3/14/2014

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering > 1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles > 1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction : Safari Bo

1.BasicConcepts,Laws,andPrinciples...>1.9ElectromagnetismandElectromag...

1.9ELECTROMAGNETISMANDELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION

Create Create Print Bookmark Note or Tag

Thumbnail Zoom Zoom Toggleto Previous Next Full View OutIn (Key: (Key: (Key: (Key: Screen p) n) v) +) (Key:f)

1.9.1Introduction
Electromagnetismisthestudyofinteractionbetweenelectriccurrentandmagneticfield,and forcesproducedthereof.Thissectionwillincludedescriptionsofmagneticfieldaround currentcarryingconductors,magneticfieldproducedbyacurrentcarryingcoil,force producedonacurrentcarryingconductororacoilwhenplacedinamagneticfield. ADanishscientist,Oerstedintheearlynineteenthcenturydiscoveredthattherewasa magneticfieldaroundacurrentcarryingconductor.Linesofforceintheformofconcentric circlesexistedonaperpendicularplanearoundacurrentcarryingconductor.Thismeant, magnetismcouldbecreatedbyelectriccurrent.Itwasalsoobservedthatthedirectionof linesofforcegotchangedwhenthedirectionofcurrentflowingthroughtheconductorwas changed.AfewyearsafterthediscoveryofOersted,Faraday,anotherscientistfromEngland discoveredthatamagneticfieldcancreateanelectriccurrentinaconductor.Whenthereisa changeinfluxlinkageinaconductororacoil,EMFisinducedinit.Thisphenomenonis creditedtoFaradaywhoestablishedfamouslawsofelectromagneticinduction.Youwill observethatmostoftheelectricalmachinesanddeviceshavebeendevelopedutilizingthe observationsanddiscoveriesmadeasmentionedabove.

1.9.2MagneticFieldAroundaCurrentcarryingConductor
InFig.1.3isshownaconductorcarryingacurrent,I.Linesofforceareestablishedaround theconductoronaperpendicularplane.InFig.1.3(a)magneticfieldaroundalongconductor hasbeenshown.Thelinesofforceareestablishedonaperpendicularplane.InFig.1.3(b) and(c),thecrosssectionalviewsofacurrentcarryingconductorhavebeenshown.The crossatthecentreoftheconductorindicatesthatcurrentisenteringtheconductorwhichis placedperpendiculartotheplaneofthepaper.Thelinesofforceintheformofconcentric circlesareontheplaneofthepaper.Thedirectionofcurrentthroughtheconductoris reversedinFig.1.3(c).Thedotatthecentreoftheconductorindicatesthatthecurrentis comingtowardstheobserver.Thedirectionofthelinesforcearoundtheconductoralsoget reversed. Thedirectionoffluxlinesaroundacurrentcarryingconductorisdeterminedbyapplying thecorkscrewrulewhichisstatedbelow.

Figure1.3(a)Alongcurrentcarryingconductor(b)crosssectionalviewofaconductorwithfluxaround it(c)crosssectionalviewoftheconductorwiththedirectionofcurrentreversed(d)resultantmagnetic fieldproducedbytwocurrentcarryingconductors

http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9788131754566/1dot-basic-concepts-laws-and-principles/navpoint23

1/5

3/14/2014

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering > 1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles > 1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction : Safari Bo

CorkScrewRule:Considerarighthandscrewheldononeendofacurrentcarrying conductorandisrotatedintheclockwisedirection.Iftheadvancementofthescrewindicates thedirectionofcurrent,thedirectioninwhichthescrewisrotatedwillindicatethedirection ofthelinesofforcearoundtheconductor. InFig.1.3(d)hasbeenshownthattwocurrentcarryingconductorsplacedsidebyside producearesultantmagneticfield.

1.9.3MagneticFieldAroundaCoil
Acoilisformedbywindingawireofcertaincrosssectionaroundaformer(ahollowcylinder madeofsomenonmagneticmateriallikebakelite,plastics,etc).Suchacoilisoftencalleda solenoid.Whencurrentisallowedtoflowthroughsuchacoil,amagneticfieldisproducedby thecoil.Thedirectionoffluxproducedbyacurrentcarryingcoilisdeterminedbyapplyingthe righthandgriprule.InFig.1.4(a)isshownacurrentcarryingcoil.Ifweholdthecoilbyour righthandinsuchawaythatthefourfingersbendtowardsthedirectionofthecurrentflow throughthecoilturns,thethumbwillindicatethedirectionoftheresultantfluxproduced.

Figure1.4(a)Righthandgripruleappliedtodeterminedirectionoffluxproducedbyacurrentcarrying coil(b)magneticfieldproducedbyacurrentcarryingcoil

Thefourfingersbendinthedirectionofcurrentthroughthecoil.Thedirectioninwhichthe thumbpointsisthedirectionoffluxproduced.InFig.1.4(b),wehaveshownthecross sectionalviewofthesamecoil.Forthedirectionofcurrentflowthroughthecoil,cross sectionshavebeenshownbyputtingcrossanddotconvention.Theuppersideofthecoil turns1,2,3,4,5willindicatethatcurrentisenteringwhiletheywillcomeoutfromthe othersideasshowninthebottomconductorcrosssections.Byapplyingthecorkscrewrule alsowecandeterminethedirectionoftheresultantmagneticfieldandshowthepositionsof NorthandSouthpolesformed.Ifthedirectionofcurrentflowthroughthecoilisreversed, thedirectionofthemagneticlinesofforcewillbeopposite,andhencethepositionsofNorth andSouthpoleswillchange. IfweapplysomealternatingvoltageacrossthecoilasshowninFig.1.5,thepolarityof powersupplywillchangeineveryhalfcycleoftheappliedvoltage.Ifasinusoidalacsupplyis provided,boththemagnitudeaswellasthedirectionofcurrentflowwillchange.Asaresult, themagnitudeofthemagneticfieldproducedwillchangestartingfromzerovaluereaching itsmaximumvalue,thengettingreducedagaintozero,andthenbecomingnegative.The directionoffluxproducedwillchangeineveryhalfcycleofcurrentflow.Suchamagneticfield whosemagnitudeasalsoitsdirectionchangesiscalledapulsatingalternatingmagneticfield.
http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9788131754566/1dot-basic-concepts-laws-and-principles/navpoint23 2/5

3/14/2014

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering > 1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles > 1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction : Safari Bo

Incaseofdcsupply,themagneticfieldproducedwillbeofconstantmagnitudeandfixed polarity.

