Cong Nghe Truy Nhap NGN 1538

TNG CNG TY BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG I
---------------------------------
Ti li! "i#$" %&'
CNG NGH TRUY NH() TRONG MNG NGN
Bin son: Nguyn Vit Hung
Ha ni thang 5 nm 2007
i
Nguyn Vit Hng Mng Vin thng Vin thng I Cng ngh truy nhp trong NGN
M*C +*C
MC LC.......................................................................................................................... i
DANH MC HINH V...................................................................................................... i
DANH MC BANG BIEU.............................................................................................. iii
TU VIET TAT.................................................................................................................. iv
PHAN I: GII THIEU CHUNG........................................................................................1
Chuong 1: Phat trin cua mng vin thng va phuong thuc truy truy nhp........................2
1.1 Cac th h mng truy nhp va mng vin thng tuong ung.....................................2
1.1.1 Mng NGN va cac cng ngh truy nhp............................................................2
2.1.1 Nhung giai don phat trin cua mng truy nhp.................................................3
1.2 Cng ngh truy nhp huu tuyn...............................................................................6
1.3 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn.................................................................................6
1.4 Nhung cng ngh truy nhp huu tuyn cnh tranh...................................................6
1.1.1 Cng ngh PLC.................................................................................................. 6
1.1.2 Cng ngh CM (CATV)..................................................................................... 8
1.5 So sanh va danh gia cac cng ngh truy nhp..........................................................9
PHAN II: CNG NGHE TRUY NHAP HU TUYEN..................................................10
Chuong 2: Ho cng ngh xDSL .......................................................................................11
2.1 Cng ngh trong ho xDSL....................................................................................11
2.2 Kin truc h thng.................................................................................................. 15
1.1.3 Thit bi nha cung cp dich vu kt ni...............................................................15
1.1.4 Phia khach hang............................................................................................... 16
1.1.5 Mch vong thu bao......................................................................................... 16
2.3 ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2...................................................................................... 16
1.1.6 ADSL............................................................................................................... 17
1.1.7 ADSL2............................................................................................................. 22
1.1.8 ADSL2........................................................................................................... 26
2.4 HDSL, HDSL2,SHDSL, HDSL4...........................................................................29
1.1.9 HDSL............................................................................................................... 29
1.1.10 HDSL th h thu hai (HDSL2).......................................................................31
1.1.11 SHDSL........................................................................................................... 31
1.1.12 HDSL4........................................................................................................... 31
2.5 VDSL va VDSL2.................................................................................................. 31
1.1.13 VDSL............................................................................................................. 31
1.1.14 VDSL2........................................................................................................... 33
2.6 Tinh hinh trin khai ti Vitnam...........................................................................34
Chuong 3: Cng ngh truy nhp quang ...........................................................................35
3.1 Cac mng PON....................................................................................................... 35
3.2 APON..................................................................................................................... 38
1.1.15 Cu hinh tham chiu....................................................................................... 38
1.1.16 Cac dc ta cho APON..................................................................................... 42
1.1.17 Cu truc phn lop APON...............................................................................43
3.3 EPON..................................................................................................................... 44
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1.1.18 Kin truc EPON.............................................................................................44
1.1.19 M hinh ngn xp EPON...............................................................................45
1.1.20 Giao thuc EPON............................................................................................. 46
1.1.21 Bao mt trong EPON...................................................................................... 46
1.1.22 Nhung buoc phat trin tip theo.....................................................................47
3.4 Metro Ethernet....................................................................................................... 48
1.1.23 Loi ich khi dung dich vu Ethernet..................................................................48
1.1.24 M hinh dich vu Ethernet ..............................................................................49
1.1.25 Cac thuc tinh dich vu Ethernet.....................................................................52
1.1.26 Tinh hinh trin khai........................................................................................ 53
1.1.27 Nhung cng ngh duoc su dung.....................................................................56
PHAN III: CNG NGHE TRUY NHAP V TUYEN....................................................58
Chuong 4: Cac mng truy nhp khng dy bng rng .....................................................59
4.1 Gioi thiu chung..................................................................................................... 59
4.2 Phat trin cua truy nhp v tuyn hi tu dn 4G...................................................60
1.1.28 H thng thng tin di dng 2G va nn tang CDMA.......................................61
1.1.29 H thng 3G................................................................................................... 63
1.1.30 WLAN............................................................................................................ 65
1.1.31 Wimax............................................................................................................ 66
1.1.32 H thng 4G................................................................................................... 67
4.3 So sanh danh gia cac cng ngh.............................................................................67
Chuong 5: Truy nhp qua v tinh..................................................................................... 69
5.1 Gioi thiu chung..................................................................................................... 69
5.2 H thng VSAT..................................................................................................... 71
Chuong 6: WLAN va WI-FI ............................................................................................ 72
6.1 Gioi thiu chung..................................................................................................... 72
6.2 Kin truc WLAN.................................................................................................... 72
1.1.33 Cu hinh mng WLAN .................................................................................. 72
1.1.34 M hinh tham chiu co ban IEEE 802.11......................................................75
6.3 Chun cng ngh ................................................................................................... 76
6.4 H thng thit bi..................................................................................................... 79
1.1.35 Cac card giao din mng v tuyn .................................................................79
1.1.36 Cac dim truy nhp v tuyn .........................................................................79
1.1.37 Cu ni v tuyn tu xa...................................................................................80
6.5 Bao mt................................................................................................................. 81
1.1.38 Tp dich vu ID (SSID)...................................................................................81
1.1.39 Giao thuc bao mt tuong duong huu tuyn (WEP)........................................82
1.1.40 Loc dia chi MAC............................................................................................ 83
6.6 Tinh hinh trin khai ti Vitnam............................................................................84
Wimax ............................................................................................................................. 85
6.7 Gioi thiu chung..................................................................................................... 85
1.1.41 Lich su Wimax............................................................................................... 85
1.1.42 Khai nim Wimax.......................................................................................... 86
1.1.43 Bng tn......................................................................................................... 86
6.8 Kin truc Wimax.................................................................................................... 87
ii
1.1.44 Cu hinh mng............................................................................................... 87
1.1.45 M hinh phn lop...........................................................................................88
6.9 Chun cng ngh ................................................................................................... 89
1.1.46 Chun 802.16-2001........................................................................................ 90
1.1.47 Chun 802.16a-2003......................................................................................91
1.1.48 Chun 802.16c-2002......................................................................................91
1.1.49 Chun 802.16d-2004...................................................................................... 91
1.1.50 Chun 802.16e-2005 .....................................................................................92
6.10 Mt s dc dim k thut cua Wimax..................................................................92
1.1.51 Lop vt ly ...................................................................................................... 92
1.1.52 Lop MAC....................................................................................................... 97
6.11 H thng thit bi................................................................................................... 99
6.12 Bao mt.............................................................................................................. 103
6.13 Tinh hinh trin khai ti Vitnam........................................................................103
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.............................................................................................. 105
............................................................................................................................... 106
iii
,ANH M*C H-NH V.
Chng 2:Hinh 1.1: Mng th h sau va cac cng ngh truy nhp.......................................3
Chng 3:Hinh 1.2: Su ra doi cua cac dong thit bi truy nhp.............................................4
Chng 4:Hinh 1.3: Thit bi DLC th h 3...........................................................................5
Chng 5:Hinh 1.4: Thit bi truy nhp IP cho mng th h sau...........................................6
Chng 6:Hinh 2.1: Lich su phat trin cua cac cng ngh trong ho xDSL.........................11
Chng 8:Hinh 2.2: B cung cp mch vong thu bao s xDSL........................................15
Chng 9:Hinh 2.3: Cu truc h thng ADSL....................................................................16
Chng 10:Hinh 2.4: ADSL su dung va khng su dung ki thut trit ting vong...............18
Chng 11:Hinh 2.5: Phn chia bng tn cua ki thut FDM...............................................19
Chng 12:Hinh 2.6: Phn chia bng tn cua ki thut EC..................................................20
Chng 13:Hinh 2.7 Phn tach tin hiu ln, xung bng phuong phap khu ting vong.....20
Chng 14:Hinh 2.8 : So d khi thu va phat ADSL.........................................................21
Chng 15:Hinh 2.9: Tc d s liu duong xung cua ADSL2 so voi ADSL2...............27
Chng 16:Hinh 2.10: Ghep hai duong ADSL2...............................................................28
Chng 17:Hinh 2.11: Kha nng cung cp dich vu cua ki thut VDSL..............................32
Chng 19:Hinh 2.12: Tinh hinh trin khai xDSL ti Vit nam cua VNPT.......................34
Chng 20:Hinh 3.1: So d logic h thng mng PON......................................................36
Chng 21:Hinh 3.2: Cu hinh chung cua mt mng PON................................................38
Chng 22:Hinh 3.3: Cu hinh tham chiu APON.............................................................38
Chng 23:Hinh 3.4: Cac khi chuc nng trong OLT........................................................39
Chng 24:Hinh 3.5: Cac khi chuc nng trong ONU.......................................................40
Chng 25:Hinh 3.6: Cu hinh vt ly cua ODN.................................................................42
Chng 26:Hinh 3.7: Cu truc phn lop mng APON........................................................43
Chng 27:Hinh 3.8: Ngn xp EPON...............................................................................46
Chng 28:Hinh 3.9 Mng MAN thu nghip ti thanh ph H Chi Minh..........................53
Chng 29:Hinh 3.10 Mng MAN ti Ninh Binh ..............................................................55
Chng 30:Hinh 4.1 : Cac cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn..................................................59
Chng 31:Hinh 4.2: Xu huong hi tu cua cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn.........................60
Chng 32:Hinh 4.3: Mc lich su cua truy nhp v tuyn..................................................61
Chng 33:Hinh 4.4: Su phat trin ln 4G tu cac cng ngh WAN...................................61
Chng 34:Hinh 4.5: H thng IMT 2000..........................................................................63
Chng 35:Hinh 4.6 : Cac cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn cnh tranh.................................68
Chng 36:Hinh 5.1 in thoi di dng Iridium................................................................70
Chng 37:Hinh 6.1 ua trinh phat trin WLAN...............................................................72
Chng 38:Hinh 6.2: Cu hinh mng WLAN dc lp........................................................73
Chng 39:Hinh 6.3 Cu hinh mng WLAN co s............................................................74
Chng 40:Hinh 6.4: Cu hinh WLAN dung b lp..........................................................74
Chng 41:Hinh 6.5: Kin truc WLAN dy du..................................................................75
Chng 42:Hinh 6.8: M hinh tham chiu co ban IEEE 802.11........................................76
Chng 43:Hinh 6.6: M hinh tham chiu..........................................................................78
Chng 44:Hinh 6.9: im truy nhp AP...........................................................................80
Chng 45:Hinh 6.10: Cu ni v tuyn............................................................................81
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Chng 46:Hinh 7.1: Cu hinh dim-da dim (PMP).........................................................87
Chng 47:Hinh 7.2: Cu hinh mt luoi MESH.................................................................88
Chng 48:Hinh 7.3: Cac phn lop giao thuc Wimax cho hai lop cui cung.....................89
Chng 49:Hinh 7.4: Vi tri cua chun IEEE 802.16 trong cu truc chun IEEE 802 ........90
Chng 50:Hinh 7.5: ua trinh truyn dn.........................................................................92
Chng 51:Hinh 7.6: OFDM voi 9 sng mang con ..........................................................94
Chng 53:Hinh 7.7: n dinh khe thoi gian trong OFDM.................................................96
Chng 54:Hinh 7.8: Phn lop MAC va cac chuc nng.....................................................98
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,ANH M*C B/NG BI0U
Chng 7:Bang 2.1: Cac cng ngh trong ho xDSL...........................................................13
Chng 18:Bang 2.2: Tc d khoang cach cac loi VDSL.................................................32
Chng 52:Bang 7.1: Cac tham s cua SOFDMA .............................................................95
Chng 55:Bang 7.2: Thuong hiu cua cac nha cung cp thit bi Wimax..........................99
iii
T1 VI2T T3T
T1 VI2T T4T NGH5A TI2NG ANH NGH5A TI2NG VIT
ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter Bin di s tuong tu
AAA Authentication, authoriation and
Account
Nhn thuc, cp phep va lp tai
khoan
AAS Adaptive Antenna System H thng anten thich ung
ACK Acknoledgment Xac nhn
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line uong dy thu bao s bt di
xung
AES Advance Ecryption Standard Chun mt m nng cao
AK Authoriation Key Kha nhn thuc
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding iu ch va m ha thich ung
ANSI American National Standards
Institute
Vin uc Gia M
APON ATM Passive Optical Netork Mng quang thu dng truyn dn
khng dng b
AR Automatic Retransmission Request Yu cu truyn li tu dng
ASN Access Service Netork Mng dich vu truy nhp
ATM Asynchronuos Transer Mode Phuong thuc truyn dn khng
dng b
ATM Asynchronous Transer Mode Phuong thuc truyn khng dng b
ATP Access Termination Point im tham chiu du cui truy
nhp
AWGN Additive White Gauussian Noise Nhiu Gauss trng cng
BE Best Eort Dich vu n luc tt nht
BER Bit Error Ratio Ti s tin hiu trn nhiu
B-ISDN B-Inergrated Service Digital Netork Mng s cac dich vu tich hop bng
rng
BPSK Binary Phase shit Keying Kha chuyn pha nhi phn
BR Bandidth Request Yu cu bng thng
B-RAS BroadBand Remote Access Server May chu truy nhp bng rng tu xa
BS Base Station Trm gc
BSN Block Sequence Number S thu tu khi
BTC Block Turbo Code M Turbo khi
BW Bandidth Bng thng
BWA Broadband Wireless Access Truy nhp khng dy bng rng
iv
CI Carrier to Intererence Ratio Ti s tin hiu nhiu
CA Collision Avoidance Tranh xung dt
CAP Carrierless Amplitude and Phase
modulation
iu ch bin d pha khng sng
mang
CBC Cipher Block Chaining Chui khi m ha
CC Conirmation Code M xac nhn
CCI Co-Channel Intererence Nhiu knh lin kt
CCK Complementary Coded Keying Kha m ha b sung
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CID Connection Identiier Nhn dng kt ni
CO Central Oice Trung tm chuyn mch
CP Cyclic Preix Tin t tun hoan
CPE Customer Premises Equipment Thit bi truyn thng ca nhn
CPE Customer Premises Equipment Thit bi truyn thng ca nhn
CPS Common Part Sublayer Lop con phn chung
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra d du vong tun hoan
CS Convergence Sublayer Lop con hi tu
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access a truy nhp cam nhn sng mang
CSN Connection Service Netork Mng dich vu kt ni
CTC Concatenated Turbo Code M Turbo xon
DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access a truy nhp n dinh theo nhu cu
DCD Donlink Channel Descriptor Miu ta knh duong xung
DCF Distributed Control Function Chuc nng diu khin phn tan
DES Data Encryption Standard Chun mt m ha du liu
DFE Decision Feedback Equaliation Phn don hi tip quyt dinh
DFS Dynamic Frequence Selecton Lua chon tn s dng
DFT Discrete Fourier Transorm Bin di Fourier roi rc
DHCP Dynamic Host Coniguration Protocol Giao thuc cu hinh Host dng
DL Donlink uong xung
DLFP Donlink Frame Preamble Tin t khung duong xung
DMT Discrete Multiple Tone Modulation iu ch da tn roi rc
DSA Dynamic Services Addition B sung cac dich vu dng
DSC Dynamic Services Change Chuyn di cac dich vu dng
DSL Digital Subcriber Line uong dy thu bao s
v
DSLAM DSL Access Module Khi truy nhp DSL
EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol Giao thuc nhn thuc m rng
EC Encryption Control iu khin mt m ha
ECB Electronic Code Book Sach m din tu
EDCA Enhanced Distributed Control Access Truy nhp diu khin phn tan
nng cao
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates Cac tc d du liu duoc nng cp
EKS Encryption Key Sequence Chui kha mt m
ETSI European Technical Standards
Institute
Vin Chun ki thut Chu u
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
Vin cac chun vin thng Chu
u
EV-DO Enhanced Version- Data Only Chi du liu-phin ban nng cao
Ex Exchange Tng dai
FBSS Fast Base Station Sitch Chuyn mch trm gc nhanh
FCH Frame Control Header Tiu d diu khin khung
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing Song cng phn chia theo tn s
FDD Frequence Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo tn s
FDM Frequence Division Mutiplexing Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s
FEC Forard Error Correction Sua li truoc
FEC Forard Error Crrection Hiu chinh li truoc
FEXT Far-End Crosstalk Xuyn m du xa
FFT Fast Fourier Transorm Bin di Fourier nhanh
FFT Fast Fourier Transorm Chuyn di Fourier nhanh
FSAN Full Service Access Netork T chuc diu hanh mng truy nhp
dich vu dy du
FSH Fragmentation Subheader Tiu d con phn don
FTTCB Fiber To The CurbBuilding Cap quang toi khu vuccao c
FTTCab Fiber To The Cabinet Cap quang dn tu phn phi
FTTEx Fiber To The Exchage Cap quang toi tng dai
FTTH Fiber To The Home Cap quang toi nha
GMS Global System or Mobile
communication
H thng truyn thng di dng toan
cu
GPC Grant Per Connection Cp phat trn mi trm gc
GPRS Generalied Packet Radio Service Dich vu v tuyn gi chung
GPSS Grant Per Subscriber Station Cp phat trn mi trm thu bao
GSM Global System For Mobile H thng toan cu cho truyn
vi
Communicatons thng di dng
HAR Hybrid Automatic Retransmission
Request
Yu cu truyn li tu dng kt hop
HCS Header Check Sequence Thu tu kim tra tiu d
HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Mng lai cap quang cap dng truc
HHO Hard HandOver Chuyn giao cung
HSDPA High Speed Donlink Packet Access Truy nhp gi duong xung tc d
cao
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access Truy nhp gi duong ln tc d
cao
HT Header Type Loi tiu d
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transorm Bin di nguoc Fourier roi rc
IEEE Institute o Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
Vin cac ki su din va din tu
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transorm Bin di ourier nguoc nhanh
IMT International Mobile T
elecommunications
Vin thng di dng quc t
IP Internet Protocol Giao thuc Internet
IP Internet Protocol Giao thuc lin mng
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Netork Mng s da dich vu
ISI Inter-Symbol Intererence Nhiu giua cac Symbol
ISM Industrial Scientiic and Medical Cng nghip khoa hoc va ha hoc
ISP Internet Service Provider Nha cung cp dich vu Internet
KEK Key Encryption Key Kha mt m kha
LAN Local Area Netork Mng vung cuc b
LMDS Phn phi dich vu ni ht
LOS Line O Sight Tm nhin thng
LPF Lo Pass Filter B loc thng thp
LSB Least Signiicant Bit Bit it y nghia nht
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp phuong tin
MAN Metropolitan Area Netork Mng vung thanh thi
MDHO Marco Diversity Handover Chuyn giao da dng bng Marco
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output Nhiu du vao nhiu du ra
MIP Mobile Internet Protocol Giao thuc Internet di dng
MISO Multiple Input Single Output Nhiu du vao mt du ra
MMDS Phn phi dich vu da knh da dim
vii
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Sitching Giao thuc chuyn mch nhn don
gian
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining Kt hop ti s cuc di
MS Mobile Station Trm di dng
MSB Most Signiicant Bit Bit y nghia nht
NACK Non-ACK Khng xac nhn
NAP Netork Access Provider Nha cung cp truy nhp mng
NEXT Near-End Crosstalk Xuyn m du gn
NGN Next Generation Netork Mng k tip
NLOS Non Line O Sight Khng tm nhin thng
NTE Netork Termination Equipment Thit bi du cui mng
OFDM Orthogonal Frequence Division
Multiplexing
Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s
truc giao
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequence Division
Multiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
truc giao
OLT Optical Line Terminal u cui duong dy quang
ONU Optical Netork Unit on vi mng quang
PAN Personal Area Netork Mng ca nhn
PCF Point Control Function Chuc nng diu khin dim
PDA Personal Digital Assistant H tro ca nhn dung ki thut s
PDU Protocol Data Unit on vi du liu giao thuc
PHS Payload Header Suppression Nen tiu d tai trong
PKM Privacy Key Management uan li kha bao mt
PLMN Public Land Mobile Netork
cng
Mng di dng mt dt cng
PLOAM Physical Layer Operation and
Management
uan li va hot dng cua tng vt li
PMD Physical Medium Dependent Mi truong vt li phu thuc
PMP Point to Multipoint im-da dim
PMS Physical Medium Speciic c tinh mi truong vt li
PN Packet Number S gi
PON Passive Optical Netork Mng quang thu dng
POTS Plain Old Teliphone Service Dich vu truyn thng
PPP Point to Point Protocol Giao thuc dim-dim
PS Physical Slot Khe vt li
PSCN Packet Sitched Core Netork Mng li chuyn mch gi
PSD Poer Spectral Density Mt d ph cng sut
viii
PSH Packing Subheader Tiu d con gi
PSTN Public Sitch Telephone Netork Mng din thoi chuyn mch cng
cng
PTP Point to Point im-dim
AM uadrature Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin d cu phuong
PSK uadratura Phase Shit Keying Kha chuyn pha cu phuong
RAN Region Area Netork Mng vung dia phuong
RE Request Yu cu
RFI Radio Frequency Intererence Nhiu tn s v tuyn
RLC Radio Link Controller B diu khin lin kt v tuyn
RS Reed-Solomon M Reed-Solomon
RTG Receive Transition Gap Khoang trng chuyn giao du thu
Rx Receiver u thu
SA Security Association Kt hop bao mt
SAID Security Association Identiier Nhn dng kt hop bao mt
SAP Service Access Point im truy nhp dich vu
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy H thng phn cp ki thut s dng
b
SDU Service Data Unit on vi du liu dich vu
SHA Secure Hash Algorithm Thut toan xao trn bao mt
SN Service Node Node dich vu
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio Ti s tin hiu trn nhiu
SOFDMA Scalable Orthogonal Frequence
Division Multiple Access
Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s
truc giao theo ti l
SOHO Small Oice Home Oice Vn phong gia dinh vn phong nh
SONET Synchronous Optical Netork Chun xac dinh truyn thng trn
cap quang
SS Subscriber Station Trm thu bao
SSCS Speciy ServicesConvergence
Sublayer
Lop con hi tu cac dich vu ring
STC Space Time Code M khng gian thoi gian
STM Synchronuos Transer Mode Truong chuyn mch dng b
TC Transmission Convergence Lop hi tu truyn dn
TDD Time Division Duplex theo thoi gian Song cng phn chia
TDM Time Division Multiplexing theo thoi
gian
Ghep knh phn chia
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
ix
TDMA Time Division Multiplexing Access a truy nhp phn chia theo thoi
gian
TE Termination Equipment Thit bi du cui
TEK Traic Encryption Key Kha mt m luu luong
TFTP Trivial File Transer Protocol Giao thuc truyn tp thng thuong
TLS Transport Layer Security Bao mt lop truyn tai
TLV TypeLengthValue Loi dai Gia tri
Tx Transmiter u phat
UCD Uplink Channel Descriptor Miu ta knh duong ln
UGS Unsolicited Grant Service Dich vu cp phat khng kt hop
UL Uplink uong ln
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System
H thng vin thng di dng toan
cu
UMTS UTRA UMTS terrestrial Radio Access Truy nhp v tuyn trn mt dt
UNI User Netork Interace Giao din nguoi dung mng
UTRAN UMTS terrestrial Radio Access
Netork
Mng truy nhp v tuyn trn mt
dt UMTS
VoIP Voice Over IP Thoi qua IP
VTU VDSL Transmission Unit Khi truyn dn VDSL
VTU-O VDSL Transmission Unit CO Khi truyn dn VDSL phia tng
dai
VTU-R VDSL Transmission Unit Remote Khi truyn dn VDSL phia thu
bao xa
WAN Wide Area Netork mng din rng
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghep knh da buoc sng
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy Bao mt duong luong huu tuyn
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WLAN Wireless LAN Mng LAN khng dy
WMAN Wireless MAN Mng MAN khng dy
WME Wi-Fi Mutlimedia Extensions Nhung m rng
da phuong tin Wi-Fi
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access Truy nhp duoc bao v Wi-Fi
xDSL Digital Subcriber Line Ho cng ngh DSL
XOR Exclusive-OR Ham cng modul
x
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Mng hi tu, Mng phn phi hay mng nhiu lop. Cho toi nay cac t chuc va cac nha
cung cp thit bi vin thng trn th gioi rt quan tm dn NGN nhung vn chua c mt
dinh nghia r rang. Do vy ta chi c th tm dinh nghia NGN nhu sau:
NGN l mng c h tng thng tin !uy nh"t !#$ tr%n cng ngh chuy&n mch
gi' tri&n (h$i c)c !*ch +, m-t c)ch .$ !ng + nh$nh chng' l /# h-i t, gi0$ thoi +
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OA Pi@D NGN
NGN c 4 dc dim chinh:
Nn tang la h thng m.
