Mch Chnh Lu

Mch Chnh Lu
Bi:
L Vn Tm
Mt mch chnh lu l mt mch in bao gm cc linh kin in - in t, dng bin
i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu. Mch chnh lu c th c s
dng trong cc b ngun cung cp dng in mt chiu, hoc trong cc mch tch sng
tn hiu v tuyn in trong cc thit b v tuyn. Phn t tch cc trong mch chnh lu
c th l cc it bn dn, cc n chnh lu thy ngn hoc cc linh kin khc.
Khi ch dng mt it n l chnh lu dng in xoay chiu, bng cch kha khng
cho phn dng hoc phn m ca dng sng i qua mch in, th mch chnh lu c
gi l chnh lu na chu k hay chnh lu na sng. Trong cc b ngun mt chiu
ngi ta hay s dng cc mch chnh lu nhiu it (2 hoc 4 it) vi cc cch sp xp
khc nhau c th bin i t xoay chiu thnh mt chiu bng phng hn trng hp
s dng mt it ring l. Trc khi cc it bn dn pht trin, ngi ta cn dng cc
mch chnh lu s dng n in t chn khng, n chnh lu thy ngn, cc dy bn
dn a tinh th seleni.
Cc my thu thanh v tuyn u tin, ngi ta gi l cc my tinh th, dng mt si
"ru mo" hoc mt kim nhn tip xc nh vo mt im trn mt khi tinh th galena
(sunpht ch) to ra mt it tip im, hoc mt b tch sng tinh th. Trong h
thng sy t kh, cc b pht hin la c th dng. Hai in cc trong mt v bc kn
c th sn sinh ra dng in v c th chnh lu c mt dng in xoay chiu, nhng
ch khi chng nhn thy ngn la.

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Mch Chnh Lu

Cc tn hiu in xoay chiu, chnh lu na sng v chnh lu ton sng.

Mch chnh lu na sng

Mt mch chnh lu na sng ch mt trong na chu k dng hoc m c th d dng
i ngang qua it, trong khi na kia s b kha, ty thuc vo chiu lp t ca it. V
ch c mt na chu k c chnh lu, nn mch chnh lu na sng c hiu sut truyn
cng sut rt thp. Mch hnh lu na sng c th lp bng ch mt i t bn dn trong
cc mch ngun mt pha.

Chnh lu ton sng

Mch chnh lu ton sng bin i c hai thnh phn cc tnh ca dng sng u vo
thnh mt chiu. Do n c hiu sut cao hn. Tuy nhin trong mch in khng c
im gia ca bin p ngi ta s cn n 4 it thay v mt nh trong mch chnh lu
na sng. iu ny c ngha l u cc ca in p ra s cn n 2 it chnh lu, th
d nh 1 cho trng hp im X dng, v 1 cho trng hp im X m. u ra cn li
cng cn chnh xc nh th, kt qu l phi cn n 4 it. Cc it dng cho kiu ni
ny gi l cu chnh lu.

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Mch Chnh Lu

B chnh lu ton sng bin i c 2 na chu k thnh mt in p u ra c mt chiu

duy nht: dng (hoc m) v n chuyn hng i ca dng in ca na chu k m
(hoc dng)ca dng sng xoay chiu. Na cn li s kt hp vi na kia thnh mt
in p chnh lu hon chnh.
i vi ngun xoay chiu mt pha, nu dng bin p c im gia, ch cn 2 it ni
u lng vi nhau (ngha l anode-vi-anode hoc cathode-vi-cathode)c th thnh
mt mch chnh lu ton sng.

Chnh lu ton sng dng n chn khng 2 a - nt.

Mt mch chnh lu dng n chn khng thng dng s dng mt n c 1 cathode v

2 anode trong cng mt v bc; Trong trng hp ny, 2 it ch cn mt bng chn
khng. Cc n 5U4 v 5Y3 l nhng th d thng dung nht cho kiu mch ny.

Chnh lu ba pha cu.

Mch in ba pha cn n 6 it. Thng thng cn 3 cp, nhng khng phi cng loi
vi it i s dng trong chnh lu mt pha ton sng. Thay vo ngi ta dng cp

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Mch Chnh Lu

it ni tip vi nhau (cathode ni vi Anode. Thng th cc it i s c b tr ra

4 chn, c th ty u ni cho mch chnh lu ton sng mt pha, hay mch cu
mt pha v ba pha.

My pht in trn xe t sau khi tho ra, cho thy cu chnh lu ton sng ba pha.

Hu tht cc thit b pht sinh ra dng in xoay chiu (nh my pht in xoay chiu)
u pht ra in ba pha. My pht in trn xe t c 6 it lp kiu chnh lu cu ba
pha chnh lu thnh dng in mt chiu, np in cho bnh c quy.

