Controlling Refers to the process of ascertaining whether organizational objectives have been achieved; if not, to determine why not;

and determining what objectives should be taken to achieve objectives better in the future.

Importance of Controlling When controlling is properly implemented, it will help the organization achieve its goal in the most efficient and effective manner possible.

Steps in the Control Process 1. Establishing performance objectives and standards Examples: 1. Sales target which are expressed in quantity or monetary. 2. Production Targets which are expressed in quantity and quality. 3. Worker Attendance which are expressed in terms of rate of absences. 4. Safety Record - which are expressed in number of accidents for given periods. 5. Supplies Used - which are expressed in quantity or monetary terms for given periods. 2. Measuring Actual Performance 3. Comparing Actual Performance to Objectives and Standards 4. Taking Necessary Actions

Figure 1. Steps in the Control Process Establishing performance objectives and standards

Measuring Actual Performance

Actual Performance Match the Standards

Do Nothing YES

NO

Take Correlative ction Types of control 1. Feedforward Control When management anticipates problems and prevents their occurrence, the type of control measure undertaken. 2. Concurrent Control When operations are already on-going and measures to detect variances are made, concurrent control is said to be undertaken.

Figure 2. Types of control and their Relation to Operations

PRE-OPERATIONS PHASE

Feedforward Control

ACTUAL OPERATIONS PHASE

Concurrent Control

POST OPERATIONS PHASE

Feedback Control

3. Feedback Control When information is gathered about a completed activity for purposes of evaluating and deriving required steps for improving the activity, feedback control is undertaken.