NGN la do mng dich vu thuc dy nhung cac dich vu trn NGN phai dc
lp voi mng luoi.
NGN la mng chuyn mch gi dua trn mt giao thuc thng nht.
La mng c dung luong ngay cang tng, c tinh thich ung ngay cang tng
va c du dung luong d dap ung nhu cu.
Trong NGN giao thuc IP thuc t d tr thanh giao thuc ung dung vn nng duoc ap
dung lam co s cho mng da dich vu. Hin ti mc du vn con gp nhiu kh khn so voi
mng chuyn mch knh v kha nng h tro luu luong thoi va cung cp cht luong dich
vu dam bao cho s liu, nhung voi tc d thay di nhanh chng nhiu cng ngh moi
dang duoc ap dung s som khc phuc diu nay trong tuong lai gn.
C=A AG$" $"9 >?!' $9JH E D&$" NGN
Nhu trong hinh 1.1 d kt ni nguoi dung vao mng NGN nguoi ta c th su dung
mt cng ngh hoc c th kt hop mt vai cng ngh khac nhau d to ra hang lot
nhung phuong thuc kt ni khac nhau. Nhung cng ngh kt ni hin nay dang duoc su
dung ph bin bao gm :
V tuyn (GSM, 3G, 4G, WLAN, WMAN)
Huu tuyn xDSL, PON, CATV, PLC
2
Chng 2: Hinh 1.1: Mng th h sau va cac cng ngh truy nhp
Tuy nhin, d dt duoc cu truc nhu mong mun trn hinh 1.1 thi mng truy nhp
ni ring va mng vin thng ni chung phai trai qua nhung giai don qua d voi nhiu
trng thai khac nhau tuong ung voi nhung xut phat dim (mng truyn s liu, thoi
truyn thng PSTN, mng di dng, mng di dng ni ht) va giai phap su dung khac
nhau. Chung ta c th tng kt li (nhin tu huong phat trin tu mng PSTN) nhung th h
cua mng truy nhp nhu trong muc sau.
QK<K< N9R$" "iCi PS&$ H9=> >?i@$ ABC D&$" >?!' $9JH
Hinh 1.2 cho chung ta thy tin trinh phat trin cua cac thit bi truy nhp trong
mng Vin Thng.
Dong thit bi h tro dich vu bng rng du tin va duoc tich hop phia thu bao la
DLC th h 3 hay NDLC ra doi vao nhung nm cui th k 20. Thit bi nay c nhiu
dim tuong dng voi ATM DSLAM do cung su dung mt cng ngh va kin truc tuong
tu nhau ( hiu thm v DLC xem phu luc A). NDLC th du ni va phi hop hot dng
voi nhau to thanh mt mng ATM din rng thng nht, chuyn mch gi voi bng
thng tuong di lon cho phep cung cp cac dich vu du liu mt cach tuong di mm do
(Hinh 1.3). c tinh cua dong thit bi nay nhu sau:
Cung cp giai phap truy nhp bng rng tm thoi qua mng li ATM.
Su dung cng ngh xDSL d truy nhp du liu tc d cao.
Chun V5.x d giao din voi mng PSTN.
Kt ni ATM voi mng duong truc hay qua mng IP.
H tro cac dich vu thoiax, ISDN va du liu bng rng.
3
Chng 3: Hinh 1.2: Su ra doi cua cac dong thit bi truy nhp.
Tuy nhin dong thit bi nay c mt s nhuoc dim sau:
Bng thng va dung luong hn ch.
Nut c chai trong vong ring truy nhp nu phn lon cac thu bao du su
dung dich vu xDSL va nut c chai trong mng li ATM.
Kh m rng dung luong.
Kin truc phuc tp, qua nhiu lop (Ip qua ATM qua SDHDSL).
Gia thanh va chi phi tuong di cao.
Sau DLC th h 3 la dong thit bi truy nhp IP hay IP-DSLAM. y la dong thu
bao truy nhp tin tin nht hi tu nhiu cng ngh nn tang trong mng th h sau NGN.
Dong thit bi nay chy trn nn tang mng IP, IP-AN voi nhung dc dim sau:
Bng thng Dung luong hu nhu khng hn ch (Trn thuc t hu nhu
khng tc nghn voi bng thng trong khoang 1-10Gbps).
Truy nhp bng rng IP.
D dang m rng va tich hop voi mng NGN (Trn nn mng chuyn mch
mm).
Cung cp tt ca cac dich vu qua mt mng Ip duy nht mc du h thng nay
vn h tro cac du cui tuong tu truyn thng. Thit bi nay phi hop hot
dng voi mng IP qua media gateay.
Gia thanh tinh cho tung thu bao va chi phi vn hanh mng thp.
Kin truc don gian( IP over SDH)
Nm 1890
Cp ng
<-QG ,+C
Nm 1970
VT ,+C
Gia thp k 90
NG,+C Cui thp k 90
Truy nhp I
4
Chng 4: Hinh 1.3: Thit bi DLC th h 3.
Trong giai don qua d hin nay, d vic du tu vao mng truy nhp mang li hiu
qua v mt kinh t va k thut thi ngoai giai phap keo thm cap dng dn khu vuc thu
bao con c cach su dung cac thit bi truy nhp, quang ha mng truy nhp va tn dung ti
da nhung cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn, hon nua d phu hop voi xu th tt yu la tin tu
mng PSTN ln mng NGN khi ma mng ni ht chua sn sang h tro cac thit bi truy
nhp IP tin tin nht thi cn phai c dong thit bi truy nhp dap ung tt ca cac yu cu
sau:
H tro cac giao din PSTN truyn thng, cac du cui analog.
C kha nng cung cp cac dich vu bng rng va cac dich vu moi khac.
H tro bao hiu V5.x va c th kt ni toi cac tng dai ni ht dang su dung
(Tuc la lam vic nhu la thit bi DLC).
D dang nng cp, tich hop khi chuyn sang mng NGN.
am bao thoi gian trin khai va chi phi phat thin thu bao khng qua cao.
Cp !uang
M,U
,+C ,+C
Trung k"
I)
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)XTN
ATM
VW
Cp ng
B-RAX
5
Chng 5: Hinh 1.4: Thit bi truy nhp IP cho mng th h sau.
<KQ CG$" $"9 >?!' $9JH 9R! >!'L$
Hin nay trn thi truong nhung nha khai thac voi co s h tng khac nhau dua ra
nhung dich vu truy nhp dua trn cng ngh khac nhau :
Dial up, xDSL, ISDN dua trn cap dng xon
CM trn mng cap truyn hinh CATV
PLC trn mng cap din luc
Truy nhp quang trn CATV, PLC
Tuy nhin xet v tinh kinh t cng nhu su n dinh v giai phap k thut ho cng
ngh xDSL vn la giai phap hop ly trong vong 5 nm toi.
<KY CG$" $"9 >?!' $9JH EG >!'L$
Voi su xut hin cua Wimax, cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn d cho thy su hi tu
mt cach r rang, va mng truy nhp v tuyn s tin toi cung cp dich vu kt ni c tc
d cao hon, va s c su tha hip giua tinh di dng va tc d (oS)
<KZ N9R$" AG$" $"9 >?!' $9JH 9R! >!'L$ A&$9 >?C$9
<K<K< CG$" $"9 )+C
Vic su dung mng luoi phn phi din cho muc dich truyn thng d duoc bit dn
tu nhung nm du cua th k 20. Bng cach su dung phuong thuc diu ch khoa bt tt
(turn on-turn o carrier) cac h thng PLC du tin d duoc su dung cho vic truyn
thng ni b nhm thuc hin nhim vu diu khin va do dc tu xa. Nhung cac h thng
nay tc d truyn tin rt thp. Ngay nay voi su phat trin nhanh chng cua cng ngh, dc
bit la cng ngh san xut vi mch tich hop cho tung ung dung dc bit ASIC
I) 9C' M)+X
I) 9C' M)+X [\i>A9-?S!>]?
C9!'@$
D&A9 D^D
)XTN
GC>]\C'
GC>]\C' >?!' $9JH
_,X+
M=' T I)
)OTX`)XTN
6
(Application Speciic Integrated Circiut) d cho phep PLC c nhung buoc phat trin nhay
vot va tr thanh mt trong nhung cng ngh truy nhp bng rng, tc d cao dy hua
hn.
Trong mt vai nm gn dy cng ngh PLC dang phat trin mnh m do nhung
nguyn nhn sau:
Nhu cu truy nhp Internet bng thng rng dang bung n. Trong khi cac
cng ngh truy nhp bng thng rng khac vi cac ly do khac nhau
chua dap ung duoc.
Mng luoi din h th sn c khp noi, dai tn trn duong dy
din chua duoc su dung ht.
i voi cac nha khai thac vin thng moi vic xy dung mng truy
nhp d cung cp dich vu truc tip toi khach hang doi hi chi phi
lon va tn nhiu thoi gian, cng suc .
Trong thuc t cac hot dng chun hoa h thng truyn thng tc d cao
PLC dang duoc tin hanh rt nhiu quc gia, hang lot h thng PLC tc d
cao d va dang duoc cn nhc thanh san phm thuong mi.
Ti mi h gia dinh, c rt nhiu thit bi s liu va thit bi din su dung
cac cm din, do d khng cn phai ban ci nhiu v kha nng truyn thng da nng
bng vic su dung cac cm din giua cac thit bi din va s liu. Khng ging nhu cac
h thng LAN hng ngoi hoc v tuyn, cac thit bi du cui PLC c d n dinh kt ni
cao thm chi khi cap din duoc chn trong tuong nha.
Hon nua, mt uu dim di voi voi mng gia dinh d la PLC cung cp kha nng
kt ni toi mng truy nhp, dy la mt tinh nng hp dn cua PLC khi n tha mn cac
nhu cu v tc d s liu. Thng thuong, mng truy nhp ni ht hay don kt ni cui
cung dn thu bao la phn chi phi tn kem nht cho mt h thng truyn thng.
Do nhung dc dim hp dn nu trn, PLC d nhn duoc su quan tm ht suc dc
bit cua cac nuoc Chu u, Bc Mi, Nht va gn dy la mt s nuoc Chu a khac. Chu
u, trong nhung nm gn dy d c kha nhiu cuc thu nghim mng truy nhp va mng
gia dinh su dung cng ngh PLC. Trong nm 1999, ETSI cng d dt ra mt du an mang
tn EP PLT (ETSI Proect Poerline Telecommunication) d phat trin cac tiu chun va
cac dc ta k thut cho h thng PLC. Thang 3 nm 2000, ti Thu Si, din dan PLC d
duoc thit lp nhm muc tiu lin kt cac thanh vin quan tm dn cng ngh PLC bao
gm 51 thanh vin ti 17 quc gia va 3 luc dia. Ti Bc Mi, lin minh cng nghip Bc
Mi d thit lp mt t chuc c tn la HomePlug nhm thuc hin muc tiu cung cp mt
din dan d to ra cac dc ta m cho phat trin h thng PLC cho cac san phm va mng
truy nhp tc d cao, mng gia dinh su dung cng ngh PLC. Hai linh vuc ung dung hin
nay cua PLC la truy nhp ni ht (last- mile access) va kt ni mng trong nha (in- house
7
netorking). Cac dich vu cua PLC c th duoc cung cp dam bao lun sn sang ti moi
din va khng cn thi cng cap bao gm:
Truy nhp Internet bng thng rng (toi 45Mbs hoc hon ), cac kt ni nay
lun online.
Dich vu thoi va ax.
Kt ni LAN trong nha (in-house LAN) cho cac may PC va may in.
Cac dich vu bng hp khac ( house automation, health care...).
Cn cu vao dung luong cung cp va cu hinh su dung ma ta c th phn loi cng
ngh PLC.
Xet bng tn su dung, ti Nht, bng tn khung cn dng ki cho PLC tu 10-450 Kh
trong khi ti Chu u la tu 10 -148.5 Kh (CENELEC: European Committee or
Electronic Technical Standaration). Cac h thng PLC vn hanh dai tn nay s duoc
xem nhu la cac h thng PLC bng hp.Gn dy nhiu quc gia trong d c Nht d bt
du cn nhc dn vic m rng dai tn hot dng cho PLC ln toi 30 Mh. Ti Chu u,
ETSI d xac dinh k hoch phn b bng tn tu 1,6 Mh dn 10 Mh duoc n dinh danh
ring cho truy nhp ni ht, dai tn tu 10 Mh dn 30 Mh duoc uu tin danh cho ung
dung mng gia dinh (in-house), nhung h thng nhu vy c th duoc coi la cac h thng
bng rng. Ti Vit nam EVN d thu nghip thanh cng PLC ti tru s Trn Nguyn Hn,
nhung kha nng trin khai trn din rng vn con d ng.
Nu xet theo cu hinh xu dung chung ta c th c nhung cu hinh PLC nhu:
Cu hinh Fiber-LV (Lo Voltage)
Cu hinh MVLV (Medium Voltage Lo Voltage)
Cu hinh MV Wireless
Cu hinh FTTH (Fiber to the Home)
Do ban cht so khai cua duong cap din khng phai la d truyn dn tin hiu thng
tin cho nn khng c mt su dam bao hiu nng nao khi thuc hin truyn thng trn cap
din nhin tu quan dim truyn dn tin hiu. Vn d lon nht cua PLC la chng nhiu (do
cac ngun din hoc ngoai din) va suy hao trn duong dy, cng nhu tim kim su chp
nhn cua thi truong.
Vi vy, PLC c th gp phai cac dc tinh dc bit cua knh truyn dn su dung cap
din, nhu la cac dc tinh tr khang thay di theo thoi gian va rt thp cua duong dy din,
rt nhiu nhn t gy ra cac dng tp m tin hiu.
<K<KQ CG$" $"9 CM aCATVb
La cng ngh cho phep truy xut thng tin tc d cao dn cac server tu xa nhu
Internet server hay VoD server qua mng truyn hinh cap (Cap dng truc) voi tc d thay
di phu thuc vao h thng modem cap, kin truc mng cap dng truc va luu luong trn
8
modem.
Tc d theo chiu xung c th ln dn 27Mbps, tuy nhin dy la dung luong tng
cng cua moi nguoi chia ra do cu truc mng dng nhanh, thuong thi dung luong cua mt
thu bao chi tu 1-3Mbps. chiu ln c th dt duoc 10Mbps nhung thuong la 1-2,5
Mbps
u dim cua modem cap la tn dung duoc mng truyn hinh cap sn c nn giam
chi phi, cac linh kin tn s cao cn thit cho hot dng cua modem cap d tr nn rt r
va duoc ban di tra. Nhung cng do lam vic tn s cao va c dn 90 cap di trong nha
ma cac cap nay thuong duoc lp dt vi v, cu tha nn d gy nhiu cho tiviva cac thit
bi khac, giai phap dy la cn phai di li dy nha. Hon nua do vic su dung chung cac
knh duong ln nn d gy tc nghn.
Cac nha khai thac mng cap dng truc dang tin hanh cai tin h tng mng cap
bng cach dua thm mng cap quang vao mng cap dng truc thay truyn dn tuong tu
bng truyn dn s duoc goi la mng lai ghep HFC: Mng HFC cung cp gn 100 knh
truyn dn tc d cao (6 MH) cho mi knh phn phi cac lung video tuong tu, s, du
liu toi nguoi su dung va c th m rng cac dich vu bng rng nho modem cap. Tuy
nhin do duong truyn HFC la chung nn bng thngkha dung cho mi knh khi c nhiu
nguoi su dung khng cao bng DSL.
<KT XS [=$9 E P=$9 "i= A=A AG$" $"9 >?!' $9JH
9
)H6N II7 CNG NGH TRUY NH() HcU TUY2N
10
C9:;$" Q7 Hd AG$" $"9 _,X+
QK< CG$" $"9 >?S$" 9d _,X+
Nhu d d cp chuong 1, xDSL la ho cng ngh duong dy thu bao s gm nhiu
cng ngh c tc d, khoang cach truyn dn khac nhau va duoc ung dung vao cac dich
vu khac nhau, voi x thay cho cac ky tu : A, H, V, I, S, Lich su phat trin cua cac cng
ngh trong ho duoc th hin trong hinh 2.1 .
Chng 6: Hinh 2.1: Lich su phat trin cua cac cng ngh trong ho xDSL
C th phn loi xDSL theo dc tinh truyn dn giua hai chiu ln va xung nhu sau
(Bang 2.1 tng kt dc dim cua mt s cng ngh trong ho ):
Truyn dn hai chiu di xung gm: HDSLHDSL2, SHDSL d duoc chun
hoa va nhung phin ban khac nhu: SDSL, IDSL

11
Truyn dn hai chiu khng di xung gm ADSLADSL. Lite (G.Lite),
ADSL2, ADSL2 d duoc chun hoa va mt s tn goi khac chua duoc
chun hoa nhu: RADSL, UADSL, CDSL.
Cng ngh VDSL, VDSL2 cung cp ca dich vu truyn dn di xung va
khng di xung.
HDSLHDSL 2 (High data rate DSL): Cng ngh duong dy thu bao s truyn tc
d du liu cao HDSL su dung 2 di dy dng trong d mi di dy su dung hoan toan
sng cng d cung cp dich vu T1 (1,544 Mbs), 2 hoc 3 di dy d cung cp dich vu E1
(2,048 Mbs)
SDSL (Single pair DSL): Cng ngh DSL mt di dy truyn di xung tc d 784
kbs trn mt di dy, ghep knh thoi va s liu trn cung mt duong dy, su dung m
2B1. Cng ngh nay chua c cac tiu chun thng nht nn khng duoc ph bin cho
cac dich vu tc d cao. SDSL chi duoc ung dung trong vic truy cp trang Web, tai nhung
tp du liu va thoi dng thoi voi tc d 128 Kbs voi khoang cach nh hon 6,7 Km va
tc d ti da la 1024 Kbs trong khoang 3,5 Km.