Tht thot nh sng.

Khuyt im ca cc mch chnh lu l tht thot t nh sng u vo n nh sng
u ra, gy ra bi in p ngng ca it. in p ny xp x 0,7 vn i vi it
thng, v 0,1 vn i vi it Schottky. Cc mch chnh lu na sng, c mch chnh
lu ton sng c 2 cun dy, s c tht thot nh sng bng in p ri trn mt it.
Cc mch chnh lu cu s c in p tht thot bng in p ri trn 2 it. iu ny c
th thy tht thot ny s ng k i vi nhng mch c in p cung cp rt b. Hn
na, v cc it khng th dn khi in p di in p ny, mch ch c th cho dng
in i qua trong mt phn ca na chu k. V th s c mt phn nh in p bng 0
xut hin xen k vi cc on c in p.

San bng in p ra ca mch chnh lu

C hai mch chnh lu na sng v ton sng u c nhc im l n thay i theo
dng ca sng u vo, m khng cung cp in p khng i. to ra mt dng in
p mt chiu u n t ng ra ca b chnh lu, cn phi c mt mch "san bng", cn
gi l mch lc. Mch lc n gin nht dng mt t tch in, hay t lc hoc t san
bng t vo u ra ca mch chnh lu. Mch ny vn cn lu li mt t thnh phn
in p xoay chiu (gn sng) v in p khng hon ton bng phng.
Kch thc ca t in th hin tnh kinh t. i vi mt ti cho sn, t in cng ln
cng lm gim gn sng, nhng li lm tng gi thnh, v lm tng dng in nh
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Mch Chnh Lu

trn th cp ca cun dy th cp my bin p v mch cp ngun cho n. Trong nhng

trng hp c bit, nhiu b chnh lu ni vo im phn phi ngun, s gy kh khn
cho s bo m dng hnh sin ca in p.
Vi mt h s gn sng cho trc, ln ca t lc s t l vi dng in ti, t l
nghch vi tn s chnh lu, v s lng cc nh ca dng sng trong mi chu k. Dng
in ti v tn s ngun cp thng ngoi tm kim sot ca ngi thit k mch chnh
lu nhng s lng nh trong mi chu k li c th iu khin c bng cch chn s
chnh lu thch hp.
Mch chnh lu bn sng cho 1 in p nh trn mi chu k, v th thng ch s dng
cho cc ng dng c dng in nh. Mch chnh lu ton sng mt pha cho 2 nh trn
mi chu k, v y l cch tt nht cho mch chnh lu mt pha. i vi chnh lu ba
pha, c n 6 nh trn mi chu k v c th cao hn nu ta s dng cc bin p thch
hp trc b chnh lu nhm tng s pha ln.
lm gim gn sng hn na, ngi ta dng mt b lc c u vo t in v mt
cun cm lc. i khi cng c th kt hp t lc vi cun cm v t lc pha sau, sao
cho in p ra tng i u n. Cun dy ny s cp in khng ln i vi thnh
phn gn sng.
Nu dng in ti ph thuc nhiu vo mc gn sng ca ngun, c th dng mt b
n p thay cho cc t lc c ln. C hai u gim gn sng v ngn chn s
thay i ca in p ra theo in p ngun v theo dng ti.
==B chnh lu tng i in p====d Mt mch chnh lu na sng on gin c th
lp rp theo 2 kiu vi cc tnh ca 2 it i khng nhau mt kiu ni cho ra in p
dng, v mt kiu ni cho ra in p m. Nu kt hp c 2 kiu ny cng vi hai b
lc san bng c lp, c th t c in p ra xp x bng 2 ln in p nh ca mch
xoay chiu. iu ny cng c th c c bng cch ni bin p c im gia cho php
mi mch in l mt mch cp ngun ring.
Mt bin th khc ca mch ny l dng cc t in ni tip nhau lm mch san bng
dng ng ra ca cu chnh lu. Sau t mt kha chuyn mch t im gia ca hai
t in n mt trong cc u AC ng vo. Khi kha ny m, mch hot ng nh mt
mch chnh lu cu bnh thng. Nhng khi ng kha, n s hot ng nh mt mch
nhn i in p. Ni cch khc, c th to ra in p mt chiu khong 320V mt cch
d dng t bt k ngun no cp cho cc mch n p kiu ng ct.

