A Translation Course in Building Vocabulary

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES & TRANSLATION

ATRANSLATION COURSE
IN
BUILDING VOCABULARY

Abdullah H. Homiedan, Ph.D
Atef F. Youssef, Ph.D
PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

- INTRODUCTION

!- How to assess your own vocabulary
- disheveled appearance
- test of verbal speed
- a test of verbal responsiveness

"- CHAPTER ONE
- lexicons related to personality types
- etymology and related words
- more etymology
- exercise on chapter one

#- CHAPTER TWO
- words related to medical specialists
- origins and related words
- review of etymology
- match the words
- recall the words
- work with the words
- exercise on chapter two

$- CHAPTER THREE
- lexicons on science and scientists
- match terms with meanings
- recall the words
- love affairs
-review of etymology
- test of semantic ability
-exercise on chapter three
"

%- CHAPTER FOUR
-language of liars and lying
- match words with definitions
- recall the words
- exercise on chapter four

&-CHAPTER FIVE
- words related to tickling and flattering
- bad news
-review of etymology
-definitions and words
- match words with definitions
-exercise on chapter five

'- CHAPTER SIX
- persons and personalities
- words and their right expressions
- recall the words
- chapter review
- exercise on chapter six

#

INTRODUCTION

When you have finished studying this book, you will no longer be the
same person. You can not be. If you honestly read every page, if you do
every exercise, if you take every test, you will go through an intellectual
experience that will effect a radical change in you.
For if you systematically increase your vocabulary, you will also sharpen
and enrich your thinking; push back your intellectual horizons; build your
self-assurance; improve your facility in handling the English language and
thereby your ability to express your thoughts effectively; and acquire a
deeper understanding of the world in general and of yourself in particular.
Increasing your vocabulary does not mean merely learning the definitions
of large numbers of obscure words; it doesn't mean memorizing scores of
unrelated terms. What it means -what it can only mean- is becoming
acquainted with the multitudinous and fascinating phenomena of human
existence for which words are, obviously, only the verbal descriptions.
Surely you cannot deny that such an experience will change you
intellectually. The result will have a discernible effect on your methods of
thinking, on your store of information, on your ability to express your
ideas, and on your understanding of human problems.
What this book can do for you. This book is designed to get you started
building your vocabulary effectively and, at jet-propelled speed, helping
you regain the intellectual atmosphere, the keen insatiable curiosity, and
the powerful urge to learn.
The organization of the book is based on two simple principles: () words
are the verbal symbols of ideas, and (!) the more ideas you are familiar
with, the more words you know. So, chapter by chapter, we will start
with some personality type, doctors, sciences, unusual occupations, liars,
actions, speech habits, insults, compliments, etc. and examine ten basic
words that express various aspects of each idea. Using each word as a
springboard, we will explore any others that are related to it in meaning
or derivation. However, the approach is, primarily, to focus on certain
ideas each of which is analyzed, with its ramifications, in one paragraph
or more. There will be an etymology section where you will learn what
Greek or Latin root gives the word its unique meaning and what other
words contain the same or related roots. Upon reviewing etymology
$
exercises, make sure to fill in the English word containing the prefix,
root, or suffix required.
People with superior vocabularies are the people with ideas. The words
they know are verbal symbols of the ideas they are familiar with-reduce
one and you must reduce the other, for ideas cannot exist without
verbalization. Freud once had an idea and had to coin a whole new
vocabulary to make his idea clear to the world. Those who are familiar
with Freud's theories know all the words that explain them the
unconscious, the ego, the id, the superego, rationalization, Oedipus
complex, and so on. Splitting the atom was once a new idea; anyone
familiar with it knew something about fission, isotope, radioactive,
cyclotrone, etc.
Your vocabulary indicates the alertness and range of your mind. The
words you know show the extent of your understanding of what's going
on in the world. The size of your vocabulary varies directly with the
degree to which you are growing intellectually. A new word is not just
another pattern of syllables with which to clutter up your mind -- a new
word is a new idea to help you think, to help you understand the
thoughts of others, to help you express your own thoughts, to help you
live a richer intellectual life.
One of the chief purposes of this book is to get you started, to give you
enough of a push so that you will begin to gather momentum, to
stimulate you enough so that you will want to start gathering your own
ideas. Where can you gather them? From good books on new topics.
How can you gather them? By reading on a wide range of new subjects.
Reference can be made to psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis. If
your curiosity has been piqued by these references, here is a good place
to start. In these fields there is a tremendous and exciting literature and
you can read as widely and as deeply as you wish. What we would like
to do is offer a few suggestions as to where you might profitably begin -
how far you go will depend on your own interest. We suggest, first, half
a dozen older books (older, but still immensely valuable and completely
valid) available at any large public library.

-The Human Mind, by Karl A. Menninger
-Mind and Body, by Flanders Dunbar
-The Mind in Action, by Eric Berne
-Understandable Psychiatry, by Leland E. Hinsie
-A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, by Sigmund Freud.
-Emotional Problems of Living, by O. Spurgeon English and Gerald H.J.
Pearson
%

Next, we suggest books on some of the newer approaches in
Psychology.These are available in inexpensive paperback editions.
D . Ph , by Jess Lair , But I sure Am Better - t well ' I Ain -
. by Nathaniel Brandon , The Disowned Self -
. Delaid Bry . by A , A Primer of Behavioral Psychology -
. D . M , by Thomas A Harris , re OK ' You - m OK ' I -
. Shostrum . by Everett L , Freedom to be and Man the Manipulator -
. D . M , by Eric Berne , Games People Play -
. by A , pleasure and the Language of the body , Love and Orgasms -
Lowed,M. D
. Jourard . by Sydney M , The Transparent Self -
by Herbert Frensterheim . t Say Yes When You Want to Say No ' Don -
and Jean Baer
. Perls . by Frederick S , Gestalt Therapy Verbatim -
by Muriel James and Dorothy Jogeward , Born to Win -
. Schultz . by William C , Joy and Here Comes Everybody -
By Robert Lindner , Minute Hour - The fifty -
&

How do you assess your own vocabulary?

Educational testing indicates that children of ten who have grown up in
families in which English is the native language have recognition
vocabularies of over twenty thousand words- and that these same ten-
year-olds have been learning new words at a rate of many hundreds a
year since the age of four. In astonishing contrast, studies show that
adults who are no longer attending school increase their vocabularies at a
pace slower than twenty-five to fifty words annually. You really need to
answer questions such as:
Is your vocabulary quantitatively healthy?
Is it rich in over-all range?
Is it responsive to any situation in which you may find yourself?
Is it truly indicative of your intellectual potential?
Do you now feel that your vocabulary is somewhat limited, your verbal
skills not as sharp as you would like them to be? Then series of tests are
provided to measure your vocabulary range and your verbal speed and
responsiveness. Thirty eight brief phrases, each containing one underlined
word are given so that you check the closest definition of each word. To
make your score valid, refrain, as far as possible, from wild guessing.
. disheveled appearance:
a. untidy b. fierce c. foolish d. peculiar e. unhappy
! . repulsive personality:
a. disgusting b. attractive c. normal d. confused e. conceited
". audacious attempt:
a. useless b. bold c. foolish d. crazy e. necessary
#. parry a blow:
a. word off b. fear c. expect d. invite e. ignore
$. prevalent disease:
a. dangerous b. catching c. childhood d. fatal e. widespread
%. ominous report:
a. loud b. threatening c. untrue d. serious e. unpleasant
&. an ophthalmologist:
a. eye doctor b. skin doctor c. foot doctor d. heart doctor e.
cancer specialist
'
'. performed an autopsy:
a. examination of living tissue b. examination of a corpse to
determine the cause of death
c. process in the manufacture of optical lenses d. operation to cure
an organic disease e. series of questions to determine the cause of
delinquent behavior
(. an indefatigable worker:
a. well-paid b. tired c. skillful d. tireless e. pleasant
). Endless loquacity:
a. misery b. fantasy c. repetitiousness d. ill health e. talkativeness
. a glib talker:
a. smooth b. awkward c. loud d. friendly e. boring
!. an ocular problem:
a. unexpected b. insoluble c. visual d. continual e. imaginary
". a notorious demagogue :
a. rabble-rouser b. gambler c. perpetrator of financial frauds d. liar
e. spendthrift
#. in retrospect:
a. view of the past b. artistic balance c. anticipation d. admiration
e. second thoughts
$. to simulate interest:
a. pretend b. feel c. lose d. stir up e. ask for
%. the apathetic citizens:
a. made up of separate ethnic groups
b. keenly vigilant of their rights
c. politically conservative
d. different, uninterested, uninvolved
e. terrified
&. to placate his son:
a. please b. help
c. find a job for d. make arrangements for
e. change a feeling of hostility to one of friendliness
'. to vacillate continually :
a. avoid b. swing back and forth in indecision c. inject d. treat e.
scold
(. feel antipathy:
a. bashfulness b. stage fright c. friendliness d. hostility e. suspense
(
!). be more circumspect ;
a. restrained b. confident c. cautious d. honest e. intelligent
!. an intrepid fighter for human rights:
a. fearless b. eloquent c. popular d. experienced e. famous
!!. a taciturn host:
a. stingy b. generous c. disinclined to conversation d. charming e.
gloomy
!". to malign his friend:
a. accuse b. help c. disbelieve d. slander e. introduce
!#. a congenital deformity:
a. hereditary b. crippling c. slight d. incurable e. occurring at or
during birth
!$. definite neurosis:
a. plan b. emotional disturbance c. physical disease d. feeling of
fear
e. allergic reaction
!%. made an unequivocal statement:
a. hard to understand b. lengthy c. politically motivated
d. clear and forthright e. supporting
!&. vicarious enjoyment:
a. complete b. unspoiled c. occurring from a feeling of
identification with another
d. long-continuing e. temporary
!'. a tyro:
a. dominating personality b. beginner c. accomplished musician
d. dabbler e. serious student
!(. a laconic reply:
a. immediate b. assured c. tense and meaningful d. unintelligible
e. angry
"). an anomalous situation:
a. dangerous b. intriguing c. unusual d. pleasant e. unhappy
". posthumous child:
a.cranky b.brilliant c.physically weak
d.illegitimate e.born after the death of the father
"!. feels enervated:
a. full of ambition b. full of strength c. completely exhausted
d. troubled e. full of renewed energy
)
"". shows perspicacity:
a. sincerely b. mental keenness c. love d. faithfulness e. longing
"#. gregarious person:
a. outwardly calm b. very sociable c. completely untrustworthy
d. vicious e. self-effacing and timid
"$. generally phlegmatic:
a. smug self-satisfied b. easily pleased c. nervous, high-strung
d. emotionally unresponsive e. lacking in social graces
"%. an inveterate gambler:
a. impoverished b. successful c. habitual d. occasional e.
superstitious
"&. an egregious error:
a. outstandingly bad b. slight c. irreparable d. unnecessary e.
deliberate
"'. uxorious husband:
a. henpecked b. suspicious c. guilty of infidelity
d.fondly and foolishly doting on his wife e.tightfisted,penny-pinching

A TEST OF VERBAL SPEED

In no more than three minutes , decide whether the word in column B is
the same (or approximately the same) in meaning as the word in column
A ; opposite (or approximately opposite) in meaning; or whether the two
words are merely different. Citcle S for same, O for opposite, and D for
different.

A B
sweet sour
crazy insanes
stout fats
big angrys
danger perils
help hinder
furious violent
begin start
strange familiar
beyond under
return replace
growl weep
want desire
can container
idle working
rich luxurious
building structure

A TEST OF VERBAL RESPONSIVENESS

!
. Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter P that is the
same, or approximately the same, in meaning as the word given in column A.

Example: Look / peer.

Warning: Every answer must start with the letter P.

A B A B
. bucket

#.location

!. trousers

$.store

". maybe

%.inactive

#. forgive

&.fussy

$. separate

'.suffering

%. likely

(.castle

&. annoy

!).gasp

'. good-looking

!. fear

(. picture

!!. twosome

). choose

!". artist

. ugly

!#. sheet

!. go

!$.collection

". dish

!. Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter G that is
opposite, approximately opposite, or in contrast to the word given in
column A.

Example Stop / Go

Warning: Every answer must start with the letter G.
"

A B A B
. lose

$. stingy

!. midget

%. awkward

". special

&. little

#. lady

'. rough

$. take

(. bride

%. moron

!). ripe

&. sad

!. unwanting

'. boy

!!. unprotected

(. happy

!". experienced

). plain

!#. scarcity

. hello

!$. unappreciative

!. here

". bad

#. ugly

Now you know where you stand. If you are in the below average or
average group, you must consider, seriously, whether an inadequate
vocabulary may be holding you back. You have got to know that words
are the instruments by means of which men and women grasp the thought
of others and with which they do much of their own thinking. They are the
tools of thought. Educational research has discovered that your IQ. is
intimately related to your vocabulary. Take a standard vocabulary test and
then an intelligence test - the results in both will be substantially the same.

#

CHAPTER ONE

Lexicons related to personality types:

Every human being is, in one way or another, unique. Everyone's
personality is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental
factors. The following are ideas appertaining to some personality types one
of which might by chance be your very own:

. egoist: believes in self-advancement
!. egotist: talks about accomplishments
". altruist: is interested in the welfare of others.
#. introvert: turns thoughts inward
$. extrovert: turns thoughts outward
%. ambivert: turns thoughts both inward and outward
&. misanthrope: hates people
'. misogamist: hates marriage
(. ascetic: doesn't pursue pleasures of the flesh
). misogynist: hates women

Now that you have acquainted yourself with the meanings in the above list,
find out if you can indicate, quickly, and without reference to any previous
definitions, whether the correct answer to each of the following questions
is Yes or No ?

. Is an egoist selfish? Y
!. Is modesty one of the characteristics of the egotist? Y
". Is an altruist selfish? Y
#. Does an introvert pay much attention to himself? Y
$. Does an extrovert prefer solitude to companionship? Y
%. Are most normal people ambiverts? Y
&. Does a misanthrope like people? Y
$
'. Does a misogynist enjoy the company of women? Y
(. Does an ascetic lead a life of luxury? Y
). Does a misogamist try to avoid marriage? Y

You have thus far reinforced your learning by matching them to their
definitions.
Can you recall each word, without further reference to the previous
material?

DEFINITIONS WORDS
. Who lives a lonely austere life?

!. Whose interests are turned outward?

". Who is supremely selfish?

#. Who hates people?

$. Whose interests are turned both inward and outward

%. Who is incredibly conceited?

&. Who is more interested in the welfare of others than in his own

'. Who hates women?

(. Whose interests are turned inward?

). Who hates marriage?

Etymology and related words:

Every word in the English language has a history. In this section you will
learn a good deal more about the words you have been working with. In
addition, you will make excursions into many other words allied either in
meaning, form ,or history to the above basic ten words.
Egoist and egotist are built on the same Latin root. The pronoun ego
means I. If you are an egocentric, you consider yourself the center of the
universe, you are an extreme form of the egoist. And if you are an
egomaniac, you carry egoism to such an extreme that your needs, desires,
and interests have become a morbid obsession, a mania. The egoist or
egotist is obnoxious. The egomaniac is obnoxious, dangerous and slightly
mad, while the egocentric is intolerable . Egocentric is both a noun (What
%
an egocentric her new roommate is!) and an adjective (He is the most
egocentric person I have ever met !). To derive the adjective form of
egomaniac add -al, a common adjective suffix-- egomaniacal. In Latin, the
word for other is alter. Altruism, the philosophy practiced by altruists,
which comes from one of the variant spellings of Latin alter, other.
Altruistic actions look toward the benefit of others. If you alternate, you
skip one and take the other, so to speak, as when you play golf on alternate
Saturdays. An alternate in a debate, contest, or convention, is the other
person who will take over if the original choice is unable to attend. And if
you have no alternative, you have no other choice.
You see how easy it is to understand the meanings of these words once you
realize that they all come from the same source. And keeping in mind that
alter means other, you can quickly understand words like alter ego,
altercation, and alteration. An alteration is of course a change- a making
into something other. When you alter your plans, you make other plans.
An altercation is a verbal dispute. When you have an altercation
with someone, you have a violent disagreement, a "fight with words ". And
why? Because you have other ideas, plans, or opinions than those of the
person on the other side of the argument. Altercation, by the way, is
stronger than quarrel or dispute ,the sentiment is more heated, the
disagreement is likely to be angry or even hot tempered; there may be
recourse, if the disputants are human, to profanity or obscenity.
Alter ego, which combines alter, other with ego, I, self, generally refers to
someone with whom you are so close that you both do the same things,
think alike, react similarly, and are, in temperament, almost mirror images
of each other. Any such friend is your other I, your other self, your alter
ego.

You have seen how these thirteen words derive from the two Latin roots
ego, I, self, and alter, other. Now match definitions to words:

. ego A A. One who is excessively fixated on his own dsires, needs etc
!. ego-centric B. to change
". altruism C. argument
#. to alternate D. one's concept of oneself
$. to alter E. to take one skip one etc.
%. altercation F. philosophy of putting another's welfare above one's own.

&
Now match the following adjectives to their meanings from the right
column.
'

. egomaniacal A. a change
!. altruistic B. other possible
". alternative C. interested in the welfare of others.
#. alteration (N) D. One's other self
$. alter ego E. a choice
%. alternate F. morbidly,obsessively wrapped up in oneself.

Respond to the following questions by circling either Yes or No

. Is rejection usually a blow to one's ego? Y N
!. Are egocentric people easy to get along with? Y N
". Does an egomaniac have a normal personality? Y N
#. Are egomaniacal tendencies a sign of maturity? Y N
$. Is altruism a characteristic of selfish people? Y N
%. Are altruistic tendencies common to egoists? Y N
&. Is an alternate plan necessarily inferior? Y N
'. Does an alternative allow you some freedom of choice? Y N
(. Does alteration imply keeping things the same? Y N
). Do excitable people often engage in altercations? Y N
. Is your alter ego usually quite similar to yourself? Y N

Without reference to previous pages, write the correct word in each blank.

. One's other self .
!. to change !.
". a heated dispute ".
#. excessively morbidly obsessed with one's own needs desires or ambitions #.
$. unselfish more interested in the welfare of others than in one's own. $.
%. utterly involved with oneself self-centered. %.
&. a choice. &.
'. one who substitutes for another. '.

(

MORE ETYMOLOGY

Introvert, extrovert, and ambivert are built on the Latin verb verto, to
form. If your thoughts are constantly turned inward (intro) you are an
introvert; outward (extro),an extrovert; and in both directions (ambi), an
ambivert. The prefix ambi-, both, is also found in ambidextrous, able to
use both hands with equal skill. Dexterous means skillful, the noun
dexterity means skill. The
ending -ous is a common adjective suffix (famous, dangerous, perilous,
etc.); -ity is a common noun suffix (variety, quality, simplicity, etc.).
The French word for the right hand is adroit, which we have used in
building our English word adroit. Needless to say, adroit, like dexterous,
means skillful, but especially in the exercise of the mental facilities. Like
gauche, adroit, or its noun adroitness, usually, is used figuratively. The
adroit person is quick-witted, can get out of difficult spots cleverly, can
handle situations ingeniously. Adroitness is, then, quite the opposite of
gaucherie. Misanthrope, Misogynist, and Misogamist are built on the Greek
root misein, to hate.
The root gyne, woman, is also found in gynecologist, the medical specialist
who treats female disorders. And the root gamos, marriage, occurs also in
monogamy, bigamy and polygamy. Monos means one, bi- means two,
polys means many. If a woman has two or more husbands, that custom is
called polyandry, from polys plus Greek andros, male.
English words have various forms, using certain suffixes for nouns referring
to persons, other suffixes for practices, attitudes, philosophies, etc., and
still others for adjectives.