SHDSL: La cng ngh kt hop cua HDSL 2 va SDSL voi tc d thay di tu 192kbps
dn 2,134 Mbps, khoang cach tuong ung voi tc d ti da la 2km. Trong thuc t, n c
th cu hinh dng 2 di dy cung cp tc d tu 384kbps dn 4,264Mbps.
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL), ADSL2, ADSL2: Cng ngh DSL khng di xung
duoc phat trin tu khi xut hin cac nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc d cao, cac dich vu
truc tuyn, video theo yu cu...vao du nhung nm 90. ADSL cung cp tc d truyn dn
khng di xung ln toi 8 Mbs lung xung va 16- 640 Kbs lung ln voi khoang cach
truyn dn 5km va giam di khi tc d ln cao. u dim ni bt cua ADSL la cho phep
khach hang su dung dng thoi mt duong dy thoi cho ca 2 dich vu: thoi va s liu.
Mt dng ADSL moi goi la ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng su dung b loc d xut hin tu
du nm 1998 chu yu cho ung dung truy cp Internet tc d cao, k thut nay khng doi
hi b loc phia thu bao nn gia thanh thit bi va chi phi lp dt giam di tuy nhin tc d
lung xung chi con 1,5 Mbs. ADSL2 thm nhung cai tin v diu ch va m ha lam
tng hiu qua su dung bng thng. ADSL2 m rng bng tn cho chiu xung toi 2.2
Mh.
ReachDSL la cng ngh DSL di xung dap ung nhu cu cua thu bao v duong dy
DSL tc d cao cac khoang cach xa. b sung cho cng ngh ADSL tiu chun (DMT
hay G.lite), cac san phm ReachDSL cung cp tc d du liu tu 128 kbps dn 1 Mbps va
duoc thit k d lam vic voi diu kin duong dy va di dy trong nha d di hon. Mt
trong cac loi ich cua ReachDSL la khng cn phai lp dt cac b tach dich vu thoi don
thun POTS. iu nay cho phep khach hang hoan toan c th tu lp dt cac b
microilter.Khac voi cac h thng ADSL c d dai vong thu bao gioi hn trong khoang 6
12
Km k tu tng dai, cac h thng ReachDSL m rng dich vu dn hon 6 500 m va hin nay
d c cac duong dy vuot qua 10 Km.
VDSL (Very high data rate DSL): Cng ngh DSL tc d du liu rt cao la cng
ngh phu hop cho kin truc mng truy nhp su dung cap quang toi cum dn cu. VDSL
truyn tc d du liu cao qua cac duong dy dng xon di khoang cach ngn. Tc d
lung xung ti da dt toi 52 Mbs trong chiu dai 300 m. Voi tc d lung xung thp
1,5 Mbs thi chiu dai cap dt toi 3,6 km. Tc d lung ln trong ch d khng di xung
la 1,6- 2,3 Mbs.
Chng 7: Bang 2.1: Cac cng ngh trong ho xDSL.
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IDSL 144 Kbs di xung 5km 1 di Truyn thoi va s liu
HDSL
1,544Mbs di
xung
2,048Mbs di
xung
3,6 km
4,5 km
2 di
3 di
Cp lumgT1E1 d truy xut
WAN. LAN, truy xut server
HDSL2
1,544Mbs di
xung
2,048Mbs di
xung
3,6 km
4,5 km
1 di
SDSL
768kbs di xung
1,544Mbs hoc
2,048Mbs mt
chiu
7 km
3 km 1 di
Nhu HDSL nhung thm phn
truy xut di xung
SHDSL 5.6Mbps lnxung
7 km
3 km
1, 2
di
Kt ni server
ADSL 7 Mbps xung, 800
kbps ln
5km (tc
d cang
cao thi
khoang
cach cang
1 di Truy xut Internet, video on
demand, interactive multimedia,
truy xut LAN tu xa
13
ngn )
ADSL2
8 Mbs xung, 1
Mbps ln
5km (tc
d cang
cao thi
khoang
cach cang
ngn )
nhiu
di
dy
Truy xut Internet, video on
truy xut LAN tu xa
ADSL2
24 Mbps xung 1
Mbps ln
5km (tc
d cang
cao thi
khoang
cach cang
ngn )
nhiu
di
dy(toi
32 di)
truy xut LAN tu xa
ADSL2-
RE
8 Mbps don
1 Mbps up
5km (tc
d cang
cao thi
khoang
cach cang
ngn )
Reach
Extend
e
truy xut LAN tu xa
VDSL
26 Mbs di xung
1352 Mbs lung
xung
1,5-2,3 Mbs lung
ln
300 m
1,5 km
(tuy tc
d)
1 di
Nhu ADSL nhung thm
HDTV(truyn hinh tc d cao)
VDSL2
100Mbps
lnxung G.993.2
300 m
1,5 km
(tuy tc
d)
1 di
Nhu ADSL nhung thm
HDTV(truyn hinh tc d cao)
Voi mt ho cac k thut DSL khac nhau, vic ap dung chung sao cho phu hop va c
hiu qua cao la mt vn d cn xem xet. Mi loi k thut c nhung tinh nng, dc thu va
dim mnh, dim yu ring. Trong ho xDSL thi cac cng ngh bt di xung nhu ADSL,
ADSL2, ADSL2 la nhung cng ngh duoc su dung nhiu nht, ph bin nht trn th
gioi.
Nhn xet danh gia v dc dim cua xDSL:
Xy dung tinh mm do du muc cn thit d h tro cho cac ung dung. Tinh
mm do th hin dy la: Kha nng d h tro nhiu loi hinh dich vu, kha
14
nng m rng d phat trin tu mt vai thu bao toi hang ngan thu bao, kha
nng quan ly tin cy mng dim - dim trong vic h tro nhung ung.
Cho phep mng cua nha cung cp dich vu NPS va nguoi su dung dich vu
tn dung mt s dc tinh cua cu truc co s h tng hin nay nhu nhung
giao thuc lop 2, 3 ging nhu Frame Relay, ATM va IP va d tin cy nhung
dich vu mng. xDSL c th trin khai nhung dich vu duoc dua trn cac gi
tin hoc t bao ging nhu Frame Relay, IP hoc ATM hay trn nhung dich
vu knh dng b bit.
xDSL dap ung duoc yu cu doi hi thoi gian thuc, tc d cao
Kha nng xDSL ngay cang phong phu voi rt nhiu cac phin ban moi nhu
ADSL2, HDSL2
ua nhung kt qua nghin cuu, cac nha cung cp dich vu thua nhn rng ho
cng ngh xDSL khng phai la th h tuong lai cua mng truy nhp ma chi
la giai phap hin ti cua truy nhp mng.
QKQ giL$ >?lA 9 >9e$"
H thng xDSL bao gm nhung thit bi phia nha cung cp dich vu, nhung thit bi
khach hang, nhung thit bi nay duoc ni voi nhau thng qua mch vong duong dy thu
bao. Hinh 2.2 th hin kin truc chung cua mt h thng su dung xDSL, hinh 2.3 th hin
chi tit nhung thit bi trong mt h thng ADSL thng dung
Chng 8: Hinh 2.2: B cung cp mch vong thu bao s xDSL
<K<KY T9iL> mM $9 A!$" AnH %MA9 Ek oL> $ei
Gm c cac b chia duoc lp dt noi cac mch vong thu bao kt cui trn gia phi
dy chinh MDF, du ra c hai di dy. i thu nht kt ni toi mng chuyn mch thoi
15
d cung cp dich vu thoi truyn thng. i dy thu hai kt ni toi khi kt cui ADSL
trung tm (ATU-C). truyn dn hiu qua, cac khi ATU-C duoc kt hop voi chuc nng
ghep knh to nn b ghep knh truy nhp DSL (DSLAM) trong tng dai trung tm va
duoc kt ni toi mng cac nha cung cp dich vu thng qua mng bng rng ATM hoc IP.
<K<KZ )9pC o9=A9 9$"
Bao gm cac b chia duoc lp dt noi cac mch vong thu bao kt cui, du ra kt
ni toi khi kt cui ADSL du xa (ATU-R) toi du cui khach hang su dung ADSL va
mt du toi du cui khach hang su dung thoi.
<K<KT M&A9 Eq$" >9!r mCS
La mt di dy dng xon di ni cum thu bao va tng dai trung tm. Tuy nhin, d
h thng ADSL c th trin khai duoc trn thuc t, thi ta phai xem xet duoc su tuong
thich ph cua cac dich vu ADSL trn mch vong thu bao vi n anh hung su sc toi
cht luong dich vu ADSL.
Chng 9: Hinh 2.3: Cu truc h thng ADSL.
QKY A,X+s A,X+Qs A,X+Qt
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) Cng ngh DSL khng di xung duoc phat trin tu khi
xut hin cac nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc d cao, cac dich vu truc tuyn, video theo
yu cu...vao du nhung nm 90. ADSL cung cp tc d truyn dn khng di xung ln
ADSL
.
Cac duong
khng phai xDSL
DSLAM
ATU-R M,U
Chuyn mch
ATMIP
Chuyn
mch
CO
)OTX`IX,N

PST
N
M
&
A
9

E
q
$
"

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9
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r

m
C
S

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u
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Mng bng
rng
B chia
B chia
ATU-C
16
toi 8 Mbs lung xung va 16- 640 Kbs lung ln voi khoang cach truyn dn 5km va
giam di khi tc d ln cao. u dim ni bt cua ADSL la cho phep khach hang su dung
dng thoi mt duong dy thoi cho ca 2 dich vu: thoi va s liu. Mt dng ADSL moi
goi la ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng su dung b loc d xut hin tu du nm 1998 chu
yu cho ung dung truy cp Internet tc d cao, k thut nay khng doi hi b loc phia
thu bao nn gia thanh thit bi va chi phi lp dt giam di tuy nhin tc d lung xung
chi con 1,5 Mbs.
ADSL2 thm nhung cai tin v diu ch va m ha lam tng hiu qua su dung bng
thng.
ADSL2 m rng bng tn cho chiu xung toi 2.2 Mh.
<K<Kv A,X+
uong dy thu bao s bt di xung ADSL la k thut truyn dn mch vong ni ht
dng thoi truyn tai trn cung mt di dy cac dich vu sau:
Tc d bit thu (v phia thu bao) ln toi gn 9 Mbits.
Tc d bit phat (v phia mng) ln toi 1 Mbits.
Dich vu din thoi truyn thng POTS.
H thng truyn dn duoc thit k d hot dng trn cap dng xon di, nhiu c
dy hn hop. K thut truyn tai ADSL duoc xy dung dua trn diu kin khng c cun
gia cam va c mt vai truong hop hn ch cua nhanh r duoc chp nhn. Nhung d ap
dung cng ngh tin tin d nng cao tc d truyn dn, c th cung cp cho thu bao
dich vu bng rng mt chiu nhu HDTV, dich vu s liu tc d trung binh kiu trao di va
dich vu din thoi thng thuong.
2.3.1.1 K thut iu ch
Hin c 3 ki thut diu ch duoc su dung la AM, CAP va DMT, ki thut DMT
(Discrete Multi- Tone Modulation) duoc su dung rng ri.
iu ch DMT la ki thut diu ch da sng mang. DMT chia ph tn s thanh cac
chu ki ki hiu. Mi chu ki ki hiu c th mang mt s luong bit nht dinh. Ph tu 26 kH
dn 1,1 MH duoc chia thanh cac knh 4 kH va DMT m hoa va diu ch to thanh cac
knh phu 4 kH. Cac bit trong mi knh phu duoc diu ch bng ki thut AM va dt
trong cac sng mang, hinh 2.4.
17
Chng 10: Hinh 2.4: ADSL su dung va khng su dung ki thut trit ting vong
i voi bt ki loi m duong truyn nao su dung mt di dy cho vic truyn song
cng du phai chia bung tn hot dng thanh bng tn tu tng dai toi thu bao va bng tn
tu thu bao toi tng dai (don gian la ki thut ghep knh theo tn s FDM) hoc phai su
dung ki thut xoa ting vong. Tuy nhin, trong ki thut ADSL ca FDM va ki thut xoa
ting vong c th su dung kt hop dng thoi diu nay la do su khng di xung cua bng
tn ADSL, cac dai tn c th gi chng ln nhau nhung khng trung khit vao nhau. y la
dc thu ring cua ADSL so voi cac ki thut DSL khac.
Ki thut xoa ting vong c mt s yu dim la bi anh hung lon bi tac dng cua
xuyn m du gn (NEXT); khi d du thu c th nhn tin hiu duoc truyn sang tu h
thng bn cnh. Cac h thng bn cnh dy c th la cac di dy khac hoc thm chi la
ngay b phat cua h thng. Nuu b thu b qua toan b dai tn s ma du gn phat thi
FDM s tranh duoc xuyn m du gn. Tt nhin diu nay dng nghia voi vic ct b mt
luong bng tn hiu dung cua huong kia. Nhu vy, su dung ki thut xoa ting vong s lam
cho hiu sut bng tn cao hon nhung chi phi cho n li phuc tp va nhy cam. Ki thut
xoa ting vong c th su dung di voi tn s thp nht nn dt hiu qua cao hon.
Trong truong hop dung mt duong truyn dng thoi cho ca hai huong trn cung
mt dai tn s cn phai kim soat ting vong. Mt cach kim soat ting vong la chia tn
s thanh hai bng tn cho duong tu tng dai toi thu bao va nguoc li.
2.3.1.2 K thut truyn dn song cng
C 3 ki thut truyn dn song cng trn di dy dng la: phn chia theo tn s
(FDM), phn chia theo thoi gian (TDM) va trit ting vong (EC). ADSL thuong thuc hin
ki thut FDM va EC.
K thut ghp knh theo tn s!.
18
Chng 11: Hinh 2.5: Phn chia bng tn cua ki thut FDM
Ki thut nay cho phep dai tn phat tach khi dai tn thu d tranh tu xuyn m va c
dai tn bao v giua chung.
Phuong phap nay c uu dim sau:
Trit tiu duoc NEXT vi hai dai tn s cach nhau bng bng tn bao v.
Khng cn su dng b giua phat va thu.
duoc phat trin tu lu nn dt duoc su chin mui cng ngh.
Tuy nhin vn con tn ti mt s nhuoc dim:
Khng su dung hiu qua bng thng vi lung ln va xung 2 dai tn khac
bit nhau va con c dai tn bao v.
Tc d lung xung dai tn cao nn bi giam nhanh chng khi cu ly truyn
dn tng do suy hao min tn s cao nhanh.
Vn xay ra hin tuong NEXT mc du truong hop ly tung cac b cap du
cung loi nhung vn c cac h thng DSL khac nhau hot dng trong cung
b cap .
Frequency |kH|
Signal
Poer
4
2
5
13
8
1
104
Donstream
Data
Upstream
Data
256 channels
Channel
Spacing
4.3125 kH
19
K thut tri"t ting #$ng %&
K thut nay su dung mt knh duy nht cho ca phat va thu nn ph tin hiu cua
chung trum ln nhau va tn ti ting vong cua tin hiu phat ln trong tin hiu thu nn cn
mt b khu ting vong ti phia thu.
Ting vong gm t hop hai loi: ting vong du gn va du xa. Muc dich cua b
trit ting vong la trit ting vong du gn con tin hiu du xa anh hung khng dang k
nn c th b qua.
Chng 12: Hinh 2.6: Phn chia bng tn cua ki thut EC
Nhu vy, k thut nay cho phep hai modem su dung toan b bng thng c sn
trn ca hai huong.
Chng 13: Hinh 2.7 Phn tach tin hiu ln, xung bng phuong phap khu ting vong
Khi tin hiu truyn qua mch sai dng (hybrid), mt phn tin hiu vong li du thu
do mch hybrid khng hoan hao. B loc s dap ung ADF duoc su dung c chuc nng to
ra mt ban sao cua tin hiu vong va ting vong bi trit hoan toan bng cach tru ban sao
nay voi tin hiu vong thuc t
u dim:
20
Tn dung hiu qua bng thng vi ph hai huong trum ln nhau.
Cai thin dang k tc d truyn nht la khi cu ly dai vi tin hiu huong xung
duoc su dung bng tn thp la vung ma suy hao nh hon.
Nhuoc dim:
Khng loi b duoc NEXT do c nhiu h thng khac nhau lam vic trong
cung b cap ma b trit ting vong khng th loi b duoc xuyn m tu
chung.
Vic ch to nhung b loc s thich ung rt phuc tp nht la khi lam vic voi
tn s cao. Vi vy, cac modem ADSL hin nay vn su dung kiu FDM khi
yu cu tc d cao chua gay gt lm.
2.3.1.3 'guyn () thu ph*t
Chng 14: Hinh 2.8 : So d khi thu va phat ADSL
Khi to khung: Nhn cac knh du liu, EOC, AOC va cac bit chi thi ri to khung
va siu khung theo tc d thoa thun sau qua trinh khi to. S liu trn duong truyn dn
ADSL duoc b tri thanh cu truc siu khung.
CRC: To 8 bit kim tra li va dt trong khung thu nht cua mi siu khung. Trong
mt lung, CRC s kim tra tt ca cac bit chuyn qua tru cac byte FEC, CRC cua siu
khung truoc d va khung dng b. CRC giup phat hin c bao nhiu siu khung sau khi
thu xut hin mt li khng th sua duoc bng FEC.
Data Data
EOC EOC
AOC AOC
Bit Bit ch ch th th
Data Data
EOC EOC
AOC AOC
Bit Bit ch ch th th
# #$ $ t t% % & &
khung khung
C'C C'C
C'C C'C
C'C C'C
C'C C'C
Tr Tr$ $n n
Tr Tr$ $n n
Tr Tr$ $n n
Tr Tr$ $n n
( () ) h*a h*a
'+ '+
( () ) h*a h*a
'+ '+
( () ) h*a h*a
'+ '+
( () ) h*a h*a
'+ '+
, , an an -.n -.n , , an an -.n -.n
+ +/ /p p -"p -"p
0 01 1
m m) ) h*a h*a
2h 2h3 3 m m
i i4 4m m
I I
5 5
6 6
T T
I I
5 5
6 6
T T
Th Th7 7 m m
Ti8n Ti8n
t t
0 09 9ng ng
Th Th7 7 m m
Ti8n Ti8n
t t
0 09 9ng ng
5:; 5:; 5:; 5:;
# #$ $ gi gi< <i i
khung khung
C'C C'C
C'C C'C
Gi Gi< <i i tr tr$ $n n
Gi Gi< <i i m m) )
Gi Gi< <i i m m) )
Gi Gi< <i i
an an -.n -.n
Gi Gi< <i i
m m) )
gi gi< <i i
= =/ /p p
-"p -"p
6 6
5 5
> >
5 5
6 6
T T
T T 2h 2h
ti8n ti8n
t t
0 09 9ng ng
T5> T5>
;5C? ;5C?
@iAAt.r @iAAt.r
# #$ $ gi gi< <i i
khung khung
C'C C'C
C'C C'C
Gi Gi< <i i m m) )
Gi Gi< <i i m m) )
Gi Gi< <i i
an an -.n -.n
Gi Gi< <i i
m m) )
gi gi< <i i
= =/ /p p
-"p -"p
6 6
5 5
> >
5 5
6 6
T T
T T 2h 2h
ti8n ti8n
t t
0 09 9ng ng
T5> T5>
;5C? ;5C?
@iAAt.r @iAAt.r
21
Khi trn (Ngu nhin hoa): Thuc hin trn lung nhanh va lung chm mt cach
dc lp nhm muc dich tranh cac cac bit ging nhau xut hin lin tip. Ti du thu qua
trinh din ra nguoc li voi cung qui lut.
Khi FEC: Thm bit du vao phn du liu nhm sua mt s bit bi li sau b giai
diu ch phia thu ( dy su dung m Reed Solomon).
Khi dan xen: Chi tn ti trong lung xen, d phn tan li cum toi cac tu m khac
nhau sao cho s byte bi li lin tip nm trong kha nng sua li cua loi m d. Tt nhin,
luc nay thng tin s bi tr hon so voi khng dan xen.
Sp xp tone: La qua trinh tach mt s bit nht dinh ri gan vao mt tone nht
dinh. Sau qua trinh khi to, s luong bit gan cho mi tone d duoc quyt dinh (c gia tri
tu 0 dn 15 bit). Du liu tu hai ngun nhanh, chm duoc dua vao sp xp tone truoc khi
dua dn b m hoa DMT.
M hoa: Sau khi sp xp tone, mi bin phai thuc hin m hoa cac bit nay. Ngoai ra,
khi m hoa con c chuc nng diu chinh d loi knh (Cng sut) cho tung bin nho bang
gia tri bittone va d loi bin.
Khi IDFT: Sau khi sp xp toneva m hoa s to ra mt s phuc. Nhu vy, s c
nhiu nht la 256 s phuc. Khi IDFT s chuyn cac s phuc trong min tn s nay sang
tin hiu trong min thoi gian.
Khi thm tin t vong: to ra knh gia tun hoan giup qua trinh cn bng trong
min tn s phia thu thun loi hon.
Khi bin di s-tuong tu DAC va loc dng: Chuyn di cac muc tin hiu sang
muc din ap va pha khac nhau trn duong truyn. B loc d gioi hn tin hiu phat trong
bng thng cua ADSL ..
