64.15.0

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

a ch ton 1 a ch qung b trong phm vi mt mng


TD: 171.64.15.255 a ch qung b trong phm vi mng 171.64.15.0

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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a ch IP (tip)
Nguyn tc nh a ch:
Khi nim 223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2

223.1.1.4

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Mi mng LAN c a ch mng ring bit v c ngn cch bi router Cc my trm (k c router) nm trong mt LAN c chung a ch mng, cn a ch my trm khc nhau C bao nhiu mng LAN trong hnh bn?

223.1.1.3

223.1.9.2

223.1.7.2

223.1.9.1 223.1.8.1 223.1.2.6 223.1.8.2

223.1.7.1

223.1.3.27

nh tuyn

223.1.2.1

223.1.2.2

223.1.3.1

223.1.3.2

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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a ch IP (tip)
Cu hi:
Khi nim

Lm sao phn bit c a ch mng v a ch my trm trong 32 bit a ch IP?

a ch IP

Phn loi a ch IP:


C phn lp (classful addressing) Khng phn lp (classless addressing):
Subnetting Supernetting (CIDR)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
a ch IP c phn lp: 5 lp (A, B, C, D, E)
8bits 8bits 8bits
Khi nim

8bits

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Class Class Class Class Class

A B C D E

0 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1

7 H H H 6bit N H H 0 5 N N H 1 0 Multicast 1 1 Reserve for future use

A
0
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

D
232-1

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
Class A
Khi nim

# of network 128 16384 2^21

# of hosts 2^24 65536 256

Class B Class C

a ch IP

a ch IP c phn lp: (tip)


Th d:
18.181.0.31 class A 171.64.74.155 class B

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Nhn xt: a ch c phn lp gy lng ph khng gian a ch

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
Th d:
Khi nim

18.181.0.31 (www.mit.edu) ? 171.64.74.155 (stanford) ?

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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10

a ch IP (tip)
Nhn xt: nh a ch c phn lp c mt s nhc im
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Cng nhc, lp C qu nh, lp B qu ln khng tn dng hiu qu min a ch Cc router trong mng ni b cn phi c a ch mng (network ID.) ring bit cho tng giao din Th d: mt c quan c tng cng 300 my tnh tm c ch nh a ch?
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting: chia nh mt mng thnh nhiu mng con vi nhiu a ch mng con
Khi nim

CLASS B e.g. Company

14

16

10

Net ID

Host-ID

a ch IP
2 14 16 2 14 16

10

Net ID

0000

Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (12)

10

Net ID

1111

Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (12)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc


10

Subnet ID (20)

Subnet ID (20)

14

16 000000

14

16
1111011011

Net ID

Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (10)

10

Net ID

Host-ID
Subnet Host ID (6)

Subnet ID (22)

Subnet ID (26)

nh tuyn

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11

a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting (tip):
Khi nim

Subnetting thng c biu din bng a ch IP km theo mt n mng (subnet mask) Th d:


IP address: 171.64.15.82 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Subnet mask: 24 bit u (3 byte u) l a ch mng, 8 bit cui l a ch my trm Cch biu din a ch mng: a.b.c.d/x, trong a.b.c.d l a ch mng, x l s bit ca a ch mng
171.64.15.0/24 mng c a ch 171.64.15.0 vi phn a ch mng di 24 bit

nh tuyn

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a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting (tip):
a ch my trm: 171.64.15.82
a ch mng (24 bit) a ch my (8 bit)

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Khi nim

171
a ch IP

64

15

82

Mt n mng: 255.255.255.0
Cc bit phn a ch mng c gi tr 1 0

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255 255 a ch mng (24 bit) 255 0 a ch my (8 bit)

a ch mng: 171.64.15.0

nh tuyn

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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12

a ch IP (tip)
Subnetting (tip):
Th d: subnetting ti Stanford
Gii thch s mng bn di?

Khi nim To: cenic.net a ch IP

hpr1-rtr

171.64.1.131 171.64.1.132/30 171.64.1.133

171.64.74.0/24

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Stanford Class B Address


171.64.0.0/16 AS 32

171.64.1.161 171.64.1.178
bbr2-rtr

171.64.74.1
Gates-rtr

171.64.1.160/27

171.64.74.58

yuba

171.64.1.152 171.64.1.144/28
To: cogentco.com
border2-rtr

171.64.1.148

nh tuyn

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25

a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting:
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing:
Khi nim

Ton b vng a ch IP c chia thnh cc segment c c trng bi mt tin t (prefix) TD: 128.9.0.0/16 th hin mt segment vi vng a ch t 128.9.0.0 128.9.255.255 (2^16 a ch)

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

128.9.0.0
65.0.0.0/8 128.9.0.0/16

142.12.0.0/19

216

232-1

nh tuyn

128.9.17.1
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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13

a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting (tip):
ng i n mt a ch IP xc nh cc router nh tuyn da trn nguyn tc longest prefix match TD: a ch IP 129.9.17.1 thuc v mng no trong cc mng sau:
Khi nim

128.9.16.0/20 128.9.16.0/21 128.9.24.0/21 128.9.16.0/21 128.9.24.0/21

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

128.9.16.0/20 128.9.176.0/20 128.9.0.0/16

232-1

nh tuyn

128.9.17.1
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting (tip):
Khi nim

a ch IP

Cho php nhm nhiu segment con thnh mt segment ln hn Mc ch ca supernetting:


Tit kim vng a ch Gim s bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Ch : supernetting ch c php khi tt c cc segment con cng nm trn mt hng


CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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14

a ch IP (tip)
Supernetting (tip):
Th d: ti bng nh tuyn ca R1
Khi nim

/22

a ch IP

128.9.16.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00010000 00000000 128.9.20.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00010100 00000000 128.9.24.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00011000 00000000 128.9.28.0/22 = 10000000 00001001 00011100 00000000