Person Practice etc. Adjective.
. misanthrope misanthropy misanthropic
!. misogynist misogyny misogynous
". gynecologist gynecology gynecological
#. monogamist monogamy monogamous
$. bigamist bigamy bigamous.
%. polygamist polygamy polygamous.
&. polygynist polygamy polygamous.
'. polyandrist polyandry polyandrous.
(. philanthropist philanthropy philanthropic
!)
). anthropologist anthropology anthropological

You note, then, that "-ist" is a common suffix for a person; -y for a
practice, attitude, etc.; and "-ic" or "-ous" for an adjective.
Concerning the word ascetic, it is from the Greek word asketes, monk or
hermit. A monk lives a lonely life , not for him the pleasures of the
fleshpots, the laughter and merriment of convivial gatherings , the
dissipation of high living. The practice is asceticism, the adjective ascetic.
Now can you recall a word we have discussed in this chapter that is built
on the indicated prefix, root, or suffix?

PREFIX, ROOT SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
. ego self

!. alter other

". intro inside

#. extro outside

$. verto turn

%. amb both

&. misein hate

'. anthropos mankind

(. gyne woman

). asketes monk

. centrum center

!. mania madness

". dexter right-hand

#. sinister left-hand

$. gauche left-hand

%. droit right-hand

&. monos one

'. bi- two

(. polys many

!). andros male

!. -ist person who (noun suffix)

!
!!. -y practicecustometc.(noun suffix)

!". -ous adjective suffix

!#. -ity quality conditionetc.(noun suffix)

Exercise:

I. Match words and meanings.

. ambidextrous a. evil threatening
!. dexterous b. hating mankind
". sinister c. skillful
#. gauche d. awkward
$. misanthropic e. capable of using both hands with equal skil

II. Which one means which?

. anthropology a. system of only one marriage
!. gynecology b. hatred of women
". monogamy c. illegal plurality of marriages
#. bigamy d. study of human development
$. misogamy e. study of female ailments

III. Match each word with its appropriate meaningful phrase:

. polygamy a. devotion to a lonely and austere life.
!. misogamy b. skillcleverness.
". asceticism c. custom in which one man has many wives.
#. philanthropy d. love of mankind.
$. adroitness e. hatred of marriage.

IV. Match the words each with its appropriate meaningful phrase:

!!
. polygamist a. student of the development of mankind.
!. polyandrist b. one who engages in charitable works.
". anthropologist c. male with a plurality of wives.
#. gynecologist d. women's doctor.
$. philanthropist e. female with a plurality of husbands.
!"

V. Do you understand the underlined words?

. Can ambidextrous people use either the left or right hand equally well?
!. Should a surgeon be manually dexterous?
". Is a sinister-looking person frightening?
#. Is gaucherie a social asset?
$. Is an adroit speaker likely to be a successful lawyer?
%. Is a student of anthropology interested in primitive tribes?
&. Does a gynecologist have more male than female patients
'. Is monogamy the custom in Western countries?
(. Is a misogamist likely to show tendencies toward polygamy?
).Is a bigamist breaking the law?
.Is a philanthropist generally altruistic?
!. Does a misanthropist enjoy human relationships?
". Does a misogynist enjoy female companionship?
#. Are unmarried people necessarily misogamous?
$. Are bachelors necessarily misogynous?
%. Is asceticism compatible with luxurious living and the puristof pleasure?
&. Does a polyandrist have more than one husband?

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER ONE

I.. Now you have read the chapter on personality types, state the
difference in meaning between "personality" and "character." Use both of
them in illustrative examples.

I.!. Provide equivalent(s) in Arabic of the underlined word(s) in the
following phrases:
!#
a. He is a man of fine character.
b. Being a public character, she did everything possible to marry
him.
c. His neighbour is quite a character.
d. She was out of character.
I.". The word "character" can be used to mean: !"# $ %&' $(#) *+,
Translate the following sentence into English but make sure the word
"character" is used in your translation as an equivalent of the underlined
words:
(#) *+, -+. /01
/&21 34)5267 8"#&9 :1;" <= (6>
06"?1 <= !@1A !"# /2

,#. Based on your analysis of , above, translate the following sentences
into Arabic:

-He refused to indulge in personalities
-He is a man with personality.

I.$. Provide four English synonyms of the word "personality"
-
!-
"-
#-
I.%. Use the verb form of the word personality in a sentence to reflect any
one of the following meanings.
. represent
!. live as
". act out
#. imitate

I.&. What synonyms do you know of the word "altruistic"?.

!$
I.' In this chapter, you have studied a word that is similar in meaning to the
following synonyms...can you recall it ?
braggart, boaster, blowhard, windbag, trumpeter, swagger, gas con,
braggadocio, strutter, swashbuckler, rodomont, peacock, blusterer,
bragger. ----------------------

I.(. The following is a definition of a word you have studied in this chapter
... what is it?
"Excessively strict or rigid in devotions or mortifications"

,). Explain in English the difference in meaning between "egomaniac"
and "egocentric".
!%

,. Can you translate the following expression into Arabic?
Actions obnoxious to censure.

,!.What are the English equivalents for the following Arabic words:
-,=`> .'==
_'. ' ,'==
_'.
_'\' _ `=

,". The word "dispute" in the following sentence can be translated into
Arabic with a word that is semantically different from the Arabic words
listed in I.! above. First translate the sentence, then elaborate on its
semantic property.

-He won the prize beyond dispute.

I.#. In this chapter, you've studied a word with one specified meaning; but
mind you that this same word also means:
` - .'.\' _ ==.=, >=\' _,== ' _,=,== _='= _\
- .'.,\' ,='
Can you recall that word?

I.$. From a Psychoanalytical point of view, there is an English word that
means an attaching, or arresting of emotional and psycho sexual
development at an early or infantile stage, often due to a childhood trauma.
The word is among the words used in chapter one - can you recall it?

I.%. The word "morbid" is used in this chapter to mean affected by or
characteristic of disease. In the following sentences the word "morbid" has
semantically different connotation. How would you reflect its connotations
in your translation of the following into Arabic?.
- Morbid anatomy is his area of specialty.
- He lived in a morbid state for a long time before he passed away.
- His wife divorced him for he was a morbid man.
!&
I.&. What is the English word in this chapter that means: adroit, deft,
nimble?
I.'. In your translation of the following Arabic structure. You've got to
use words from this list:
adroit
&)A#"21 (. .A67 B 0C5" 'D, E5>
deft
*&FA *+#5"2 /0G
nimble
(H= BI /&70 JC. %1K LIA"G 6M0G
dexterou
s
C&FA N76' O7 B06&721 P;.

I.(. There is a word in this chapter that is synonymous to "ascetic" and
"monk." It also means a recluse or any of various animals of solitary habits.
It means cookery, a spiced molasses cookie. Can you recall the word?

I.!). In this chapter you acquainted yourself with a word that means:
. a place catering to indulgences and pleasure.
!. the material comforts and sensual pleasures of high living.
". a vessel containing meat.
Can you recall it ?

I.!. You have acquainted yourself with a word that's synonymous to the
following words. Recall the word.
Gaiety, laughter, mirth, hilarity

I.!!. The semantic property common among the following Arabic words
should remind you of a word you have learned in this chapter. What is the
word?

-'==, _., .'.\=\' _ _==., ,',=\' _=., ..,, ..=, .,, _,

I.!". The word that is the answer to question "I.!!" should be used in
translating the following Arabic structure into English.

!( _=' _'=. _= -\ ', ) _,\=

I.!#. Write some synonyms for the word "sinister".

!'

!(

CHAPTER TWO

MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

In this chapter we discuss words related to medical specialists- what they
do, how they do it, and what they are called. The following words take on
a new color if you hear them in your own voice; they begin to belong to
you more personally, more intimately, than if you merely hear them or read
them.
. An internist: A physician who gives you a thorough physical
examination, using an impressive array of tests: X-ray, blood chemistry,
urinalysis, cardiogram, and so on.
!. A gynecologist: This specialist treats the female productive and sexual
organs.
". An obstetrician: This specialist delivers babies and takes care of the
mother during and immediately after the period of her pregnancy.
#. A pediatrician: This specialist limits his practice to youngsters, taking
care of babies directly after birth, supervising their diet and watching
over their growth and development.
$. A dermatologist: This specialist treats all skin diseases such as:
infections, acne, eczema, impetigo, psoriasis, and cancer.
%. An ophthalmologist: He is the physician whose specialty is (disorders
of vision, Myopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, etc.) He may
prescribe glasses, administer drugs, or perform surgery.
&. An orthopedist: deals with the skeletal structure of the body, treating
bone fractures, slipped disks, curvature of the spine, dislocation of the
hip, etc.
'. A cardiologist: This specialist treats diseases of the heart and circulatory
system.
(. A neurologist: This physician specializes in the treatment of disorders of
the nervous system.
). A psychiatrist: Are you neurotic? This specialist attempts to alleviate
mental and emotional disturbances by means of various techniques,
occasionally drugs of electroshock, more often private or group
psychotherapy.
")
I. Match each doctor to the field:
Fields Doctors
. mental or emotional disturbances a. internist
!. nervous system b. gynecologist
". skin c. obstetrician
#. diagnosis; internal organs d.pediatrician
$. infants e. dermatologist
%. female productive organs f. ophthalmologist
&. eyes g. orthopedist
'. heart h. cardiologist
(. pregnancy, childbirth i. neurologist
).skeletal system j. psychiatrist

II. Do you understand the underlined words? Circle Yes or No
. Is an internist an expert in diagnosis? Y N
!. Is a gynecologist familiar with the female reproductive organs? Y N
". Does an obstetrician specialize in diseases of childhood? Y N
#. Does a pediatrician deliver babies? Y N
$. If you had a skin disease, would you visit a dermatologist? Y N
"
%. If you had trouble with your vision would you visit an orthopedist? Y N
&. Is an ophthalmologist an eye specialist? Y N
'. Does a cardiologist treat bone fractures? Y N
(. Is a neurologist a nerve specialist? Y N
). If you were nervous, tense, overly anxious, constantly fearful for no
apparent reasons, would a psychiatrist be the specialist to see?
Y N

III. Write the name of the specialist you might visit or be referred to:
. for a suspected brain disorder .
!. for a thorough internal checkup !.
". if you have a skin disease ".
#. if you have a heart problem #.
$. if you are tense, fearful, insecure $.
%. if you are pregnant %.
&. for some disorder of the female reproductive organs &.
'. for a checking for your two months old child '.
(. for faulty vision (.
). for curvature of the spine ).

"!
ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS
- Internist and internal derive from the same Latin root (internus = inside).
Do not confuse the internist with the intern (also spelled internee) who is a
medical graduate serving an apprenticeship inside a hospital.
-Gynecologist is built on Greek" "gyne" woman (plus logos = science);
etymologically, gynecologist is the medical science of women.
-Obstetrician derives from Latin (obstetrics = midwife) which has its source
in a Latin verb meaning to stand. The suffix -ician, as in obstetrician,
physician, musician, magician, electrician, etc., means expert.
- Pediatrician is a combination of Greek (paidos = child, iatreia = medical
healing, and -"ician" expert pediatrician), then, is by etymology the
medical healing of a child.
- Pedagogy ,which combines paidos with agogos, leading, is, etymologically,
the leading of children and to what do you lead them? To learning, to
development, to growth, to maturity. Hence pedagogy refers actually to
the principles and methods of teaching.
- A pedagogue is versed in pedagogy. From its original, neutral meaning of
teacher, it has deteriorated, to the point where it refers to a narrow-
minded, strait-laced, old-fashioned, dogmatic teacher.It is a word of
contempt and should be used with caution. Like pedagogue, demagogue
has also deteriorated in meaning. By derivation a leader (agogos) of the
people (demos), a demagogue today is actually one who attempts to
mislead the people.
""
- Dermatologist is named from Greek (dermas = Skin). The syllables derma
in any English word have reference to skin e.g., hypodermic = needle
penetrates under the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin;
taxidermist whose business is taxidermy, prepares, stuffs, and mounts the
skins of animals.
- Pachydermis an animal with an unusually thick skin, and dermatitis is the
general name for any skin inflammation, irritation, or infection.
-Ophthalmologist -note the "ph" preceding "th" - is from Greek (ophthalmos
= eye), plus (logos = science or study). An earlier title for this physician
is oculist from Latin (oculus = eye), a root on which the following English
words are also built: "ocular; [monocle = a lens for one (monos) eye];
[binoculars = field glass that increase the range of two(bi-) eyes]. And
strangely enough, inoculate: refers to the incident when you are inoculated
against a disease; an "eye", puncture, or hole is made in your skin,
or ophthalmologist Do not confuse the . through which serum is injected
with two other practitioners who deal with the , a medical specialist , oculist
and do not , who are not physicians optician and optometrist the - eye
perform surgery or administer drugs; they measure vision, test for
glaucoma, and prescribe and fit glasses .Opticians fill an optometrist's or
ophthalmologist"s prescription, grind lenses according to specifications;
they do not examine patients. Optometrist combines Greek opsis, optikos,
sight or vision, with metron, measurement . The optometrist, by
etymology, is one who measures vision. Optician is built on opsis,
(optikos, plus - ician, expert).
"#

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PHRASES
. gynecology a. principles of teaching
!. obstetrics b. stuffing of skins of animals
". pediatrics c. specialty dealing with the delivery of newborn infants.
#. pedagogy d. stirring up discontent among the masses.
$. demagoguery e. treatment of skin diseases.
%. dermatology f. specialty dealing with women's diseases.
&. taxidermy g. specialty dealing with the treatment of children.

MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR MEANINGS
. hypodermic a. elephant
!. epidermis b. eye doctor
". pachyderm c. under the skin
#. dermatitis d. one who measures vision
$. ophthalmologist e. lens grinder
%. optometrist f. outer layer of skin
&. optician g. inflammation of the skin
"$

CIRCLE EITHER (YES) OR (NO)
. Does a treatise on obstetrics deal with childbirth?
!. Does gynecology deal with the female reproductive organs?
". Is pediatrics concerned with the diseases of old age?
#. Does pedagogy refer to teaching
$. Is a pedagogue an expert teacher?
%. Is a demagogue interested in the welfare of the people?
&. Is a lion a pachyderm?
'. Is the epidermis one of the layers of the skin?
(. Is dermatitis an inflammation of one of the limbs?
).Is a taxidermist a medical practitioner?
.Is an ophthalmologist a medical doctor?
!.Is an optometrist a medical doctor?
".Does an optician prescribe glasses?

Recall the words in the right column:
. specialty of child delivery .
!. outer layer of skin !.
". principles of teaching ".
#. thick-skinned animal #.
$. skin inflammation $.
%. one who foments political discontent %.
&. one who sells optical equipment &.
"%
'. medical graduate serving his apprenticeship. '.
(. treatment of childhood diseases (.
).practice of stirring up political dissatisfaction for purely
personal gain.
).
.one who stuffs the skins of animals. .
!.another title for ophthalmologist !.
".treatment of female ailments ".
#. medical specialty relating to diseases of the eye. #.
$.one-lens eyeglass $.
% .pertaining to the eye %.
&.one who measures vision &.

-Orthopedist is from the Greek roots "orthos" = straight or
correct, and paidos= child. The orthopedist straightens children =
prevention of childhood diseases - the correction of spinal curvature in
children was a main concern of practitioners of orthopedics.
-Orthodontia, the straightening of teeth - is built on "orthos" plus
odontos, tooth. Specializes in improving your "" bite retracting" "buck
teeth", and by means of braces and other techniques seeing to it that every
noral, incisor, bicuspid, etc. is exactly where it belongs in your mouth.
"&
-Cardiologist combines Greek Kardia = heart, and logos =
science. A cardiogram is the electricity produced record of the heartbeat.
The instrument that produce this record is called a cardiograph.
-Neurologist derives from Greek neuron = nerve, plus logos =
science. Neuralgia is acute pain along the nerves and their braces; the
word comes from neuron plus Lagos = pain. Neuritis is inflammation of
the nerves. Neurosis, combining neuron with -osis , a suffix meaning
abnormal or diseased condition, is not a disorder of the nerves, but rather
an illness characterized by excessive use of energy for unproductive
purposes so that personality development is hindered or stopped.
-A neurosis is not a form of mental unbalance. A full-blown mental
disorder is called a psychosis, a word built on Greek psyche spirit, soul, or
mind, plus-osis. A true psychotic has lost contact with reality. Built on
psyche plus ietreia, medical healing, a psychiatrist by etymology is a mind
healer.
Geriatrics, the specialty dealing with the particular medical needs of
the elderly. This word combines "ietreia" with Greek geras, "old age".
The specialist is a geriatrician, the adjective is geriatric.
"'

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
ROOT,SUFFIX

MEANING ENGLISH WORD
. orthos straight, correct .
!. paidos child !.
". odontos tooth ".
#. Kardia heart #.
$. logos science, study $.
%. neuron nerve %.
&. algos pain &.
'. -osis abnormal or diseased condition '.
(. -itis inflammation (.
). -psyche spirit, soul, mind ).
. iatreia medical healing .
!. geras old age !.

ADDITIONAL MATCHING
.orthopedics a. nerve pain
"(
!.orthodontia b. specialty dealing with medical problems of the elderly.
". neurolgia c. straightening of teeth.
#. neuritis d. inflammation of the nerves.
$. geriatrics e. treatment of skeletal deformities
%.cardiogram
f. record of heart beats
&.cardiograph
g. mental unbalance
'. neurosis
h. emotional disturbance
(. psychosis
i. treatment of personality disorders.
). psychiatry
j. instrument for recording heart beats.