<K<Kw A,X+Q
2.3.1.+ ,i-i thi"u chung
ADSL2 la th thu hai cua ADSL duoc chun hoa trong ITU G.992.3 va G992.4
dua trn chun cua th h thu nht ITU G.992.1 va G.992.2. Tuy nhin ADSL2 c nhiu
cai tin so voi ADSL th h thu nht. Nho nhung cai tin nu trn ma ADSL2 cai thin
dang k v tc d va khoang cach so voi ADSL. Voi ADSL2 c th dt duoc tc d
duong xung trn 8Mbps va duong ln toi 800Kbps trn mt di dy din thoi. So voi
ADSL, ADSL2 tng tc d duong xung khoang tu 50 dn 196Kbps va tng tc d
duong ln khoang tu 32 dn 64Kbps. Mt khac, voi cung tc d s liu nhu ADSL,
ADSL2 tng khoang cach so voi ADSL tu 500 dn 1000eet (khoang tu 150 dn 300m).
Hinh 3.29 m ta mt vi du v tc d va khoang cach ADSL2 so voi ADSL th h thu
nht. Trn duong dy din thoi c cung d dai so voi ADSL thi ADSL2 c tc d s liu
22
tng khoang 50Kbps. Voi cung tc d nhu ADSL, ADSL2 dt duoc khoang cach tng
khoang 600eet (khoang 180m) so voi ADSL, diu nay lam tng vung phu khoang 6.
C duoc kt qua nay la do ADSL2 cai thin hiu qua diu ch, giam tiu d khung,
dt duoc d loi m hoa cao hon, cai thin trng thai khi to va tng cuong thut toan xu
ly tin hiu... So voi ADSL, ADSL2 b xung mt s tinh nng moi, d la nhung tinh nng
lin quan dn Cac tinh nng lin quan dn ung dung, cac tinh nng lin quan dn PMS-
TC va cac tinh nng lin quan dn PMD.
2.3.1.. &*c t/nh n0ng (in 1u2n n 3ng d4ng
56 tr7 3ng d4ng 8 ch 9 ho:n to:n s!
ADSL dua ra mt ch d tuy chon cho phep truyn s liu ADSL trn bng tn
thoi do d tng thm 256Kbps cho tc d du liu duong ln. Ch d nay la lua chon hp
dn di voi cac doanh nghip su dung dich vu thoi va s liu trn cac duong dy ring
bit bi vi nho ch d nay ma cac doanh nghip dt duoc cac dich vu voi tc d duong
ln cao hon.
56 tr7 3ng d4ng tho;i trn <0ng tn =>?@
C ba phuong thuc co ban d truyn luu luong thoi trn duong dy cap dng su
dung bng tn DSL d la: Thoi qua ch d truyn dn cn dng b (VoATM), thoi qua
giao thuc internet (VoIP) va thoi phn knh trn DSL (CVoDSL).
Phuong thuc VoATM, thuc hin vic sp xp thoi d duoc s hoa va thng tin
bao hiu vao cac t bao ATM, cac t bao nay duoc truyn trn duong dy din thoi va
truyn qua mng dn kt ni ring ao ATM.
Tuong tu phuong thuc thu hai, VoIP cng sp xp thoi d duoc s hoa va thng
tin bao hiu vao cac gi IP va truyn chung trn duong dy din thoi cung voi s liu
khac.
Con phuong thuc CVoDSL, la mt cai tin cua cng ngh duong dy thu bao s.
Phuong thuc nay truyn luu luong thoi TDM mt cach trong sut qua bng tn DSL.
CVoDSL la duy nht giua cac giai phap thoi qua DSL trong d n truyn thoi trong lop
vt ly, cho phep truyn cac knh thoi trn bng tn DSL trong khi vn duy tri ca POTS
va truy nhp Internet tc d cao. y la mt phuong thuc don gian, linh hot, hiu qua v
mt chi phi cho phep thit bi th h sau c chuc nng thoi.
56 tr7 ch3c n0ng ghp ngA7c =BC DEC=F trong =BC BG?HB&I
Tc d s liu toi khach hang c th tng dang k bng cach ghep nhiu duong
din thoi cung nhau. thuc hin vic ghep, chun ADSL2 h tro chuc nng ghep
nguoc ATM (IMA) duoc trin khai cho cu truc ATM truyn thng. Thng qua IMA,
ADSL2 c th ghep hai hoc nhiu di dy dng trong mt tuyn ADSL. Kt qua la dt
23
duoc tc d duong xung linh hot hon cu th la : 20 Mbps trn 2 di ghep, 30 Mbps trn
3 di ghep, 40 Mbps trn 4 di ghep.
2.3.1.J &*c t/nh n0ng (in 1u2n n GC?HB&
Ki"c phLn khung (inh ho;t hMnN h6 tr7 t-i + khung O2ngN + APngI
S liu duoc truyn khac nhau c th duoc tp hop vao cac cu truc khac nhau khi
chung truyn qua chuc nng PMS-TC phat. Nhm cu truc nay duoc goi la cu truc
khung.
,iQO tiu khung
H thng ADSL2 giam tiu d khung bng cach su dung khung voi cac tiu d cua
khung c th lp trinh duoc. Do d, khng nhu trong chun ADSL th h thu nht s bit
tiu d trn khung la c dinh va chim 32Kbps cua tai s liu thuc t, trong chun.
ADSL2 s bit tiu chun trong khung c th lp trinh duoc chim tu 4 dn 32Kbp. Trong
cac h thng ADSL th h thu nht, trn cac duong dy din thoi c tc d s liu thp
(vi du 128Kbps) thi 32Kbps (hoc 25 tc d s liu tng) duoc cung cp phat c dinh
cho thng tin tiu d. Trong cac h thng ADSL2, tc d s liu tiu d c th giam
xung con 4Kbps, do d cung cp thm 28Kbps cho tai s liu.
2.3.1.R &*c t/nh n0ng (in 1u2n n GC>
&huSn o*n
Vic xac dinh nguyn nhn cua nhung vn d phat sinh trong qua trinh cung cp
dich vu ADSL cho khach hang la mt tr ngi rt lon trong tin trinh phat trin cua
ADSL. khc phuc vn d nay, b thu phat ADSL2 duoc tng cuong kha nng chun
doan. Kha nng chun doan cung cp cac cng cu d giai quyt nhung vuong mc trong
va sau khi to, d giam sat trong khi cung cp dich vu va nng cao nng luc. chun
doan va giai quyt cac vn d gp phai thi cac b thu phat ADSL2 cung cp kha nng
thuc hin do tp m duong dy, suy giam mch vong va t s tin hiu trn tp m (SNR)
ti hai du duong dy. Kt qua cua nhung phep do nay duoc tp hop li bng cach su
dung ch d kim tra chun doan dc bit ngay ca khi cht luong duong dy la qua ti d
c th hoan thanh kt ni ADSL.
Ngoai ra, ADSL2 bao gm kha nng giam sat hiu nng thoi gian thuc, kha nng
nay cung cp thng tin v cht luong duong dy va diu kin tp m ti hai du duong
dy. Thng tin nay duoc xu ly bi phn mn d giam sat cht luong kt ni ADSL va
tranh xay ra cac li dich vu trong tuong lai. Thng tin nay cng duoc su dung d quyt
dinh xem mt khach hang c th duoc cung cp cac dich vu c tc d s liu cao hon hay
khng.
Bh/ch 3ng t!c 9
24
Cac duong dy din thoi duoc bn voi nhau trong b cap nhiu di chua 25 hoc
nhiu hon cac di dy xon. Kt qua la tin hiu din tu mt di gy ra tu truong trn cac
di gn k trong b cap. Hin tuong nay duoc goi la xuyn m va c th can tr dc
tinh tc d s liu ADSL. Kt qua la nhung thay di cua cac muc xuyn m c th lam
dut kt ni trong ADSL. Xuyn m chi la mt nguyn nhn gy dut kt ni trn h thng
ADSL. Cac nguyn nhn khac c th la do nhiu sng v tuyn AM, nhung thay di v
nhit d va nuoc trong b cap.
ADSL2 gia quyt vn d nay bng cach thich ung lin tuc tc d s liu theo thoi
gian thuc. Cai tin nay, duoc goi la thich ung tc d lin tuc (SRA), cho phep h thng
ADSL2 thay di tc d cua kt ni trong khi cung cp dich vu ma khng lam ngt dich vu
hoc gy li bit. ADSL2 phat hin ra nhung thay di trong diu kin knh (vi du, mt
trm v tuyn AM ni ht ngung phat vao bui ti) va thich ung tc d s liu voi diu
kin moi trong sut voi nguoi su dung.
Kh8i t;o nh2nh
Khi to b thu phat ADSL duoc yu cu cho kt ni giua ATU-C va ATU-R d
thit lp mt tuyn thng tin giua chung. O ADSL th h thu nht chi h tro ch d khi
to thng thuong. Tuy nhin ADSL2 h tro ca hai ch d: ch d khi to thng thuong
va ch d khi to nhanh. Thu tuc khi to thng thuong mt khoang tu 10 toi 15 giy
trong khi d thu tuc khi to nhanh chi mt khoang tu 2 toi 3 giy. C duoc diu nay la
do thu tuc khi to nhanh dua vao vic luu tru va su dung li cac tham s truyn dn tu
khi to thng thuong truoc d nho d giam dang k thoi gian diu khin.
&Qi thi"n # OTt cng suUtI
Cac b thu phat ADSL th h thu nht hot dng ch d cng sut lon nht sut
ngay dm ngay ca khi khng duoc su dung. dap ung vn d nay, chun ADSL2 dua ra
ch d quan ly cng sut giup giam cng sut tiu thu trong khi d vn duy tri chuc nng
lun lun kt ni cua ADSL cho nguoi su dung. Nhung ch d nay bao gm: ch d
cng sut L2 va ch d cng sut L3.
Ch d cng sut L2 cho phep tit kim dang k cng sut ti khi thu phat ADSL
trm trung tm (ATU-C) bng cach vao va ra ch d cng sut thp mt cach nhanh
chng dua trn luu luong Internet chy trn kt ni ADSL. Ch d cng sut L2 la mt
trong nhung cai tin quan trong nht cua chun ADSL2. Khi tai xung cac ile du liu lon
thi ADSL2 hot dng ch d cng sut lon nht (duoc goi la ch d cng sut L0) d
cuc di tc d tai xung. Khi luu luong Internet giam, vi du nhu khi nguoi su dung dang
doc mt trang vn ban dai, thi cac h thng ADSL2 c th chuyn sang ch d cng sut
thp L2, trong ch d nay tc d s liu giam dang k va giam cng sut tiu thu.
25
<K<Kx A,X+Qt
2.3.1.V ,i-i thi"u chung
Cng ngh ADSL2 la thanh vin moi nht trong ho cac chun ADSL. ADSL2
duoc chun hoa trong ITU G.992.5 vao thang 5 nm 2003. C th coi ADSL2 la ADSL
th h thu ba hoc la phin ban delta cua ADSL th h thu hai (ADSL2). Cng ging nhu
ADSL2, ADSL2 su dung di dy dng xon d truyn dng thoi thoi va s liu tc d
cao giua kt cui mng (ATU-C) va kt cui khach hang (ATU-R). Tuy nhin bng tn
cua ADSL2 c khac so voi bng tn cua ADSL2. Trong khi ADSL2 su dung bng tn tu
0-1,1Mh thi ADSL2 su dung bng tn tu 0-2,2Mh. Cng ging nhu ADSL2, ADSL2
danh bng tn co s d truyn thoi, bng tn thp d truyn s liu duong ln va bng tn
cao d truyn s liu duong xung. Tuy nhin, bng tn duong xung cua ADSL2 gp
di so voi bng tn duong xung cua ADSL2, do d ADSL2 tng dang k tc d s liu
trn duong dy din thoi c khoang cach ngn hon 9Kiloeet (khoang 3 km)
Nho c tinh nng moi thm vao ma ADSL2 c th dt duoc tc d s liu duong
xung toi 25Mbps. Trn duong dy din thoi c khoang cach 3Kileet (khoang gn 1
km) tc d s liu duong xung c th dt duoc 24Mbps va c th dt duoc 20Mbps trn
duong dy c khoang cach 5Kileet (khoang 1.5 km).
ADSL2 la ADSL2 voi bng tn m rng n duoc chun hoa dua trn chun cua
ADSL2. Do d, ADSL2 mang dy du cac dc tinh cua ADSL2. Tuy nhin, ADSL2
con c thm mt s tinh nng moi nhm dap ung tc d s liu cao hon trn mch vong
c khoang cach ngn hon. Mt s tinh nng moi duoc thm vao nhu: m rng bng tn,
ghep d dt tc d cao hon va mt s tinh nng khac cua ADSL2.
2.3.1.W C8 r9ng <0ng tn
Trong khi hai thanh vin trong ho cac chun ADSL2 la G.992.3(G.dmt.bis) va
G.992.4(G.lite.bis) su dung bng tn duong xung toi 1,1Mh va 552Mh tuong ung thi
ADSL2 su dung bng tn duong xung toi 2.208Mh tuong ung voi 512 sng mang phu
(Hinh 3.30). Nhu vy bng tn cua ADSL2 tng gp di so voi bng tn duong xung
cua ADSL2 con bng tn duong ln cua ADSL2 khng thay di so voi ADSL2
Nho cai tin dc bit nay ma tc d s liu duong xung cua ADSL2 tng gp di
so voi ADSL2 trn duong dy din thoi c khoang cach duoi 4Kiloeet va cao hon nhiu
so voi ADSL2 trn duong dy din thoi c khoang cach tu 4 dn 8Kiloeet. Tuy nhin
voi duong dy din thoi c khoang cach lon hon 8Kiloeet thi tc d s liu duong
xung cua ADSL2 tuong tu nhu ADSL2 (Hinh 2.9).
26
Chng 15: Hinh 2.9: Tc d s liu duong xung cua ADSL2 so voi ADSL2
Voi muc dich giam xuyn m thi ADSL2 cung cp kha nng chi su dung cac tn
s nm trong khoang tu 1.1Mh toi 2.2Mh bng cach che cac tn s thp hon 1.1Mh.
iu nay dc bit huu dung khi cac dich vu ADSL tu trm trung tm (CO) va tu kt cui
du xa (RT) cung nm trn mt cap toi nha khach hang. Trong diu kin nay, nha cung
cp dich vu c th trin khai dich vu ADSL2 voi bng tn duong xung tu 0.14Mh toi
1.1Mh cho khach hang cach xa trm trung tm (CO) voi yu cu tc d s liu khng
thuc su cao con cac khach hang cach xa trm trung tm (CO) nhung gn trm kt cui
du xa (RT) voi yu cu tc d s liu cao thi c th su dung dich vu ADSL2 voi bng
tn duong xung tu 1.1Mh toi 2.2Mh. Bng cach nay c th loi b hu ht xuyn m
giua cac dich vu va dam bao duoc tc d duong dy tu trm trung tm.
2.3.1.1X ,hp Y ;t t!c 9 c2o hMn
K thut ghep nhiu duong dy din thoi nhm muc dich dt tc d s liu cao
hon va cai thin khoang cach la k thut moi cua ho cng ngh ADSL2. Cng ging nhu
ADSL2, vic ghep ADSL2 cng thuc hin ghep nhiu duong ADSL2. Tuy nhin,
ADSL2, vic ghep dt duoc tc d s liu cao hon rt nhiu so voi ADSL2. Nhu chi ra
trn Hinh 3.33, bng cach ghep hai duong ADSL2 c th cung cp cho khach hang tc
d s liu ln dn 44Mbps trn duong dy c khoang cach ngn hon 5Kiloeet (khoang
1.5km). Trn cac duong dy din thoi c khoang cach xa hon, vic ghep hai duong
ADSL2 c th h tro duoc tc d 8Mbps voi khoang cach trn 12Kiloeet (khoang
3.6km).
27
Chng 16: Hinh 2.10: Ghep hai duong ADSL2
Vic ghep nhiu di dy din thoi trong ADSL2 c mt s dc dim nhu sau:
Vic ghep h tro kha nng tu dng giai phng va khi phuc cac di dy ma
khng vn su can thip cua con nguoi. Mt khac, vic ghep c th duoc
thuc hin tu dng bng phn mm.
Vic ghep h tro cac tc d s liu khac nhau (voi t l 41) giua cac di
dy. iu nay rt c y nghia trong truong hop cac duong dy dng c dung
luong thp hon cac duong dy khac thi khng cn thit phai giam tc d s
liu trn cac duong dy c dung luong cao hon.
C th ghep toi 32 di dy.
Cac cng (port) trn card duong dy ADSL2 duoc ghep mt cach ngu
nhin. Nghia la vic ghep duoc thuc hin bng cach kt hop bt ky cng nao
va vic ghep rt mm do.
Chun ghep ATM duoc su dung trn bt ky lop vt ly nao. Ngoai ADSL2,
n c th duoc su dung cho cac dich vu DSL khac.
2.3.1.11 C9t s! t/nh n0ng kh*c cZ2 =>?@2[
Ngoai cac tinh nng moi duoc trinh bay trn, ADSL2 con c thm mt s tinh
nng moi nhu sau:
ADSL2 c kha nng h tro toi 3 tu m (Reed-Solomontrene) ky hiu,
trong khi d ADSL2 chi c th h tro ti da 2 tu m (Reed-Solomontrene)
trn ky hiu. Gia tri nay duoc quy dinh khac nhau trong chun ITU G.992.3
va G.992.5. Cu th la G.992.3 quy dinh s khung ghep s liu trn ky tu va
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Bonded ADSL2
ADSL2
ADSL
+OO) +VNGTH agUTb
,
A
T
A

R
A
T
V

a
M
B
)
X
b
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
28
s tu m FEC trn ky hiu cuc di la 2. Trong khi d, G.992.5 quy dinh s
khung ghep s liu trn ky hiu va s tu m trn ky hiu cuc di la 3.
Duoi su diu khin cua nguoi vn hanh thng qua CO-MIB, vic diu khin
ph duong xung voi PSD phat cuc di ti dim tham chiu U-C trn sng
mang phu cho phep vic cu hinh theo yu cu cua tung vung (vi du, Bc
M, Chu u hoc Nht Ban) va cu hinh theo cac mi truong trin khai (vi
du, trm trung tm (CO) hoc trm du xa (RT)).
Vic dinh dng ph duong xung trong thoi gian shotime (dng PSD phat
trong bng thng la khng phng) cai thin linh hot cua PSD phat duong
xung.
QKZ H,X+s H,X+QsXH,X+s H,X+Z
<K<Ky H,X+
2.+.1.1 5>?@ nguyn <Qn
Khai nim ban du v HDSL (duong dy thu bao s tc d cao) xut hin vao
nm 1986 phong thi nghim ATT Bell va Bellcore. Cac thit k thit bi thu phat
HDSL thuc cht la thit k ISDN co ban muc cao hon. H thng HDSL mu xut hin
nm 1989. Thit bi HDSL du tin duoc Bell Canada dua vao hot dng vao nm 1992 do
cng ty Tellabs Operation Inc san xut. Nm 1997 trn th gioi d c khoang 450000
duong dy HDSL dang hot dng trong d c khoang 250000 duong dy HDSL Bc
M. Mi nm c hon 150000 duong dy HDSL duoc lp dt. Thang 10 nm 1998, ITU
thng qua khuyn nghi G.991.1 cho HDSL th h thu nht, tiu chun nay dua trn tiu
chun ETSI TM-03036. ITU bt du nghin cuu xy dung khuyn nghi HDSL th h thu
2 (HDSL2) goi la G.991.2.
HDSL duoc ua dung hon T1 truyn thng la bi vi HDSL cung cp cac dc tinh
chun doan (bao gm do SNR) va HDSL gy xuyn m it hon cac h thng truyn dn
khac do tin hiu truyn duoc hn ch trong bng tn hp hon T1 truyn thng.
2.+.1.2 KhQ n0ng #: 3ng d4ng 5>?@
HDSL truyn tai hai huong 1,544Mbits hoc 2,048 Mbits trn duong dy din
thoi dai dn 3,7 km (12 kt) voi dy 0,5 mm (24 AWG) di dy xon khng c b lp
trung gian va c th tng chiu dai ln gp di voi 1 b lp trung gian. Hon 95 duong
dy HDSL khng c b lp. HDSL la phuong thuc truyn dn tin cy cho tt ca cac vung
phuc vu voi ti l li bit la 10-9 dn 10-10. H thng HDSL DS1 (1,544 Mbs) su dung hai
di dy, mi di dy truyn 768 kbits tai hiu dung (784 kbits tinh) trn mi huong. Do
d thut ngu song cng duoc su dung d m ta h thng truyn dn HDSL. H thng
HDSL E1 (2048 kbits) c th lua chon su dung hai hoc 3 di dy, mi di dy su dung
hoan toan song cng. HDSL 2,048 Mbits 3 di dy su dung b thu phat rt ging b thu
phat h thng 1,544 Mbits. Mch vong HDSL 2,048 Mbits c th c mch r nhung
khng c cun cn bng.
29
Mc du ban du HDSL duoc m ta la cng ngh cn lp, nhung cac b lp HDSL
vn thuong duoc su dung trn duong dy HDSL khng b lp c chiu dai tu 2,75 km
dn 3,7 km (9 dn 12 kt). i voi dy 24 AWG, c th dt duoc 7,3 km khi su dung mt
b lp va 11 km (36 kt) khi dung 2 b lp. dai thuc su c th thp hon nhung noi
khng th dt duoc b lp chinh xac vi tri trung gian. Ban du h thng HDSL hai b
lp duoc cp ngun bng cach, b lp thu nht duoc cp qua duong dy tu CO, b lp thu
hai duoc cp ngun tu phia thu bao. Vic cp ngun tu phia thu bao c hn ch v quan
ly va bao dung. Do ngun tiu thu tu cac b thu phat ngay nay la nh nn nguoi ta c th
cp ngun cho ca hai b lp tu ngun cua CO.