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

128.9.16.0/20
R1
128.9.32.0/20 128.9.16.0/22 R2 4 128.9.20.0/22

/20

3 2

1
nh tuyn

2 3

128.9.48.0/20
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

128.9.28.0/22
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a ch IP (tip)
Mi lin h gia giao thc nh tuyn v phng thc nh a ch:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Cc giao thc nh tuyn ch h tr phng thc nh a ch c phn lp (classful addressing): RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol) Cc giao thc nh tuyn h tr nh a ch khng phn lp: RIP-2, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), IS-IS

nh tuyn

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NAT
NAT: Network Address Translation IETF RFC 1631 Phng thc nh x a ch IP private thnh a ch IP public, cung cp s nh tuyn trong sut gia cc host. Gateway router cn phi c mt bng NAT Phn loi:
Static NAT Dynamic NAT NPAT (Network Port Address Translation)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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Static NAT
L qu trnh nh x 1-1 t a ch IP private thnh a ch IP public.
Khi nim

S dng khi s lng IP trong LAN bng s lng NAT-IP. n gin.

a ch IP

Th d: a ch 192.168.1.2 s lun lun nh x sang a ch 200.18.123.15


192.168.1.2 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6 200.18.123.15 200.18.123.14 200.18.123.12

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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Dynamic NAT
L qu trnh nh x mt a ch IP private thnh mt a ch IP public t mt di cc a ch IP c ng k.
Mi kt ni t bn trong mun ra ngoi s c cung cp mt a ch trong di. Nu di a ch ny c cp pht ht th cc kt ni s khng th ra ngoi na.
Khi nim

Th d:
My tnh vi a ch IP 192.168.1.2 s chuyn i sang a ch u tin cha c s dng trong di a ch public 200.18.123.10 n 200.18.123.20 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6 200.18.123.10
. . .

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

200.18.123.20

nh tuyn

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NPAT
Cc a ch IP trong mng LAN c du di mt a ch NAT-IP.
Mi gi tin c gi ra ngoi bng a ch NAT-IP v port ngun c thay th bng mt cng no cha c dng NAT (thng ln hn 1024). Khi nhn c gi tin, router s kim tra a ch IP v port trong bng NAT v chuyn n n host.

Khi nim

a ch IP

Th d: Cc a ch private u chuyn thnh a ch 200.18.123.10 nhng vi cc port khc nhau


192.168.1.2 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.6 200.18.123.10:1211 200.18.123.10:1212 200.18.123.10:1213

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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Lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP


Trong mng vt l, cc trm trao i d liu thng qua cc khung lp MAC IP datagram c ng gi vo MAC frame A B:
A gi 1 gi IP vi a ch ngun l IP addr. ca A, ia ch ch l ia ch IP ca B Gi IP c ng vo mt khung MAC vi a ch ngun l As MAC addr, a ch ch l Bs MAC addr Thng thng A ch bit a ch IP ca B
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

223.1.1.1 223.1.2.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9

Khi nim

B
223.1.1.3 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27

223.1.2.2 223.1.3.2

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

Lm th no A bit a ch MAC ca B?

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Lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP (tip)


MAC frame IP datagram Bs MAC As MAC addr addr frame dest. addr
Bs IP addr As IP addr IP payload

Khi nim

a ch IP

frame IP src addr dest. addr

IP src. addr

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): tm a ch MAC tng ng vi mt a ch IP cho trc
Mi nt mng (my trm, router) u chy giao thc ARP Lu gi bng ARP (ARP table): nh x gia a ch IP v a ch MAC {IP addr., MAC addr., TTL} TTL: thi gian sng ca mt bn ghi (thng thng 20 pht)

nh tuyn

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18

Lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP (tip)


A B:
IP: 223.1.1.1 1: A kim tra a ch IP ca B A MAC: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B nhn ra B nm trong cng mt LAN vi A 2: A tm a ch MAC ca B IP: 223.1.1.4 trong bng ARP (tng ng MAC: 88-B2-F2-54-1A-0F vi a ch IP ca B) 3: nu tm thy: A ng gi IP vo khung MAC vi a ch B MAC ngun ca A v a ch MAC ch ca B IP: 223.1.1.3 4: nu khng tm thy: A MAC: 5C-66-AB-90-75-B1 qung b bn tin ARP request vi a ch MAC ch l a ch qung b (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) km theo a ch IP ca my cn tm B 5: Cc my trm trong LAN nhn c bn tin ARP request. Ch B tr li bng bn 6: A nhn c bn tin ARP reply t tin ARP reply ti A c cha B cp nht bng ARP, gi gi IP a ch MAC ca B trong khung MAC

Khi nim

E
IP: 223.1.2.2 MAC: 1A-2B-EF-60-A3-5F
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a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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Lin h gia a ch MAC v a ch IP (tip)


A E:
1: A kim tra a ch IP ca B nhn ra B nm trn mng khc (LAN2) quyt nh gi gi ti default router (R1) 2: A tm a ch MAC ca R1 trong bng ARP (tng ng vi a ch IP ca B) 3: nu tm thy: A ng gi IP vo khung MAC vi a ch MAC ch l R1 4: nu khng tm thy: A qung b bn tin ARP request vi a ch MAC ch l a ch qung b (FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF) km theo a ch IP ca my cn tm R1 5: Cc my trm trong LAN nhn c bn tin ARP request. Ch R1 tr li bng bn tin ARP reply ti A c cha a ch MAC ca R1 6: A nhn c bn tin ARP reply t R1 cp nht bng ARP, gi gi IP trong khung MAC
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