Do you understand the underlined words ? Circle true or false.
. patients are mostly men s ' gynecologist A .
. is the study of eye disease Ophalmology . !
. is the specialty dealing with the bones and joints Orthopedics . "
patient has a heart ailment cardiac A . #
. orthodontia A person with a bad bite may profit from . $
. is a disease of the bones Neuralgia . %
. is the same as a psychosis neurosis A . &
. is inflammation of the nerves Neuritis . '
and , emotional , als with mental is a medical specialty that de Psychiatry . (
. is a device for recording heartbeats cardiograph A . )
and , fears , treatment is designed to relieve tensions Psychiatric .
. has very old patients pediatrics A doctor who specializes in . !
. has very young patients geriatrician A . "
#)

RECALL THE WORDS
. Specialist who straighten teeth .
!. Nerve pain !.
". Medical specialty dealing with bones and joints ".
#. Medical specialty dealing with emotional disturbances
and mental illness
#.
$. Inflammation of the nerves $.
%. Imotional or personality disorder %.
&. Mentally unbalanced &.
'. Pertaining to the heart '.
(. Specialty dealing with medical problems of the elderly (.
). Instrument that records heart action ).
. Record produced by such an instrument .
#

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER TWO

. The word "intimate" is used in the introduction to mean very private,
closely personal or pertaining to or existing deep within the mind. In your
translation of the following sentence,make sure that the underlined words
are given the equivalent" intimate".
` - -,=\' .'..'>\\ _==\' ,,>.\'
- -,.= _= _\=., . ..\' _,.=\'
- ..\' -\.', _=, .'. _ '= .'='= _=, _'>
- -,===\' ',.= _ _== _' =.., _' _. ..'>
- - `,=. ' '== .>' _.\\ `,\=. ,., _' -,.= _= ,\=
II .!. "pregnancy" is a word used in this chapter to mean "the state, period,
or quality of being pregnant (carrying a fetus in the body)". But it also
means full or replete e.g. pregnant with significance, showing fertility, full
of consequence or significance; rich in imagination or wit. Basic to this
semantic analysis of the given word, how would you render the following
structures?.
. utterances pregnant His speech was full of .
pregnant His essay was difficult to comprehend for it was . !
with ideas.
I I .". Explain in English the difference between:
curvature - laceration
rupture - fracture
#!
rapture - concussion

II .#. The words "alleviate" and "palliate" share the meaning: "to try to
conceal the significance of ---by excuses and apologies; or to make easier
to be endured or to be more tolerable. What Arabic equivalents can you
come up with in translating the following structures, mainly the underlined
words?
the crime committed by his palliate The attorney at law tried to .
defendant.
. the severity of the calamity alleviated His well chosen words . !
II .$. A list of synonyms of the two words "alleviate" and "palliate" are
given randomly. Rearrange them in a way to show which word belongs to
which:
palliate alleviate
to ease
levity
to lessen
relieve
make easier to be endured e.g. sorrow, pain, distress
mitigate
to try to conceal the significance of by excuses and apologies
abate

#"
II. %. Does the word "skeleton" in the following structure exclusively
mean: "the total bony framework which sustains the softer body parts of
vertebrates" or should it necessarily be given a different equivalent in
Arabic? Provide complete Arabic translation:
. Being faced with financial difficulties, the board of directors
. staff skeleton decided to run the company by a
!. skeleton crew
". skeleton key

II &. Provide English equivalents of the following Arabic structures where
the differences in meaning are made clear.
` - .,\.\' ' -\',\', _\=.=
- -\',\' ,\= - .,\.\'
- -,..' -\,'
- .'=.\' .,\. ,\=
II '. What are the Arabic equivalents for each of the following branches of
medicine:
-surgery -therapy -therapeutics -anesthesiology -internal medicine -oral
surgery
-general practice -experimental medicine -psychiatry -psychotherapy -
psychoanalysis
-ophthalmology -neurology -cardiology -dermatology -pathology -
endocrinology
-immunology -laryngology -urology -diathermy -hematology -
diagnostic
##
-radiotherapy -obstetrics -gynecology -pediatrics -orthopedics -
otolaryngology
-otology -psycho pathology -psychosomatics -geriatrics -chiropody -
veterinary
The following are not always recognized as branches of medicine, provide
their meanings in Arabic:
-osteopathy
-homeopathy
-chiropractic
II.( Translate the following sentences into English, make sure that the
underlined words are given the English equivalent "inoculate".
.' '>.', ,=. ',, _.=, '.'> _.\' -,=`= ` -
- .= ,= _'> _'\\' _' . -=\,\ ,,,=\\ ',\= ..='
Now make sure the underlined words are translated either by " imbue" or
"engraft".
` - ',..\' ='= '>', .,=. '.\' .,>
- -,>'\' _= =' _. _\= ==\' `=' _=,\\' '==' > _'=\' ,==
II.). The word inflammation is used in this chapter in the sense of "redness
and swelling of any part of the body; attended with heat and pain." Its
derived adjective "inflammatory" is used in the following sentence to
denote a semantic variety. Translate the following sentence and provide an
Arabic equivalent that reflects its intended meaning.
- The people considered the minister's speech inflammatory and
purposeful.

#$
II. . In this chapter you have read a word that means:
. a warm application
!. to promote or encourage
". to instigate
#. to bathe with warm liquids
$. encouragement toward a destructive purpose .
Recall the word: ------------------------.

II. !. The word "nerve" is used in this chapter with reference to "medical
anatomy whose function is to convey sensation and originate motion
through all parts of the body". Figure out its intended meaning in the
following English Structures - translate them into Arabic:
. champion nerveless In the battle he proved himself as a .
sessing such reliable The regime governed the country due to pos . !
. nerve centers
. nervation The scientist studied the biology of . "
- nerve The extremely annoying and irritating stress on the job was a . #
. wracking
#%

CHAPTER THREE
LEXICONS ON SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

In this chapter we deal with words that describe students of human
development, of the heavens, of the earth, of plant and animal life of insect
forms, of words and language, and of social organization. Who are some of
the more important explorers of knowledge - and by what terms are they
known?
-An anthropologist. His field is all Mankind: how we developed in mind
and body from primitive cultures and early forms.
-An astronomer: What is above? The field is the heavens and all that's in
them-planets, galaxies, stars and others universes.
-A geologist: and what's below? The field is the comparatively little and
insignificant whirling ball on which we live - the earth. How did our planet
come into being, what is it made of, how were its mountains, oceans,
rivers, plains, and valleys formed, and what's down deep if you start
digging ?
-A biologist: his field is all living organs from the simplest one called
ameba to the amazingly complex and mystifying structure we call a human
being.
-A botanist: Biology classifies life into two great divisions, plant and
animal. This scientist's province is the former category - flowers, trees,
shrubs, mosses, marine vegetation, blossoms, fruits, seeds, grasses, and all
the rest that make up the plant kingdom.
#&
-A zoologist: Animals of every description, kind, and condition, from birds
to bees, fish to fowl, reptiles to humans are the special area of exploration
of this scientist.
-An entomologist: There are over %$)*))) different species and this
scientist is interested in every one of them.
- A philologist: This linguistic scientist explores the subtle, intangible,
elusive uses of that unique tool that distinguishes human beings from all
other forms of life to wit: language. This person is, in short, a student of
linguistics, ancient and modern, primitive and cultured, Chinese, Arabic,
Icelandic, Slavic, Teutonic, and every other kind spoken now or in the past
by human beings, not excluding that delightful hodgepodge known as
"pidgin English", in which a piano is described as "big box, you hit'm in
teeth, he cry"', and in which Hamlet's famous quandary, "To be or not to
be, that is the question.......," is translated into "can do, not can do-how
fashion"?
-A semanticist: This linguistic scientist explores the subtle, intangible,
elusive relationship between language and thinking, between meaning and
words; and is interested in determining the psychological causes and effects
of what people say and write.
-A sociologist: This scientist is a student of the ways in which people live
together, their family and community structures and customs, their housing,
their social relationships, their forms of government, and their layers of
caste and class.

I. Match each term with its professional field:
SCIENTIST PROFESSIONAL FIELD
#'
. Anthropologist a. community and family life
!. Astronomer b. meanings and psychological effects of words
". Geologist c . development of the human race
#. Biologist d. celestial phenomena
$. Botanist e. language
%. Zoologist f. insect forms
&. Entomologist g. the earth
'. Philologist h. all forms of living matter
(. Semanticist i. animal life
). Sociologist j. plant life

II. Can you recall the words?
. Insects . E....................................
!. Language !. P....................................
". Social conditions ". S....................................
#. History of development of mankind. #. A....................................
#(
$. Meanings of words $. S....................................
%. Plants %. B....................................
&. The earth &. G....................................
'. The heavenly bodies '. A....................................
(. All living things (. B....................................
). Animals ). Z....................................
$)
-Anthropologist is constructed from roots we are familiar with -
anthropos, mankind, and logos, science, study.
-Astronomer is built on Greek astron, star, and nomos,
arrangement, law or order. The astronomer is interested in the
arrangement of stars and other celestial bodies. The adjective astronomical
is often used in a non-heavenly sense as in "the astronomical size of the
national debt." Astron, Star, combines with logos to form astrology, which
assesses the influence of planets and stars or human events. The
practitioner is an astrologer. By etymology, an astronaut is a sailor among
the stars (Greek neutes, sailor). This person is termed with somewhat less
exaggeration a cosmonaut by the Russians (Greek, Kosmos, universe).
Nautical, relating to sailors, sailing ships, or navigation, derives also from
nautes, and nautes in turn is from Greek naus, ship a root used in nausea (
etymologically, ship sickness or seasickness). Aster is a star shaped flower.
Asterisk, a star-shaped symbol *, is generally used in writing or printing to
direct the reader to look for a footnote. Astrophysics is that branch of
physics dealing with heavenly bodies. Autonomy: a word that combines
nomos, law, with autos, self autonomy, then, is the self-law, self-
government. Metronome is a word that combines nomos with metron,
measurement. You know the instrument that beginners at the piano use to
guide their timing. A pendulum swings back and forth, making an audible
click at each swing, and in that way governs or orders the measure (or
timing) of the player. Hence it is called a metronome.
$
-Geologist: derives from Greek(geo-) earth. The science is geology.
Geometry -ego plus metron - by etymology "measurement of the earth".
The ancient scientist was originally concerned with the measurement of
land and spaces on the earth. The mathematician is a geometrician; the
adjective is geometric. Geography is writing about (graphein, to write), or
mapping, the earth. The name George is also derived from ge(geo-), earth,
plus "ergon" work the first George was (an earth-worker or farmer.).
-Biologist combines "bios", life, with logos, science, study. Bios,
life, is also found in biography, writing about someone's life, auto-
biography, the story of one's life written by oneself, and biopsy, a medical
examination, or view ( opsis, optikos, view, vision), generally through a
microscope, of living tissue, frequently performed when cancer is
suspected. A biopsy is contrasted with an autopsy, which is a medical
examination of a corpse in order to discover the cause of death. The autos
in autopsy means, self . In an autopsy, etymologically speaking, the surgeon
or pathologist determines, by actual view or sight rather than by theorizing
, what brought the corpse to its present grievous state.
-Botanist is from Greek botane, plant. The field is botany; the
adjective is botanical .
-Zoologist is from Greek Zoion, animal. The zodiac is a diagram,
used in astrology, of the paths of the sun, moon, and planets, it contains, in
part, Latin names for various animals Scorpio, scorpion; Leo, lion, cancer,
crab, Taurus, bull, Aries, ram, and Pisces, fish. Hence its derivation from
zoion, animal.
$!

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

PREFIX, ROOT MEANING ENGLISH WORD
. anthropos mankind

!. Logos science, study

". astron star

#. nautes sailor

$. naus ship

%. dis against

&. nomos arrangement, law ,order

'. autos self

(. metron measurement

). ge(geo-) earth

. graphein to write

!. bios life

". opsis, optikos view, vision, sight

#. botane plant

$. zoion animal

$"

MATCH EACH TERM WITH ITS MEANING
. anthropology a. theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.
!. astronomy b. science of earth mapping
". astrology c. science of all living matter
#. geology d. science of human development
$. biology e. science of plants
%. geometry f. science of the composition of earth.
&. botany g. science of animal life
'. geography h. mathematical science of figures, shapes, etc.
(. zoology i. science of planets and stars.
ADDITIONAL MATCHING
. autopsy a. sailor among the stars
!. biopsy b. star-shaped flower
". biography c. story of one's own life
#. autobiography d. dissection and examination of a corpse to determine thecause of death
$. zodiac e. great misfortune
%. astronaut f. sailor of the universe
$#
&. cosmonaut g. story of someone's life
'. aster h. diagram of paths of sun, moon, and planets
(. disaster i. instrument to measure musical tune
). autonomy j. self-rule
. metronome k. examination of living tissue

DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? CIRCLE
YES OR NO.
studies concerned with plant life anthropological Are . N
numbers extremely small astronomical Are . ! N
interested in the time and date of your birth astrologer Is an . " N
maneuvers carried on at sea nautical Are . # N
earthquake take a huge toll of the life andproperty disastrous Does a . $ N
investigations sometimes determine where oil is to be geological Do . %
found?
N
work with mathematics metrician geo Does a . & N
shifts in population sometimes affect theeconomy of geographical Do . '
an area?
N
novel deal with the life of a real person biographical Does a . ( N
science biological Is botany a . ) N
autonomous Is the United States politically . N
performed on a dead body biopsy Is a . ! N
used in the study of mathematics metronome Is a . " N
performed to correct a surgical problem autopsy Is an . # N
$$
s life ' e else about someon autobiography Does an author write an . $ N

RECALL A WORD THAT EPITOMIZES THE MEANING OF
EACH ONE OF THE GIVEN EXPRESSIONS.
. Pertaining to the science of animals .
!. Pertaining to the science of plants !.
". Dissection of a corpse to determine the cause of death ".
#. Story of one's life, self-written #.
$. Pertaining to the science of all living matter $.
%. Science of the measurement of figures %.
&. Pertaining to the science of the earth composition &.
'.Branch of physics dealing with the composition of celestial b '.
(. Star shaped flower (.
). Very high in number; pertaining to the science of the heavens ).
. Science of the development of mankind .
!. Science of heavenly bodies !.
". Person who believes human events are influenced by the paths
of the sun, moon and planets
".
#. Microscopic examination of living tissue #.

$%
WORDS PROVIDED SHOULD START EACH WITH THE GIVEN
LETTER

$. Self - government $. A
%. time measurer for music %. M
&. voyage among the stars &. A
'. Traveler through the universe '. C
(. Great misfortune (. D
!). Mapping of the earth !). G
!. Self-governing !. A
!!. Diagram used in astrology !!. Z
!". Pertaining to such a diagram !". Z
!#. Pertaining to ships, sailing, etc. !#. N
!$. Star-shaped symbol !$. A
!%. Story of a person's life !%. B
$&

The prefix "ec"-, from Greek " ek" - means out; (the Latin prefix,
you will recall, is ex-.). Combine "ec-" with tome to derive the words for
surgical procedures in which parts are "cut out," or removed: tonsillectomy
(the tonsils), appendectomy (the appendix), mastectomy (the breast),
hysterectomy (the uterus), prostatectomy (the prostate), etc. Combine
"ec"-with Greek kenton, center (the Latin root, as we have discovered, is
centrum), to derive eccentric - out of the center, hence deviating from the
normal in behavior, attitudes, etc., or unconventional, odd, strange. The
noun is eccentricity.
The Greek prefix a- makes a root negative; the atom was so named
at a time when it was considered the smallest possible particle of an
element that is, one that could not be cut any further.
The Greek prefix "Ana-" has a number of meanings, one of which is
up, as in anatomy, originally the cutting up of a plant or animal to
determine its structure, later the bodily structure itself. Originally any book
that was part of a larger work of many volumes was called a tome-
etymologically, a part out from the whole. Today, a tome designates, often
disparagingly, an exceptionally large book, or one that is heavy and dull in
content.
The Greek prefix "dicha", in two, combines with tome to construct
dichotomy, a splitting in two, a technical word used in astronomy, biology,
botany, and the science of logic. The verb is dichotomize; the adjective is
dichotomous. Dichotomous thinking is the sort that divides everything into
two parts - good and bad; white and black; etc.
$'
Epitome, a condensation of the whole, may refer to a summary or
abridgment of language, as in " let me have an epitome of the book, "or"
give me the epitome of his speech". It is from "epi-", on, upon, plus tome.
The verb is epitomize e.g. that one act epitomizes her philosophy of life.
Logos, we know, means science or study; it may also mean word or
speech, as it does in philosophy, etymologically the love of words (from
Greek Philein, to love, plus logos) or what is more commonly called
linguistics, the science of language, a term derived from Latin Lingua,
tongue.
The verb philander, to "have love affairs", be promiscuous, or have
extramarital relations, combines philein with andros, male. By etymology,
philosophy is the love of wisdom (Greek "sophos", wise); Philadelphia is
the city of brotherly love (Greek "adelphos", brother); Philharmonic is the
love of music or ;harmony (Greek harmonia, harmony); and philter, a
rarely used word, is a love potion. Today we call whatever arouses sexual
desire an aphrodisiac, from Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of love and
beauty.
Aphrodisiac is an adjective as well as a noun - aphrodisiacal is also
used. A bibliophile means a book collector - the combining root is Greek
biblion, book. An Anglophile admires and is fond of the British people,
customs, culture, etc. The combining root is Latin Anglus, English.
Semantics, like orthopedics, pediatrics, and obstetrics, is a singular
noun despite the -s ending. Semantics is, not are, an exciting study.
However, this rule applies only when we refer to the word as a science or
area of study. In the following sentences, semantics is used as a plural.
The semantics of your thinking are all wrong.
$(
Sociology is built on Latin "Socius", companion, plus Logos,
science, study. "Socius "is the source of such common words as associate,
social, socialize, society, sociable, and antisocial, as well as asocial, which
combines the negative prefix a- with "socius". Someone who is asocial is
withdrawn and self-centered, avoids contact with others, and feels
completely indifferent to the interests or welfare of society. The asocial
person doesn't want to "get involved".

%)
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
PREFIX, ROOT MEANING ENGLISH WORD
. en-
in
.
!. tome
a cutting
!.
". in-
in
".
#. sectus
cut
#.
$. Kentron (centrum)
center
$.
%. a-
not, negative
%.
&. ana-
up
&.
'. dicha
in two
'.
(. epi-
on, upon
(.
). Logos
word, speech
).
. Lingua
tongue
.
!. Philein
to love
!.
". Sophos
wise
".
#. adelphos
brother
#.
$. biblion
book
$.
%. Anglus
English
%.
&. Socius
Companion
&.
%
'. anti-
against
'.

TEST YOUR SEMANTIC ABILITY: MATCH THE NUMBER TO
ITS APPROPRIATE LETTER.
. dichotomize
a. dull, heavy book
!. epitomize
b. love potion, aphrodisiac
". Philander
c. pertaining to the study of language.
#. Philter
d. one fond of British people customs, etc.
$. bibliophile
e. pertaining to the science of group cultures, conventions, etc.
%. Anglophile
f. to split in two
&. asocial
g. withdrawn from contact with people
'. tome
h. book collector
(. Philological
i. to summarize
) .Sociological
j. to engage in extramarital sex.
%!

CIRCLE EITHER YES OR NO
. Is a Philanderer likely to be faithful to a spouse
!. Did Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ryde lead a dichotomous existence
". Is an egoist the epitome of selfishness
#. Is a Philanthropist antisocial
$. Is an aphrodisiac intended to reduce sexual interest
%. Is a Bibliophile's chief aim the enjoyment of literature
&. Does a Philologist understand etymology
'. Is a Semanticist interested in more than the dictionary meanings of words
(. Is an asocial person interested in improving social conditions
). Is a light novel considered a tome

CAN YOU RECALL THE WORDS? WORDS RECALLED
SHOULD START WITH THE LETTER GIVEN.
. Pertaining to the study of social customs . S
!. Pertaining to the psychological effect of words !. S
". Lover and collector of books ". B
#. Make love promiscuously #. P
$. Pertaining to the science of linguistics $. P
%. Pertaining to the study of insects %. E
&. One who admires British customs &. A
'. Smallest particle, so-called '. A
(. Pertaining to the structure of a body (. A
). A dull, heavy book ). T
. Split in two (adj . D
!. Split in two !. D
". A condensation, summary or representation of the whole ". E
#. To stand for the whole; to summarize #. E
%"
$. Pertaining to charitable activities (adj $. P
%. Out of the norm, odd %. E
&. One who "plays around &. P
'. Arousing sexual desire (adj '. A
(. Science of the manner in which groups functio (. S
!). Self-isolated from contact with people !). A
%#

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER THREE
III. . In this chapter you have come across a word that means "being the
first or earliest of the kind or in existence, especially, in an early age
of the world." a. can you recall the word? b. if you have guessed it,
use it in a sentence, provided it means "rude" or "rudely simple".
III .!. Can you think of some synonyms of the word "fundamental"- list
them.
III .". The verb "mystify" means" to perplex purposely, to bewilder, to
obscure, or to play on the credulity of....". Write its noun form and
then explain it in English
III #. What is the English word you have read in this chapter that means:
"domestic or barnyard cock or hen; any of various other wild
gallinaceous or similar birds as the turkey or duck" recall it.
III.$. In this chapter there is a word that can variably be used to connote:
_', -,='. ='= _.'= _=.\' .'= == ,.,= ,=\ _,. _,
.,,= >'=
a. read the chapter and recall the word.
b. provide some synonyms of the word "subtle".
III.%. "_________", as a word inserted in this chapter it means: "impalbable
, airy, ephemeral , immaterial, without substance, ethereal
incorporate". Recall the word and write it in the the this space
___________.
%$
III.&. The following are synonyms of a word you studied in this chapter.
Read the synonyms and write the word in the provided space.
slippery,evanescent,occult,imponderable,equivocal,obscure
"________________"
III.'. Check your English Arabic dictionary and write down the meanings
given for each word in questions /%/ and /&/ above.
III.(. A. Explain the difference in meaning between "insect", "instinct" and
"insert". B. Provide English synonyms for each one of them. C.
Translate the following sentences into Arabic special attention
should be given to the underlined words.
. an ad in the middle of the front page inserted The editor -
. for music instinct The little girl has an -
. with passion instinct I have just read a poem -
III. ). The following are sentences written in Arabic whose equivalent
versions are given in this chapter ... either recall their equivalent
versions or provide translation of your own.
`.'= ' '=== '=\,= -=.' _,. .=\, ` -
_='. > ..= '.,.= '..== ',', ','=. -='=\' _' _='., -
III.. "Click" is also a word inserted in this chapter. It is used in the
following structures in a way where selective Arabic equivalents are
needed. Provide complete translation of the following:
. clicked they claimed that the show , when they came home last night -
. click beetle children on the seashore were looking for -
%%
III.!. The following two Arabic structures should remind you of a lexicon
implied in chapter three. Recall the lexicon and provide complete
English translation of the following.
` - ',,== -=. _=\' .==\' _= '=,=. ='.='
- '\' ,,= _\= =.,\ -.=\' _=
III. ". Which one of the following words is closest in meaning to
"dissection"?: vivisection, operation, biopsy, dissemble.
III. #. What is the difference in meaning between "dissection" and
"incision". Write all possible meanings that each one of them has.
III. $. It can be supposed that in this chapter you have studied , the
translation versions of the following Arabic structures. Try either to
recall their translated versions or provide your own translations:
` - .',=.' ,\=, _\=., ,\= .',.\' ,\= =
- ',, .='., _.\' _>'=.' _,=. _' -,=\,=\' .'='.\' _'>=,, =
=.\'
.'=,==\' _ -,=,\' .''.=\' ... = -
- .=. _.,\ _= .== g,=. ='.`=`, = ,==\'
%&
III.%. The words:"deflect, digress, swerve, vary, shy, wander, stray,
turnaside, bear off, go out of control, divagate, depart from, break
the pattern, go a miss, angle away or off, leave the beaten path, not
conform, break bounds, get off the subject, edge off, and veer " , are
synonyms of "keep on, keep in line". In this chapter you studied a
word that falls in line with the first group of words. Can you recall
the word? "_____________".
III. &. You have studied the word "disparage" and now you understand
that it means" to bring reproach or discredit upon; or to lower the
estimation of; or to speak of slightingly". Can you think of some
English words that connote similar semantic reference? list them.
III. '. You have come across the word "epitome" and its verb form
"epitomize" see if you can use them in your translation of the
following Arabic structures.
` - === =, -,.= .,.= _=\
- =\\' -\' ' -.'=.\' _= === = .\' _'>

III. (. The word "promiscuous" means "something mingled
indiscriminately, forming part of a confused crowd or mass". a-
What are its adverb and noun forms?
b. How would you translate the following two structures
into Arabic:
. promiscuous friendship
!. promiscuous sexual relations.