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Mch Chnh Lu

ng dng

Mt it chnh lu v cc ph kin gii nhit.

ng dng c bn nht ca mch chnh lu l trch xut thnh phn in mt chiu hu

dng t ngun xoay chiu. Thc tra hu ht cc ng dng in t s dng ngun in
mt chiu, nhng ngun cung cp li l dng in xoay chiu. V th cc mch chnh
lu c s dng bn trong mch cp ngun ca hu ht cc thit b in t.
Mch bin i in mt chiu t in p ny sang in p khc s phc tp hn. Mt
trong nhng phng php i t in mt chiu sang in mt chiu l: u tin chuyn
t mt chiu thnh xoay chiu, (dng mt mch nghch lu)sau a qua my bin p
thay i in p, v cui cng l chnh lu li thnh in mt chiu.
Cc mch chnh lu cng c ng dng trong mch tch sng cc tn hiu v tuyn
iu bin bin . Tn hiu c th cn hoc khng cn khuch i trc khi tch sng.
Nu tn hiu nh qu, phi s dng cc it c in p ri rt thp. Trong trng hp
ny cc t v in tr ti phi la chn cn thn cho ph hp. Tr s t in thp qu s
lm cho sng cao tn lt sang u ra. Chn cao qu, n c th np y v gi nguyn
in p c np.

in p ra ca mt mch chnh lu ton sng vi cc thyristor c iu khin.

Cc mch chnh lu cng c s dng cp in c cc tnh cho my hn in. Cc

mch nh th ny i khi thay th cc it trong cu chnh lu bng cc Thyristor. Cc
mch ny s c in p ra ph thuc vo gc kch mi.

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Mch Chnh Lu

Chnh lu cng sut cao

Cc n chn khng, cc dy chnh lu - xt kim loi v cc i - t bn dn thch hp
cho di ng dng t c mi - li - am - pe n hng nghn am - pe trong mi linh kin n
l.
Mt vi gii php c in hp dn c ngh v s dng trc khi pht minh ra
cc linh kin in t ny. Th d nh b bin i t in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu
trong cc tu ha, ngi ta c th dng b chnh lu ng b. N gm c mt ng c
ng b ko mt dy cc in ti nng. ng c ny s phi quay ng thi gian vi
tn s in xoay chiu, v lm chuyn mch cc tip im ngay khi dng in hnh sin
gim xung n 0. Cc tip im khng phi chuyn mch dng cao, nhng phi bo
m phi chu ng c dng ti ln khi ang ng cung cp ngun cho cc ng
c ko u my. Ngy trc, nhng b rung s dng cho cc mch cp ngun mt chiu
in p cao t bnh c quy thng bao gm mt b tip im th hai thc hin chnh
lu ng b pha in p cao.
Tronh nhng nm gn y, ngi ta thit k nhng b chnh lu ng b s dng cc
tranzito MOSFET, n c th chnh lu vi in p thun rt thp v c nhng u im
khc tr thnh cc b chuyn mch vi tc rt cao. Cc b chnh lu ng b bn
dn hin nay c s dng rng ri trong cc khi cp ngun s dng in p rt thp,
khi m in p ri trn linh kin chnh lu c th c th gy nn nhng nhiu long
khng chp nhn c trn in p ra.
Mt s dng chnh lu khc c s dng trong truyn dn dng in mt chiu in p
cao, v cc ng dng cng nghip khc trong nhng nm 1909 n 1975 s dng nhng
b n chnh lu thy ngn cn gi l cc n van h quang thy ngn. Linh kin ny
c th t trong mt bng thy tinh hay ng kim loi.Mt in cc, cathode, c ngp
trong bu thy ngn di y n. C mt hay nhiu thanh than ch tinh khit cao
gi l anode c lp pha trn bu. C th c mt s in cc ph mi v duy tr
dng h quang. Khi c h quang gia bu thy ngn v in cc than, s c mt dng
m in t chy Cathode n anode do hi thy ngn b ion ha, nhng khng th theo
chiu ngc li. Linh kin ny c th dng cng sut n hng trm kilo watt v c
th dng chnh lu ngun xoay chiu su pha.Cc n chnh lu thy ngn sau ny
c thay th bng cc it bn dn k t nhng nm gia ca thp nin 70. Cc
n cng sut ln ni ting c lp t cc d n truyn dn in p cao mt chiu
Manitoba Hydro Nelson River Bipole vi nh mc n hng triu kilowatt v 450.000
vn.
Mt dng chnh lu th ba, mt b ng c - mt pht in hoc mt b bin i quay,
khng phi l mt b b chnh lu theo ng ngha. y mt ng c xoay chiu c
kt ni c hc vi mt my pht in mt chiu. My pht in mt chiu s to ra trong
cun dy ca n dng in xoay chiu nhiu pha. Mt b c gp chuyn mch v bin

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Mch Chnh Lu

i dng in xoay chiu ny thnh mt chiu u ra, hoc mt my pht on cc, cho
ra trc tip dng in oay chiu m khng cn n c gp. Cc b ny c th cho ra n
hng nghn am- pe vi in p t hng chc n hng trm vn.

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