IP: 223.1.1.1 MAC: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B IP: 223.1.1.4 MAC: 88-B2-F2-54-1A-0F

Khi nim

B
IP: 223.1.1.3 MAC: 5C-66-AB-90-75-B1

LAN2 R1

E
IP: 223.1.2.2 MAC: 1A-2B-EF-60-A3-5F
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a ch IP

LAN1 LAN3

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

7: R1 nhn c khung MAC t A ly gi IP, tm chng tip theo gi gi (LAN2) 8: R1 li thc hin c ch ARP trn LAN 2 nh cc bc 1 - 6

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Lin h gia tn min v a ch IP


Tn min Domain Name System
L mt h thng t tn cho my trm, dch v, router, cc loi ti nguyn khc nhau trm mng Mc ch: d nh v thun tin
Khi nim

a ch mng tn min (domain name) a ch my trm tn my (host name)


mail.hut.edu.vn 202.191.57.199

a ch IP

c im ca DNS:
Tn my ho c tn min c cu trc phn lp: mt tn c th thu c v mt tn min cp cao hn
mail.hut.edu.vn thu c v hut.edu.vn

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Nhng tn min hay s dng:


Theo lnh v c: .com, .edu, .net, .gov., .org Theo a l: .us, .vn, .ru, .au, .de

nh tuyn

Tn min cp cao nht c cp pht b i ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) Tn min . vn c cp pht bi VNNIC Mt tn min s tng ng vi mt t chc duy nht

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Lin h gia tn min v a ch IP (tip)


M hnh truy vn DNS:
Client server C s d liu tn min c lu ti DNS server DNS server
Khi nim

Phn tn C cu trc phn tng Mi min u c mt server gc

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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20

Lin h gia tn min v a ch IP (tip)


M hnh truy vn DNS (tip):
DNS query:
ng dng gi mt DNS query n DNS server gn nht (local DNS server) TD: web browser gi DNS server v a ch IP ca www.wikipedia.org DNS server kim tra, nu khng c thng tin cn tm th s chuyn tip DNS query n DNS server cp cao hn .v.v. Khi nhn c DNS reply, ng dng lu gi a ch IP trong cache. fpt.vn DNS reply (IP address)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Phng thc gi bn tin DNS query:


Linux/Unix: host [tn min] Windows: nslookup [tn min] C/C++: gethostbyname() TD: host vnexpress.net
sales.fpt.vn test.fpt.vn rd.fpt.vn DNS query (host1.rd.fpt.vn)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

Ch : DNS c th c s dng vi nhiu mc ch TD: cn bng ti: cng vi mt DNS query DNS server c th tr li vi cc a ch IP khc nhau
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

41

Internet Protocol
IP:
Version 4 hin ti ang c s dng rng ri Version 6 l giao thc ca tng lai Phin bn IP c th hin trong trng version ca IP header
Protocol Stack
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Khi nim

a ch IP

App Host-to-Host Internetwork Network Access TCP / UDP IP


Data Hdr

TCP Segment
Hdr

Data

IP Datagram

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

42

21

Internet Protocol (tip)


Tip u IP (IP header)
IP protocol version header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to ver
head. len

32 bits
DSCP

length
fragment offset
Internet checksum

total datagram length (bytes) for fragmentation/ reassembly

Khi nim

16-bit identifier flgs


time to live upper layer

a ch IP

32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) E.g. timestamp, record route taken, pecify list of routers to visit.

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

43

Phn mnh gi tin


Vn : truyn IP datagram qua nhiu mng vi kch thc gi cho php ln nht khc nhau (TD: Ethernet: 1500byte) Phn mnh (Fragmentation)
Source Destination

Khi nim
Ethernet

A
MTU=1500 bytes MTU<1500 bytes

MTU=1500 bytes

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

R1 R2 Gii php: R1 phn mnh IP datagram thnh nhiu datagram ngn hn


Offset>0 More Frag=0

Data

HDR (ID=x)

Offset=0 More Frag=1

Data
nh tuyn

HDR (ID=x)

Data

HDR (ID=x)

Data

HDR (ID=x)

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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22

Phn mnh gi tin (tip)


Vic ghp mnh (assemble) ch c thc hin thit b u cui Nn trnh phn mnh trong mng thit b u cui c th c lng chiu di gi nh nht (Maximum Transmission Unit - MTU) cho php trn ng i Bn pht c th gi cc gi c kch thc khc nhau, khng phn mnh tm path MTU
traceroute F www.hut.edu.vn 1500 traceroute F www.hut.edu.vn 1501 (DF=1 trong IP header; router gi bn tin ICMP li)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

45

Phn mnh gi tin (tip)


Phn mnh s dng cc trng: identification, flags, fragment offset
Khi nim

Identification: 16 bit - cc offset ca cng 1 gi ln c cng mt ID. Flags: 3 bit


#1 bit: khng s dng #2 bit Dont fragment (DF) bit:
DF=1: Khng c php phn mnh DF=0: c php phn mnh

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

#3 bit More fragment (MF) bit: nu DF=0


MF=1: hy cn phn mnh tip theo MF=0: phn mnh cui cng

Offset: 13 bit
V tr ca gi tin phn mnh trong gi tin ban u Theo n v 8 bytes

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

46

23

Phn mnh gi tin (tip)


Th d:
Khi nim

a ch IP

ID=2356 Flag=0.0.0 Offset=0


0 1400 2800 3999

1399 ID=2356

Flag=0.0.1 Offset = 0/8 = 0


1400 2799 ID=2356

Internet Protocol 2800 Cc giao thc khc

Flag=0.0.1 Offset = 1400/8 = 175


3999 ID=2356

Flag=0.0.0 Offset = 2800/8 = 350

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

47

Cc trng khc
Version: 4 bit
4: IPv4 6: IPv6

Khi nim

IHL (Internet Header Length): 4 bit th hin chiu di ca header theo n 1 dword (32bit) DSCP (Differentiated Service Code Point): 8 bit
Tn c: type of service (TOS) Hin ti c s dng trong qun l cht lng dch v (Quality-of-Service: QoS) (TD: cc dch v thi gian thc .v.v.) DiffServ (RFC2474)