%'
III. !). Does the word "dose" mean "potion"? Elaborate by explaining in
what sense each word is usually used.
III. !. Supposedly, the following list is composed of synonymous words
that are relevant in meaning to the word "isolate". Bearing in mind
the semantic properties of the word isolate, provide their equivalents
in Arabic.
. confine !. detach ". seclude #. divide $. separate
%. disunite &. disconnect '. dissolve (. dissever
). sunder . unravel !. cleave ". bisect #. rend
$. unbind %. half &. insulate '. disentangle
(. abscond !). circumcise !. segregate !!. sequester
!". seclude !#. draw apart
%(

CHAPTER FOUR
LANGUAGE OF LIARS AND LYING

Lying seems to be an integral weakness of mortal character. We
doubt that few human beings would be so brash as to claim that they have
never in their lives told at least a partial untruth. Indeed, one philologist
goes so far as to theorize that language must have been invented for the
sole purpose of deception. It is certainly true that animals seem somewhat
more honest than humans, maybe because they are less gifted mentally. If
lying is a prevalent and all-too-human phenomenon, there would of course
be a number of interesting words to describe different types of liars. What
kind of liars are there?
-A notorious liar: A person whose personality is known for
avoiding facts. He has built so solid and unsavory a reputations that only a
stranger is likely to be misled.
-A consummate liar: His ability is top-drawer rarely does anyone
lie as convincingly or as artistically as he does. His skill,in short, has
reached the zenith of perfection. His lying is almost always crowned with
success.
-An incorrigible liar: This person is impervious to correction.
Often as he may be caught in his fabrications, there is no reforming him.
He goes right on lying despite the punishment, embarrassment, or
unhappiness that this distortions of truth may bring upon him.
-An inveterate liar: This person is the victim of firmly fixed and
deep-rooted habits. Telling untruths is as frequent and customary an
activity as brushing his teeth in the morning.
&)
-A congenital liar: This person has such a long history of persistent
falsification that one can only suspect that his vice started when he was
reposing in his mother's womb.
-A chronic liar: No let up - while normal people lie on occasions
and often for special reasons, he lies continually.
-A pathological liar: A strange disease. This person doesn't bother
to distinguish fact from fantasy; not concerned with the difference between
truth and falsehood. His lying is a disease that no antibiotic can cure.
-An unconscionable liar: This person is completely without a
conscience. No matter what misery for fabrications may cause his innocent
victims, he never feels the slightest twinges of guilt.
-A glib liar: This person possesses a lively imagination and a ready
tongue, he can distort facts as smoothly and as effortlessly as he can say his
name. But he doesn't always get away with his lies.
-An egregious liar: This person's lies are so outstandingly hurtful
that people gasp in amazement and disgust at hearing them.
The ten basic words mentioned above revolve rather closely around
a central core. Each one, however, has a distinct, a unique meaning, and a
special implication. Note the difference:
TYPE OF LIAR SPECIAL IMPLICATION
. notorious famous or infamous for lying; tendency to falsify is well-known
!. consummate great skill
". incorrigible far gone to be reformed , impervious to rehabilitation
#. inveterate lying has become a deep-rooted habit
&
$. congenital lying had very early beginnings as if from birth
%. chronic over and over
&. pathological an irresistible compulsion to lie often for no rational reason
lying is a disease
'. unconscionable lack of regret or remorse
(. glib great smoothness
). egregious viciousness of the lies
Again, these ten expressive adjectives are not restricted to lying or
liars. They also have general meanings:
words meanings
. notorious well-known for some bad quality -a notorious philanderer.
!. consummate perfect, highly skilled-consummate artistry at the keyboards.
". incorrigible beyond reform, an incorrigible optimist.
#. inveterate long accustomed, deeply habituated-an inveterate smoker (this
adjective, like notorious, usually has an unfavorable connotation)
$. congenital happening at or during birth, a congenital deformity.
%. chronic going on for a long time, or occurring again and again-chronic
appendicitis.
&. pathological diseased - a pathological condition
'. unconscionable without pangs of conscience- unconscionable cruelty of children.
&!
(. glib a glib witness
).egregious outstandingly bad or vicious , egregious error.

With the exception of consummate and congenital, all ten adjectives have
strongly derogatory implications and are generally used to describe people,
characteristics, or conditions we disapprove of.
MATCH EACH WORD WITH ITS APPROPRIATE
DEFINITION:
. notorious a. beyond reform
!. consummate b. continuing over a long period of time; recurring
". incorrigible c. diseased
#. inveterate d. from long-standing habit
$. congenital e. suspiciously smooth
%. chronic f. without conscience or scruples
&. pathological g. outstandingly bad or vicious
'. unconscionable h. unfavorably known
(. glib i. from birth
). egregious j. finished, perfect, artistic

DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? Circle
EITHER YES OR NO.
&"
? for good acts notorious Do people become . Y N
? musical genius consummate Is Beethoven considered a . ! Y N
is there any point in , incorrigible If a criminal is truly . "
attempting rehabilitation
Y N
? smoker smoke only occasionally inveterate Does an . # Y N
? deformity one that occurs late in life congenital Is a . $ Y N
? invalid ill much of the time chronic Is a . % Y N
? ondition normal and healthy c pathological Is a . & Y N
is there any regret , act of cruelty unconscionable If a person commits an . '
remorse, or guilt?
Y N
? talker awkward and hesitant in speech glib Is a . ( Y N
? error very bad egregious Is an . ) Y N

&#
TRY TO RECALL THE WORDS. YOU ARE PROVIDED WITH
THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH WORD REQUIRED .
. Outstandingly vicious; so bad as to be in a class by itself. . E
!. Starting at birth !. C
". Happening over and over again; continuing for a long
time.
". C
#. Widely and unfavorably known (as for antisocial acts,
character weakness, immoral or unethical behavior, etc.)
#. N
$. Beyond correction $. I
%. Smooth and persuasive; unusually, almost suspiciously, fluent %. G
&. Long addicted to a habit &. I
'. Perfect in the practice of an art; extremely skillful '. C
(. unscrupulous; entirely without conscience (. U
). Diseased ). P

As a result of the test you are taking, you are becoming more and more
familiar with these ten valuable and expressive words. Now, as a further
check on your learning, write the word that best fits each blank.
. This person has gambled, day in and day out, for as long as anyone can
remember - gambling has become a deep-rooted habit.
. An ------------------------------ gambler
!. Born with a clubfoot
&$
!. A ___________________ deformity
". Someone known the world over for criminal acts
". A __________________criminal
#. An invading army kills, maims, and tortures without mercy
compunction, or regret.
#. ____________________ acts of cruelty
$.The suspect answered the detective's questions easily, fluently, almost
too smoothly.
$. ____________________ responses
%. A person reaches the acme of perfection as an actress or actor.
%. A ____________________performer
&. No one can change someone's absurdly romantic attitude toward life
&. An ________________ romantic
'. A mistake so bad that it defies description
'. An ___________________ blunder
(. Drunk almost all the time, again and again - periods of sobriety are few
and very, very far between.
(. A ______________________ alcoholic
). Doctors find a persistent, dangerous infection in the bladder
). A ______________________condition

&%
-Notorious: The derivation is from Latin notus = known, from
which we also get noted.
-Summit is derived from Latin summus = highest, which also gives
us the mathematical term sum, as in addition. A consummate artist has
reached the very highest point of perfection; and to consummate marriage,
a business deal, or a contract is, etymologically, to bring it to the highest
point; that is, to put the final touches to it; to bring it to completion. To
make a noun out of consummate, add either -ness or -acy; consummateness
or consummacy. Verbs ending in -ate invariably take on the noun suffix /-
ion/ to form nouns: create - creation; evaluate - evaluation; etc.
-Incorrigible: is derived from Latin "corrigo", to correct or set
straight, plus the negative prefix in- . (This prefix, depending on the root it
precedes, may be negative, may intensify the root, as in invaluable, or may
mean in.) The noun is incorrigibility or, alternatively, incorrigibleness.
-Inveterate, from Latin "vetus"= old (Latin "senex", source of senile
and senescent, also means old. In inveterate" in-" means in. It is not the
negative prefix found in incorrigible. Inveterate drinkers have been
imbibing for so long that they have formed old, well established habits, and
inveterate liars have been lying for so long, and their habits are by now so
deep-rooted, that one can scarcely remember when they ever told the truth.
&&
-Greek genesis, birth or origin, a root we discovered in discussing
psychogenic, is the source of a great many English words. Genetics is the
science that treats the transmission of hereditary characteristics from
parents to offspring. The scientist specializing in the field is a geneticist ,
the adjective is genetic. The particle in the chromosome of the germ cell
containing a hereditary characteristics is a "gene". The genital, or sexual,
organs are involved in the process of conception and birth. The genesis of
anything " a plan, idea, thought, career, etc." is its beginning, birth, or
origin, and Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, describes the
creation, or birth, of the universe.
-Congenital is constructed by combining the prefix con-, with or
together, and the root genesis, birth. So a congenital defect, deformity,
condition, etc. occurs during the nine-month birth process ( or period of
gestation, to become technical). A thalidomile baby results from the use of
the drug by a pregnant woman, so the deformities were congenital.
Congenital is used both literally and figuratively. Literally, the
word generally refers to some medical deformity or abnormality occurring
during gestation, figuratively, it wildly exaggerates, for effect, the very
early existence of some quality: congenital liar, congenital fear of the dark,
etc.

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
PREFI, ROOT

&'
. notus known

!. summus highest

". carrigo to correct, set straight

#. vetus old

$. senex old

%. genesis birth, origin

&. logos science, study

'. -in negative prefix

&(

MATCH THE WORDS
. notoriety a- state of artistic height
!. to consummate b- state of being long established in a habit
". consummacy c- beginning, origin
#. incorrigibility d- science of heredity
$. inveteracy e- bring to completion; top off
%. genetics f- study of ancestry
&. genealogy g- referring to characteristics passed on to offspring by parents
'. genital h- referring to reproduction, or to the reproductive or sexual organs
(. genesis i- will fame
). hereditary j- particle that transmits hereditary characteristics
. gene k- state of being beyond reform or correction

Do you understand the underlined words? Circle either Yes or No
. Does notoriety usually come to perpetrators of mass murders
!. Is the product of a consummately skillful counterfeiter likely to be taken as genuine
". Is incorrigibility in a criminal a sign that rehabilitation is possible
#. Is a geneticist interested in your parents characteristics
$. Does inveteracy suggest that a habit is new
')
%. When you consummate a deal, do you back out of it
&. Is a veteran actress long experienced at her art
'. Do genes determine heredity
(. Is a genealogist interested in your family origins
). Are the genital organs used in reproduction
.Is the genesis of something the final point
!. Are hereditary characteristics derived from parents

RECALL THE WORDS, MIND THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH
WORD REQUIRED.
. sexual ; reproductive . G
!. to complete !. C
". wide and unfavorable reputation ". N
#. Particle in the chromosome of a cell that transmits a characteristic
from parent to offspring.
#. G
$. completion $. C
%. inability to be reformed %. I
&. The science that deals with the transmission of characteristics from
parents to children
&. G
'. referring to a quality or characteristic that is inherited '. H
(. beginning or origin (. G
). student of family roots or origins ). G
. height of skill or artistry . C
'
!. transmitted by heredity !. G
". quality of habit that has been established over many years. ". I
#. a person long experienced at a profession, art, or business. #. V
$. pertaining to a study of family origins. $. G

A chronic is the derivation of the Greek word "chronos "= time.
The noun is chronicity. An anachronism is someone or something out of
times, out of date, belonging to a different era. The adjective is
anachronous or anachronistic. An incongruous is a word combining the
negative prefix, the prefix con-, with or together, and a Latin verb meaning
to agree or correspond. Thus it is incongruous to wear a sweater and
slacks to a formal wedding, it is anachronous to wear the wasp waist,
conspicuous bustle, or powdered wig of the eighteenth century. The noun
form of incongruous is incongruity. Chronological in correct time, order,
comes from chronos. Chronology is the science of time order and accurate
dating of events (Logos, science)-the expert in this field is a chronologist.
A chronometer, combining chronos with metron, measurement, is a
highly accurate time piece, especially one used on ships. Chronometry is
the measurement of time. The adjective is chronometric
Add the prefix "syn- " together, plus the verb suffix "-ize," to
"chronos", and you have constructed synchronize. Etymologically to time
together, or to move, happen , or cause to happen, at the same time or rate.
The adjective is synchronous; the noun form of the verb synchronize is
synchronization .
'!
Pathological is diseased ( a pathologic condition) - this meaning of
the word ignores the root logos, science, study . Pathology is the science or
study of disease. However, another meaning of the noun ignores logos,
and pathology may be any morbid, diseased or abnormal physical condition
or conditions. A pathologist is an expert who examines tissue, often by
autopsy or biopsy, to diagnose disease and interpret the abnormalities in
such tissue that may be caused by specific diseases. Pathos occurs in some
English words with the additional meaning of feeling. If you feel or suffer
with someone, you are-sympathetic "-sym-"is a respelling before the letter
p of the Greek prefix syn-, with or together. The noun is sympathy, the
verb sympathize. The prefix anti = against-antipathy to people or things
means against them. The adjective is antipathetic, as in "an antipathetic
reaction to an authority figure."
otion, oBut you may have no feeling at all, just indifference, lack of
any interest, emr response, complete listlessness, especially when somes
reaction is normal or expected. Then you are apathetic; a- is a negative
prefix. The noun is apathy, as in voter apathy, student apathy, etc. The
opposite is empathy; you empathize, you are empathetic or to use an
alternate adjective, empathic.
Em is a respelling before the letter P of the Greek prefix en-, in. A
pathetic story is about suffering and , again, is likely to arouse sadness,
sorrow, or pity. Telepathy = people communicate with each other without
recourse to means of communication-also called mental telepathy = one
person reads the mind of another. Being able to do such kind of mind-
reading makes you telepathic. Telepathy is built by combining pathos =
feeling with the prefix tele-, distance, the same prefix we find in telephone,
telegraph, telescope.

Review of Etymology
'"
Prefix, Root, suffix Meaning English Word
. chronos time

!. ana-, a- negative prefix

". con- with, together

#. in- negative prefix

$. logos science, study

%. netron measurement

&. syn-,sym- with, together

'. ize verb suffix

(. pathos disease, suffering, feeling

). anti- against

. en-,em- in

!. tele- distance

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR MEANING FROM LIST B.
A B
. Chronicity a. something , or state of being, out of place.
!.anachronim b.time piece; device that measures time very accurately.
". incongruity c. condition of continual or repeated recurrence.
'#
#. chronology d. act of occurring, or of causing to occur, at the same time.
$.chronometer e. calendar of events in order of occurrence.
%. chronometry f. something, or someone, out of time.
&.synchronization g. measurement of time.
'. pathology h. a sharing or understanding of mother's feeling.
(. sympathy i. ESP; communication from a distance.
). telepathy j. disease; study of disease.

MORE MATCHING

. Pathologist a. identification with another's feelings.
!. antipathy b. share another's feelings so strongly as to experience those
feelings oneself.
". apathy c. out of time
#. empathy d. one who examines tissue to diagnose disease.
$. synchronize e. occurring at the same time or rate.
%. empathize f. relating to extrasensory perception.
&. anachronous g. suffering; arousing sympathy or pity.
'. incongruous h. lack of feeling; non-responsiveness.
(. Synchronous i. out of place
'$
!). pathetic j. happen, or cause to happen, at the same time or rate
!. telepathic k. hostility; strong dislike

DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS?
$'% , #(!*(# ? order chronological Are these dates in .
? the study of healthy tissue pathology Is . !
? communication carried on by telephone telepathic Is . "
s feelings ' response show an understanding of another sympathetic Does a . #
? e agreeable or peopl , ideas , to things apathetic Is a person . $
? people react strongly apathetic Do . %
response show identification with the feelings of another empathic Does an . &
? attire at a formal ceremony incongruous Is a swim suit . '
? attitude up to date anachronistic Is an . (
? movements out of time with one another synchronous Are . )

TRY TO RECALL THE WORDS, MIND THE FIRST LETTER .
. In order of time . C
!. out of place !. I
". out of time (two forms) ". A
#. something, or state of being, out of place. #. I
$. lack of feeling $. A
%. measurer of time %. C
&. study of disease &. P
'. feeling of hostility or dislike '. A
(. to occur, or cause to occur, at the same time or rate. (. S
). evoking sorrow or pity ). P
. something out of time . A
!. state of recurring again and again !. C
'%
". extrasensory perception ". T
#. one who examines tissue to diagnose disease #. P
$. identification with the feelings of another $. E
%. happening at the same time or rate(adj.) %. S
&. skillful at thought transference without sensory &. T
'. calendar of events in time sequence '. C
(. referring to the one assurance of time (adj.) (. C
'&

Unconscionable and conscience are related in derivation- the first
word from Latin "Scio "= to know, the second from Latin "sciens"
knowing, and both using the prefix con-, with, together. Etymologically,
then your conscience is your knowledge with a moral sense of right and
wrong; if you are unconscionable, your conscience is not working, or you
have no conscience. The noun form is unconscionableness or
unconscionability.Conscious, also from con- plus "scio", is knowledge or
awareness of one's emotions or sensations, or of what is happening around
one.
Science, from "sciens" is systematized knowledge as opposed, for
example, to belief, faith, intuition, or guesswork.
Add Latin" omnis "= all, to sciens, to construct omniscient = all-
knowing, possessed of infinite knowledge. The noun is omniscience.
Add the prefix" pre-" = before, to sciens, to construct " knowing
about events before they occur, i.e., psychic, or possessed of unusual
powers of prediction. The noun is prescience (pre ' shans).
And, finally, add the negative prefix" ne-"to sciens to produce
nescient, not knowing, or ignorant.
Glib is from an old English root that means slippery. Glib Liars or
glib talkers are smooth and slippery; they have ready answers, fluent
tongues, a persuasive air; but, such is the implication of the word, they fool
only the most nescient, for their smoothness lacks sincerity and conviction,
the noun is glibness
''
Egregious is from Latin "grex", gregis = herd or flock. An
egregious lie, act, crime, mistake, etc. is so exceptionally vicious that it
conspicuously stands out (e-, a shortened form of the prefix ex-, out) from
the herd or flock of other bad things. The noun is egregiousness. A
gregarious is person who likes to be with the herd, who reaches out for
friend, and is happiest when surrounded by people. Extroverts are of
course gregarious-they prefer human contact, conversation, laughter,
interrelationships, to solitude. The suffix -ness, as you know, can be added
to an adjective to construct a noun form. Write the noun from gregarious
________.
Add the prefix con- = with, together to" grex", "gregis", to get the
verb congregate; add the prefix se- = apart, to build the verb segregate;
add the prefix ad- = to, toward (ad-changes to "ag-"before a root starting
with g-), to construct the verb aggregate, let us see what we have. When
people gather together in a herd or flock, they (write the verb)
__________. The noun is congregation, one of the meanings of which is a
religious "flock". Put people or things apart from the herd, and you (write
the verb) _________them. Bring individual items to or toward the herd or
flock, and you (write the verb) ________them. What is the noun form of
this verb?
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY
Prefix,root, suffix Meaning English Word
. grex, gregis herd, flock

!. e-, ex- out

". -ness noun suffix

#. con- with, together

'(
$. ad-, ag- to, toward

%. un- negative prefix

&. scio to know

'. sciens knowing

(. omnis all

). pre- before

. ne- negative prefix

!. se- apart

". -ion noun suffix added to verbs.