2.+.1.3 Bruyn dn 5>?@
C mt vai giai phap duoc lua chon cho h thng HDSL nguyn thu: song cng
don, don cng kep va song cng kep.
Song cng don chi cn su dung mt di dy va mt cp thit bi thu phat mi du
cua duong dy. Hai huong truyn dn c th duoc tach bit bng ghep knh theo tn s
(FDM) hoc bng truyn dn hn hop trit ting vong. Tuy nhin, truyn toan b tai trn
hu ht cac mch vong du dua trn cng ngh du nhung nm 90. Hon nua dai thng lon
cn phai quan tm dn tuong thich ph voi cac h thng truyn dn khac. H thng HDSL
1,544 Mbits di dy don (di khi goi goi la SDSL) phat trin vao du nhung nm 90 c
d dai mch vong it hon 6 kt trn di dy 26 AWG; do c khoang ngn nay d hn ch
rt lon kha nng su dung cua n. Chi voi k thut tin tin xut hin vao cui nm 90 thi
truyn dn 1,544 Mbits don song cng moi tr thanh hin thuc. HDSL2, m ta phn
2.4.4, ap dung truyn dn song cng don.
Truyn dn don cng kep su dung hai di dy, voi mt di dy truyn toan b tai
theo mt huong va di dy thu hai truyn toan b tai theo huong nguoc li. Phuong phap
nay rt don gian d tach tin hiu hai huong khac nhau cua truyn dn. Khai thac T1
truyn thng su dung truyn dn don cng kep. Truyn dn don cng kep c nhuoc dim
truyn tin hiu c bng tn lon do d c suy hao lon va xuyn m tn s cao. Do c
xuyn m cac tin hiu truyn trn hai di dy khng hoan toan tach bit. Do d cac thit
bi thu phat don cng kep c th don gian hon nhung hot dng kem hon song cng kep.
Truyn dn song cng kep cai tin d dai mch vong va d tuong thich ph bng
cach gui mt nua thng tin trn mi di dy. HDSL giam bng tn cua tin hiu truyn
bng cach su dung truyn dn ECH d truyn hai huong cung mt bng tn. Nng luong
tin hiu truyn cua HDSL song cng kep giam dn di voi tn s lon hon 196 kH. Kt
qua la tin hiu xuyn m va suy hao giam. Mt uu dim khac cua truyn dn song cng
kep la su dung mt di dy c th d dang cung cp h thng truyn dn nua tc d.
30
<K<K<z H,X+ >9L 9 >9I 9Ci aH,X+Qb
Tiu chun cho cng ngh HDSL th h thu hai xut hin vao nm 1995 c tc d
bit va d dai mch vong ging nhu HDSL th h thu nht chi khac la su dung mt di dy
thay vi hai di dy. Giam s luong di dy la rt quan trong bi vi rt nhiu LECs thiu
cac di dy du mt s vung. HDSL2 c k thut m hoa cao va diu ch phuc tp hon.
Lua chon k cang tn s phat va thu cho HDSL2 d chng li xuyn m. Cac phin ban
moi cua HDSL muon nhiu y tung tu ADSL. Phin ban tuong thich tc d duong nhu
d xut hin. Nguoi ta dang xem xet dt bng tn s cho HDSL ln trn bng tn thoi
tuong tu hoc trn ISDN co ban. Thut ngu SDSL (DSL di xung hay DSL di dy don)
cng duoc su dung d m ta cac phin ban sau cua HDSL.
<K<K<< XH,X+
SHDSL la cng ngh kt hop cua HDSL 2 va SDSL voi tc d thay di tu 192kbps
dn 2,134 Mbps, khoang cach tuong ung voi tc d ti da la 2km. Trong thuc t, n c
th cu hinh dng 2 di dy cung cp tc d tu 384kbps dn 4,264Mbps.
<K<K<Q H,X+Z
Su dung 4 di dy d truyn tc d nhu trong HDSL2 do vy n c th giam
bng tn su dung, keo dai cu ly truyn dn, giam s luong trm lp, do vy n c th dt
duoc cu li la 11k thay vi 9 k nhu HDSL2, dng thoi n cng lam giam tac dng nhin
dn cac h thng khac.
QKT V,X+ E V,X+Q
<K<K<Y V,X+
La mt cng ngh trong ho xDSL VDSL (Very high data rate DSL) cung cp cac
duong thu bao s voi tc d rt cao. Cng nhu cac dich vu khac trong ho xDSL nhu
ADSL, HDSL, SDSL ki thut VDSL duoc su dung d cung cp cac dich vu bng rng
nhu cac knh tivi, truy nhp du liu voi tc d rt cao hi nghi qua video, video dng,
truyn t hop du liu va tin hiu video trn cung mt duong dy cho cac thu bao dn
cu va kinh doanh trong luc chua lp dt duoc mng cap quang dn tn nha thu bao. Hinh
2.11 m ta cac kha nng cung cp dich vu cua ki thut VDSL.
Ki thut VDSL su dung phuong thuc truyn dn ging nhu ADSL nhung ki thut
VDSL c kha nng cung cp s liu voi tc d rt cao gn gp 10 ln tc d truyn dn
cua ADSL , Hinh 2.11. Tc d truyn dn cua VDSL lung xung dt toi 52 Mbs trong
chiu dai khoang 300m, va lung xung dt tc d thp 1,5 Mbs voi chiu dai cap
3,6km. Tc d lung ln trong ch d khng di xung (la phuong thuc ma tc d truyn
dn tu phia tng dai toi thu bao bng tc d truyn dn tu thu bao toi tng dai) la 1,6-
2,3 Mbs. Tc d lung trong ch d di xung la 26 Mbps. Phuong thuc truyn dn khng
31
di xung rt phu hop d cung cp dich vu tc d cao tu phia tng dai toi thu bao nn rt
hay duoc su dung trong ki thut VDSL.
Trong VDSL ca hai knh s liu du hot dng tn s cao hon tn s su dung
cho thoi va ISDL nn cho phep cung cp cac dich vu VDSL bn cnh cac dich vu dang
tn ti.
Khi cn tng tc d lung xung hoc ch d di xung thi h thng VDSL su dung
ki thut trit ting vong.
Cng ngh VDSL duoc ung dung trong truy cp dich vu bng rng nhu dich vu
Internet tc d cao, cac chuong trinh Video theo yu cu.
Ngoai vic c kha nng cung cp tc d cao hon nhiu so voi tc d truyn dn
cua ki thut ADSL ki thut VDSL con yu cu khoang dng nh hon ki thut ADSL nn
ki thut truyn dn cua VDSL khng phuc tp bng ki thut truyn dn ADSL. Mc du c
nhiu uu dim nhu vy nhung ki thut nay vn chua duoc su dung rng ri d la vi chua
lua chon duoc co ch diu ch, bng tn, phuong phap ghep knh thich hop. Hon nua,
mt s chipset cua modem su dung ki thut VDSL vn con dt nn ki thut nay chua
duoc su dung nhiu trong thuc t. Tuy nhin dy la mt ki thut hua hn trong mt vai
nm tip theo.
Chng 17: Hinh 2.11: Kha nng cung cp dich vu cua ki thut VDSL
Trong y nghia la buoc dm d tin toi mng truy nhp quang (APON, BPON,
GPON), VDSL duoc su dung trong cac mch vong ni ht d truyn tin hiu tu khi
mng quang ONU toi cac thu bao. Bang 2.2 m ta tc d va khoang cach tu ONU toi
thu bao.
Chng 18: Bang 2.2: Tc d khoang cach cac loi VDSL
Tc d thu (Mbits) Tc d phat (Mbits) Khoang cach (met)
STM
Chuyn mch gi
ATM
ATM
STM
Chuyn mch gi
Toan b ATM
Dich
vu
ONU
VDSL
H
U
B
TE
Cap quang
Mng vong
Cap dng
VDSL
32
52 6,4 1000- 300
26 3,2 2500- 800
26 26 1000- 300
13 13 1800- 600
13 26 3750- 1200
<K<K<Z V,X+Q
La cng ngh moi nht trong ho xDSL n c th cung cp tc d ln toi 250Mbps,
n duoc thit k d cung cp kt ni cho cac dinh vu voice, video, data, HDTV va game
tuong tac.
VDSL2 duoc miu ta trong chun G993.2, n la su m rng cua chun G993.1
danh cho VDSL, n cung cp cac tc d bit bt di xung, di xung (song cng) ln toi
250Mbps voi bng tn su dung ln toi 30MH.
VDSL2 s giam tc d rt nhanh tu 250Mbps ti ngun dn 100Mbps ti khoang
cach 500m, 50Mbps ti khoang cach c 1km, sau d voi cu ly tu 1,6km thi tc d cua n
nhu la ADSL2.
VDSL2 deteriorates quickly rom a theoretical maximum o 250 Mbits at 'source'
to 100 Mbits at 0.5 km (1640 t) and 50 Mbits at 1 km (3280 t), but degrades at a much
sloer rate rom there, and still outperorms VDSL. Starting rom 1.6 km (1 mile) its
perormance is equal to ADSL2.
VDSL2 cng cho phep h tro tc d lung xung tu 1 dn 4Mbps trong khoang
cach tu 4 dn 5km, do vy n khng ging nhu VDSL n c th duoc su dung cho ca
nhung cu li trung binh.
33
QKv T{$9 9{$9 >?i@$ o9Ci >&i Vi>$CD
Chng 19: Hinh 2.12: Tinh hinh trin khai xDSL ti Vit nam cua VNPT
xDSL d duoc ung dung don l trong cac linh vuc Vit nam ngay tu nhung ngay
du ra doi, nhung mi dn nm 2002 VNPT bt du thu nghim d trin khai trn din
rng voi hai h thng su dung IP-DSLAM va ATM-DSLAM. Chi tit v tung buoc trin
khai duoc th hin trn hinh v 2.12
B H Ni
B Hi Phng
B Tp. HCM
Bnh Dng
ng Nai
Hi Dng
Qung Ninh
Ngh An
Hu
Lm ng
Nng
!h"nh H#a
B $%a & '(ng )u
!i*n +iang
An +iang
,-n )h
./ L./
Pha 1
Pha 2
Pha 3
Pha 1+
Pha 1+
xDSL
64/64
Hng 0*n
Tng s thu bao dn
thang 2nm 2006 la
96392
B H Ni
B Hi Phng
B Tp. HCM
Bnh Dng
ng Nai
Hi Dng
Qung Ninh
Ngh An
Hu
Lm ng
Nng
!h"nh H#a
B $%a & '(ng )u
!i*n +iang
An +iang
,-n )h
./ L./
Pha 1
Pha 2
Pha 3
Pha 1+
Pha 1+
xDSL
64/64
Hng 0*n
Tng s thu bao dn
thang 2nm 2006 la
96392
34
C9:;$" Y7 CG$" $"9 >?!' $9JH |!C$"
YK< C=A D&$" )ON
Ta c th phn mng truy nhp quang thanh h thng tich cuc va thu dng phu
thuc vao cac dc tinh cua thit bi doi hi giua trm trung tm va nha cua thu bao.
Hu ht cac mng vin thng ngay nay du dua trn cac thit bi Active
components tm goi la cac thit bi tich cuc, ti tng dai cua nha cung cp dich vu ln
thit bi du cui cua khach hang cng nhu cac trm lp, cac thit bi chuyn tip va mt s
cac thit bi khac trn duong truyn. Tich cuc c nghia la cac thit bi nay cn phai cung
cp ngun cho mt s thanh phn, thuong la b xu ly, cac chip nho
Voi Passive Optical Netorks mng quang thu dng tt ca cac thanh phn tich cuc
giua tng dai CO (Central Oice) va nguoi su dung s khng con tn ti ma thay vao d
la cac thit bi quang thu dng, d diu huong cac luu luong trn mng dua trn vic phn
tach nng luong cua cac buoc sng quang hoc toi cac dim du cui trn duong truyn.
Vic thay th cac thit bi tich cuc s tit kim chi phi cho cac nha cung cp dich vu vi ho
khng con cn dn nng luong va cac thit bi chu dng trn duong truyn nua. Cac b
ghep tach thu dng chi lam cac cng vic don thun nhu cho di qua hoc chn anh sang
li Vi th, khng cn nng luong hay cac dng tac xu ly tin hiu nao va tu d, gn nhu
keo dai v hn thoi gian trung binh giua hai ln li MTBF (Mean Time Beteen
Failures), giam chi phi bao tri tng th cho cac nha cung cp dich vu. Mt h thng mng
PON bao gm cac thit bi kt cui knh quang (OLT Optical line terminators) dt ti
CO va b cac don vi mng quang (ONU Optical netork Unit) duoc dt ti nha nguoi
su dung. Giua chung la h thng mng quang (ODN Optical distribution netork) bao
gm cap quang, cac thit bi ghep tach thu dng (Xem Hinh 3.1)
Cng ngh truy nhp quang c th duoc nhin nhn theo muc cap quang ha mng
truy nhp voi khai nim v kin truc mng FTTx theo kiu cu hinh sao, bao gm ho cac
kin truc sau:
Cap quang toi tn Oice FTTO.
Cap quang toi tn khu dn cu FTTC.
Cap quang toi tn khu cng s FTTB.
Cap quang toi tn h gia dinh FTTH.
35
Chng 20: Hinh 3.1: So d logic h thng mng PON
Ngoai ra, nhu trn hinh 3.2, cn cu vao vic phn tach thng tin cua nguoi dung ta
c th c cac mng PON nhu:
WDMA PON, tuy nhin do gia ca cua giai phap nay dt d cho nn chua la mt
giai phap cho mng truy nhp ti muc d cng ngh hin nay. C mt vai giai phap cai
tin nhu la WRPON (giai phap nay su dung mt AWG thay vi mt b hop tach quang dua
trn buoc sng), mc du vy gia ca cng khng phai la r.
TDMA PON su dung gan cac khe thoi gian cho cac thu bao khac nhau va su dung
hai buoc sng cho lung ln va lung xung. TDMA PON duoc bit dn ban du la
APON va sau d duoc thay th bi tn la BPON nm 2001.
Nm 1997 FSAN d xut ln ITU-T va sau d mt thoi gian ITU-T d cng b b
chun lin quan dn BPON cu th la :
G983.1 : Nm 1998, trinh bay v lop vt ly cua h thng APONBPON.
G983.2: Nm 1999, dc tinh cua giao din diu khin va quan ly ONT
G983.3: Ph chun nm 2001, dc tinh m rng cung cp nhung dich vu thng qua
phn b buoc sng.
G983.4 : Thng qua nm 2001, m ta nhung co ch cn thit d h tro phn b
bng tn dng trong cac ONT cua cung mt mng PON.
36
G983.5: Thng qua nm 2002, xac dinh nhung co ch chuyn mch bao v cho
BPON
G983.6: Thng qua nm 2002, dinh nghia nhung m rng cho giao din diu khin
cn thit cho quan ly nhung chuc nng chuyn mch ti ONT
G983.7: Thng qua nm 2001, dinh nghia nhung m rng cho giao din diu khin
cn thit cho quan ly nhung chuc nm DBA ti ONT.
G983.8: Thng qua nm 2003, xac dinh nhung m rng cho giao din diu khin
cn thit cho quan ly nhung dich vu m rng ti ONT.
Sau d d vuot qua ngung tc d 622Mbps cua BPON va tng tinh hiu qua cua
BPON cho nhung luu luong s liu, nm 2001 FSAN d dua ra GPON su dung GFP
(Generic Framing Procedure), cho phep hot dng ch d khung thay di va t bao
ATM. Nm 2003- 2004, dua trn nhung d xut cua FSAN, ITU-T d dua ra h thng
chun v GPON (G984.1, G984.2 va G984.3), chi tit v chun nay c th tham khao
dia chun ITU-T nm 2004, voi nhung dc dim co ban sau:
G984.1: m ta nhung dc tinh chung cua h thng GPON nhu la kin truc, tc d
bit, bao v va bao mt
G984.2: Xac dinh nhung thng s cua GPON ti tc d ln la (155Mbps,
622Mbps, 1,5Gbps, 2, 5GBps ), xung la (1,5Gbps va 2,5Gbps)
G984.3 : M ta nhung dc tinh v khung hi tu truyn dn cua GPON; ban tin,
phuong phap xac dinh khoang, hot dng, giam sat, nhung chuc nng bao dung, va bao
mt.
Voi mt huong phat trin khac, khi ma Ethernet phat trin rng khp, mng quang
thu dng dua trn Ethernet EPON hinh thanh nm 2001, dng gi du liu trong khung
Ethernet theo chun IEEE 802.3, su dung m duong 8b10b hot dng voi tc d 1G su
dung MAC cua 802.3. Sau nay nhung phin ban tip theo cho phep EPON hot dng
nhung tc d cao hon nua.
37
Chng 21: Hinh 3.2: Cu hinh chung cua mt mng PON
YKQ A)ON
<K<K<T Cn! 9{$9 >9CD A9iL!
Chng 22: Hinh 3.3: Cu hinh tham chiu APON
H thng bao gm OLT, ONU, cap quang su dung cu hinh PON trong d c mt
b chia quang thu dng. Cac ONU chia s chung dung luong cua mt soi quang, khi su
3
ODN
ONU
ONU
RS
IF
PON
SR
IF
PON
Nod
e
dich
vu
SNI
UNI
Chuc nng quan ly h thng mng truy nhp
OLT
AF
38
dung b chia, vn d ta cn dc bit quan tm la su bao mt. O duong ln, cn phai su
dung giao thuc mt phuong thuc da truy nhp.
Mng phn phi quang ODN cung cp 1 hoc nhiu hon cac duong dn quang tu
OLT dn mt hoc nhiu hon cac ONU. Mi duong dn quang duoc dinh nghia giua
dim tham chiu S va R trong 1 cua s buoc sng nht dinh. Hai huong truyn dn trong
ODN duoc dinh nghia nhu sau:
uong xung cho tin hiu tu OLT dn ONU
uong ln cho tin hiu tu ONU dn OLT
Giao din ti hai dim tham chiu S, R (duoc goi chung la IFPON) h tro tt ca cac
thanh phn giao thuc cn thit d cho phep truyn dn giua OLT va ONU.
ONU c th c mt chuc nng thich ung AF cho truyn dn duong dy thu bao s
DSL qua cap dng dn nha thu bao. OAN duoc quan ly thng qua giao din quan tri 3.
3.2.1.1 \@B
OLT c chuc nng quan ly tt ca cac hot dng cua APON. ONU va OLT cung
cp cac dich vu truyn dn mt cach trong sut giua UNI va SNI thng qua PON.
OLT duoc kt ni dn mng chuyn mch thng qua cac giao din chun V5.x,
VB5.x, NNT`s. OLT bao gm 3 phn: chuc nng cng dich vu, giao din ODN, phn
ghep cac VP.
Chng 23: Hinh 3.4: Cac khi chuc nng trong OLT
C9IA $}$" A~$" %MA9 Ek X)U
Chuc nng nay dng vai tro giao tip voi node dich vu. Chuc nng cng dich vu
thuc hin chen t bao ATM vao tai trong SDH duong ln, va tach t bao ATM tu tai trong
SDH duong xung. Chuc nng nay phai duoc du phong, do d chuyn mch bao v la
cn thit.
Mng
li
MUX
Giao din
ODN
Giao din
ODN
Phn li
Phn dich vu
SPF
SPF
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
Cp ngun OAM
K
K
K
39
MUWK
MUX cung cp kt ni VP giua chuc nng cng dich vu SPF va giao din ODN.
Cac VP khac nhau duoc gan vao cac dich vu khac nhau ti IFPON. Cac thng tin khac
nhu bao hiu, OAM duoc trao di nho cac VC trong VP.
GiCS %i$ O,N
u cui duong dy PON xu ly chuyn di quang din. Giao din ODN chen cac
t bao ATM vao tai trong PON duong xung va tach cac t bao ATM tu tai trong duong
ln.
3.2.1.2 \']
ONU gm giao din ODN, cng nguoi dung, chuc nng ghep knhphn knh
truyn dn, dich vu khach hang, va cp ngun.
Chng 24: Hinh 3.5: Cac khi chuc nng trong ONU
GiCS %i$ O,N
Giao din ODN xu ly cac qua trinh chuyn di quang din. Giao din ODN trich
cac t bao ATM tu tai trong PON duong xung va chen cac t bao ATM vao tai trong
duong ln trn co s dng b tu su dinh thoi khung duong xung.
G9H or$9
Chi cac t bao ATM c hiu luc moi c th di qua b phn ghep knh do d nhiu
VP c th chia s bng thng duong ln mt cach hiu qua.
C9IA $}$" A~$" $":i %$" U)U
Chuc nng cng nguoi dung tuong thich cac yu cu UNI ring bit. OAN c th
h tro mt s cac truy nhp va cac UNI khac nhau. Cac UNU nay yu cu cac chuc nng
Giao din
ODN
MUX
Phn li
Cp ngun OAM
ODN
Phn dich vu
UPF
UPF
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
Phn chung
Khach
hang
40
ring bit phu thuc vao cac dc ta giao din c lin quan. Tach cac t bao ATM duong
xung va chen cac t bao ATM duong ln.
CnH $"!u$
Vic cp ngun cho ONU c th duoc thuc hin dc lp
3.2.1.3 \>'
ODN cung cp phuong tin truyn dn quang cho kt ni vt ly giua OLT va
ONU. Cac ODN ring l c th duoc kt hop va m rng nho cac b khuch di quang.