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification): 2 bit bo hiu mng b tc nghn, ch dng khi thit b u cui h tr c ch ny Total length: 16 bit - di ton b, tnh c phn u
Tnh theo bytes Max: 65536

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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48

24

Cc trng khc (tip)


TTL (Time-To-Live): 8 bit thi gian sng
di ng i gi tin c th i qua Max: 255 Router gim TTL i 1 n v khi nhn v chuyn tip gi tin Gi tin b hy nu TTL bng 0

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Protocol: 8 bit cho bit cc giao thc c ng gi vo IP datagram:


Giao thc tng host-to-host: TCP (6), EGP (8), IGP (9), UDP (17), OSPF (89), SCTP (132) Giao thc tng internetworking: ICMP (1), IGMP (2), IP (IP in IP) (4)

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

49

Cc trng khc (tip)


Header Checksum: 16 bit Kim tra li cho header Options:
di thay i, c th ln n 40 byte c s dng thm cc chc nng mi

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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50

25

ICMP
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol RFC 792 ICMP c s dng tng mng trao i thng tin Bo li: bo gi tin khng n c mt my trm, s chng vt qu gii hn cho php (TTL=0), kch thc gi tin qu di .v.v. Thng tin phn hi nh dng bn tin ICMP: Type, Code, cng vi 8 bytes u
tin ca gi tin IP b li Type

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Code Rest of the header Data

Checksum

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

51

ICMP (tip)
Mt s dng bn tin ICMP:
Type 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 9 10 11 12
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Code 0 0 1 2 3 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

nh tuyn

description echo reply (ping) dest. network unreachable dest host unreachable dest protocol unreachable dest port unreachable dest network unknown dest host unknown source quench (congestion control - not used) echo request (ping) route advertisement router discovery TTL expired bad IP header

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

52

26

ICMP (tip)
Ping:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

S dng kim tra kt ni Gi gi tin ICMP echo request Bn nhn tr v ICMP echo reply Mi gi tin c mt s hiu gi tin Trng d liu cha thi gian gi gi tin
Tnh c thi gian i v v - RTT (round-trip time)

C php: ping [a ch IP/tn host]


ping www.google.com

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

53

ICMP (tip)
Traceroute
Tm ng i (cc router trung gian) t ngun ti ch C php:
Linux: traceroute [a ch IP/tn host] Windows: tracert [a ch IP/tn host]
Khi nim
C:\Documents and Settings\tnh>tracert www.jaist.ac.jp Tracing route to www.jaist.ac.jp [150.65.5.208] over a maximum of 30 hops:

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.1.1 15 ms 14 ms 13 ms 210.245.0.42 13 ms 13 ms 13 ms 210.245.0.97 14 ms 13 ms 14 ms 210.245.1.1 207 ms 230 ms 94 ms pos8-2.br01.hkg04.pccwbtn.net [63.218.115.45] * 403 ms 393 ms 0.so-0-1-0.XT1.SCL2.ALTER.NET [152.63.57.50] 338 ms 393 ms 370 ms 0.so-7-0-0.XL1.SJC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.55.106] 402 ms 404 ms 329 ms POS1-0.XR1.SJC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.55.113] 272 ms 288 ms 310 ms 193.ATM7-0.GW3.SJC1.ALTER.NET [152.63.49.29] 205 ms 206 ms 204 ms wide-mae-gw.customer.alter.net [157.130.206.42] 427 ms 403 ms 370 ms ve-13.foundry2.otemachi.wide.ad.jp [192.50.36.62] 395 ms 399 ms 417 ms ve-4.foundry3.nezu.wide.ad.jp [203.178.138.244] 355 ms 356 ms 378 ms ve-3705.cisco2.komatsu.wide.ad.jp [203.178.136.193] 388 ms 398 ms 414 ms c76.jaist.ac.jp [203.178.138.174] 438 ms 377 ms 435 ms www.jaist.ac.jp [150.65.5.208]

Trace complete.

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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27

ICMP (tip)
Traceroute (tip):
Bn gi truyn gi tin cho bn nhn Gi th nht c TTL =1 Gi th 2 c TTL=2, Khi gi tin th n n router th n: Router hy gi tin gi mt gi tin ICMP (type 11, code 0) c cha tn v a ch IP ca router khi nhn c gi tin tr li, bn gi s tnh ra RTT

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Khi ngun nhn c gi tin ICMP ny s dng li Mi gi tin lp li 3 ln


3 probes 3 probes
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

3 probes

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

55

Tng quan v nh tuyn


Bn Internet 1999:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

Ngun: http://www.lumeta.com
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

56

28

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Bn Internet 2006:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

Ngun: http://www.lumeta.com
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

57

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


S bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn ti mng li Internet
Ngun: http://www.cidr-report.org/
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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29

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Phn b cc bn ghi
Number of entries

100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0


8 12 16 20 24 Prefix length (bits)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

59

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Vn : A B
A
Khi nim

B R2

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

R3 R1 R4

R1 chn chng tip theo i n B ntn?