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR APPROPRIATE MEANINGS
. unconscionability a. ignorance
!. omniscience b. outstanding, badness or viciousness.
". prescience c. religious group; a rabbing together.
#. nescience d. total; mass; whole
$. glibness e.exclusion from the herd; a setting apart.
%. egregiousness f. infinite knowledge
&. gregariousness g. friendliness; enjoyment of mixing with people.
()
'. congregation h. lack of conscience
(. segregation i. suspiciously smooth fluency
). aggregate (n) j. foreknowledge

CIRCLE EITHER YES OR NO
. Is unconscionability one of the signs of the psychopath? Yes No
!. Can anyone be truly omniscient? Yes No
". Does a prescient fear indicate some knowledge of the future? Yes No
#. Is nescience a result of learning? Yes No
$. Does glibness make someone sound sincere and trustworthy? Yes No
%. Is egregiousness an admirable quality? Yes No
&. Do gregarious people enjoy parties? Yes No
'. Do spectators congregate at sports events? Yes No
(. Do we often segregate hardened criminals from the rest of society? Yes No
). Is aggregation of problems a whole mass of problems? Yes No

RECALL THE WORDS
. enjoying groups and companionship
!. ignorant !.
". state of not being held back from antisocial behavior by one's conscious ".
(
#. having knowledge of an event before it occurs (adj #.
$. a religious "flock $.
%. a total, whole, or mass %.
&. to separate from the rest &.
'. suspiciously smooth fluency '.
(. all knowing (adj (.
). to come together into a group or mass )
(!

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER FOUR
IV. . One of the meanings of the word "integral" is: "forming a necessary
part of a whole". But this meaning would be very much affected if the
word "integral" is used with words such as:
integral part, integral whole, integral repentance, integral calculus,
integral stress
What Arabic equivalents would you think of in translating the above
structures?
IV. !. Here you are provided just with one of the meanings of the word
"mortal". Try to figure out its other semantic properties. Choose from
its integral meanings equivalents that fit in translating the following
structures; but first here is its meaning: "subject to death". The
structures to be translated are:
. mortal wounds oldiers suffered few s , in a recent battle . a
. mortal God stipulates that men are . b
but found no parallel to her mortal thing She considered every . c
husband.
d. While his son was in the recovery room, he was kept in
. mortal hours custody for five
e. He thought of his neighbour as a close friend but eventually
. mortal enemy the friend turned to be his
. mortal s previous sins as ' The priest thought of the repentant . f
("
he dashed in a , When he heard that his house was on fire . g
. mortal hurry
. ife has committed an adultery his w , mortal shame It is a . h
it was a product of , His invention was not extra celestial . i
. mortal genius
. mortal agony he uttered a scream of , Being brutally tortured . j
showed a decline in mortality table The government . k
population death rate.
IV. ". The following is an explanation of a word you have read in chapter
four. Read the explanation and try to recall the word.
hasty, rash, impudent, a confused, heep of loose, broken or angular
fragments of rocks, small fragments of crushed ice, collected by winds
or currents near the shore.
IV. #. Again, the following are synonyms of a word you have read in this
chapter. Read the synonyms and recall the word ___________.
widespread, accepted, frequently met ,predominant, all embracing.
IV. $. In this chapter, you've come across a word that can be used to mean:
',`=' _,=, -,> -\ ,== . -'.
first: recall the English word.
second: provide English equivalents of the Arabic lexicons above.
IV. %. In your translation of the following structures, make sure the
underlined words are translated by the word "impervious"
(#
',==., ',= ,= ',,\ =. ` -
- -,=.=\' g==\' _.'\\ `,.= ,= '=== _'> _='\' _ '
-=`= _>=,. _== ,==\' _='\' ' -
IV. &. The following are synonyms of a verb you've read in this
chapter - can you recall it?
- recline - slant - lie - tilt - lean - rest - loll - loaf - relax - sleep
IV. '. Study the following synonyms and recall from chapter four a
synonym that shares in the semantic properties of the following
words.
- tingle - shiver - prickle - sting - itch - creep - grow excited
- get goose pimples all over - thrill - quiver - flutter - titillate
IV. (. "Core" is one of the words you've read in this chapter. Write three
structures in Arabic where the equivalent of the word "core" is used
variably. Here is a clue:
_>= .= ` -
._=\' == ' ,\ -
,,== -
IV. ). If the word "vicious" is used with words such as:
- a vicious bill - vicious reasoning - a vicious headache - a vicious
circle
($
then precise Arabic equivalents should be recalled in rendering acceptable
translations of the above structures. Try to translate them.
IV. . Your translation into Enlgish of the following Arabic sentences
should involve a particular word you have learned in this chapter-
see if you can recall that word and use it in your tarnslation.
',, =., ,\ -.' . ',=. -.' _= ,=\', ` -
-='. -\,= . = -.' -.= = -
.' '=\' _= -=', ,.>=\' ..,' -

IV. !. You have studied the word " inveterate" as it means : "Long
accustomed", or "deeply rooted'. What kind of Arabic equivalents
would you use in translating the following especially the underlined
words?
for smoking a cigar first thing in the inveterate tendency He has an -
morning.
that Lybia inveterate demands The US government insisted through -
should render its two accused citizens for trial.
in that surrounding forced them to evacuate inveterate smell The -
the house.
IV. ". Provide as many secondary meanings as possible for each one of the
following words. Then write an essay on the semantic properties that
are common among them.
- twinge - pang - throb - twitch - shiver - tingle
(%
IV. #. How do the following words differ in meaning? Use each one of
them in a meaningful sentence.
- disparate - desperate - despair - disperse - disparage - disparity -
derogate
- slight - deprecatory - disdain - reproach - deprecate
IV. $. Provide English equivalents of the following Arabic words:
,= ._.. ',\= .=' _,\= _=' ,.' ,= ,,.' -.,. -=== .
=' ,= ,= .'= _>= ..'== .=.= _'= .'.\=\' _ _==.=
-,.\' ' -,=\' _,= .,,= _=._.. _>'== ,\.= _'=\' ,==
,=.== ,= ._., _.'= _ . _='= .,.= =.= ==.= =.=
_,== _,=, _'= .'= ,\'= ='. _,= _.',= -==\' ,,.= _==
.'..', ,.= -'. _,=
IV. %. In this chapter you have come across a word that means: "to
deprive of the use of a limb; to mutilate, cripple or disable; to render
defective.
Can you recall the word? ______________________.
IV. &. You are provided with words listed randomly and they are
synonymous to the three underlined words below. List the synonyms under
each underlined word based on closeness in meaning.
WORDS REMORSE REGRET GUILT
bewail, mourn

rue, lament

repent, grief

bemoan, repine

weep, moan over

have qualms about

(&
compunction

contrition

self reproach

grief

culpability

fault

lapse

slip

offense

misstep

solecism

dereliction

peccability

delinquency

indiscretion

malfeasance

felonious conduct

IV.'. a. Does the word "guiltless" ever stand for the Arabic equivalents
" ,=\' ,,.= = "? If so, use it in a meaningful English sentence of your
own to reflect the meaning of the provided Arabic equivalents.
b. Use the word "remorseless" in an English sentence of your own to
mean " " -==\' ,,.= .
IV.(. How many lexicons are there in English that mean: " -= _' . "?
Use the lexicons in English sentences where their semantic properties
are sensed.
IV.!). Fill in the spaces with words that can be inferred based on your
general comprehension of the following passage.
To -----------is to make a mistake through precipitance or mental
confusion. As a noun, _________ means a gross and stupid mistake.
('
Clue: The word that can be used in the above two spaces means the
following:
-'==, '.,= , '==' '== _==, ,'== =',.', _==, =,=.,
,'==,, '
IV.!. Translate the following into Arabic:
- He was hilarious for he blundered upon his misplaced money.
IV.!!. Is there one adjective in English that means all the following:
,'=\' ,'==\' '.. _ == ,= ' .=.= ` -
- =. ,=
- '= _,= _,
- _.\' =,= .=\' '..= ,', ,=.=
IV. !". What are the two English words you've read in this chapter that
mean:
"The state of growing old; the infirmity of age; dotage".

IV.!#. You have studied, in this chapter, a word that means:
"inheritance; tradition"
((
Biologically, it also means the transmission of characteristics of
parents to offspring through chromosomes which bear the genes; the
tendency of an organism to manifest the qualities of its parentage; an
individual's inherited traits and characteristics. Recall the word
________________________.
IV. !$. The following are synonyms of a word you studied in this chapter.
Can you recall it?
falsify, fabricate, imitate fraudulently, trump up, feign, transcribe,
duplicate, reproduce
IV.!%. Provide antonyms for each one of the following words:
words antonyms
corrigible
curable
correctable
reparable
corruptible
convenience
corporeal
considerable
consequential
competent
complete
comprehensible
conceivable
conclusive
coherent
consistent
couraged
consolable
))
decent
IV.!&. Study the following definitions, and:
a. recall a synonymous word you have studied in this chapter that
epitomizes its meaning.
b. Think of a word that is similar in pronunciation to the word you
have provided as an answer to /a/ above( the word required can also
be used to mean:
_,,, -='=,\\ _, _.=, -, ,,=, -, ='., _., _=,
"The basic unit of structure and function of all living things made up
of a small mass of protoplasm which contains a nucleus and
cytoplasmic material, surrounded by semipermeable membrane in
animals and a cell wall in plants."
c. There is another English word that is also close in pronunciation to
words in /a/ and /b/ above but ,of course, differ in spelling. This
required word means:
- The horizontal piece at the bottom of the door, window, or similar
opening.
- In geology, it also means a horizontal intrusion of igneous rock
between flat layers of other rock. What is the word?
__________________.
IV.!'. The word "pity" means: "the suffering of one person excited by the
distresses of another; commiseration, compassion, mercy, cause of
grief, a thing to be regretted ".
a. If "pity" means the above, what does the word "petty"
mean?
)
b. Translate the following into Arabic, mind the underlined
words !
. t allowed to attend the kings audience ' wasn petty prince The .
petty t divorce his wife for their differences were over ' He couldn . !
. affairs
. petty mind t live with Omar for he has a ' She couldn . "
petty he kept thinking of a , Even though Omar divorced her . #
. revenge
She decided to buy the blouse but suddenly realized that she had a . $
. petty cash

IV.!(. Provide the English equivalents of the following Arabic words:
==\' _,=, ='. ='= .,=
'. -,>.= ._=\' > _\= ==
==\' .' ',= .
_'..=.' _='=\' _=.\'
_== _,= -=\\ ,.=
IV. "). Explain in English the semantic properties of the word "attire"
IV. ". The verb "derive" is usually followed by the preposition "from"; and
it means " to obtain from; to come from". Study the following
structures and translate them into Arabic:
)!
- He derives a lot of pleasure from meeting new people.
- Half of his income derives from trade and commerce.
IV. "!. In this chapter, you've come across a word that means "the
scientific study of the origins; history; and changing meanings of
words".
a. can you recall the word? ___________________.
b. if you have been able to recall it, compare it, semantically, with
"entomology", and use entomology in a sentence.
IV. "". Can the words:" belief, faith, and intuition" be considered a branch
of systematized knowledge? Elaborate.

is supposed to be synonymous to the word " slippery " The word . "# . IV
"glib". But the following English structures are constructed in a way
where some of the semantic properties of the word "slippery" are
used. Translate them and see what Arabic equivalents can you use to
make the above secondary senses clear.
. slippery road He drove on a .
. slippery He came home empty handed for the fish was . !
t prove his creativity on job for he was working on a ' He couldn . "
. slippery position
)"
slippery It was hard to understand his essay because he writes in a . #
. style
slippery looks Very few of his friends trusted him for he showed . $
. of love
IV. "$. Explain in English the difference in meaning between: "egregious"
and "gregarious".
IV. "%. The words: "Infinite, pre-eminent, all-knowing and almighty" are,
relatively speaking synonymous of a word you studied in this
chapter. Can you recall it? Use it in a sentence of your own.
IV."&. The Arabic structures ) ` ( _',,\' _\= ) ( _'=\\' ,. are indicative to the
English word "glib".
a. can you think of some additional Arabic structures whose
equivalents in English can be :glib"?
b. How would you translate the following into Arabic:
glib manners, glib answers, glib generalizations
IV."'. In this chapter you studied an equivalent of the Arabic structure: ,==
_=.=
Try to recall it and accordingly use it in your translation of :
_=.==\' .'==' _', _= _,==.=\' _,===\' -=>=\' =. =

)#

CHAPTER FIVE
WORDS RELATED TO "TICKLING" AND
"FLATTERING"

The word "titillate" comes from a Latin verb meaning to 'tickle',
and may be used both literally and figuratively. That is (literally), you can
titillate by gentle touches in strategic places, you are then causing an actual
(and always very pleasant) physical sensation. Or you can (figuratively)
titillate people, or their minds, fancies, palates (and this is the more
common use of the word), by charm, brilliance, wit, promises, or in any
other way your imagination can conceive. Titillation has the added meaning
of light sexual stimulation.
A compliment is a pleasant and courteous expression of praise;
"flattery" is stronger than a compliment and often considered insincere.
Adulation is flattery and worship carried to an excessive, ridiculous
degree. There are often public figures (entertainers, musicians, government
officials, etc.) who receive widespread adulation, but those who are not in
the public eye can also be adulated, as a teacher by students, a wife by
husband (and vice versa), a doctor by patients, and so on. The derivation is
from a Latin verb meaning to fawn upon.
The adjective adulatory ends in "-ory", a suffix we are meeting for
the first time in these pages. Other adjective suffixes we are familiar with so
far are (-al, -ic, -ical, -ous.).
)$
Proscribe, to forbid, is commonly used for medical, religious, or
legal prohibitions. A doctor proscribes a food, drug, or activity that might
prove harmful to the patient. The church proscribes, or announces a
proscription against, such activities as may harm its parishioners. The law
proscribes behavior detrimental to the public welfare. The derivation is the
prefix "pro-", before, plus "scribe", "scriptus " which means to write.
Scribo, Scriptus, is the building block of scores of common English words:
scribe, scribble, prescribe, describe, script, the scriptures, manuscript,
typescript. etc. Describe uses the prefix "de-", down - to describe is,
etymologically, "to write downon or about". Manuscript, combining
"manus", which means hand (as in manual labor), with scriptus,which
means something handwritten-the word was coined before the invention of
the typewriter. The scriptures are holy writings.
To "subscribe" is to write one's name under an order or contract
(sub-, under, as in subway, subsurface, etc.); to subscribe to philosophy or
a principle is figuratively to write one's name under the statement of such
philosophy or principle. To inscribe is to write in or into (a book, for
example, or metal or stone). A postscript is something written after (Latin
post, means after) the main part is finished.
You are familiar with the word "via", by way of, which is from the
Latin word for road. (The via Apia was one of the famous highways of
ancient Roman times). When something is obvious, etymologically it is
right there in the middle of the road where no one can fail to see it - hence,
easily seen, not hidden, conspicuous. And if you meet an obstacle in the
road and dispose of it forthwith, you are doing what obviate says. Thus, if
you review your work daily in some college subject, frenzied "cramming"
at the end of the semester will be obviated. A large and steady income
obviates fears of financial insecurity . Leaving for work early will obviate
worry about being late. To obviate, then, is to make unnecessary, to do
away with, to prevent by taking effective measures or steps against (an
occurrence, a feeling, a requirement, etc.) The noun is obviation.
)%
Militate derives from "Militis" one of the forms of the Latin noun
meaning "soldier" or "fighting man". If something militates against you, it
fights against you i.e., works to your disadvantage. Thus, your timidity may
militate against your keeping your friends. Militate is always followed by
the preposition against and, like obviate, never takes a personal subject -
you don't militate against anyone, but some habit, action, tendency, etc.
The adjective militant comes from the same root. A militant reformer is one
who fights for reforms; a militant campaign is one waged aggressively and
with determination. The noun is militancy, and militant is also a noun for
the person example: "Sally is a militant in the women's liberation
movement".
BAD NEWS
Being built on Latin Malus which means bad, evil ,the verb to
malign is to speak evil about, to defame, to slander. Malign is also an
adjective meaning bad, harmful, evil, hateful, as in "the malign influence of
his unconscious will is to fail". Another adjective form is malignant as in
"a malignant glance" i.e., one showing deep hatred, or "a malignant
growth", i.e., one that is cancerous (bad). The noun of malignant is
malignancy which, medically, is a cancerous growth, or, generally, the
condition, state, or attitude of harmfulness, hatefulness, evil intent, etc. The
noun form of the adjective malign is malignity.
)&
Observe how English words can be constructed by combining malus
with other Latin roots. Add the root dico, dictus, to say or tell, to form
malediction, a curse, i.e., an evil saying. Adjective, maledictory. And the
root "volvo" (to wish, to will, or to be willing) and we can construct the
adjective malevolent, wishing evil or harm - a malevolent glance, attitude,
feeling, etc. The noun is malevolence. Add the root facio, factus, to do or
make (also spelled, in English words fec-, fic-, factus, or, as a verb ending,
-fy), to form the adjective maleficent, doing harm or evil, or causing hurt-
maleficent acts, deeds, behavior. A malefactor is a wrongdoer, an evildoer,
a criminal - a malefactor commits a malefaction, a crime, an evil deed. The
Latin malus stands for the French word mal which means bad, the source
of maladroit, clumsy, bungling, awkward, unskillful, etymologically,
having a bad right hand (see adroit). The noun is maladroitness. Also from
French "mal",Malaise, an indefinite feeling of bodily discomfort, as in a
mild illness, or as a symptom preceding an illness; etymologically, "bad
ease" just as disease is "lack of ease".
Other common words that you are familiar with also spring from
Latin Malus: malicious, malice, malady, and the same malus functions as a
prefix in words like maladjusted, malcontent, malpractice, malnutrition,
etc., all with connection of badness.
REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY:
PREFIX, ROOT,

. -ory adjective adulatory
!. Scribo, scriptus to write prescribe
)'
". de- down describe
#. Manus hand Manuscript
$. sub- under Subscribe
%. in- in, into inscribe
&. post after postscript
'. via road obvious
(. tri - three trinity
). militis soldier militate
. malus bad, evil malign
!. dico, dictus to say, tell malediction
". volo to wish malevolent
#. facio (fec-,fic-,fy) to do, make malefactor
$. -ence, -ancy noun suffix maleficence
)(

STUDY THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING
. titillation means: pleasurable stimulation ; tickling
!. adulation means: excessive flattery
". proscription means: prohibition
#. militancy aggressiveness means: expelling readiness to fight or to use
$. malignity means: harmfulness, hatefulness
%. malediction means: a curse
&. maladroitness means: clumsiness
'. obviation means: prevention
(. malevolence means: quality of wishing evil ; ill-will
). malaise discomfort means: vague feeling of bodily discomf
MATCH EACH WORD IN COLUMN A WITH ITS
APPROPRIATE DEFINITION FROM COLUMN B.

