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Subnetting, or splitting the hosts part, is possible by defining a subnet mask. To start your way in determining the subnet mask that is most suitable for you, determine the number of required subnets. Possible number of subnets are none, 2, 6, 14, 30, 62, 126 or 254. Convert the number of required subnets to binary. For example: 30 subnets = 00011110 Now, count from right to left the numbers until you reach the last bit set to one. In this case that is five bits. To form a subnet from this number, apply the number of bits on the subnet mask, from left to right. So, that would look like this: 5 bits from left to right = 11111000 binary = 248 in decimal. By coverting the outcome to decimal value, you have determined the subnet mask bits. for a Class B IP address, to obtain 30 subnets, the subnet mask would be 255.255.248.0 A much faster way is to consult a list that shows you the right mask for the possible subnets, shown per Class, like the following list: Class A Table Subnets 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 Binary 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111 Mask 255.128.0.0 255.192.0.0 255.224.0.0 255.240.0.0 255.248.0.0 255.252.0.0 255.254.0.0 255.255.0.0 Hosts Invalid subnet 4,194,302 2,097,150 1,048,574 524,286 262,142 131,070 65,534 Step 1: Binary IP Calculation Step 2: Old-school IP Classes Step 3: Subnet Masking Step 4: Subnetting backwards Step 5: CIDR Addressing Scheme
Class B Table Subnets 0 2 6 14 30 62 126 254 Binary 10000000 11000000 11100000 11110000 11111000 11111100 11111110 11111111 Mask 255..255.128.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.224.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0 Hosts Invalid subnet 16,382 8,190 4,094 2,046 1,022 510 254
Class C Table
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The different Classes all contain one or more invalid subnet remarks. These options are invalid because when used they would give all one's or all zero's. All one's or all zero's is not possible, because when ANDed, they would leave no subnet, or no hosts. Try to AND one of the Invalid subnet options and see what happens. It is a general rule that the network and the hosts ID can not be all zero, which would indicate the 'Local network', or cannot all be one, which would indicate the broadcast address.
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