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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60

30

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Bng nh tuyn (routing table) :
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Bng nh tuyn nm trong cc router Cho php vi mt a ch mng ch th phi gi gi tin ra giao din mng no ca router Bng nh tuyn c to ra do cc router trao i bn tin nh tuyn thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols) Nguyn l nh tuyn ca router: longest prefix match

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

61

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Bng nh tuyn (tip)
Khi nim

dest. network 10.0.0.0

net. mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

next hop A IP addr. C IP addr.

interface 1 2

metrics 1 1

a ch IP

172.16.0.0

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Router A

Router B

Router C

10.0.0.0/24

1 3

2 172.16.0.0/24

10.0.0.0/24 nh tuyn

192.168.0.0/24

172.16.0.0/24

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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31

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Mc tiu:
Tm ng i ngn nht t mt nt gc ti cc nt cn li xy dng cy theo ng ngn nht (shortest path tree - SPT) Cc thut ton xy dng cy SPT:
Khi nim

Thut ton Bellman-Ford distance vector routing (RIP, IGRP) Thut ton Dijkstra link state routing (OSPF)

a ch IP

Cu hi:
S khc nhau gia cy bc cu ti thiu (Minimum Spanning Tree) v cy theo ng ngn nht? Ti sao nguyn tc nh tuyn trong Internet li tun theo cy SPT?

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Ch :
Xem li mn C s mng thng tin hiu chi tit v l thuyt nh tuyn

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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63

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Cc giao thc nh tuyn:
Khi nim

Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni min (Intra-AS routing):


OSPF, RIP-1, RIP-2 IS-IS, EIGRP, IGRP

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Cc giao thc nh tuyn lin min (Inter-AS routing):


BGP

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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32

Tng quan v nh tuyn (tip)


Cho R8 l nt gc, tm ng i ngn nht t R8 n cc nt cn li
Khi nim

a ch IP

R1
2

R2
2

R4
3

R6
3 2

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

R3

R5

R7

R8

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

65

Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn


1: Gi Xn=(C1,C2,,C7) l cc khong cch t Ri R8 (i=1 - 7), n s bc lp 2: X0=(, ) 3: Router i gi Xk ti cc nt hng xm ca i theo chu k T vector khong cch (distance vector) 4: Nu router i nhn c bn tin vi khong cch Ci nh hn khong cch hin ti Ri cp nht Xn. 5: Lp li bc 3 cho n khi Xn+1=Xn 6: Dng

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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33

Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip) n=1


R1
2
Khi nim

R2

1 2

R4

4
3

R6
3 2

a ch IP

R3
R1 R2 R3

R5

R7

R8 4
3

n=2

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Inf Inf 4, R8 Inf 2, R8 2, R8 3, R8

R1
2

R2
2 4

R4

R6 2
3 2

R4 R5

nh tuyn

R6 R7

R3 4

R5

R7

R8

0
67

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip)


R1 R2 R3 R4

6, R3 4, R5 4, R8 6, R7 2, R8 2, R8 3, R8 5, R2 4, R5 4, R8 5, R2 2, R8 2, R8 3, R8

6 R1
2

4 R2
2 4

R4
2

6 4
3

R6 2
3 2

Khi nim

R5 R6

a ch IP

R7

R3 4 5 R1
1

R5

R7

3 R8
n=3

R1

4 R2
2

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

R4

R6 2
3 2

nh tuyn

R7

R3 4

R5

R7

R8

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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34

Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip) Nhn xt:


Khi nim

Cc bn tin DS c gi theo chu k, khng ph thuc vo trng thi ng truyn

Cc vn :
a ch IP Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

S bc lp ca thut ton? (thut ton s chy bao lu) Thut ton c lun hi t hay khng (n< )? iu g s xy ra khi mt nt/lin kt b hng hoc khi khong cch thay i?

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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69

Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip) Tnh khong cch n R4:


Khi nim

R1
Bc lp

R2 R2 2,R3 2,R3 4,R3 4,R3

R3

R4

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

0 1

nh tuyn

2 3

R1 3,R2 3,R2 3,R2 5,R2

R3 1, R4 3,R2 3,R2 5,R2

R3

R4 hng

Counting to infinity

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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35

Thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn (tip)

Khi nim

Khc phc vn phn k ca Bellman-Ford (counting to infinity problem):


t s bc ti a, TD: Ci<16 Split horizon: Do R2 nhn c khong cch nh nht t R3, R2 khng gi gi ca mnh n R3 na Split horizon with poison reverse: R2 gi khong cch ti R3
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

71

Thut ton Dijkstra


Router gi bn tin cp nht khi lin kt ni vi n thay i trng thi bn tin Link State Advertisement (LSA) Da vo bn tin cp nht, mi router t tnh khong cch nh nht t chnh n n tt c cc router khc s dng thut ton Dijkstra
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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36

Thut ton Dijkstra (tip)


C ch qung b trong Dijkstra:
Gi tin trng thi lin kt (Link State Packet - LSP) bao gm:
ID ca router Ri gi bn tin LSP Danh sch cc hng xm ca Ri cng vi khong cch tng ng t Ri S th t TTL

Khi nim

a ch IP

Khi router Rj nhn c bn tin LSP:


Nu s th t ch ra bn tin mi nht gi LSP trn tt cc cc giao din cn li (qung b) Nu khng hy gi tin

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Cc router gi bn tin hello n cc nt hng xm nhn bit c trng thi knh truyn

Xy dng cy SPT:
Da trn bn tin LSA cc router t xy dng cy SPT da trn thut ton Dijkstra
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

73

Thut ton Dijkstra (tip)


Bc

{S} R8 R8,R5 R8,R5,R6 R8,R5,R6,R7 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2,R3 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2,R3,R1 R8,R5,R6,R7,R2,R3,R1,R4

P(R1), d(R1)

P(R2), d(R2)

P(R3), d(R3)

P(R4), d(R4)

P(R5), d(R5)

P(R6), d(R6)

P(R7), d(R7)