)

A B
a. militant a. aggressive ; fighting
b. trivial b. of no great consequence
c. malevolent c. bearing ill-will ; wishing harm
d. maledictory d. of the nature of course
e. maladroit e. clumsy, awkward
f. adulatory f. worshipful, adoring
g. malign g. bad, harmful, hateful
h. proscriptive h. relating or pertaining prohibitions
Make questions with the following words; the answer to each one of
your questions is supposed to be either Yes or No.
. Malignant ? Yes No.
!. Trivialities ? Yes No.
". Trivia ? Yes No.
#. Malignancy ? Yes No.

$. Malediction ? Yes No.
%. Maleficent ? Yes No.
&. Maladroitness ? Yes No.
'. Malefactor ? Yes No.
(. Adulatory ? Yes No.
). Militancy ? Yes No.
!

DEFINITIONS & WORDS
. Clumsy, awkward Maladroit
!. Being ill-will ; wishing harm malevolent
". Pleasurable stimulation titillation
#. A person aggressively fighting for a cause militant
$. Prohibition against something injurious. proscription
%. Excessive flattery ; exaggerated admiration. adulation
&. Vague feeling of general physical discomfort. malaise
'. A criminal ; a wrongdoer. malefactor
(. A curse malediction
). A crime, bad or evil act or behavior. malefaction
. Fact or act of making unnecessary or of taking effective obviation
!. Aggressive attitude militancy
". Harmful, hurtful, bad malign,malignant,maleficent
#. Unimportant, insignificant. trivial
$. Unimportant, insignificant things ; trifles. trivialities/trivia
%. Cursing ; of the nature of or relating to, curses (adj.). molediatory
&. Worshipful. adulatory
"
Origins and Related words:
"malus" is bad; "bonus" is good, the adverb from the Latin adjective
"bonus" is "bene", and "bene" is the root found in words that contrast with
the mal - terms we studied in the previous session.
So "benign" and "benignant" are, kindly, good-natured, not
harmful, as in benign neglect, a benign judge, a benign humor, a benignant
attitude to malefactors and scoundrels. The nouns are benignity and
benignancy.
A "malediction" is a curse; a benediction is a blessing, a "saying
good". The adjective is benedictory. In contrast to maleficent is
"beneficent", in contrast to malefactor is benefactor, one who does good
things for another. If you insist on making sexual distinctions, a woman
who so operates is a benefactress. And, of course, the person receiving the
benefaction is a beneficiary. Benefit and beneficial are other common
words built on the combination of "bene" and a form of facio, to do or
make. The adjective "bonus" good is found in English bonus-extra
payment, theoretically, for some good act. "Bona fide", etymologically "in
good faith" without pretense, deception or fraudulent intent-as bona fide
offer, a bona fide effort to negotiate differences. "Fides" is from Latin for
faith or trust, as in fidelity; Fido a stereotypical name for a dog one's
faithful friend or a person's faithful friend; "infidel" a person who doesn't
have the right faith or religion; and infidelity, unfaithfulness, especially to
the marriage vows.
#
Benediction and malediction derive from dico, dictus - (to say), (to
tell). Dictate, dictation, dictatorial - words that signify telling others what
to do-are built on dico, as is predict, to tell before hand (pre-, before, as in
prescient); the brand name Dictaphone combines dico with phone (sound);
contradict, to say against, or to make an opposite statement (don't
contradict me!) combines dico with contra-, against, opposite; and
addiction, etymologically "a saying to or toward", or compulsion to say
"yes" to a habit, combines dico with ad-, to, toward.
Facio, factus to do or make as in( malefactor, benefactor), has, as
noted, variant spellings in English words: fec-, fic-, or as a verb ending, -fy.
Thus factory is a place where things are made (-ory, place where); a fact is
something done (i.e., something that occurs, or exists, or is, therefore,
true); fiction, something made up or invented; manufacture; to make by
hand (manus, hand, as in manuscript, manual); and clarify, simplify,
liquefy, magnify, (to make clear, simple, liquid, larger) among hundreds of
other -fy verbs.
Volvo, to wish, to will, to be willing (as in malevolent, benevolent
), occurs in voluntary, involuntary, volunte; these words are too familiar to
need definition, and each quite obviously expressing wish or willingness.
Less common and from the same root, is volition, the act or power of
willing or wishing, as in "of her own volition".
$
Placate is built on the root plac -which derives from two related
Latin verbs meaning () to please and (!) appease, soothe, or pacify, the
noun is placation, the adjective either placative or placatory. A more
placatory attitude to those you have offended may help you regain their
friendship, implacable, im- is a respelling of in-, not, before the latter p.
One who can be soothed, whose hostility can be changed to friendliness, is
placable, implacable has taken on the added meaning of unyielding to
entreaty or pity; hence, harsh, relentless, as "the governor was implacable
in his refusal to grant clemency". The noun form of implacable is
implacability. Can you guess the noun derived from placable?
If you are placid, you are clam, easygoing, serene, undisturbed-
etymologically, you are pleased with things as they are. Waters of a lake or
sea, or the emotional atmosphere of a place, can also be placid. The noun
is placidity. If you are complacent, you are pleased with yourself (com-,
from con-, with, together); you may, in fact, such is one common
connotation of the word, be smug, too pleased with your position or
narrow accomplishments, too easily self-satisfied, and the hour of
reckoning may be closer than you realize. The noun is complacence or
complacency.
To condone is to forgive, overlook, pardon, or be uncritical of (an
offense, or of an antisocial or illegal act). You might or might not indulge
in such behavior or commit such an offense, but you feel no urge to
protest, or to demand censure or punishment for someone also who hatres
you. You may condone cheating on one's income tax, though you
personally observe the law with scrupulousness. (Not everyone, however,
is so charitable or forgiving). The noun is condonation. Condone is built on
Latin dono, to give, the root found in donor,which means a person who
gives, donates ; and donation is a gift.
%
Review of Etymology
Prefix, root, suffix Meaning Provide an English word
. bonus, bene
good, well
!. fides
faith
". dico, dictus
to say, tell
#. pre-
before,beforehand
$. phone
sound
%. contra
against, opposite
&. ad-
to, toward
'. facio,factus,fec-,fic,fy
to make or do
(. -ory
place where
). manus
hand
. volo
to wish, to will to be willing
&
!. plac-
to please, appease
". -ive
adjective suffix
#. -ory
adjective suffix
$. im- (in-)
not, negative prefix
%. com- (con-)
with, together
&. dono
to give

Match the words each with its right definition :
.being well disposed a. wishing good things (for another
!. benedictory b. domineering ; giving orders in a manner permitting no
refusal
". benevolent c. not to be soothed or pacified ; unyielding to pity or entreaty
#. bona fide d. tending, or intended, to pacify, to soothe, or to change
hostility to friendliness
$. dictatorial e. kindly, good natured; not cancerous
'
%. placatory f. calm, unruffled, undisturbed
&. implacable g. self-satisfied ;
'. placid h. of the nature of, or relating to, blessings
(. complacent i. in good faith ; sincere ;

Match the words each with its right definition
. benevolence a. recipient of money, kindness
!. benefaction b. free will
". beneficiary c. act of overlooking, or of forgiving, an offense or transgression
#. infidelity d. faithfulness
$. volition e. self-satisfaction ; smugness
%. placation f. calmness
&. fidelity g. act of pacifying, or of turning hostility or anger into friendly feelings
'. condonation h. attitude of wishing good things for another
(
(. placidity i. faithlessness
). complacency j. good deed ; act of charity or kindness

Answer either Yes or No :
. Are benedictions given in houses of worship?
!. Is it pleasant to be the recipient of a beneficent act?
". Are kind people benevolent?
#. Do placatory gestures often heal wounds and soothe disgruntled friends?
$. Are some unambitious people complacent?
%. Does benignity show malice?
&. Is benefaction an act of philanthropy?
'. Is an implacable foe of corruption likely to condone corrupt acts?
(. Is a bona fide offer made insincerely?
). Does a benignant attitude indicate hostility?
!)
Are the following opposite (O) or the same (S)? Tick either O or S.
. benign
hateful O S
!. benignant
kindly O S
". benediction
malediction O S
#. benefactor
evildoer O S
$. beneficiary
giver O S
%. benevolent
well disposed O S
&. bona fide
valid O S
'. unfaithfulness
fidelity O S
(. infidel
true believer O S
). dictatorial
submissive O S
. placative
unyielding O S
!- implacable
unyielding O S
!
"- placid
calm O S
#- complacent
discontented O S
$- condonation
forgiveness O S
You are provided with the first letter of the word required,
Can you recall the word?
- tending to give orders D
!- act of overlooking (an offense, etc.) C
"- unyielding hostile; beyond soothing; relentless; pitiless I
#- intended to soothe or pacify P
$- one's desire, wishes, or unforced will V
%- calmness P
&- self-satisfaction; smugness C
'- non-believer in the "true" religion I
(- kindly; well disposed B
!!
)- unfaithfulness I
- involving a blessing (adj.) B
!- doing something good or kind (adj.) B
"- faithfulness F
#- sincere, valid; in good faith B
$- one who does something good, kind, or charitable (for another)

B
%- a kind or charitable deed B
&- recipient of kindness, gift, etc. B
'- able to be soothed or pacified B
Circle the right letter:
. to belittle :
a. titillate b. disparage c. adulate
!. to be purposely confusing :
!"
a. equivocate b. obviate c. proscribe
". to work to the disadvantage of :
a. malign b. militate c. placate
#. to slander :
a. malign b. condone c. placate
$. lack of equality :
a. parity b. disparity c. ambiguity

%. phrase that may have two interpretations, one of them indicate off-
color :
a. equivocation b. ambiguity c. double entendre
&. hateful :
a. malignant b. benignant c. malaise
'. ill will :
a. malaise b. malevolence c. maleficence
(. kindly :
a. benevolent b. placid c. complacent
). inflexible hostile :
!#
a. implacable b. placatory c. militant
. giving orders imperviously :
a. benedictory b. dictatorial c. adulatory
!. self-satisfaction:
a. complacency b. placation c. placidity

Study the following to recognize the meaning of the roots ?
ROOTS ENGLISH WORDS
- par
parity
!- aequus (equ -)
equivocal
"- vox, vocis
vocal
#- nox, noctis
nocturnal
$- libra
equilibrist
%- latus, lateris
equilateral
&- equus
equine
'- pedis
pedestrian
(- paidos (ped-)
pedagogue
)- fero
vociferous
!$
- magnus
magnify
!- scribo, scriptus
proscribe
"- manus
manuscript
#- post
postscript
$- via
trivial
%- militis
militate
&- malus
malefactor
'- dico, dictus
dictatorial
(- volo
volition
!)- facio (fec-, fic-; fy)
benefactor, fiction, simplify
!- bonus
bona fide
!!- fides
fidelity
!"- phone
Dictaphone
!#- plac-
placate
!$- dono
donation
!%

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER FIVE
V.. Read the following statements and answer the questions below:
` - _==\' _= -,= -= '.\ _
- _,.>\' _,.'= _,, =,\' _>=, ,> _' .
- .\' _,, -.,, -,=.= -`= ._=., ,> =,.
- _,==\' _= _. _' _= ,'==.,' _,=.=, .
- - ,=.\' _,= _= _.',' .=' -.
- -\=, -\ =,, '= _' .
The above underlined words can be given the English equivalent "relate" .
Provide complete translation of the above statements using the word
"relate" as equivalent of the underlined words.

!&

V.!. Basic to your understanding of the first paragraph in this chapter, try
to come up with English sentences where the semantic properties of
the word "titillate" are variably reflected in each one of your
statements.
V.". Discuss in English the differences in the semantic properties of the
underlined words in the following statements:
. her on her cooking flattered He -
. of George flattering photograph s a ' That - !
. ourselves is that we can do without their help s flatter What - "
. will get you nowhere Flattery - #
. but she gave him a cold shoulder , her complimented He - $
. for the concert tickets complimentary He got - %
! to the chef compliments my : Pierr , That was an excellent dinner - &
. him d adulate he , To win favor - '
!'
: differ in meaning from " proscribe " How does the word - A . # . V
- prescribe !- prescore "- prescind #- prosecute
B- Structure four sentences in English where the four listed words
above are used respectively and their differences in meaning are
reflected.
Which ones of the following are synonymous to the word . $ . V
? " adulation "
- overpraise !- glorify "- laude #- exalted $- deceived %- lulled
&- adulteration '- applause (- commendation )- laudation -
flattery
V.%. In this chapter, you have come across a word that has the same
meaning of the underlined words in the following statements.
a- Recall the word
b- Translate the statements into English using the word you have
recalled.
` - ,==\' .'==\' =\ '==\= ',\= '.,= ,.=.='
=.' _ .'> _.= _= _=,\' ='=.\' -
!(
-, ,, .,= .'\ =' _\= ='=\' ==, -
- .=\' _\' ',= ,. '=..= _'== -\'= _ ..'>
- - -\='=\' -,=\' _= _\= -='==\' ,=,
- == ,=., =.' g\'=, . _' .\' -.= ,\=
- ,>. .,.=\' _=\' _=' ' .'

V. &. Reflect in your translation of the following statements the difference
in meaning between the underlined words:
. his name on the book inscribed She -
. names ' with the heroes inscribed The pages of history are - !
? circle inscribed What is an . "
V.'. Basic to your understanding of the word "obvious" in this chapter,
discuss the semantic properties as well as the difference in meaning
between each of the following pair of words:
")
- clear/visible
!- apparent / transparent
"- obvious/perceptible
#- exposed/observable
$- noticeable/conspicuous
%- overt /glaring
&- unmistakable /evident
'- recognizable /discernible
(- exoteric /discoverable
)- accessible /manifest
? " obviate " Are the following words related in meaning to the word . ( . V
- preclude !- forestall "- block #- hinder $- prevent %- restrain
Which one of the above words means: ( ,.=., _='=., _.'., )

"
V. ). From the words listed in question V.(. choose words that fit in the
places of the missing word
s below :
- Cramming at the end of the semester should be -------------------
!- A large steady income ------------------ fears of financial
insecurity.
"- Leaving for work early will ------------------- worry about being
late.
, " militate " Now that you have understood the meaning of the word . . V
try to translate the following statement into Arabic:
- The fact that he had been in prison militated against his chances of
getting a job in a bank.
V. !. Provide Arabic equivalents of each one of the following synonymous
words:
- to malign !- to defame "- to slander #- to vilify $- calumniate
%- asperse
&- decry '- traduce (- libel )- detract - depreciate !-
disparage
"- revile #- dishonor $- sully %- tarnish &- besmirch '-
belittle
"!
(- derogate !)- sneer at
V".. You have studied the word "malefactor" and have come to know that
it means: "a person who does harm or evil; a person who is an
evildoer or wrongdoer." Now, check your mental dictionary for
equivalents of the following Arabic listed words ; remember all the
words are synonymous, in one way or another, to the word
"malefactor".
` - _,=.' .'== ..= =,..,
- -,>.' ,=, ,,.= ' _'.= _==
- ,= _,==
- _,=
- - ..
- ,= _==
- _,=. _.',
/ - ,== _==\' ,\'
- -=,=, ,,.= _==
""
`- - -\'.=\' .,=
`` - -=.=, ,,.=
` - .= _.'=,= ,=\ _==
` - -=`=' _\' ,,=. .=
` - .,.=\'
`- - ,,.\
` - .=
` - _=.= _==
`/ - -,'== _ == _,= _=' _'=
V. #. Recall some of the words you studied in this chapter to fit,
semantically, the places of missing words in the following statements:
- He is a terrible dancer; he is too ----------- and keeps hitting other
people.
!- You shouldn't wear such -------------- shoes for they are difficult
to walk on.
"#
"- The child was ---------------- with a knife and fork.
#- Our visitors came at an -------------------- time.
V. $. The words: "ill-disposed, spiteful, hateful, wicked" are synonymous
to the word "malicious". Study the following statement and fill in
the missing words ...... provided your chosen words are from the
list above.
- They faced a ----------- storm.
!- They bought the house for a ------------------- price.
"- She did her best to placate him but he didn't concede for he was
filled with anger - he was ---------------------------.
#- Ironing shirts is a ------------------ job.
V. %. In this chapter you come across words that can be useful in
translating the following statements into English - mainly the
underlined words - Recall the words and provide complete
translations of the following:
` - ,,== ,= =' _,=`\' -=== -,=.
! - ,\==\' ',= _ ',\ .=. =\' -.,==\'
" - _,.\' -.= _,. =' ,.,' ' =\' =
"$
- _= =' _,=.' .'.,
V. &. The English word "injurious" can be explained in three Arabic
lexicons: " +,- *./0 *12- " construct three Arabic statements in which
the above Arabic lexicons are used respectively. Then translate your
statements into English.
V. '. The words: "overestimate, magnify, amplify exaggerate, intensify,
enlarge, overdo, hyperbolize, and misjudge" are synonymous.
a- what is their semantic denominator?
b- provide (from the above list) a word that fits the missing word.
That new machine is very useful, but he is ------------------------
when he calls it the greatest invention ever made!
V. (. Sometimes a word general context helps in understanding the
meaning of a word you are not familiar with; but still a translator
finds it difficult to provide its precise equivalent in Arabic! As an
example, the primary meaning of the word "discomfort" is : "lack of
comfort ; or something that makes one uncomfortable." But in
translating the following statement, there has to be a need to come
up with an Arabic lexicon other than ( 345 *6/789: )
Look into your mental Arabic dictionary and provide precise lexicon
in Arabic for the underlined word. Then write your complete
translation.
"%
endured by the pilgrims made other prospective discomforts The
pilgrims cautious.
V. !). The word aggressive, as you studied it in this chapter, can be used
with reference to adjectives such as:
- energetic individual
!- combative individual (or group)
a - list in column "A" synonyms to denote the meaning stated in ""
above and in "B" synonyms to denote the concept of "!"
above.
b - Use the word "aggressive" in English sentences of your own
once to mean () always ready to quarrel or attack; (!) to mean
not afraid of opposition; and (") to mean (with reference to
weapons) made for use in attack.
V. !. The following words can be misleading.
a- explain in English what each one of them means:
- adultory: ___________________________________________
!- adultery: ___________________________________________