T9$9 H9$ |!C$" >9k Pf$"
ODN bao gm cac thanh phn quang thu dng:
Cap va soi quang don mode
Connector quang
Thit bi r nhanh quang thu dng
B suy hao quang thu dng
Mi han
GiCS %i$ |!C$"
Hinh 3.5 chi ra cu hinh tham chiu muc vt ly thng thuong cua ODN
Nu ODN cn thm cac connector quang hoc cac thit bi quang thu dng thi
chung s duoc dt giua S va R, suy hao cua chung s duoc tinh dn trong cac phep tinh
suy hao.
ODN cung cp duong quang giua OLT va ONU, mi duong quang duoc dinh
nghia la khoang giua cac dim tham chiu ti mt cua s buoc sng nht dinh.
Cac giao din quang trong hinh 5 la:
O
ru
, O
rd
Giao din quang ti dim tham chiu SR giua ONU va ODN cho
duong ln va duong xung tuong ung.
O
lu
, O
ld
Giao din quang ti dim tham chiu RS giua OLT va ODN cho
duong ln va duong xung tuong ung.
41
Chng 25: Hinh 3.6: Cu hinh vt ly cua ODN
<K<K<v C=A POA ># A9S A)ON
APON la su kt hop giua phuong thuc truyn tai khng dng b ATM voi mng
truy nhp quang thu dng PON.
Mng APON su dung cng ngh ATM la giao thuc truyn tin. Cng ngh ATM
cung cp su mm do theo khai nim d trong sut dich vu va phn b bng tn,ngoai ra
con c nhung tinh nng rt huu ich cho hot dng khai thac va bao dung cac kt ni tu
du cui dn du cui nho d giam duoc chi phi hot dng cua mng. Cac uu dim cua
ATM duoc kt hop voi mi truong truyn dn la soi quang voi tai nguyn bng tn duong
nhu la v hn d to ra mt mng truy nhp bng rng duoc bit toi nhu la BPON
(Broadband PON-mng PON bng rng).
Nhu moi h thng khac, APON cng duoc chia thanh cac lop, lop con voi cac
nhim vu cu th. Cac lop nay thuc mt trong hai mt bng. Mt la mt bng du liu c
nhim vu phn phi luu luong dn va di tu cac thit bi du cui, trong truong hop nay la
cac cng ti OLT va ONU. Hai la mt bng diu khin, hay mt bng OAM hay h thng
h tro hot dng (OSS), thuc hin cac chuc nng vn hanh, diu khin, quan ly. Nhung
chuc nng nay c tinh cht khng lin tuc, vi du nhu la cac chuc nng OAM: khi to,
khi phuc li, bao cao trng thai, voi truong hop mng quang c cac chuc nng ring bit
nhu diu chinh cng sut laser.
Trong bai vit, ta s lit k thng tin diu khin chua trong cac truong tiu d, tiu
d con, hay cac phn thng tin mao du truoc luu luong nguoi dung. Ta phai hiu rng,
thng tin tiu d thuc v 1 lop s khng duoc nhin thy bi cac lop trn ti ca phia gui
va phia nhn. Ta d miu ta cu truc ngu phap cac ban tin bng cach lit k tung bit, tung
byte trong ormat ban tin. Thuc t, chi cn xem ban tin cua mt lop ni gi, nghe gi ta c
th hoan toan bit chuc nng cua giao thuc lop d.
OLT ODN
ONU
1
ONU
n
K
K
K
RS
O
ru
, O
rd
RS
O
ru
, O
rd
O
lu
, O
ld
RS
42
Hot dng cua APON cng s duoc d cp dn qua bai vit thng qua vic m ta
qua trinh trao di ban tin giua cac thuc th ngang hang theo thoi gian, vic trao di cac
lnh va cac dap ung giua cac lop lin k theo chiu doc trong ngn xp giao thuc.
<K<K<w Cn! >?lA H9i$ lH A)ON
M hinh phn lop mng ATM gm c lop mi truong truyn dn va lop duong,
lop mi truong truyn dn phn chia thanh lop mi truong vt ly va lop hi tu truyn dn.
Trong mng ATM-PON lop duong tuong ung voi lop duong ao cua lop ATM Lop
duoi cung la lop phuong tin vt ly thuc hin giao tip voi phn quang cua mng (hay
chinh la mng phn phi quang ODN). Lop nay thuc hin cac chuc nng: chuyn di
din-quang, nhntruyn cac tin hiu dndi phuong tin vt ly ti mt trong ba buoc
sng quang (1310, 1490, 1550nm), kt ni voi soi quang cua ODN. Cu truc cua lop tun
theo tp cac tham s quang din d duoc chun ha.
Lop duong
Chuyn di t bao ATM va cac khung du
liu nguoi dung
Lop
Mi
truong
truyn
dn
Lop
hi
tu
truyn
dn
Lop con Thich ung Lop thich ung cua B-ISDN
Lop con truyn dn
PON
-Xp xp
-Cp phat khe t bao
-Cp phat bng tn
-Bao mt va an toan
-ng chinh khung
-ng b cum(Burst)
-ng b bitbyte
Lop vt ly
-Tuong thich EO
-Ghep buoc sng
-Kt ni soi quang
Chng 26: Hinh 3.7: Cu truc phn lop mng APON
Giua lop phuong tin vt ly va lop duong (giao din ma qua d t bao ATM duoc
phn phi toi lop khach hang) la lop hi tu truyn dn TC (tuong ung voi lop 2 trong m
hinh OSI). Lop TC duoc phn chia thanh lop con truyn dn PON va lop con thich ung
nm trn, tuong ung voi lop con hi tu truyn dn cua m hinh B-ISDN. Lop con thich
ung duoc chun ha dua trn chun ATM trn co s cap dng truyn thng |ITU I.732|.
Chuc nng cua lop nay la chuyn di giua khung 125s muc nguoi dung (don vi du liu
giao thuc PDU) va t bao ATM.
43
3.2.1.+ @-p #t ()
Lop nay khng ging nhu cac lop trn la cac thanh phn phn cung chu khng
phai la phn mm. Phn cung nay duoc dinh nghia bi cac chun |G.983.1 G.983.3| va
tun theo cac tham s sau:
Tc d bit: 155.52 hoc 622.08Mbs duong xung va 155.52Mbs duong
ln
Buoc sng: 1260 dn 1360nm duong ln, 1480 dn 1580nm duong xung
Dng luu luong: s ca hai huong, h tro tuong tu duong xung
Ti l chia cng sut quang: ln dn 32, con s nay bi gioi hn bi suy hao
ODN
3.2.1.. @-p h9i t4 truyn dn B&
+H AS$ >?!'^$ %h$ )ON ABC lH 9fi >k >?!'^$ %h$
Lop con truyn dn TS hoan toan lam vic voi t bao. Theo huong v, lop nay
nhn cac t bao tu tin hiu din do lop phuong tin vt ly dua dn, dng b ti muc bit va
byte, gioi hn t bao va khung duoc xac dinh, mao du duoc tach va xu ly, chuyn cac
lung t bao ln lop cao hon tip theo. Theo huong di, qua trinh xu ly din ra nguoc li.
Trong lop nay, giao thuc sp xp duoc su dung d dam bao rng cac t bao dn tu cac
ONU khac nhau khng chng lp ln nhau. Hai chuc nng quan trong khac ma chung ta
s thao lun sau la gan bng tn dng (DBA) va mt m
+H AS$ >9pA9 I$" ABC lH 9fi >k >?!'^$ %h$
y la lop trong d c su chuyn di din ra giua t bao ATM va PDU (c th la:
SONETSDH, xDSL, cac PDU dua trn khung 125s |ITU I.732| cua cac cng ty din
thoi). Lop nay khng cung cp giao din voi cac luu luong trn co s gi nhu Ethernet
hay IP. cung cp nhung giao din nay ta phai c 1 phn mm chuyn di thm vao,
phn nay khng trong phm vi chun.
YKY V)ON
<K<K<x giL$ >?lA V)ON
Kin truc IEEE 802 cho rng tt ca moi trm truyn thng trong tung phn cua mt
mng LAN du duoc kt ni toi mt thit bi dung chung. Trong mt thit bi dung chung,
tt ca cac trm du duoc coi nhu thuc v mt phm vi truy nhp don, dy phn lon cac
trm c th phat tin hiu mt thoi gian va tt ca cac trm khac c th nhn tin hiu trong
toan b khoang thoi gian d.
Nhung vung da truy nhp c th duoc ni lin voi nhau bng mt thit bi duoc goi
la bridge. Nhung bridge lua chon chuyn tip nhung gi tin d to ra mt cu truc cua
mng LAN bao gm toan b cac vung truy nhp. Vic lua chon chuyn tip s ngn chn
44
vic truyn dn mt gi tin trong nhung vung ma khng chua bt cu mt trm dich cua
gi tin nay. Cu ni cua nhiu LAN duoc su dung m rng d cung cp kha nng quan ly
dc lp cua nhung vung truy nhp, d tng s trm hoc phm vi vt ly cua mt mng xa
hon gioi hn cua nhung phn LAN ring bit, va d cai thin s luong du vao.
Trong mt truong hop xa, mt vung truy nhp c th bao gm mt trm. Tiu
biu la nhiu vung trm don duoc kt ni bng lin kt dim - dim (P2P) toi mt bridge,
cu hinh cua mt LAN chuyn mch.
Dua vao khai nim vung truy nhp, nhung bridge khng bao gio chuyn tip mt
khung tr li cng li vao cua n. Trong truong hop vung truy nhp bao gm nhiu trm,
n duoc cho rng toan b cac trm d kt ni toi cng ging nhau trn bridge c th lin
lc voi mt trm khac khng thng qua bridge. Trong truong hop LAN chuyn mch,
khng th c su d dang tip nhn trong vung truy nhp cua noi gui, vi khng c khung
nao duoc chuyn tip tr li.
C mt vn d cn quan tm trong phuong thuc hot dng bridge nay d la: Nguoi
dung d kt ni toi nhung ONU khac trong cung mt PON khng th thuc cung LAN va
khng c kha nng lin lc voi mt nguoi dung khac lop 2 (lop lin kt du liu).
Nguyn nhn la phuong tin PON khng cho phep cac ONU lin lc theo mt huong
khac, bi tinh dinh huong cua nhung b tachghep thu dng. OLT chi c mt cng don
kt ni toi tt ca cac ONU, va mt bridge duoc dt vao trong OLT s khng bao gio
chuyn tip mt khung du liu tr li cng ma n di vao. Nhim vu trong IEEE 802.3ah,
vn d nay dt ra mt cu hi v EPON tun theo kin truc IEEE 802, dc bit voi cu ni
P802.1D.
Trong EPON c nhung cu hinh nhu sau :
M hinh cu hinh dim dim (P2PE).
M hinh chia s phuong tin (SME)
M hinh kt hop P2PE va SME.
Giai phap cui cung
<K<K<y MG 9{$9 $"}$ _LH V)ON
45
Chng 27: Hinh 3.8: Ngn xp EPON.
Ngn xp cua EPON d c mt su thay di lon so voi Ethernet 802.3 ban du bi
vi nhung nhung chun cu hinh cua cac PON. O ln xut ban truoc cua chun 802.3 d su
dung cu hinh dim - dim (P2P) ma dy cac mng PON yu cu cu hinh dim - da
dim (P2MP). Ngn xp EPON moi voi mt su thich ung cho P2MP duoc chi ra hinh
3.8. O dy c b sung lop diu khin MAC da dim.
<K<KQz GiCS >9IA V)ONK
xu ly cac yu cu v luu luong trong lung ln, EPON su dung giao thuc diu
khin da dim MPCP. y la giao thuc dua trn vic truyn cac khung, dua trn vic
truyn cac ban tin diu khin lop MAC 64 byte. Cac ban tin nay kt hop voi luu luong
duong xung d cung cp vic truyn dn tuy y cho cac khung Ethernet 802.3. Cac chuc
nng cua MPCP la :
Yu cu va phn b bng tn
Tha thun cac tham s
uan ly va dinh thoi lung xung tu cac ONU d tranh dung d
Sp xp va ti uu ha cac khe thoi gian lung xung d giam sat d tr
Tu dng khi phuc va dng ky cac ONU
<K<KQ< B#S DJ> >?S$" V)ON
46
Cac k thut PON rt hn ch trong vic chng nghe len va chng n cp cac dich
vu , nhung d nghi v co cu bao mt trong tiu chun 802.3ah khng c duoc nhung h
tro cn thit, thay vao d la cac tiu chun v co cu bao mt trong 802.1ae. Do cac tiu
chun nay khng hoan thanh vao dung luc cac tiu chun v EPON ra doi nn hu ht cac
mng EPON duoc trin khai trn th gioi hin nay du su dung mt co ch bao mt duy
nht. Trong vai truong hop, cac nha cung cp dich vu vin thng lon dua ra co ch bao
mt ring cua minh, co ch nay khng nhung dap ung duoc cac yu cu k thut cn thit
ma con c th duoc coi la mi truong giam sat ni ht. Vi du, h thng mt m ha thng
tin AES khng c k hoch bao mt khi duoc ung dung ti Trung uc va cac nha cung
cp EPON d phai su dung phuong phap xao trn do cng ty vin thng Trung uc
cung cp d bao mt cho duong xung.
Co cu mt m ha cua EPON duoc dua trn thut toan mt m ha tin tin AES
(Advance Encryption Standard) do vin k thut va tiu chun cua Hoa Ky xut ban
|FIPS197|. AES cho phep su dung cac tu kha 128 bit, 192 bit hay 256 bit. Cu truc
khung Ethernet bao gm ca phn m du va IPG khng bi thay di d phu hop voi cac
tiu chun cua IEEE va tranh nhung b sung sau nay cua tiu chun IEEE 802.3. dam
bao tinh ca nhn cao, phuong phap nay mt m ha toan b mt khung Ethernet, bao gm
ca phn header Ethernet va truong FCS. Cac ban tin OAM va MPCP cng duoc mt m
ha.
<K<KQQ N9R$" m:A H9=> >?i@$ >iLH >9]S
Nhung tim nng cua EPON la gi? Cu hi nay d duoc tra loi bi nhm lam vic
IEEE 802.3 vao thang 3 nm 2006 khi ho thanh cng trong vic nghin cuu dt duoc cu
hinh EPON 10 Gbs.
EPON 10 Gbs la mt buoc tin moi trong vic tng dung luong, n h tro hiu
qua cho vic truyn tin hiu truyn hinh cht luong cao va nhu cu h tro mng duong
truc v tuyn th h k tip. Nghin cuu cua IEEE 802.3 v EPON 10 Gbs tp trung vao
dinh nghia mt lop vt ly dim da dim moi, duy tri lop MAC, diu khin MAC va tt
ca cac lop bn trn khng bi thay di theo phm vi rng nht c th. iu nay c nghia la
cac sng mang vn c kin truc nhu c va c d tuong thich voi h thng quan ly mng
(NMS), cac hot dng cua lop PON, quan ly va h thng OAM...
Nhm nghin cuu EPON 10 Gbs d dt ra nhung muc tiu cho ca truyn dn trn
duong dy di xung va bt di xung. H thng di xung s hot dng tc d 10 Gbs
ca lung ln va lung xung. H thng bt di xung su dung lung xung 10 Gbs va
lung ln 1 Gbs, da s ging nhu cac tiu chun sn c cua IEEE 802.3ah cho lung ln.
47
im nhn mnh cua cu truc di xung la hot dng truyn dn theo ch d cum
tc d 10 Gbs. M ha duong dy 64b66b duoc dung trong lop vt ly Ethernet 10 Gbs
la cn thit FEC.
EPON 10 Gbs duoc danh gia la c tinh hiu qua kinh t cao, n cung cp bng
thng lon hon mng CATV su dung DOSIS 3.0. y chinh la nguyn nhn chu yu lam
cho EPON 10 Gbs la mt cng ngh c kha nng thay th cho cac mng CATV th h
tip theo. N cng cho phep thay di mt cach dt bin bng thng du liu sn c cho cac
thu bao ma khng cn vic nguoi quan ly duong dy thay di cach phn phi video sn
c.
YKZ M]>?S V>9]?$]>
<K<KQY +i pA9 o9i %$" %MA9 Ek V>9]?$]>
Nhiu nha cung cp dich vu d cung cp dich vu Metro Ethernet. Mt s nha cung
cp d m rng dich vu Ethernet vuot xa phm vi mng ni thi (MAN) va vuon dn phm
vi mng din rng (WAN). Hang ngan thu bao d duoc su dung dich vu Ethernet va s
luong thu bao dang tng ln mt cach nhanh chng. Nhung thu bao nay bi thu hut bi
nhung loi ich cua dich vu Ethernet dem li, bao gm:
Tinh d su dung.
Hiu qua v chi phi (cost eectiveness).
Linh hot.
3.+.1.1 B/nh d^ s_ d4ng
Dich vu Ethernet dua trn mt giao din Ethernet (Ethernet interace) chun, ph
bin dung rng ri trong cac h thng mng cuc b (LAN). Hu nhu tt ca cac thit bi va
may chu trong LAN du kt ni dung Ethernet, vi vy vic su dung Ethernet d kt ni
voi nhau s don gian ha qua trinh hot dng va cac chuc nng quan tri, quan li va cung
cp(OAM P).
3.+.1.2 5i"u 1uQ # chi ph/
Dich vu Ethernet lam giam chi phi du tu (CAPEX-capital expense) va chi phi vn
hanh (OPEX-operation expense):
Mt la, do su ph bin cua Ethernet trong hu ht tt ca cac san phm mng
nn giao din Ethernet c chi phi khng dt.
Hai la, it tn kem hon nhung dich vu cnh tranh khac do gia thanh thit bi
thp, chi phi quan tri va vn hanh thp hon.
Ba la, nhiu nha cung cp dich vu Ethernet cho phep nhung thu bao tng
thm bng thng mt cach kha mm do.. iu nay cho phep thu bao thm
bng thng khi cn thit va ho chi tra cho nhung gi ho cn.
48
3.+.1.3 B/nh (inh ho;t
Dich vu Ethernet cho phep nhung thu bao thit lp mng cua ho theo nhung cach
hoc la phuc tp hon hoc la khng th thuc hin voi cac dich vu truyn thng khac. Vi
du: mt cng ty thu mt giao tip Ethernet don c th kt ni nhiu mng vi tri khac
nhau d thanh lp mt Intranet VPN cua ho, kt ni nhung di tac kinh doanh
thanh Extranet VPN hoc kt ni Internet tc d cao dn ISP. Voi dich vu Ethenet, cac
thu bao cng c th thm vao hoc thay di bng thng trong vai phut thay vi trong vai
ngay ngay hoc thm chi vai tun khi su dung nhung dich vu mng truy nhp
khac (Frame relay, ATM,). Ngoai ra, nhung thay di nay khng doi hi thu bao
phai mua thit bi moi hay ISP cu can b k thut dn kim tra, h tro ti ch.
<K<KQZ MG 9{$9 %MA9 Ek V>9]?$]>
Tt ca cac dich vu Ethernet s c mt vai thuc tinh chung, nhung dich vu khac
nhau s khac nhau v mt s cac thuc tinh. Dich vu Ethernet duoc cung cp bi mng
Metro Ethernet Netork (MEN) cua nha cung cp. Thit bi khach hang CE (Customer
Equipment) gn vao mng MEN qua giao tip nguoi su dung-mng UNI (User-Netork
Interace) su dung chun giao din Ethernet chun voi tc d 10Mbits, 100Mbits,
1Gbits hoc 10Gbits.
C th c nhiu UNIs kt ni dn MEN tu mt vi tri. Nhung dich vu duoc xac dinh
theo quan dim cua thu bao. Nhung dich vu nay dung cac cng ngh truyn dn hay cac
giao thuc MEN khac nhau nhu SONET, DWDM, MPLS, GFP, Tuy nhin, duoi gc
d thu bao, kt ni mng v phia thu bao cua giao din UNI la Ethernet.
3.+.1.+ Kt n!i %thernet Qo
Mt thuc tinh co ban cua dich vu Ethernet la kt ni Ethernet ao (EVC-Ethernet
Virtual Connection). EVC duoc dinh nghia bi MEF la mt su kt hop cua hai hay nhiu
UNIs trong d UNI la mt giao din Ethernet, la dim ranh gioi giua thit bi khach hang
va mng MEN cua nha cung cp dich vu.
Ni mt cach don gian, EVC thuc hin 2 chuc nng:
Kt ni hai hay nhiu vi tri thu bao (chinh xac la UNIs), cho phep truyn
cac rame Ethernet giua chung.
Ngn chn du liu truyn giua nhung vi tri thu bao (UNI) khng
cung EVC tuong tu. Kha nng nay cho phep EVC cung cp tinh
ring tu va su bao mt tuong tu Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) cua
Frame Relay hay ATM.
Hai quy tc co ban sau chi phi, diu khin vic truyn cac Ethernet rame trn
EVC. Thu nht, cac Ethernet rame di vao MEN khng bao gio duoc quay tr li UNI
ma n xut phat. Thu hai, cac dia chi MAC cua trong Ethernet rame giu nguyn khng
49
thay di tu ngun dn dich. Nguoc li voi mng dinh tuyn (routed netork), cac tiu d
(header) Ethernet rame bi thay di khi qua router. Dua trn nhung dc dim nay,
EVC c th duoc su dung d xy dung mng ring ao lop 2 (Layer 2 Virtual Private
Netork-VPN).