Figure1.5ACsupplytoacoilproducesanalternatingmagneticfieldofvaryingmagnitude

1.9.4ACurrentcarryingConductorPlacedinaMagneticField
Whenaconductorcarryingcurrentisplacedinamagneticfielditexperiencesaforce.The forceactsinadirectionperpendiculartoboththemagneticfieldandthecurrent. InFig.1.6aconductorisshownplacedperpendiculartothedirectionofmagneticfield. Suchaconductorincrosssectionalviewhasbeenshownbyasmallcircle.Thedotinsidethe smallcircleindicatesthatcurrentisflowingtowardstheobserver.Theconductorwill experienceaforceintheupwarddirectionashasbeenshown.Ifthedirectionofcurrent throughtheconductorisreversed,theforceontheconductorwillbeinthedownward direction. Theforceontheconductorwilldependupontheflux, orfluxdensity,B whereAistheareaofthemagneticpoles.Theforcewillalsodependupontheeffective lengthoftheconductorinthemagneticfield,i.e.,lonthemagnitudeofcurrentflowing,i.e., I.Theforcedevelopedisexpressedas Herethecurrentcarryingconductorandthemagneticfieldsareatrightanglestoeachother. If,however,theconductorisinclinedwiththemagneticfieldbyanangle?,thenthelength oftheconductorperpendiculartothemagneticfieldistobeconsideredasshowninFig.1.7. ThelengthoftheconductorperpendiculartothemagneticfieldislSin?.Thus,thegeneral expressionforforceFis ThedirectionoftheforceisdeterminedbyapplyingFlemingslefthandrulewhichisstated as:

Figure1.6Forceexperiencedbyaconductorcarryingcurrentinamagneticfield

http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9788131754566/1dot-basic-concepts-laws-and-principles/navpoint23

3/5

3/14/2014

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering > 1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles > 1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction : Safari Bo

Figure1.7Forceonacurrentcarryingconductor

Flemingslefthandrule
ThethreefingersofthelefthandarestretchedasshowninFig.1.6.Iftheforefingerpoints towardsthedirectionofthelinesofforce,andthemiddlefingerpointstowardthecurrent flowingthroughtheconductor,thenthethumbwillpointtowardsthedirectionofforce experiencedbytheconductor.

1.9.5ACurrentcarryingCoilPlacedinaMagneticField
Nowwewillconsideracoilplacedinamagneticfield.Acoilhastwocoilsideswhichlieinthe magneticfield.Thesecoilsidesarecalledconductors.Thus,acoilhastwoconductors.Ifacoil hastwoturns,thenumberofconductorswillbefour.SeeFig.1.8(aandb).InFig.1.8(c) hasbeenshownasingleturncoilplacedinamagneticfield.Thedirectionofcurrentthrough thecoilhasalsobeenshown.ThedirectionofthemagneticfieldisfromNorthpoletoSouth pole.Thedirectionofcurrentincoilsideaisupward,i.e.,towardstheobserver.Ifweapply Flemingslefthandrule,wefindthatcoilsideawillexperienceanupwardforce.Similarly, byapplyingthesamerule,weobservethatcoilsidewillexperienceadownwardforce.The twoforcesactingsimultaneouslyonthecoilwilldevelopatorquewhichwilltrytorotatethe coilalonganaxisxx'intheclockwisedirectionashasbeenshowninFig.1.8(c).Thecoilwill rotatebyanangleof90.TheNorthpoleofthemagneticfieldproducedbythecurrent carryingcoilwillfacethestationarySouthpoleasshowninFig.1.9. ThetwomagneticfieldsgetalignedasshowninFig.1.9(b).Ifitispossibletochangethe directionofcurrentinthecoilwhenitchangesitspositionfromDD'axistoXX'axis,thecoil willcontinuetodeveloptorqueintheclockwisedirection.Wewillgetcontinuousrotationof thecoil.Thisisthebasicprincipleofdirectcurrentelectricmotorwhichwillbediscussedin detailinaseparatechapter.

Figure1.8(a)Acoilhavingoneturn(b)acoilhavingtwoturns(c)asingleturncoilcarryingcurrentis placedinamagneticfield(d)thecoilsidesofthecurrentcarryingcoilinthemagneticfieldexperience force

http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9788131754566/1dot-basic-concepts-laws-and-principles/navpoint23

4/5

3/14/2014

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering > 1. Basic Concepts, Laws, and Principles > 1.9 - Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction : Safari Bo

Figure1.9(a)Acurrentcarryingcoilinamagneticfieldexperiencesatorque(b)magneticfield producedbythecurrentcarryingcoilandthestationarymagneticfieldgetaligned

Create Create Print Bookmark Note or Tag

Thumbnail Zoom Zoom Toggleto Previous Next View OutIn Full (Key: (Key: (Key: (Key: Screen p) n) v) +) (Key:f)

http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/-/9788131754566/1dot-basic-concepts-laws-and-principles/navpoint23

5/5