"&
b- what is the difference in meaning between "adultery" and
"fornication"?
c- one of the two words in "b" can be used to mean: ( ;<= *>?8? *@A? )
first, guess which one of the them means so and then use it
in an English sentence to denote either one of the three
Arabic lexicon.
- _______________________
!- _______________________
V. !!. "infidel" is one of the words you studied in this chapter. The
following is a list of synonymous words in Arabic which are related
in meaning to the word "infidel" - provide their English equivalents.
` - _== ,= '>
- _,.\' _ .'==
- ' .= >'. .=\=
- =,= = '=== _' .=.' ,=\' _= -\,=\' _', _=, _==
_.\'
- - _,.\' _ ==\' _\ _'. _==
"'
- _,,., _== _' .',,,.,\', _==
- '==\' ,,\' ,\= = _,.\' _', _==
/ - _.\', ='=.= _'.=
- _..,>
`- - _.=.
`` - _\= _.,= -.'=, _' _' -\.= .'.',., .'.=.' _. _>\ ', _==
_=\' _\=. =\'
V. !". In contrast to words listed in question (!!) above, the following
words have the common meaning that certain people are whole-
souled and righteous in nature. Can you provide their equivalents in
Arabic?
- devout !- pious " - puritanical #- pietist $- Godly %- reverend
&- mosque-going '- holy (- spiritual )- divine - sacrosanct
!- theistic
"- hermit #- ascetic $- austere %- fanatic &- fundamentalist
'- radical
(- devotee !)- bigot
"(
V. !#. In your translation of the following statements, you have to recall a
word from chapter "$" that denotes the same meaning of the
underlined words below.
` - ',..' _==, -.= _'\' .\,
- ',.' '',.= ',.. ',=.\ ',= .=. _' _>=,.
V. !$. The word " placate " has been used in this chapter to mean:"to
please; to appease; to soothe; and to pacify". How does it differ in
meaning from "palliate" and alleviate? Provide examples of your own
structure.
V. !%. Explain in English:
(a) if there is any relationship in meaning between "treaty" and
"entreaty"?
"en" can be used as both prefix and suffix. If used as a prefix it
means:
` - _ ' _\= _=,
- '.> -\==,
- , .,
#)
(b) Can you come up with English words where each one means
either , !, or ". above?
If "en" is used as a suffix then it means:
` - _= _.==
- '.> -\==,
- '.> _,=,
(c) again , provide examples.
V. !&. In this chapter you studied a word that is,relatively speaking,
synonymous to the following lexicons - study them and recall the
word then provide their equivalents in Arabic.
- inexorable - unyielding - remorseless - vindictive - ruthless -
cruel
- pitiless - unpitying - tigerish - ferine - feral - ferocious - stony-
hearted
- obdurate - cold-blooded - revengeful - vengeful - rancorous -
unforgiving
- malevolent - hardhearted - unforbearing - vicious - sadistic -
unsympathetic
#
- spiteful - wicked - demoniac - rampant - swinish - evil-minded -
bestial
- ravening - fiendish - truculent - virulent - pernicious -
mischievous
V. !'. In what sense is the word "placid" used in the following examples,
can you think of English words to denote its intended meaning?
Translate the statements into Arabic.
. If you are placid, you are pleased with things as they are.
!- The surface of the water of the lake was placid.
"- If you are placid then you are pleased with yourself.
#- That animal is placid in nature.
V. !(. The following words are randomly listed to be used each in its right
space below. Study both the words and the statements below and
accordingly fill in the spaces.
denounce, reprove, condemn, reprimand admonish, rebuff, carping,
rebuke, chastise, reproach, ostracize, moralize, castigate, remonstrate,
decry, declaim, scold, censure, disparaging, aspersion.
- He called for a vote of __________________ on the official.
#!
!- The father didn't like his son's staying out late, he
_____________him.
"- He didn't only criticize him in private but insisted on scolding him
officially and severely, he ________________ him.
#- She ____________________ all my efforts of friendship, she
uttered rough and cruel answer.
$-The school-headmaster ____________________ the student for
his disobedience.
%. He wanted to blame his friend not angrily but sadly : he
__________ him for being lazy.
&. Speaking in an angry and complaining manner, the father said : "I
hate to __________ you but you shouldn't smoke cigarettes
in your bedroom.
'. They, as a group of people, refused to have social dealings with
him, therefore he was ____________.
(. In order to correct and punish him severely, they _____________
him.
). He found his neighbor's opinion in contradiction with his own
ideas; that's why he decided to speak ill of him and say bad
things about him ; He ____________ him.
#"
. Because he said things loudly and clearly with pauses and hand
movements simply to increase the effect of his speech, people
there were convinced he was ________.
!. They ____________ him to the police as a criminal . In other
words they wrote and spoke badly against him.
". Most people are willing to express their disapproval of violence
- they _______ it.
#. The manager of the company __________ one of his
employees about his obligations.
$. Thinking of complaining and expressing a disapproval, he
__________ with him about his behavior.
%. The government designed plans and exerted efforts to
____________ business.
&. He made _____________ remarks that made everybody
believe that he intended to make the issues sound of little
value or importance.
'. He ___________ his ex-wife and the judge told him that he
shouldn't have beated, punished and blamed her severely.
(. Please stop _____________ about the way I dress - you have
been finding faults and complaining continuously and
unnecessarily about the way I dress !
##
!). Driven by humorous and unharmful remarks, the newspaper cast
__________ on his disability to write good plays.
V. "). In this chapter you come across a word that means : grumpy,
discontented, displeased, disappointed, irritated, sad .....Can you recall
the word?
#$

Chapter Six
Persons and personalities
What kinds of people might you find yourself in conversation with? Here
are some ideas:
. Taciturn: People who neither like to talk nor to listen. They act as if
conversation is a bore, even a painful waste of time.
!. Laconic: Using few words. Economical in the use of words almost to
the point of curtness.
". Inarticulate: people who undoubtedly have a lot that they want to say,
but the best they can do is spatter.
#. Garrulous: habitually talking too much about unimportant things. The
adverb is "garrulously" , and the noun is "garrulity and
garrulousness".
$. Banal: some people are completely lacking in originality and
imagination and their talk shows it. Every thing they say is trite,
hackneyed, common place, humorless, their speech patterns are full
of clichs and their phraseology is without sparkle.
%. Verbose: they talk and talk and talk, it is not so much quantity you
object to as the repetitiousness, they use far more words than
necessary.
&. Voluble: they are rapid, fluent talkers, the words seeming to roll off
their tongues with such ease and lack of effort and sometimes with
copiousness.
#%
'. Cogent: they express their ideas persuasively, forcefully, brilliantly, and
in a way that calls for wholehearted assent and argument from an
intelligent listener. The noun is "cogency".
(. Vociferous: their talk is loud, noisy, clamorous, vehement. What may
be lacking in content is compensated for in force and loudness. The
verb is "vociforate".
). Loquacious: they may be voluble, vociferous, garrulous, verbose, but
never inaritculate, taciturn, or laconic. It is quantity and continuity
that are most conspicuous. The noun is (loquacity or loquaciousness).
Origins and Related Words
Taciturn is from a Latin word" taceo" which means "to be silent"
and it is one of those words whose full meaning cannot be expressed by any
other combination of syllables. It has many synonyms, among them silent,
uncommunicative, reticent, reserved, secretive, close-lipped, and close-
mouthed, but no other word indicates the permanent, habitual, and
temperamental disinclination to talk implied by "taciturn". Tacit derives
also from taceo - example "a tacit agreement" (nothing of the agreement is
ever actually said). Anything tacit, then, is unspoken, unsaid, not
verbalized. The noun is "tacitness". Changing "a" of the root taceo to "i",
and adding the prefix re-, again and the adjective suffix -ent, we can
construct the English word reticent which means a person who prefers to
keep silent, whether out of shyness, embarrassment, or fear of revealing
what should not be revealed.
#&
Loquacious people love to talk. This adjective is not necessarily a
put-down, but the implication, when you so characterize such people, is
that you wish they would pause for breath once in a while so that you can
get your licks in. The noun is loquacity, or,of course, loquaciousness. The
word derives from Latin loquor, to speak, a root found also in : soliloquy-
a speech to oneself (loquor plus solus, alone), or, etymologically, a speech
when alone. Soliloquist stands for a person and the verb is "soliloquize".
The ventriloquist appears to talk from the belly (venter, ventris plus
loquor) rather than through the lips (or such was the strange perception of
the person who first was the word).
Venter, ventris,which means belly, is the root on which ventral and
ventricle are built. The ventral side of an animal, for example, is the front
or anterior side-the belly side. A ventricle is a hallow organ or cavity, or,
logically enough, belly, as one of the two chambers of the heart, or one of
the four chambers of the brain, the ventricles of the heart are the lower
chambers, and receive blood from the auricles, or upper chambers, the
auricle, so named because it is somewhat ear-shaped (Latin, auris, ear),
receives blood from the veins; the auricles send the blood into the
ventricles, which in turn pump the blood into the arteries. The adjective
form of ventricle is ventricular which may refer to a ventricle, or may mean
having a belly-like bulge. Can you figure out the adjective of auricle?
______________. How about the adjective of vehicle?
_________________. Of circle? _______________________.
Nouns ending in -cle are from adjectives ending in -cular. Examples
:
- clavicle clavicular
#'
!- cuticle cuticular
"- vesicle vesicular
#- testicle testicular.
The Latin word of uncle (actually, uncle on the mother's side) is
avunculus, from which we get avuncular referring to an uncle.
Traditionally or stereotypically uncles are generally kindly, permissive,
indulgent, protective, and often give helpful advice. So anyone who
exhibits one or more of such traits to another (usually younger) person is
avuncular or acts in an avuncular capacity.
If there is a front or belly side, anatomically, there must be a reverse
- a back side. This is the dorsal side, from Latin dorsum, the root on which
the verb endorse is built. If you endorse a check, you sign it on the back
side; if you endorse a plan, an idea, etc., you back it, you express your
approval or support. The noun is endorsement.
Vociferous derives from Latin" vox, vocis, voice", plus" fero", to
carry. A vociferous rejoinder carries a lot of voice - i.e. it is vehement,
loud, noisy, too clamorous, shouting. The noun is vociferousness; the verb
is to vociferate. Can you form the noun derived from the verb?
__________________________.
The root fero is found also in somniferous, carrying, bearing, or
bringing sleep. So a somniferous lecture is dull and boring that it is sleep
inducing. Fero is combined with somnus = sleep, in somniferous. What
part of speech does the suffix "-ous" indicate ? ___________________
#(
Tack on the negative prefix in- to somnus to construct insomnia, the
abnormal inability to fall asleep when sleep is required or desired. The
unfortunate victim to this disability is an insomniac, the adjective is
insomnious. So -ous, in case you could not answer the question in the
preceding paragraph, is an adjective suffix.
Add a different adjective suffix to somnus to derive somnolent =
sleepy, drowsy. Can you construct the noun form of somnolent?
____________________ or ____________________ . Combine somnus
with ambulo to walk, and you have somnambulism, walking in one's sleep.
Write the term for the person who is a sleepwalker
_________________________________________________.
An ambulatory patient, as in a hospital or convalescent home, is
finally well enough to get out of bed and walk around. A perambulator, a
word used more in England than in the US., and often shortened to pram,
is a baby carriage, a vehicle for walking an infant through the streets (per-
through). To perambulate is, etymologically, "to walk through"; hence, to
stroll around. Can you write the noun form of this verb?
_______________________.
To amble is to walk aimlessly; an ambulance is so called because
originally it was composed of two stretcher-bearers who walked off the
battle field with a wounded soldier; and a preamble is, by etymology,
something that "walks before" (pre-, before, before hand), hence an
introduction or introductory statement, as the preamble to the US.
constitution ("We the people ......."), a preamble to the speech, etc.; or any
event that is introductory or preliminary to another, as in "An increase in
inflationary factors in the economy is often a preamble to a drop in the
stock market."
$)
Somnus is one Latin word for sleep; sopor is another. A soporific
lecture, speaker, style of delivery, etc. will put the audience to sleep (fic-
from facio, to make), and a soporific is a sleeping pill.
You know that" -ness "can be added to any adjective to construct
the noun form. Write the noun derived from inarticulate?
_________________________. Inarticulate is a combination of the
negative prefix in- and Latin articulus, a joint. The inarticulate person has
trouble joining words together coherently. If you are quite articulate, on the
other hand, you join your words together easily, you are verbal, vocal,
possibly even voluble. The verb to articulate is to join (words), i.e., to
express your vocal sounds - as in "please articulate more clearly.".
Another, and very common, noun suffix attached to adjectives is, as
you have discovered, -ity. So the noun form of banal is either banalness, or
more commonly, banality. Bear in mind, then, that -ness and -ity are
common noun suffixes attached to adjectives, and -ion (or -ation) is a noun
suffix frequently affixed to verbs e.g to articulate/articulation, to
vocalize/vocalization; to perambulate/perambulation.
Now match the words each with its right expression :
- laconicity a- floweriness, pompousness, or elegance in speech.
!- eloquent b- incessant chatter with little meaning.
"- magniloquence c- big wheel; important or influential person.
#- verbosity d- great artistic work; masterpiece.
$
$- volubility e- a gradual unfolding or development.
%- garrulity f-"a rolling round"; radical change; political upheaval.
&- magnum opus g- great economy in speech.
'- magnate h- fluency, ease, and / or rapidity of speech.
(- revolution i- great, artistic, or emotional expressiveness.
)- evolution j- wordiness.
- cogency k - persuasiveness through logic; keen minded in reasoning.
Again match the words each with its right expression.
- laconisim a- a word for word
!- verbiage b- to put into words
"- verbalize c- causing, or resulting from, radical change, new and totally different
#- verbal d- resulting or developing gradually from (something).
$- verbatim e- expressive; emotionally moving
$!
%-revolutionary f- conomy of expression; pitiness or eword or phrase with either meaning
&- evolutionary g- big-hearted, generous, forgiving
'- grandiloquent h- referring or pertaining to, or involving words; oral, rather thanwritten
(- eloquent i- using flossy, flowery, elegant, or impressive phraseology
)- magnanimous j- wordiness, style or manner of using words; type of words
Further practice: Do you understand the underlined words ? Circle either
yes (Y) or no (N).
- Is laconicism characteristics of a verbose speaker? Y N
!- Does a magniloquent speaker use short, simple words? Y N
"- Does a frog evolve from tadpole? Y N
#- Is an eloquent speaker interesting to listen to? Y N
$- Do verbose people use a lot of verbiage? Y N
%- Is volubility characteristic of an inarticulate person? Y N
&- Does verbosity show a careful and economical use of words? Y N
$"
'- Is a verbal person usually inarticulate? Y N
(- Is a magnum opus one of the lesser works of a writer, artistic, or composer Y N
)- Is a magnanimous person selfish and petty-minded? Y N
Can you recall the words ? Mind the provided first letter of each word
required.
- gradually unfolding, or developing (adj.) E ___________
!- causing, or resulting from, radical change (adj.) R ___________
"- quality of conciseness and economy in the use of words L______________
#- expressiveness in the use of words E______________
$- turn round and round R______________
%- important person, as in the commercial world M_____________
&- unselfish; generous; noble in motive; big-hearted; forgiving M_____________
'- using words easily; vocal; articulate; referring to, or nvolving
words; oral, rather than written
V______________
$#
(- style of word usage; type of words; overabundance of words V______________
)- wordiness; quality of using excess words V______________
- elegance in word usage M_____________
!- quality of chattering on and on about trivia, or with little
meaning
G______________
"- fluency and ease in speech V______________
#- word for word V______________
$- masterpiece; great artistic work M_____________
%- persuasiveness and forcefulness in speech or writing hrough
closely reasoned logic
C______________
Provide the English words :

Prefix, root, suffix meaning English word
- venter,ventris belly
!- loquor to speak
$$
"- auris ear
#- avunculus uncle
$- dorsum back
%- vox,vocis voice
&- fero to carry, bear
'- somnus sleep
(- ous adjective suffix
)- in- negative suffix
- ambulo to walk
!- ory adjective suffix
"- pre- through
#- pre before, beforehand
$- sopor sleep
$%
%- fic -( facio) to make or do
&- ness noun suffix
'- -ity noun suffix
(- ion(-ation) noun suffix
!)- -ent adjective suffix
!- -ence,-ency noun suffix
Give the meaning(s) of the phrase(s) below in one word :
a- unable to sleep-------------------
b- pertaining to sleep walking-------------
c- drowsy------------------
d- able to walk after being bedridden--------------
e- verbal, vocal-----------
g- pertaining to one of the chambers of the heart --------------
h- referring to the front or belly side -------------------
$&
i- sleep-inducing ---------------
j- referring to the backside ---------------
Can you work with the words ? Match the numbers each with its right
letter.
- ventricle, auricle a- inability to fall asleep.
!- endorsement b- sleepwalking.
"- vociferousness c- introduction; preliminary or introductory occurrence.
#- insomnia d- incoherence; sputtering; inability to get words out.
$- somnolence e- chamber of the heart.
%- somnambulism f- sleeping pill.
&- perambulator g- support, approval.
'- preamble h- lack of originality ; lack of imagination.
(- soporific i- drowsiness.
)- inarticulateness j- baby buggy; stroller.
$'
- banality k- loudness; clamorousness.
Continue the same procedure
- endorse a- one who cannot fall asleep
!- vociferate b- sleep walker
"- insomniac c- walk aimlessly
#- somnolency d- stroll through; walk around
$- somnambulist e- to sign on the back; support; approve of
%- perambulate f- drowsiness
&- amble g- say loudly and with great vehemence
'- soporific h- causing sleep
(- nsomnious i- wakeful; unable to fall sleep
Circle either Yes or No :
- Does an insomniac often need a soporific ? Y N
$(
!- Does a somnambulist always stay in bed when a sleep? Y N
"- Are ambulatory patients bedridden ? Y N
#- Does a preamble come after another event ? Y N
$- Are articulate people verbal ? Y N
%- Does banality show creativeness ? Y N
&- Does an avuncular attitude indicate affection and protectiveness ? Y N
'- Is vociferation habitual with quick, shy people ? Y N
(- Is a somnolent person wide awake ? Y N
)- Is a somniferous speaker stimulating and exciting? Y N
Recall the words :
- lack of imagination or originality in speech, actions,or style of life
hackneyed or trite phraseology
B
!- sleep-inducing S
"- unable to fall asleep (adj.) I
%)
#- verbal, vocal, speaking fluently A
$- acting like an uncle A
%- referring to the front; anterior V
&- referring to the back; posterior D
'- approve of; support; sign; sign on the back of E
(- shout vehemently V
)- one who cannot fall asleep I
- drowsy; sleepy S
!- sleepwalker S
"- now able to walk; though previously bedridden A
#- walk aimlessly A
$- introduction; introductory P
%- incoherence I
%

Chapter Review :
Underline the word that reflects the precise meaning of the following
expressions :
- Disinclined to conversation
a- loquacious b- laconic c- taciturn
!- Trite :
a- inarticulate b- banal c- verbose
"- Rapid and fluent :
a- voluble b- verbose c- garrulous
#- Forceful and compelling :
a- vociferous b- cogent c- laconic
%!
$- Unspoken :
a- verbatim b- eloquent c- tacit
%- Using elegant and impressive words :
a- verbose b- grandiloquent c- colloquial

&- Back :
a- dorsal b- ventral c- somniferous
'- Sleep-inducing :
a- soporific b- somnolent c- ventral
(- Inability to fall asleep :
a- somnambulism b- ambulatory c- insomnia
)- Talkativeness :
a- reticence (cy) b- ventriloquism c- loquacity
- Expressing indirectly or in a round about way :
a- circumlocutory b- colloquial c- laconic
%"
!- Elegance in expressive :
a- magniloquence b- grandiloquence c- verbiage
"- Wordiness :
a- laconism b- cogency d- verbosity
#- Big-hearted, generous, unselfish :
a- grandiloquent b- magnanimous c- garrulous
$- Causing radical changes :
a- evolutionary b- revolutionary c- ventricular
%- To shout vehemently :
a- endorse b- perambulate c- vociferate
&- Like an uncle :
a- ventricular b- auricular c- avuncular
'- Drowsy :
a- somniferous b- somnolent c- soporific
(- Sleepwalking :
a- insomnia b- somnolency c- somnambulism
!)- Introduction :
%#
a- preamble b- perambulator c- evolution
Give the meanings of the following roots :
the root meaning
- taceo -------------------------------------------
!- loquor -------------------------------------------
"- solus -------------------------------------------
#venter,ventris -------------------------------------------
-
$- magnus -------------------------------------------
-
%- grandis -------------------------------------------
-
&- verbum -------------------------------------------
-
'- volvo, volutus -------------------------------------------
-
(- garrio -------------------------------------------
-
%$
)- animus -------------------------------------------
-
- opus -------------------------------------------
-
!- opero -------------------------------------------
-
"- auris -------------------------------------------
-
#- avunculus -------------------------------------------
-
$- dorsum -------------------------------------------
-
%- vox, vocis -------------------------------------------
-
&- fero -------------------------------------------
-
'- ambulo -------------------------------------------
-
In what English words can you find the above roots ?