0 1 Khi nim 2 3 4 Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc 5 6 7 nh tuyn


5,R2 5,R2 -

4,R5 4,R5 4,R5 -

4, R8 4,R8 4,R8 4,R8 4,R8 -


6,R6 6,R6 5,R2 5,R2 5,R2 -

2,R8 -

2,R8 2,R8 -

3,R8 3,R8 3,R8 -

a ch IP

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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37

Thut ton Dijkstra (tip)


n=0

R8 0 R6
2 2

n=1 R5

R8 R6
2

Khi nim

n=2

n=3

a ch IP

R5

R8

0 R2
4 1 2

R5

R7

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

R8 R6 R7
3 2

R1
n=7

R4
2

nh tuyn

R3
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

R5

R8
75

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

So snh
Bn tin nh tuyn:
Khi nim

Kch thc S lng bn tin trao i

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Lng thng tin cn lu ti router n nh (khi cc bn tin b li) Thi gian hi t


Gi : trong LS c hin tng counting-to-infinity khng?
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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38

So snh (tip)
Bn tin nh tuyn:
Kch thc:
DV: ln (gi ton b thng tin v kt ni t 1 router ti tt c cc router khc) LS: nh (ch c thng tin t 1 router ti cc router hng xm ca n)

Khi nim

a ch IP

S lng bn tin trao i


DV: t (ch gi n cc nt hng xm) LS: nhiu (qung b ti ton mng)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Lng thng tin cn lu ti router:


DV: ch lu gi trng thi cc router hng xm LS: lu gi hnh ton mng
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

77

So snh (tip)
n nh:
DV: 1 router c th gi cc bn tin vi khong cch khng ng ti cc hng xm lan ra ton mng LS: 1 router c th qung b cc bn tin LSA khng ng/li cho ton mng
Tuy nhin cc router khc vn c th xy dng c hnh mng da vo cc bn tin LSA ti t cc router khc
a ch IP

Khi nim

Thi gian hi t:
DV: cc bn tin DV c gi c chu k, khng ph thuc vo trng thi ng truyn thi gian hi t lu, ngoi ra c th to vng lp (routing loop) (nh li gii php split horizon!) LS: cc bn tin LSA c gi ch khi trng thi ng truyn thay i thi gian hi t nhanh hn

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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39

nh tuyn trong mng Internet


Internet thc hin nh tuyn c phn tng (hierarchical routing):
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Internet c phn thnh cc h t tr - AS (Autonomous System) Mi AS do c qun tr ring bit bi cc qun tr mng Trong mt AS: s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ni min (interior gateway protocol) Gia cc AS: s dng giao thc nh tuyn lin min (exterior gateway protocol)

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

79

nh tuyn trong mng Internet (tip)


Exterior Gateway Protocol (BGP )

3a
Khi nim

1c 1b 3c 3b 3a AS3 1a

2a

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

2a 1c 1d 1b AS1

2c
AS2

2b

nh tuyn

Interior Gateway Protocol (OSPF, RIP)


CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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40

EGP v IGP
AS2 AS1
Khi nim

IGP

EGP
OSPF domain

a ch IP

RIP domain

EGP
IGP

EGP EGP
IGP IGP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

AS4

EGP

RIP domain

AS3

RIP domain

AS5

OSPF domain

nh tuyn

RIP domain
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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81

H t tr
Mi h t tr c mt s hiu ring AS number (ASN - 16 bits hay 32 bits)
Khi nim

2914 NTT-COMMUNICATIONS-2914 - NTT America, Inc.


a ch IP

3491 BTN-ASN - Beyond The Network America, Inc. 4134 CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street 6453 GLOBEINTERNET Teleglobe America Inc. 24087 VNGT-AS-AP Vietnam New Generation Telecom 24066 VNNIC-AS-VN Vietnam Internet Network Information Center 17981 CAMBOTECH-KH-AS ISP Cambodia .

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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41

H t tr (tip)
ASN c cp pht bi IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
Khi nim

Source: http://www.potaroo.net/
a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

2008

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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nh tuyn ni vng
Intra-AS routing = Interior Gateway Routing (IGP) Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng thng dng:
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) Ch s dng cho cc router ca Cisco
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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42

RIP
c im:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

RIP Routing Information Protocol L giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch s dng thut ton Bellman-Ford phn tn c pht trin ln u di h iu hnh BSD Unix nm 1982 Trc y c s dng rng ri, hin nay t c s dng Khong cch l s chng ti mng ch S chng ti a: 15 chng

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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RIP (tip)
Trao i thng tin:
nh k
Cc vector khong cch c trao i nh k - 30s Mi thng ip cha ti a 25 mc Trong thc t, nhiu thng ip c s dng

S kin
Khi nim

Gi thng ip cho nt hng xm mi khi c thay i Nt hng xm s cp nht bng chn ng ca n

Cc b m thi gian:
a ch IP

Update timer
Dng trao i thng tin c 30s

Invalid timer
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Khi to li mi khi nhn c thng tin chn ng Nu sau 180s khng nhn c thng tin -> trng thi hold-down

Hold down timer


Gi trng thi hold-down trong 180s Chuyn sang trng thi down

Flush timer
nh tuyn

Khi to li mi khi nhn c thng tin chn ng Sau 240s, xa mc tng ng trong bng chn ng
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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43

RIP (tip)
update update

no update

When it is timeout, hold down timer starts

Invalid timer Khi nim


When it is timeout, This info will be deleted from RIP database When it receives update, Invalid timer restarts

a ch IP

Hold down timer

Internet Protocol Flush timer Cc giao thc khc

When it is timeout, Routing info will be deleted from routing table


0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

nh tuyn

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RIP (tip)
RIP
Khi nim

RIPv1: ch h tr nh tuyn trong cc mng nh a ch IP c phn lp (classful)