MEF dinh nghia 2 kiu cua EVCs.
im-dim(Point-to-point).
a dim - dim (Multipoint-to-Multipoint).
EVC c th duoc dung d xy dung mng ring ao lop 2 (Layer 2 Virtual
Private Netork-VPN).
Ngoai nhung dim chung nay, dich vu Ethernet c th thay di voi nhiu cach khac
nhau. Phn nay thao lun v nhung dng khac nhau cua dich vu Ethernet va mt vai dc
dim quan trong phn bit chung tu nhung dich vu khac.
3.+.1.. Khun kh` anh ngh2 dach #4 %thernet.
giup nhung thu bao c th hiu r hon su khac nhau trong cac Dich vu
Ethernet, MEF d phat trin cac Khun kh inh nghia dich vu Ethernet. Muc tiu cua h
thng nay la:
inh nghia va dt tn cho cac kiu dich vu Ethernet.
inh nghia nhung thuc tinh (attribute) va cac thng s cua thuc tinh
(attribut parameters) duoc dung d dinh nghia mt dich vu Ethernet ring
bit.
Hin ti MEF d va dang xac dinh (vi chua thanh chun) hai kiu dich vu Ethernet:
Kiu Ethernet Line (E-Line) Service dich vu dim-dim (point-to-point)
Kiu LAN (E-LAN) Service dich vu da dim - da dim (multipoint-to-
multipoint)
dinh r mt cach hoan toan v dich vu Ethernet, nha cung cp phai xac dinh
kiu dich vu va UNI; cac thuc tinh cua dich vu EVC d kt hop voi kiu dich vu d. Cac
thuc tinh nay c th duoc tp hop li theo nhung dng sau:
Giao din vt ly (Ethernet Physical Interace).
Thng s luu luong (Traic Parameters)
Thng s v hiu nng (Perormance Parameters).
Lop dich vu (Class o Service).
Service Frame Delivery
H tro cac th VLAN (VLAN Tag Support)
Ghep dich vu (Service Multiplexing).
Gp nhm (Bundling).
Loc bao mt (Sercurity Filters).
50
gi@! %MA9 Ek V>9]?$]> +i$]
Kiu Ethernet Line (E-Line Service) cung cp kt ni Ethernet ao dim-dim
giua 2 UNIs. Dng don gian nht, dich vu E-Line c th cung cp bng thng di xung
cho du liu gui nhn trn hai huong khng c cac dam bao tc d giua hai UNI 10 Mbps..
Dng phuc tp hon, dich vu E-line c th cung cp CIR (Commited Inormation Rate) va
thuc tinh v d tr, itter,
Ghep dich vu (service multiplexing) cho phep kt hop nhiu EVC trn mt cng
vt ly UNI duy nht. Mt dich vu E-Line c th cung cp point-to-point EVCs giua UNIs
tuong tu nhu vic su dung Frame Relay PVCs d ni lin cac site voi nhau.
Mt dich vu E-Line cng cung cp vic kt ni point-to-point giua UNIs tuong tu
voi mt dich vu thu knh ring TDM.
Dich vu E-Line cng c mt vai dc dim co ban nhu Frame Delay, Fram Jitter va
Frame Loss ti thiu va khng c ghep dich vu (Service Multiplexing), tuc la yu cu
giao din vt ly UNI ring bit cho mi EVC
Tm li, mt E-Line Service c th duoc dung d xy dung nhung dich vu tuong
tu nhu Frame Relay hay thu knh ring (private leased line). Tuy nhin, bng thng
Ethernet va vic kt ni thi tt hon nhiu Mt E-Line Service c th duoc dung d xy
dung cac dich vu tuong tu nhu Frame Relay hay knh thu ring (private leased line).
gi@! %MA9 Ek V>9]?$]> +AN
Kiu dich vu Ethernet LAN (E-LAN) cung cp kt ni da dim, tuc la n c th
kt ni 2 hoc hon nhiu UNIs. Du liu cua thu bao duoc gui tu mt UNI c th duoc
nhn ti mt hoc nhiu du liu cua UNIs khac.
Mi site (UNI) duoc kt ni voi mt multipoint EVC. Khi nhung site moi (UNIs)
duoc thm vao, chung s duoc lin kt voi multipoint EVC nu trn do vy nn don gian
ha vic cung cp va kich hot (activation) dich vu. Theo quan dim cua thu bao, dich
vu E LAN lam cho MEN trng ging mt mng LAN ao.
Dich vu E-LAN Service c th cung cp mt CIR (Committed Inormation Rate),
kt hop CBS (Committed Burst Sie), EIR (Excess Inormation Rate) voi EBS (Excess
Burst Sie) va d tr, itter, va tn tht khung (rame lost).
V-+AN X]?EiA] Ei An! 9{$9 HSi$>->S-HSi$>
E-LAN service c th duoc su dung d lin kt chi voi 2 UNIs (sites). Trong khi
diu nay c th xay ra tuong tu mt E-Line Service, c nhiu su khac bit kha quan trong.
Voi dich vu E-LAN, khi mt UNI (site) moi duoc thm vao, mt EVC moi phai
duoc thit lp d lin kt UNI moi voi mt trong nhung UNIs hin thoi.
51
Voi dich vu E-LAN, khi UNI moi cn duoc thm vao ta khng cn thm EVC moi
ma don gian chi thm UNI moi vao EVC da dim c. Vi th, E-LAN Service doi hi chi
mt EVC d hoan tt vic kt ni multi-site.
Ni chung, dich vu E-LAN c th kt ni nhiu dia dim voi nhau, it phuc tp hon
vic su dung nhung cng ngh nhu Frame Relay hoc ATM.
Tm li, MEF dinh nghia hai kiu dich vu chinh E-Line va E-LAN, tuy nhin cac
hng, t chuc tham gia MEF c cach su dung tn cho hai loai dich vu nay khac nhau. Vi
du nhu Cisco dua ra cac dich vu Ethernet Relay Service (ERS) va Ethernet Wire Service
(EWS) cho loi E-Line; Ethernet Relay Multipoint Service (ERMS) va Ethernet
Multipoint Service (EMS) cho loi E-LAN
<K<KQT C=A >9!fA >p$9 %MA9 Ek V>9]?$]>
3.+.1.J ,hp dach #4
Ghep dich vu cho phep nhiu UNI thuc v cac EVC khac nhau. UNI nhu vy goi
la UNI duoc ghep dich vu (service multiplexed UNI). Khi UNI chi thuc mt EVC thi
UNI nay goi la UNI khng ghep dich vu (non - multiplexed UNI).
Loi ich cua ghep knh dich vu cho phep chi cn mt cng giao din UNI c th h
tro nhiu kt ni EVC. iu nay lam giam chi phi thm cng UNI va d dang trong vic
quan tri.
VLAN duoc cu hinh ti cng thit bi khac hang CE kt ni voi UNI duoc goi la
CE- VLAN. Nhu vy, ti mi UNI c mt anh x (mapping) giua CE-VLAN va EVC.
iu nay gn ging nhu anh x giua DLCI va PVC trong Frame Relay.
3.+.1.R ,9p nhbO
Trong cu truc rame cua 802.1 thi c mt truong 12 bit la VLAN tag. Nhu vy
c ti da la 4096 VLAN cho mt min lop 2. Voi tinh nng gp nhm, c nhiu hon mt
CE-VLAN duoc anh x vao mt EVC ti UNI. Khi tt ca VLAN du duoc anh x vao
mt EVC thi EVC d c thuc tinh gp nhm tt ca trong mt.
3.+.1.V cTc t/nh <0ng thng
MEF ding nghia dc tinh bng thng duoc ung dung UNI hay cho mt EVC. c
tinh bng thng la mt gioi hn ma khung Ethernet c th xuyn qua UNI. C th c dc
tinh bng thng ring r cho nhung khung vao bn trong MEN va cho nhung khung di ra
khi MEN. Thng s CIR cho mt Frame Relay PVC la mt vidu cua dc tinh bng
thng.
52
3.+.1.W Bhng s! hi"u n0ng
Cac thng s nay anh hung dn cht luong dich vu ma thu bao cam nhn duoc.
Thng s hiu nng duoc danh gia qua cac thng s sau:
kha dung
tr khung
truot khung
Ti l tn tht khung
3.+.1.1X KUn 2n ninh O;ng D'etdork securityF
Mng Metro Ethernet cung cp mng ring ao lop 2 (layer 2 VPN) nn nhung vn
d an ninh tn ti ti lop 2 nay nhu: Tu chi dich vu (DoS: Denial o Service), tran ngp
MAC (MAC looding) gia mo dia chi MAC (MAC spooing) cn dc bit quan tm.
<K<KQv T{$9 9{$9 >?i@$ o9Ci
Hin nay VNPT d c chu truong va d trin khai thu nghip mng MAN su dung
Metro Ethernet ti nhung tinh thanh lon trong ca nuoc. Trn hinh duoi dy m ta cu hinh
thu nghim ti thanh ph H Chi Minh va Ninh Binh.
Chng 28: Hinh 3.9 Mng MAN thu nghip ti thanh ph H Chi Minh
Voi cu hinh cua Ninh Binh nhu hinh v duoi nhung thit bi s cn duoc trang bi
s duoc lit k so luoc nhu trong bang duoi dy.
53
Trang bi moi 24 node MSAN voi tng dung luong 97300 POTS (thoi), 13224
ports ADSL2, 164 ports SHDSL ti cac trung tm huyn, thi x va cac khu vuc dn cu
tp trung luu luong cao.
Trang bi moi 24 trm CES (Carrier Ethernet Sitch) voi 109 port FE, 84 port GE
va 23 port 10GE.
Bang 3.7 S liu cac loi cng trn thit bi MSAN va CES
XTT MC Pi@D MXAN CVX
Thoi ADSL2 SHDSL FE GE 10GE
1 Ninh Binh 17.190 1.473 35 11 6 3
2 Ninh Tin 1.522 456 4 4 4 0
3 Tn Thanh 4.421 774 12 3 2 2
4 Hoa Lu 2.916 966 5 7 2 2
5 Gian 4.638 498 6 7 2 2
6 Gia Vin 3.715 633 8 7 4 2
7 Lin Son 896 171 0 1 2 2
8 Nho uan 4.260 906 8 7 2 2
9 Ria 1.953 240 3 3 2 2
10 Yn Son 1.626 204 3 2 2 2
11 Cu Vn 4.254 405 3 4 2 2
12 Tam ip 10.633 1.137 10 8 4 2
13 n Du 4.440 429 9 3 4 0
14 uang Son 1.655 222 7 4 4 0
15 Ninh Son 3.784 918 4 4 4 0
16 Khanh Phu 2.459 231 3 3 4 0
17 Yn Khanh 2.320 705 9 7 6 0
18 ui Hu 3.676 279 3 3 4 0
19 Kim Son 7.225 927 10 7 4 0
20 Lai Thanh 1.566 222 3 1 4 0
21 Cho But 4.162 198 3 3 4 0
22 Yn M 4.331 588 8 7 4 0
23 Thanh Son 2.762 486 5 2 4 0
24 Khanh Thu 896 156 3 1 4 0
B`ng WR.3XX 13.22+ 1J+ 1XW V+ 23
54
Chng 29: Hinh 3.10 Mng MAN ti Ninh Binh
55
<K<KQw N9R$" AG$" $"9 P:A [ %k$"
Nhu chung ta c th thy trn m hinh trin khai nhung cng ngh c th duoc su
dung dung d la :
Truyn tai Ethernet qua SDH, EOS
RPR
EPON voi cng ngh cu th la GE
MPLS va GMPLS
3.+.1.11 Bruyn tQi Cetro %thernet 1u2 ?\'%Be?>5
Khai nim truyn du liu qua mng SONETSDH la co cu truyn tai luu luong
cung cp mt s chuc nng va cac giao din nhm muc dich tng hiu qua cua vic truyn
du liu qua mng SONETSDH. Muc tiu quan trong nht ma cac huong cng ngh ni
trn cn phai thuc hin duoc d la phi hop h tro ln nhau d thuc hin chuc nng cai
dt chi dinh bng thng cho cac dich vu mt cach hiu qua ma khng anh hung toi luu
luong dang duoc truyn qua mng SONETSDH hin ti. iu nay c nghia la mng s
dam bao duoc chuc nng h tro truyn tai luu luong dich vu cua mng hin c va trin
khai cac loi hinh dich vu moi. Thm vao d EOS cn cung cp chuc nng dam bao cht
luong dich vu oS voi muc d chp nhn nao d cho cac loi dich vu moi, mm do va
linh hot trong vic h tro truyn tai luu luong truyn tai bi cac giao thuc khac nhau qua
mng.
Co cu cua truyn du liu qua mng SONETSDH bao gm 3 giao thuc chinh: Thu
tuc dng khung tng quat GFR (Generic Framing Procedure), k thut lin kt chui ao
VCAT (Virtual Concatenation) va co cu diu chinh dung luong duong thng LCAS
(Link Capacity Adustment Scheme). Ca 3 giao thuc nay d duoc ITU-T chun hoa ln
luot bi cac tiu chun G7041Y.1303, G.704, G.7042Y.1305. Giao thuc GFR cung cp
thu tuc dng gi khung du liu cho cac dng luu luong khac nhau (Ethernet, IPPPP,
RPR..) vao cac phuong tin truyn dn TDM nhu la SONETSDH hoc cac h thng
truyn tai quang OTN (Optical Transport Netork). Giao thuc VCAT cung cp cac thu
tuc cai dt bng thng cho knh kt ni mm do hon so voi nhung thu tuc ap dung trong
h thng truyn dn TDM truoc d. Giao thuc LCAS cung cp thu tuc bao hiu du cui
toi du cui d thuc hin chuc nng diu chinh dng dung luong bng thng cho cac kt
ni khi su dung VCAT trong kt ni SONETSDH.
3.+.1.12 fGf
Thang 12 nm 2000, IEEE thanh lp mt nhm nghin cuu v cng ngh mng
vong gi phuc hi (IEEE 802.17) nhm dua ra cac tiu chun cho giao thuc RPR. Cng
ngh RPR duoc su dung d truyn tai cac gi s liu trn mng vong tc d hang
Gigabits.
56
Giai phap nay su dung cac Router kt ni cap quang voi cng ngh moi RPR h
tro IP hoc thm chi MPLS dap ung tt ca cac dich vu khac nhau. RPR la cng ngh chu
do cho mng d thi th h moi dang duoc cac hng vin thng lon tp trung phat trin
(50 nha san xut thit bi va chip - Cisco, Nortel, Siemens, Redstone, ). Cng ngh nay
kt hop tinh uu vit cua phuong thuc bao v duong nhu cng ngh SDH cho phep kha
nng hi phuc tuyn cuc nhanh muc 50 ms. Cung voi kha nng danh dia chi kt ni
theo dia chi (dung dia chi MAC) va phn loi luu luong cho cht luong dich vu nhu
cng ngh Ethernet lop 1.
RPR d thua k hai dc trung quan trong cua mng SONETSDH.
C th kt ni theo cu hinh RING.
C th khi phuc duong truyn nhanh khi duong cap quang bi dut 50ms.
Ngoai ra, RPR con c cac uu dim chinh:
a dng phn lop dich vu (CoS).
Su linh hot cua lop vt ly: RPR c th tuong thich voi cac tiu chun lop
vt ly cua Ethernet, SONET va DWDM.
Cho phep chuyn tai luu luong theo phuong thuc quang ba .
C kha nng m rng quy m mng cao.
iu chinh bng thng giua cac nguoi su dung (Fairness) va diu khin su
tc nghn luu luong trong mng.
RPR su dung vong song huong gm hai soi quang truyn nguoc chiu nhau, ca hai
vong dng thoi duoc su dung d truyn du liu va diu khin. RPR cho phep nha cung
ung giam chi phi thit bi phn cung cng nhu thoi gian giam sat mng. Trong RPR khng
c khai nim khe thoi gian, toan b bng thng duoc n dinh cho luu luong. Bng cach
tinh kha nng mng va du bao yu cu luu luong, RPR ghep thng k va phn phi cng
bng bng thng cho cac node trn vong d tranh tc nghn c th mang li loi ich hon
nhiu so voi vong SDHSONET dua trn ghep knh phn chia theo thoi gian.
RPR la giao thuc lop MAC vn hanh lop 2 cua m hinh OSI, n khng nhn bit
lop 1 nn dc lp voi truyn dn nn c th lam vic voi WDM, SDH hay truyn dn dua
trn Ethernet (su dung GBIC Gigabit Interace Converter) ngoai ra, RPR di tu thit bi
da lop dn dich vu mng thng minh lop 3 nhu MPLS, MPLS kt hop thit bi ria mng IP
lop 3 voi thit bi lop 2 nhu ATM, Frame relay. Su kt hop d tin cy va kha nng phuc
hi cua RPR voi uu dim quan ly luu luong va kha nng m rng cua MPLS VPN va
MPLS TE duoc xem la giai phap xy dung MAN trn th gioi hin nay.
57
)H6N III7 CNG NGH TRUY NH() V TUY2N
58
C9:;$" Z7 C=A D&$" >?!' $9JH o9G$" %i' m}$" ?f$"
ZK< Gii >9i! A9!$"
Chung ta c th nhin nhn truy nhp v tuyn theo quan dim cua IEEE theo hinh
4.1 duoi dy:
Blue!!h
"#2.1$
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Chng 30: Hinh 4.1 : Cac cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
Theo d cn cu vao vung bao phu h thng thit bi chung ta c cac mng din hp
PAN voi nhung vi du cng ngh nhu Bluetooth, Wireless USB.
Cac mng din ni ht voi din hinh la cng ngh WLAN voi nhung chun cho lop
vt ly 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g.
Tip theo la cac mng din rng hon voi nhung cai tin cua chun 801.11, nhung
mng truy nhp v tuyn da knh da dim, da knh da dim ni ht (MMDS va LMDS)
voi xut phat dim la dung d quang ba tin hiu truyn hinh.
Cui cung la mng din rng voi cac th h cua din thoi t bao va cng thm vao
d h thng truy nhp su dung v tinh.
Sau dy chung ta s xem xet huong phat trin cua tung nhanh cng ngh mt,
chung ta s lam sang t mt thuc t rng cac h thng truy nhp v tuyn dang hi tu li
th h thu 4 4G
59
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Nhu chung ta d d cp dn tu trn, d tin toi th h thu 4 mng truy nhp v
tuyn s hi tu li tu hai huong, Hinh 4.2:
1) 234$5 4) 2#$35 3)2#23#45 2) 2463#15
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Chng 31: Hinh 4.2: Xu huong hi tu cua cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
Huong 1: tu phia cac h thng ca nhn, ni ht, thanh ph (voi nhung di
din din hinh WLAN va Wimax)
Huong 2: tu phia cac h thng din rng (voi cac di din la GSM,
IMT2000, WCDMA)
Trn hinh 4.2 m ta r hai xu huong phat trin nay, hinh 4.3 nhung xu huong d
duoc miu ta voi nhung mc thoi gian cu th.
60
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Chng 32: Hinh 4.3: Mc lich su cua truy nhp v tuyn
<K<KQx H >9e$" >9G$" >i$ %i Pf$" QG E $^$ >#$" C,MA
+.2.1.1 ,?C
Chng 33: Hinh 4.4: Su phat trin ln 4G tu cac cng ngh WAN
Trong nhung nm du cua thp k 1980, hi nghi vin thng va buu din chu u
(CEPT) dua ra nhm di dng dc bit (Group Special Mobile) voi muc tiu la phat trin
chun Pan-European cho thng tin t bao s. Du an nay c tn la GSM va h thng thuc
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61
hin cac chun tuong ung, h thng toan cu cho thng tin di dng, cng duoc vit tt la
GSM.
Tu d dn nay, cac mng GSM, k ca mng GSM theo khai nim gc hoc cac
phat trin cua n, phat trin rng khp trn th gioi va duoc coi la k hoch thanh cng.
Cac h thng GSM hot dng dai tn khoang 900 MH (GSM-900), 1.8 GH (gsm-
1800), hoc 1.9GH (GSM-1900). GSM-900 la mng t bao GSM gc dap ung cac vung
rng lon (macro cell) va d hot dng voi cac du cui ngun lon. GSM su dung TDMA
voi tc d du liu thp c trn duoi 10kbps.
+.2.1.2 E?HW.
Vao cui nhung nm 1980 va du nhung nm 1990, UALCOMM, Inc. cua San
Diego dua ra da truy nhp phn chia theo m, CDMA. Cac thu nghim va vic ch to
mng thanh cng d dua TIA va EIA chp nhn h thng UALCOMM nhu chun tm
thoi cua ho, "TIAEIAIS-95 - chun tuong thich giua trm gc -trm di dng cho h
thng di dng trai ph bng rng hai ch d".
Cac dc dim k thut cua TIAEIAIS-95 duoc thit lp d h thng hot dng
hai ch d co ban (tuong tu va s), ca hai ch d trong cung dai tn. Kha nng hot dng
hai ch d thun tin cho vic chuyn tip tu mi truong tuong tu sang mi truong s.
Mc du tuong thich, cac h thng s va tuong tu kha khac nhau. TIAEIAIS-95 h tro k
thut trai ph lin tuc truc tip voi cac knh kep bng thng 1.25 MH.