%%

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER SIX
Unless you have read and pondered the meaning of every single
word in this chapter you might find it difficult to answer the questions
below. Here is an example to test your acquired comprehension. The word
"sputter" is used in the first paragraph of page one. Consider its semantic
properties and answer the following question.
VI..
(a) translate this sentence into Arabioc. In your translation mind the
semantic properties of the underlined words.
- the car's engine sputtered for a moment and then died.
(b) Which of the following words are synonymous to the word "sputter"?
- stumble - impress
- hesitate - imprint
- pause - conk out
%&
- stutter - break down
- hem and haw
(c) Provide Arabic equivalents of words listed in "b" above.
VI.!. The underlined words in the following statements are synonymous
but still have to be translated by carefully chosen Arabic
equivalents . So, translate them and make the subtle differences in
meaning between them as clear as possible :
- His speech was characterized as hackneyed.
!- His ideas are too often used; they are meaningless and
ineffective- they are trite.
"- His remark was uninteresting because it was very common ..... it
was banal.
VI. ". The word cogent is an adjective usually used to mean "able to prove
or to produce belief; something forceful in argument" . e.g. a cogent
argument. There are other English words that can be used to render
similar semantic effect. Provide English equivalent to the words in
the following list :
. .= _\=.= == _.= _== _, -\== _ ,='.= .'>.\' .,.=
_ _= -,.= -== . === .'= _'. .= _, -=\=
_\=.\', _=, '=
%'
VI. #. Along the semantic properties implied in the word "taciturn", there
are cases where some facial expressions indicate an angry
threatening expressions. These expression are listed below in Arabic
.= ==, ,==, _\==, \==, '.=.,, _.=, =>= _,'= ,,=.=
.'= '.',.= -,.= _.., ,, '.==,' ' .',.=,' _= ',,=. -= ,=, _'
_,'= ,'= ,..>, _.., ,\>\' _, _,=, _,,='=\'

(a) provide their equivalents in English :
(b-)Translate the following statements into English, making use of
the equivalents you provided for "a" above.
-,', ..== -.>\ ` - \= _.,' ,,=.\' .'=`= -,= _
- =\' _ g,==\' ,,=, ',='= _.=\' _,=
- _= ,.= _,=, _'=.=,' - _\ =.
- -.=\' _\' =. '=..= ,\', -,,='= ,=
%(
- - '=.== _.= ,,=, _' _= ..,
- '.== .',.= _= ',== -,.= _\
- .,.= ',= -\ _.=, _' .\' _ '=..= _=.='
/ - =\' ,>\\ '.'.=.= -.=, _== -,,='= ,=
- ,`>\' _ _,= -.' . '=,=, _'> ,,=\' _' _=
`- - -=,,\' ,,=, ,,== -,!>\' .\.=
`` - .,.= -='= _=`= _\= -,= .
` - ',\== .. ',.', .=\= '=..= ',,= _\= ,==\' _=`= ..,

VI. $. a- The verb "soliloquize" means a speech made to oneself
alone especially in a play. Can you come up with other verbs in
English that convey similar meaning ?
b- There are verbs in English that can be used to translate each one of
the following statements. Recall them, but remember each
statement can be translated by a single verb in English.
&)
` - -=.= -=\, ..=., -.' _.==, -,=== -,=, ' ,==, ..=.,
-=' -,='=
- =='=\' .'== _ =.=, ' ==,
- -.'.= ' -.'. -,== _\,
- -,'==\' ' .,.=\' _ _='.,
- - _ ,==, -=,\=\' -==\' '==. -,=, _'.\'
- .,.=\' _ ,,=, ' ,.=,
- ,==, -='=,, ' -,== _\,
/ - _=,.\' _==\' _= =., _' .,.=\' _ .=.=,
VI.%. The word "vein", as you read it in this chapter, is used to mean a tube
that carries blood from any part of the body to the heart. But in the
following sentences the word "vein" is used to convey a meaning
that is completely different from the above definition !
a- Translate the following statements into Arabic and mind the
meaning of the underlined words :
- He spoke in a serious vein.
&
!- He uttered a number of jokes all in the same vein.
"- There is a vein of truth in all her stories.
#- There is a vein of melancholy in his character.
$- He writes humorous songs when he is in the right vein
%- The veined marble he used in building his new house
made it look attractive.
b- Explain in English the differences in meanings between the
following words
- vine - vain y - venial - vine dresser - vinegar eel - vain glory
VI .&. In talking about "venation", do you know the names of veins and
similar organs in your body? Here is a list of them in Arabic -
provide their English equivalents.
_',=
.,
_,.\' ' _=.' _',=\'
_=',.\' .,\'
&!
_.\' .,\'
.\' .=. ., ' _',=
.,>\' _\' '==\' ,==\' .'==' _= ,.\' ==, ., _,',\' .,\'
_= .,
_.,> _',=
_,.,\>\', _\=.= _\> _',=
_=.\' .'=\'
-,==\' -,=.\' -,=.'
_=. ,=. _' _,>\' ' ,,=\'
. ' ,==
VI . '. With reference to the word "uncle" you read in this chapter, the
following is a list of Arabic words that an Arab uses with reference to
his/her immediate relatives. Provide their equivalents in English.
.=\' ,'
&"
.=\' ,'
.=\'
.=\'
_'.\'\'
,.' ' ,.' -\'= ' -==
,.' ' ,.' '= ' ,=
,.' .=' ,.' ' -==\' ' ,=\'
,.' "' '=\'
,.' .=' -\'=\'
,=\' _,'
,=\' ..,
-==\' ..,
&#
-==\' _,'
'=\' _,'
'=\' ..,
.=.' _,'
".' _,'
.=.' ..,
".' ..,
.'.=.'
=.\' ' -,.\'
-=\' ' _\'
-=\' .','
-==\' _
&$
,=\' -=
,,=.\'
-,,=.\'
_\' ' -=\' .\'
_\' .\' -=\' '
-=\' ' _\' "'
-=\' ' _\' .='
VI. (. When we say the "dorsal side" we mean the reverse side or the back
and ; a cheque you sign it on the back side endorse When you . side
when you endorse a plan or an idea, you back it with an expressed
approval or support. There are words in English we use exclusively
with reference to the rear part
a- try to recall as many of them as possible.
b- there are words exclusively used with reference to the rear of
the torso, recall them.
&%
c- The words listed bellow are words used with reference to one
who plays behind the line in football games. Provide their
Arabic equivalents .
- line backer- full back - quarter back - tail back -
flanker back - kicker - passer - pass receive - wing back -
running back - slot back - blocking back -corner back -
safety man -free safety -ball carrier
d- finally there are words that we use in reference to things done
behind one's back. Some of these words are listed in English
(provide their meanings in Arabic) other are listed in Arabic
(provide their equivalents in English) , provided that none of
the listed words in English should be used as equivalents of
words in the Arabic list.
List "A" Arabic equivalent
- slyly

!- with bated breath

"- under the breath

#- under the cloak

$- slick

&&
% - shad

&- astute

'- evasive

(- furtively

)- stealthily

- meanly

!- with downcast eyes

"- on the quiet

#- guileful

$- intriguing

%- unscrupulously

&- conniving

'- elusive

&'
(- delusive

!) - bluffing

!- traitorous

!!- double-crossing

!"- in the dark

List B English equivalent
..== -,=,

,.>.,

,`>\' _= ,\, .==,

= _\' =\' _=, .' _\= _' '..,, '=,
.\'.

.'.' _\= =\',

&(
==.,

.,>= ,,.. _\' _=, >=,

.'=., >=,

,\=. >= ==. _\= >=,

'= =.>.,

.,>= ,,.. _\' _=, >=,

->='==\\ _=, >= _\= ) =',.' -, .'=
==\' _ _',.' ' (

.,>= ,.,

=,\\ _.'= ' \== >=,

_.'== ' _'.=

_\= === _'=\

')
.'= =. _\= _.'= '

=\' _',. _.== ' .= =. _\=
_,=.',

e- Choose five words from each list above and use them in English
sentences of your own. (to be translated in the classroom).
VI .). In this chapter, you have studied the word "vociferous"that means
"noisy in the expression of one's feelings", e.g., vociferous demands
for higher wages. You are provided with a list of synonymous words
to "vociferous". In your translation of the Arabic statements below
,the underlined words should be given equivalents chosen from the
given list. Study the words and then translate the statements:
a - List of synonyms
- blatant - loud - shrill - ear-piercing- fulminate
- resound resonant - thundering - roaring - strident - uproarious
- stentorian - turbulent - blustering - cacophonous - screech
b- Statements to be translated into English :
g,==\' ,.>\' -.,.=\' _'= ,'=
'
-,='=\' _'\.' .'. _,`=\' .'..' ,=,
-=,,=\' .'===\' _,,\ '.'>. _.
==\' _ -=,. _'..=' _ ='
_ .'= >=, "= ., _=
,== .'.= _'> _'.`\
_\\', .',=\' _=' '.' _ ,.= >=, .=.
,.= >=, _=. _.\' .',\' _= -==\' ' ..'= ) >=, =..'
_='= (
',.= '.= '=..' ..='
'=', '='=. _=
.'.`\ -=== =\' _'.= ..'>
'.=' _=\' _'>
-\.'= '=',' -=>=\' .=
'!
.'= _,=., =\=\' ,==\' ,.=' ) '= (
-==.\' _\'= .'= .=, -,.=.' -,==\' .\,.='
_,= .=, -.,== _\'
g.'= ,.= = -='\' .'=
.','=...' .',.', .=. ==
.'==.\' .'..= _,==\' _' =.' -,.=.' _== '=..=
_=\' .='= '=..= '=. =\' "=
VI. . Along the semantic properties of the word "somnolence" there are
cases where a person find himself inactive or rather languid. These
cases are described in Arabic words listed below - provide their
equivalents in English.
=>\' =, -=,\' .'
"'.=
=>
'"
->=\' -\ =>\' .= _= _..=
_='.= ' _>\.=
=,.= ) _.'.\' _ .\' _,=, (
'=..' _,,. .=, _=',.=
_\= ) =>\' =, ,= _\= _\.== (
=,.=
'=.' =..=
=>\' =, _>'= ,'.
_'
_'=.
_'=.\' _= _,>,
_'=.\' .= _= .==
'#
=>\' .= _= .>' .,\,
> ='=\' _\= -,.\ . '.== -.'
,=.\' .= _= .==
-,,=\' =. .\' ,=== .,= -.'>
VI. !. The verb "amble" in this chapter, might have intellectually enticed
you to think of ways and manners people do when they walk? And to
make it easier on you, you are provided with a list of words in Arabic
indicative to the above action (s); provide their equivalents in English.
` - ==,
- _==\', _,,
- -.= ==, _==,
- ,==\' _= '=.. ,=,
- - _., ' '=,
- _..' ' _\=' _\' -=',=\' _ _,=.\' ==,
'$
- `,=.= ,=,
/ - _\' =,
- _,=.\' _\= ',= ..,
`- - _.,,\' _==, ...=\' ,=\'
`` - =, ,,,,
` - ..,
` - -,'= '= _. _.' _ ,=,
` - -,'= _. _'=\' =,
`- - '.,== _==,
` - .=.= =, =.,
` - -== .=,, -,= _=,
`/ - ,= -\= ' -\=, ,,
'%
` - _'>=\' =,
- - '=,\' =,
` - ,'..' _\= ',== ',== ..=\' _=, ' '.=,
- ,'..' _\= ',== ',== ..=\' _.,
- -,= _\= ,,,, ' _',= _==,
- _=, ' =,
- - .\=\' ,=,
- _'=' _. _\' .=, ...= .=
- -\ ,= _==, _==,
VI . ". This exercise is relevant to "!" above : Translate the given
statements into Arabic, and mind the meaning(s) of the underlined
word(s) :
- She stepped on a loose stone and twisted her ankle.
!- Mother stepped in and stopped them from fighting.
'&
"- The people outside the theater paced up and down, trying to keep
warm.
#- The lion paced the floor of its cage.
$- She knew how fast she was running, because her trainer
waspacing her on a bicycle.
%- The police marched him off to prison.
&- Every day he trod the same path to school.
'- They crush the juice out of the fruit by treading it.
(- To stay afloat he treaded water.
). He strolled the streets of the town.
- Let's take a saunter down to the lake.
!- The lost child was wandering (around) the streets.
"- Don't wander off the point.
#- They rambled through the woods.
$- He cruised for he was moving at a fairly high but steady speed.
''
%- He trudged through deep snow.
&- They tramped through the woods all day.
'- He made a long trek through the mountains.
(- He didn't know what to do; he started roaming from place to
place.
!)- He roved the seas in search of adventure.
!- They filed slowly past the grave of their leader.
!!- The carriage jogged on the rough road.
!"- He is a toddler for he has just learned to walk.
VI. #. You have come across the derogatory adjective "banal" that shows
disinterest due to being hackneyed. There are synonymous words that
are classified to be used either with reference to "food", "plant" or to
things that are no longer fresh or pure.
a- Provide the English equivalent for each one of the following
statements :
statements equivalents
` - -=.'\' -,>
'(
- #=.= _=
- _=.'= _',
- == >= #=
- - _.,.= _,.=
- .,\', =>= _.,
- '.==`\ ,.= =. _\= -=.'\' -,>
/ - _..
- _'.=\' ._=
`- - -==\', '=
`` - =', .='
` - ,,.'=\\ '=.= _,=' -.. ,'=
` - ='= ,= _=.
()
` - #== #=\=
`- - ,.'=\', _\=
` - _== _= _\' _==
` - _=. _=.\' _ .='
`/ - -,'. -,===
` - -,'. -=
- - -\..,= ' -,\', -==`=
` - -=,. '>' ','= -===
- -.,.= _ .\. -'. _'=.'
- _.== ,= _.'= ,\='
b- Make use of the list of statements above and translate into
Arabic the following statements - mind the meaning of the
underlined words.
- The butter we bought was rancid.
(
!- What he had was small pieces of stale bread that he offered for
birds.
"- He was thirsty but the water was fetid.
#- There were noxious chemicals in the river-water.
$- The hot weather tainted the meat.
%- The animals defiled the water.
&- Her beautiful face was blemished by a big red spot on her nose.
VI. $. In this chapter you studied kinds of people you might find yourself
in conversation with. But do you know the English lexicons used in
describing the kinds of speech listed below in Arabic?

Arabic structures English equivalents
` - $,\, _.==\' \', =' .,.=
- = =. _\= ,=.= .,.=
- ,= .,.=
- == .,.=
(!
- - ,= ' .,.= .,.=
- .>= ' =.= ,= .,.=
- .>= .,.=
/ - _,'== .,.=
- ,.,= .,.= ==
`- - ,>== ' _='= .,.=
`` - '=,.' _', .,.=
` - .'=,.' _=' ..== ,'. .,.=
` - _'=.. -, .',. .,.=
` - ,='.\', -,'.=\' .,.= .,.=
`- - ' ,= .,.=
` - _,, _=, =\= .,.=
("
` - =>= =,'.= ,= .,.=
`/ - ,== .,.=
` - .=\' -.'.=\' _= .>\' -, .,.=
- - _\'=.' _='= .,.=
` - .= ' =\ .,.=
- _\=. .,.=
- _.'= ' \== ,`>
- -\ _.==. '.. '.,= .,.=
- - _.'\' -.'= ' -=\
- _,= .,.=
- _'. ' _'.= .,.=
/ - =\' ' -,,.', ,=.= .,.=
(#
- ., .,.= -==\' _\'=.\' _\=
- - _.' _.==\' -= `= ., .,.=
` - _.= ,== .,.=
- ,.== === .,.=
VI. %. This exercise in contrast to the previous one, deals with writing
styles that are preferably used by certain individuals. First, here is a list
of words that you need to choose from when you translate the Arabic
statements listed below, and mainly the underlined words. Study the
list and translate the statements :
A- The list :
" grandiloquent, pleonastic, wordy, tautology, repetitious, tedious,
redundant, circumlocutory, magniloquent, diffused, rhetorical,
voluble , fustian ".
b- The statements to be translated :
` - ,.==\' ,\=', -,.= ,=.,
- '>.\' _= ,.>\' ',, -\'= ,.>
($
- _==\' .,,. _.==\\ '>. -, ,\=', .=, - ,.>
'=='
- `=.' .=\ '>.\', -\'= -.\'= ..'>
- - _.==\' = _'.\', =.. ,\=' ,=.
- .\', _==, ,\ ,,== _==, ,..
- ,`>\' _ ==\' _= .,=, ,\=', ,.>, _' _.=\' _= ,\=
/ - _=.= ,\=', ==\' _ -=,. _= ..=.
- '.'.= -='=\', '==.= _,.\' .,.= .'=
`- - ,\=.' _=., '>.' ,'== _\= ,\=.', ,.,, -.' _\= .'.\' _=='
`` - .,.=\' _ _'.\' \\' ,=, '.'=.' _'>
` - -'. _,= ,. .'=..', `'= ',. ,.>
` - ',= '' _,..' -='..' _'>
(%
VI .&. With reference to the concept of the word "avuncular," there
are additional semantic properties indicative to personalities, and characters
that are affectionate, tender, enamored, amiable ... etc.
We, as often as ever, find ourselves in need of words to describe
individuals of such nature (kind-hearted). Therefore, you are provided with
two lists of such words: one in Arabic and the other in English. Provide the
appropriate equivalents of the words in each list respectively, provided no
words are to be borrowed for either list -- be original.

List A.
- permissive -
!- indulgent !-
"- Protective "-
#- agreeable #-
$- lenient $-
%- soft-hearted %-
(&
&- favoring &-
'- mild '-
(- tender (-
)- pampering )-
- clement -
!- gratifying !-
"- sympathetic "-
#- considerate #-
$- solicitous $-
%- obliging %-
&- delicate &-
'- benevolent '-
(- complaisant (-
('
!)- sensitive !)-
!- assisting !-
!!- well-disposed !!-
!"- mollifying !"-
!#- philanthropic !#-
!$- beneficent !$-
List B
` - =.' .,=. ,=,. _.\' _==\'

- _'== _'=.=

- ->,=\' _,\ ,'==

- -='>\' _\' ,=, ,=

- - ==.\' _\= .' _='=.=

((
- _'=\' =\' _\' ,=,

- =.' _ ..=.= ,=

/ - .'=.' ' =.' ,=\. _\' ,=,

- =.' ,'. _= .=\' _\' ',= _=\' .= _= _>=,

`- - _== ,.= ,= %.'= -=,=, _.'

`` - _'.\' .='== _\' ',= _.=.= _===

` - ,,= _=

` - ,=\\ -.'=.= ,., _' ,=, ,.=

` - .. ,=\ _,.'

`- - ='== _==

` - _\=\' ,,>

` - _,\

!))
`/ - ,\\' _,

` - _',=\' ,,=

- - '.,`\ ,==

` - _'=.`\ ,'

- ='=.= ',=\' _ ,== ,=\' _=\' =, ->,=\' _,\

- _,.'

- .=.

- - _.'=.' _== _.'=.'

- ,,=

- _,=.' _\= _==

/ - ,,=

!)


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KING SAUD UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES & TRANSLATION

#. Malignancy ? Yes No.

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