Bn tin cp nht: thng tin mng ch, khong cch ti mng ch

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

RIPv2: h tr nh tuyn trong c mng nh a ch khng phn lp (classless)


Bn tin cp nht: thng tin mng ch, subnet mask ca mng ch, khong cch ti mng ch

nh tuyn

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44

OSPF
c im:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

OSPF Open Shortest Path First Thng tin v trng thi lin kt - LSA (link state advertisement) c qung b trn ton AS Vi cc AS ln: OSPF c phn cp thnh nhiu min OSPF nh Cc router s dng thut ton Dijkstra thit lp bng nh tuyn Khong cch (gi): 100Mbps/dung lng knh

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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OSPF (tip)
Phn vng trong OSPF:
Khi nim

Trong vic chn ng, ti sao phi chia mng thnh cc vng nh hn? Nu c qu nhiu router
Thng tin trng thi lin kt c truyn nhiu ln hn Phi lin tc tnh ton li Cn nhiu b nh hn, nhiu ti nguyn CPU hn Lng thng tin phi trao i tng ln Bng chn ng ln hn
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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45

OSPF (tip)
boundary router

Gb
Area border router
Khi nim

Ga
Backbone

backbone router

Gc 2c

a ch IP

3c 3b 3a AS3 1a 1c 1d 1b AS1 2a

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

AS2

2b

nh tuyn

internal router
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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OSPF (tip)
ABR - Area border routers: Qun l 1 vng v kt ni n cc vng khc ASBR - Autonomous system boundary router: Ni n cc AS khc BR - backbone routers: thc hin OSPF routing trong vng backbone Internal Router Thc hin OSPF bn trong mt vng

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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46

RIP v OSPF So snh


RIP
c im
Khi nim

OSPF
Phn cp Cu hnh phc tp Mng c va v ln C Ln Nhanh Trng thi lin kt Link-state 10s (Hello packet) Bng thng

Router bnh ng Cu hnh d dng Mng c nh Khng Nh Chm Bng chn ng Distant vector 30s S nt mng

Kh nng m rng
a ch IP

phc tp tnh ton Hi t

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Trao i thng tin Gii thut Cp nht hng xm n v chi ph

nh tuyn

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nh tuyn lin min


BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): giao thc nh tuyn lin min thng dng nht hin nay BGP-4 Vn ny sinh trong nh tuyn lin min:
hnh: mng Internet c hnh phc tp, khng cu trc Tnh t tr ca cc AS: cc AS nh ngha khong cch hoc gi khc nhau kh tm c ng i thc s ti u tin cy (trust): mt s AS khng mun gi lu lng ca mnh ti mt s AS xc nh Chnh sch (policy): Mi AS c mt chnh sch nh tuyn khc nhau

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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Quan h khch hng nh cung cp


Khch hng (customer) Nh cung cp (provider) Khch hng tr tin cho nh cung cp Internet c truy nhp vo mng
Khi nim

a ch IP

provider

Internet Protocol provider Cc giao thc khc customer

IP traffic

customer

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

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Quan h khch hng nh cung cp (tip)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc


provider

nh tuyn

customer

IP traffic

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48

Quan h khch hng nh cung cp (tip)

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

peer provider

peer customer

nh tuyn

traffic allowed

traffic NOT allowed

-Lu lng thng c trao i gia cc AS theo quan h provider customer - Cc AS cng cp khng mong mun trao i lu lng (khi khng c hp ng trao i lu lng)

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BGP
c im:
Khi nim

Khng s dng phng thc vector khong cch v trng thi knh truyn s dng vector ng dn (path vector)
Cho php mt AS bit c thng tin i n AS khc BGP trao i cc bn tin path vector: AS_PATH

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Gi thng tin ny vo bn trong AS Xc nh ng i tt nht da trn thng tin v cc chnh sch chn ng Cho php thit lp cc chnh sch
Chn ng ra Qung b cc ng vo

nh tuyn

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49

BGP (tip)
eBGP v iBGP:
External BGP vs. Internal BGP Phn tn thng tin chn ng
Khi nim

1. 3a gi ti 1c bng eBGP 2. 1c gi thng tin ni b ti (1b, 1d, ) trong AS1 bng iBGP 3. 2a nhn thng tin t 1b bng eBGP
eBGP session

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

3c 3a 3b AS3 1a AS1
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

iBGP session

2c 2a 2b
AS2

1c 1d 1b

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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BGP (tip)
p dng chnh sch nh tuyn vi BGP:
Khi nim

Khi cc router gi v nhn thng tin chn ng:


BGP c th t cc chnh sch
Cho ng vo Cho ng ra

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

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BGP (tip)
Cc bn tin BGP:
Khi nim

Open: Thit lp mt phin BGP gia 2 router. Keep Alive: Bt tay theo chu k. Notification: Hy b phin BGP sau khi trao i thng tin. Update: cp nht cc tuyn mi hoc hy b cc tuyn c
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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BGP (tip)
Bn tin cp nht: cha cc thuc tnh ca tuyn Thuc tnh ca tuyn: c s dng chn ng ti u khi c nhiu tuyn cng i n mt ch
ORIGIN
a ch IP

Khi nim

Ngun ca thng tin (IGP/EGP/incomplete)

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

AS_PATH NEXT_HOP MED (MULTI_EXIT_DISCRIMINATOR) LOCAL_PREF ATOMIC_AGGREGATE AGGREGATOR COMMUNITY


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51

BGP (tip)
Cc mc u tin khi chn tuyn
Khi nim Enforce relationships E.g. prefer customer routes over peer routes

Highest Local Preference

a ch IP

Shortest ASPATH Lowest MED traffic engineering

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

i-BGP < e-BGP Lowest IGP cost to BGP egress

nh tuyn

Lowest router ID

Throw up hands and break ties

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BGP (tip)
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 1755 1239 7018 6341

AS 1129
Global Access

135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 1239 7018 6341

AS 1755
Ebone 135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 1129 1755 1239 7018 6341

Khi nim

AS 1239
a ch IP
Sprint

AS 12654
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 7018 6341

Pick shorter AS path

RIPE NCC RIS project

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

AS 7018
135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 6341 AT&T

135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 3549 7018 6341

AS 6341
AT&T Research

135.207.0.0/16
nh tuyn
Prefix Originated

135.207.0.0/16 AS Path = 7018 6341Global Crossing

AS 3549

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Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn


Cc vn lin quan n tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (table lookup):
Trong nh a ch c phn lp:
Exact prefix match: hashing
Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Khi nim

a ch IP

Trong nh a ch khng phn lp: longest prefix match:


Binary trie Patricia tree
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

nh tuyn

105

Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (tip)


t vn :
S bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn trong mng li Internet tng theo hm m Phn b chiu di ca network prefix (CIDR) thay i bt k

Khi nim

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc S bn ghi trong router li (Ngun: http://www.cidr-report.org/)
CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

nh tuyn

Phn b di network prefix trong router li


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Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (tip)


t vn (tip):
Khi nim

a ch IP

Router li tip nhn lung bit c tc Gbit/s, cn phi gi khong 1 triu gi/s/port tc x l nhanh Bng nh tuyn thay i lin tc:
100 ln/s vi chc ms phi cp nht bng nh tuyn 1 ln

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (tip)


Yu cu:
Cc bn ghi trong bn nh tuyn phi c sp xp sao cho:
Khi nim

a ch IP

Cp nht cc bn ghi (table entry) nhanh v d dng Tc tm kim nhanh (table lookup) Kch thc b nh cha bng nh tuyn nh Thch hp vi c ch nh a ch khng phn lp (classless addressing - CIDR) longest prefix match

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

Gi:
W: di ca a ch IP
IPv4: W=32

N: S bit a ch mng (prefix)


Trong CIDR: N thay i

nh tuyn

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Cc thut ton tm bn ghi trong bng nh tuyn (tip)


Cc thut ton lookup (longest prefix match) cho CIDR:
Khi nim

Binary trie Patricia tree

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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Th d
Xt bng nh tuyn:
dest. network (bin.)/subnet mask a: b: 0/1 01000/5 011/3 1/1 100/3 1100/4 1101/4 1110/4 1111/4 next hop

Khi nim

c: d:

a ch IP

e: f: g:

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

h: i:

nh tuyn

a ch mng: P1 = 010011110 P2 = 111000110 thuc v prefix no bng trn?

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Th d (tip)
Gii p:
Khi nim

P1 = 010011110 a P2 = 111000110 h

a ch IP

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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Binary Trie
a: 0 b: 01000 c: 011 d: 1 e: 100 f: 1100

1 0 0

P1 = 010011110 d
(1) 1 0

(0) 1

1 0 1

Khi nim

e
(011)

(100) (1100)

g: 1101 h: 1110

(1101)

h
(1110)

h
(1111)

a ch IP

i: 1111

Internet Protocol Cc giao thc khc

(01000)

Nt mc L th hin chiu di L bit Cc prefix trong bng nh tuyn c nh du bng nt mu thm Thut ton tm kim:
i theo cy nh phn theo nhnh ph hp Ghi nh nt prefix va i qua (a) i cho ti khi khng gp nt ph hp na th dng prefix cui cng i qua l bn ghi thch hp

nh tuyn

CHNG 4 KT NI MNG INTERNET PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Thanh

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Bi tp
Bi tp 1:
Cho bng nh tuyn ti router R1 R1 s gi gi n mng no khi nhn c cc gi tin c a ch ch nh sau:
192.138.32.1 192.138.32.100
dest. network/subnet mask 192.138.32.0/26 192.138.32.0/24 192.138.32.0/19 next hop 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3

Bi tp (tip)
Bi tp 2:
Cng ty A xy dng mt mng LAN bao gm 1000 host c nhm theo kiu supernet. Trc tin qun tr mng ca cng ty ny phi yu cu ISP B cung cp mt di a ch IP thuc lp C.Cng ty A c th chn mt vi a ch nm trong di sau:
La chn 1 gm 5 a ch: di 200.1.15.0, 200.1.16.0, 200.1.17.0, 200.1.18.0, 200.19.0. La chn 2 gm 5 a ch: 215.3.31.0, 215.3.32.0, 215.3.33.0, 215.3.34.0, 215.3.35.0

Hy trnh by cch thc la chn a ch v tm supernet mask tng ng

57

Bi tp (tip)
Bi tp 3:
Cho mt mng cc b thuc cng ty A c phn a ch 220.130.15.0. Mng ny c chia thnh 7 mng nh:
Mng th nht v 2 c 62 host. Mng th 3 v 4 c 30 host Mng th 5, 6, 7 mi mng c 14 host

Hy thit k mng ny.

Ti liu tham kho


Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol 1, Douglas Comer, Prentice Hall Computer Networking: a top-down approach featuring the Internet, James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, Addison Wesley, 4thed, 2006 Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall, 4th Edition Computer Networks, Nick McKeown, Stanford University M. Sanchez, E. Biersack, and W. Dabbous, "Survey and Taxonomy of IP address lookup algorithms," IEEE Network, 15(2):8-23, 2001. M. Waldvogel, G. Varghese, J. Turner, and B. Plattner, Scalable High Speed IP Routing Lookups, Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 97, Sept. 1997, pp.2536.

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