Vic hai h thng s va tuong tu cung tn ti tuc la cac trm di dng hai ch d c
th dt va nhn cac cuc goi tu bt cu h thng nao va nguoc li, tt ca cac h thng c
th dt va nhn cac cuc goi tu bt cu trm di dng nao. Cac hot dng nguoc li nhu
miu ta trn yu cu mt s chu y. Mt trm di dng c th khi to mt cuc goi voi h
thng CDMA va trong khi cuc goi vn dang trong qua trinh xu ly, n c th chuyn sang
h thng tuong tu, nu c yu cu.
Mt s di moi d duoc dua vao h thng CDMA so voi cac h thng t bao ban
du. Chuyn giao mm chinh la mt dim moi ngoai ra con c nhung su di moi khac
duoc dua ra trong h thng CDMA nhu la vic su dung cac b thu h thng dinh vi toan
cu (GPS) ti cac trm gc. Cac h thng CDMA ban du duoc su dung voi cac dc tinh
k thut TIAEIAIS-95.
Cac dc tinh k thut cua version A duoc phat trin ln TIAEIAIS-94B, trong d
cac dc tinh moi c lin quan toi truyn du liu tc d cao hon, cac thut toan chuyn
giao mm, cac k thut diu khin nng luong. Tn cdmaOne duoc su dung d xac dinh
hot dng voi cng ngh CDMA voi k thut khac.
62
+.2.1.3 ,Gf?
h tro mt cach hiu qua mt vai loi luu luong to ra bi nhiu loi ung dung,
mng tng hp phai cung cp duoc cac dich vu du liu gi. Voi muc tiu y, ba cng
ngh du liu, duoc dua vao cac h thng v tuyn, xut hin mt xen nhau d su dung cho
cac ung dung gi trong cac mng v tuyn: Dich vu v tuyn gi chung (GPRS),
TIAEIAIS-95B, va du liu tc d cao (HDR).
Vic dua ra GPRS trong mng v tuyn di dng cho phep cai thin kha nng cua
h thng GSM sn c, mt s cai thin chinh la :
Su dung ca hai loi dich vu chuyn mch knh va dich vu chuyn mch gi.
Su dung tai nguyn v tuyn tt hon.
Tinh cuoc dua trn dung luong.
<K<KQy H >9e$" YG
+.2.1.+ ECBH2XXX
Khai nim h thng di dng th h thu 3 (3G) duoc dua ra bi IMT-2000. V ct
li, mt h thng 3G phai cung cp:
Cac dich vu da phuong tin, trong cac hot dng ch d knh va gi.
Cac linh vuc nguoi su dung nhu tu nhn, cng cng, thuong mi, dn cu, va
cac linh vuc khac.
Cac mng dua trn mt dt va v tinh.
Thit bi b tui ca nhn, thit bi trn xe c, va bt cu du cui dc bit khac.
Chng 34: Hinh 4.5: H thng IMT 2000
Cac dc tinh xac dinh cua IMT-2000 bao gm:
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63
Muc d tuong dng cao trong cac thit k trn toan th gioi.
Tinh tuong thich cua cac dich vu trong IMT-2000 va cac mng c dinh.
Cht luong cao
u cui nh duoc su dung rng ri.
Kha nng cua cac ung dung da phuong tin va dai rng cua cac dich vu va
cac du cui IMT-2000 c th duoc thuc hin nhu mng dc lp hoc nhu
mt phn tich hop cua cac mng c dinh. Cac h thng 3G cung cp kha
nng modul hoa v ca hai mt dung luong va chuc nng.
Trai nguoc voi oS c dinh trong h thng v tuyn 1G va 2G (duoc xac dinh nhu
su c gng tt nht), cac h thng 3G cung cp oS mm do. Cac ung dung cua n va
nguoi su dung c th duoc n dinh mt oS mc dinh voi cac diu chinh sao cho thich
hop voi oS mong mun. Cac tai nguyn khi d duoc phn phi tuy theo hang lot cac
tham s nhu cac hin trng oS cn cu bi s thu bao din thoi, tai h thng, cac diu
kin truyn, loi luu luong (cai nay tuy thuc vao ung dung), va cac yu t khac.
Tm li, cac muc tiu chinh cua cac mng 3G nhu sau:
Su chp nhn toan cu v tp cac chun nong ct cho giao din v tuyn.
Thuc dy roaming toan cu.
H tro hiu qua dai rng cac dich vu du liu bao gm ca da phuong tin.
Trn thuc t, cac h thng 3G duoc trin khai voi hai muc dich chinh:
h tro cac dich vu du liu gi voi tc d va cht luong nhu cac mng c
dinh.
Cung cp truy nhp internet.
+.2.1.. ,GG2 g cdO22XXX
Giao din v tuyn da sng mng IMT-2000 CDMA duoc nhc dn voi
cdma2000. N la giao din v tuyn trai ph bng rng duoc thit k d dt duoc cac yu
cu cua h thng v tuyn 3G cng nhu cac yu cu cua su phat trin cua cac chun ho
2G TIAEIA-95-B. cdma2000 cung cp kha nng tuong thich nguoc li voi TIAEIA-95-
B. Kha nng tuong thich nguoc cho phep co s h tng cua cdma2000 h tro cac trm di
dng TIAEIA-95-B va cho phep cac trm di dng cdma2000 hot dng duoc voi cac h
thng TIAEIA-95-B. cdma2000 d xut ra kha nng tuong thich nguoc voi cdmaOne d
cung cp vic chuyn giao mm tu cac mng 2G ln 3G. Mt khia cnh quan trong cua
kha nng tuong thich nguoc la kha nng h tro vic bao phu cac mng cdma2000 va
cdmaOne voi cung ph.
cdma2000 thuc hin cac yu cu truyn dn bng rng theo hai cach khac nhau.
Vic truyn dn ln c th su dung hoc k thut trai ph truc tip hoc k thut da sng
mang. Vic thuc hin MC di voi duong ln cua cdma2000 to diu kin thun loi cho
thit k chng lp cdmaOne va cdma2000. Trong vic thuc hin MC, h thng cdma2000
64
Nx1.25 Mh (voi N1,3,6,9, hoc 12) c th chng lp N sng mang lin tuc cua
cdmaOne, voi N la s tc d phn tan SR . SR 2 duoc dung d chi 1X va SR 3 d chi 3X,
d la hai k thut duoc dinh nghia trong cac chun cdma2000.
Cdma2000 cng h tro vic su dung li cac chun dich vu d c cua cdmaOne, nhu
cac dich vu lin quan dn thoi, cac dich vu du liu, cac dich vu tin nhn,Vic chuyn
giao dy du cac cuc goi du liu va thoi tu mt h thng toi mt h thng khac la dc
dim rt hay duoc h tro bi cdmaOne va cdma2000. Kha nng thuc hin chuyn giao
mm giua h thng cdmaOne va cdma200 cho phep cac nha hot dng xy dung dn dn
cac mng cdma2000 khi c nhu cu tng cuong dich vu va thm dung luong.
<K<KYz +AN
Cng ngh huu tuyn Ethernet duoc gioi thiu vao nm 1970, voi tc d 10 Mbps,
hon hn tc d cua cac cng ngh khng dy khac hin c thoi dim d. Vao nm 1985
FCC cho phep phat trin cho thuong mi h thng WLAN su dung bng tn ISM. Bng
tn ISM d rt hp dn cac di ly cung cp khi khng cn phai c su cp phep cua FCC d
hot dng trong bng tn nay.
Mng v tuyn bng rng du tin, WLAN duoc xy dung trn co s ho cac chun
IEEE 802.11. Chun IEEE 802.11 du tin duoc phat hanh vao 1997, chim 83.5MH
bng thng trong bng tn 2.4GH khng cp phep. N su dung diu ch PSK voi trai
ph nhay tn FHSS va trai ph chui truc tip DSSS. Tc d du liu ln dn 2Mbps duoc
h tro voi CSMACA, su dung cho truy nhp ngu nhin. Chun du tin duoc m rng
vao 1999 d to ra chun 802.11b, hot dng trong cung bng tn nhung chi su dung
DSSS. Cung cp tc d knh truyn cuc di ln dn 11Mbps voi tc d du liu nguoi
dung cuc di khoang 1.6Mbps. Phm vi truyn dn dt toi 150m. Kin truc mng trong
802.11b la hinh sao hoc ngang cp, mc du dc tinh ngang cp khng duoc su dung din
hinh. Chun nay d duoc trin khai va su dung rng ri voi cac nha san xut thit bi tich
hop cac card 802.11b vao cac may tinh xach tay.
Chun 802.11a duoc hoan thanh vao 1999 nhu mt su m rng cua 802.11b d cai
thin tc d du liu cua 802.11b. Chun 802.11a chim 300MH ph trong bng NII
5GH. Thuc t, 300MH ph duoc phn chia thanh ba bng con 100MH. Mt bng thp
tu 5.15-5.25GH, mt bng giua tu 5.25-5.35GH, mt bng trn tu 5.725-5.825GH.
Mi knh chim 20MH, ngoi tru cac phn cui cua bng giua va bng thp la 30MH.
C ba muc cng sut phat cuc di duoc chi ra la 40mW cho bng thp, 200mW cho bng
giua va 800mW cho bng cao. Nhung gioi hn nay nhm am chi rng bng thp hu nhu
chi phu hop cho cac ung dung trong nha, bng giua cho ngoai troi va trong nha con bng
cao cho ngoai troi. iu ch va m ha ti l bin di duoc su dung cho mi knh. Cac loi
diu ch bin di qua BPSK, PSK, 16AM va 64AM va cac ti l m ha xon bin
di qua 12, 23 va 34. iu nay dn dn tc d du liu cuc di mi knh la 54MH. Voi
65
cac h thng trong nha, sng mang 5GH kt hop voi gioi hn cng sut trong bng thp
giam phm vi cua 802.11a so voi 802.11b va cng kh hon d tin hiu xuyn qua cac buc
tuong va cac vt can khac. Chun 802.11a su dung da truy nhp OFDM thay vi FHSS va
DSSS.
Chun 802.11g duoc hoan thanh vao 2003, kt hop uu dim cua 802.11a va
802.11b voi tc d du liu ln dn 54Mbps trong bng tn 2.5GH cho phm vi lon hon.
Chun nay tip tuc tuong thich voi 802.11b vi th cac dim truy nhp 802.11g s lam vic
voi cac b thich ung mng v tuyn 802.11a. Tuy nhin, 802.11g su dung OFDM, luoc
d diu ch va m ha cua 802.11a. Ca cac dim truy nhp va cac Card LAN du phu hop
voi ca ba chun d tranh khng tuong thich. Ho chun 802.11abg duoc xem nhu la Wi-
Fi, cho d tin cy v tuyn.
<K<KY< iDC_
Wimax la kha nng khai thac lin mng toan cu di voi truy nhp vi ba. Wimax la
mt cng ngh khng dy dua trn chun 802.16 cung cp cac kt ni bng rng thng
luong cao qua khoang cach xa. Cng ngh Wimax bao gm cac sng vi ba d truyn du
liu khng dy. Wimax duoc dung cho mt s ung dung nhu kt ni bng rng du cui,
cac hotspot va cac kt ni tc d cao cho cac khach hang kinh doanh. N cung cp kt ni
mng vung thanh thi khng dy MAN voi tc d ln toi 70Mbps va cac trm gc Wimax
trung binh c th bao phu tu 5 dn 10km.
Cac chun c dinh va di dng du duoc su dung trong ca bng tn cp phep va
khng cp phep. Tuy nhin min tn s cho chun c dinh la 2-11GH trong khi chun di
dng la duoi 6GH.
IEEE 802.16 dinh nghia cac lop vt ly khac nhau:
Wireless MAN-SC layer
Wireless MAN-SCa layer
WirelessMAN-OFDM Layer
WirelessMAN-OFDMA Layer
Wireless HUMAN
Nhung lop vt ly duoc dinh nghia chi tit bao gm 5 loi trong d hin nay su
dung chu yu loi thu 3 va thu tu. Hai loi nay dua chu yu trn nguyn ly OFDM va
OFDMA
Cac dc tinh chinh cua lop vt li nay bao gm:
H tro TDD va FDD
TDMA UL
TDM DL
66
iu ch khi thich ung va m ha FEC cho ca duong UL va DL
Truyn theo khung d cai thin su cn bng (mt chiu) va thuc hin uoc
luong knh qua NLOS va m rng mi truong tr trai ph.
Ki hiu duoc dng thanh gi.
M ha son FEC su dung m Reed Solomon va chen Pragmatic TCM
FEC su dung tuy chon BTC va CTC
Khng su dung FEC tuy chon su dung AR d diu khin li.
Tuy chon tinh phn tp chuyn tip STC.
Ngoi tru cac yu cu khac, qua trinh truyn tin tuong tu cho ca huong
duong ln UL va duong xung DL.
Lop vt ly v tuyn MAN-OFDM dua trn diu ch OFDM duoc thit k d hot
dng cho duong truyn trong phm vi khng truyn thng NLOS trong dai tn tu 2-11
GH. H tro song cng TDD, FDD.
Lop vt ly v tuyn MAN-OFDMA: dua trn k thut diu ch OFDMA duoc
thit k d hot dng di voi duong truyn khng trong tm nhin thng NLOS trong dai
tn 2-11 GH. Trong dai tn duoc cp phep, hai phuong phap song cng duoc su dung la
FDD va TDD, FDD SSs c th la ban song cng (H-FDD). Trong dai tn khng cp phep,
su dung phuong phap song cng TDD.
<K<KYQ H >9e$" ZG
Ngay ca truoc khi cac mng 3G duoc khai truong va dua vao su dung hoan toan,
nhiu nhm nghin cuu khac nhau d xem xet dn dng tip theo cua cng ngh t bao,
hay con goi la 4G. Cho dn by gio chua c dinh dng chung cho 4G, nhung mng th h
moi c th la dua trn IP, cung cp tc d du liu ln toi 100 Mbps va h tro kha nng di
dng toan cu. Mt l trinh huong toi mng nay la su hi tu cua cac cng ngh nhu t bao
3G va Wireless LANs (WLANs).
ZKY XS [=$9 P=$9 "i= A=A AG$" $"9
ua nhung phn trinh bay trn thi khi ma h thng 4G chua dua vao khai thac
trn din rng thi mi vung hot dng vn con c su cnh tranh giua nhung cng ngh
dn tu nhung huong phat trin khac nhau (xem hinh 4.6) d la CDMA 2000, WCDMA
(GSM), d la CDMA va Wimax, va WLAN va Wimax. C nhiu y kin khi Wimax moi
ra doi voi uu vit v tc d va cu li bao phu c th danh bi nhung di thu khac, tuy nhin
vn d quan ly khai thac dich vu va bao mt li can tr n trin khai trn din rng vuot ra
khi phm vi ung dung cho truy nhp s liu ni ht.
67
8 ~ 64kbps 144kbps 384kbps ~ 2Mbps ~ 100Mbps
4G
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!*nh
7B7C
HI lJ ChKng gian hLi gian *TP
Chng 35: Hinh 4.6 : Cac cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn cnh tranh
68
C9:;$" T7 T?!' $9JH |!C E >i$9
TK< Gii >9i! A9!$"
Mt knh v tinh truyn thng truc tip c th d dang hot dng tc d du liu
23 Mbps. Tuy nhin, tc d ph bin nht la khoang 400 kbps (dich vu Direct PC). Cac
h thng hin nay su dung cac qu do dia tinh (GEO:Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) d
cao 22500 dm (khoang mt phn mt phn muoi khoang cach tu qua dt dn mt trng).
Khoang cach lon nay lam tng thoi gian tr cua dich vu hai chiu tuc cac dich vu tuong
tac.
Tuy nhin, cac h thng v tinh nhn to th h moi nhu h thng v tinh nhn to
Iridium va h thng v tinh nhn to Teledesic su dung cac qu do thp hon nhin LEO
(Lo Earth Orbit) c thoi gian tr nh nht va tiu thu nng luong may phat nh hon.
Mt vn d lon cua cac nha cung cp dich vu qua h thng thng tin v tinh la gia ca.
u dim lon nht va dc bit cua cac h thng GEO la tm phu sng rng. V tinh
nhn to lam cho vung phu sng tr nn lon nht. Thng tin v tinh hoan toan khng phu
thuc vao diu kin dia ly nhu thung lng, nui non, bin ca,...Thng tin v tinh phu vu
khng bi anh hung bi khoang cach. Mt v tinh nhn to phuc vu cac dim cach xa
nhau hang ngan cy s cng ging voi khi phuc vu cho hai nha hang xm. iu nay vn
dung khi nao cac dia dim phuc vu cua h thng thng tin v tinh vn con nm trong tm
phu sng cua n.
Mt khac h thng thng tin v tinh cng c nhung nhuoc dim trm trong v mt
k thut cua n. Cac dich vu dua vao thng tin c th bi may bay che khut va di nhin
cng c th bi cac v tinh c qu do thp hon che khut. Anh sang mt troi cng c th
tac dng ln tin hiu va tin hiu c th bi mt mt thoi gian khi mt troi di qua sau cac v
tinh trong cac ngay dng chi va h chi. Mt vai hiu ung mt troi lam cho bu khi quyn
phng ln va cac v tinh c qu do thp phai chuyn dng du dn d tranh khi bi khi
quyn li keo. Tui tho cua mt v tinh duoc xac dinh bi luong nhin liu n mang theo.
Tac dng nh cua trong truong phai duoc cn bng bng vic dt dinh ky tn lua. Khi
nhin liu cn kit thi v tinh nhn to tr nn v dung.
Tr ngi cui cung cua cac h thng thng tin v tinh la su c mt cua qua nhiu
v tinh cng gy ra rc ri. Cac vi tri v tinh thun loi cua cac v tinh GEO d duoc
chim giu tu nhiu nm qua. Tinh hinh cng s xay ra tuong tu di voi cac v tinh LEO.
Di nhin, vic chia nhau dai thng hn ch giua luong nguoi su dung khng l s tr
thanh mt bai toan nan giai.
C mt vai h thng LEO nhu:
69
Iridium c 66 v tinh c muc dich cua h thng v tinh nhn to Iridium la
dung cho h thng din thoi di dng cu hinh su dung duoc th hin trn
hinh 5.1
Teledesic cong goi la Internet trn troi (Internet in the sky) li chu dich
nhm vao dich vu truy xut Internet bao gm 288 v tinh nhn to cua
Teledesic c gia thanh xp xi 9 t dollar.
Globalstar, mt cng ty con cua hng Loral and ualcomm c h thng 48
v tinh voi gia thanh 2,6 t dollar voi muc dich chinh la dung cho cac ung
dung du liu truyn thng, din thoi va ax.
Skybridge du kin s phng 64 v tinh voi gia thanh tng cng la 3,5 t
dollar.
B4iDium +a13;aE

!a&8anD
!a&8anD
L&8anD
!a&8anD
B4iDium Aa132i13:
A946nau1i9a2
B4iDium +a13;aE

B4iDium
)323Fh6n3
B4iDium
Gag34
)3443:14ia2 A;i119h Hi4323:: ,u:16m34:
Chng 36: Hinh 5.1 in thoi di dng Iridium
Mt s h thng GEO nhu :
H thng Direct PC cua Hughes Communications vn la mng truy nhp
Internet qua v tinh lon nht hin nay (Hinh 5.2). Tc d truy xut Internet
theo chiu donstream tu 200 kbps dn 400 kbps s duoc m rng bng h
thng GEO du kin Hughes Spaceay gm 8 v tinh nhn to hot dng
tc d 6 Mbps voi gia thanh tng cng la 3 t dollar.
H thng Expressay gm 14 v tinh nhn to c gia thanh 4 t dollar cho
phep truy xut theo chiu donstream ln dn 1,5 Mbps.
70
A
a
1322i13
D
i:
h
Bn134n31
Di4391 G,
A3nD
$393i=3
Hinh 5.2: Nguyn ly hot dng cua DirectPC
TKQ H >9e$" VXAT
VSAT xut phat tu duong kinh cua dia parabol ma n su dung n c c tu 0.5m
dn 2.5 m. Mt mng VSAT bao gm mt trm mt dt v tinh va nhung kt cui VSAT.
Thng thuong VSAT cung cp kt ni voi tc d la 56Kbps, c th dt duoc tc d
cua lung T1 hoc E1. VSAT cng c th cung cp thng tin mang tinh thoi gian thuc
trong mt khoang thoi gian ngn.
C 3 ly do d nguoi ta su dung VSAT d la:
Kinh t
Thit lp mng ring
Cung cp kt ni cht luong trong khi diu kin xung quan khng dam bao
Chi tit hon v nhung thng s k thut cua VSAT c th tham khao thm tai liu |2|.

71
C9:;$" v7 +AN E I-UI
vK< Gii >9i! A9!$"
Lich su phat trin WLAN c th tm tt thanh ba th h nhu sau :
Th h du : hot dng ti bng tn 900-928 Mh (bng ISM), voi tc d
nh hon 860 kbps. Do hn hp v bng tn (nhiu ung dung v tuyn khac
cung chy trn bng tn nay) nn cac cng ngh giai don nay khng phat
trin duoc.
Th h thu hai: hot dng ti bng 2,4 Gh 2,483 Gh, tc d dt 2 Mbps,
su dung k thut trai ph va ghep knh nhung cng bi hn ch bng tn.
Th h thu ba: hot dng ti cac bng tn 2,4 Gh (su dung cac phuong
phap diu ch phuc tp hon) dt tc d 11 Mbps, 5 Gh va 17 Gh, tc d
ln toi 54 Mbps.
Chng 37: Hinh 6.1 ua trinh phat trin WLAN.
Cac t chuc tiu chun lon nhu IEEE va ETSI lin tuc dua ra va cp nht cac tiu
chun cho WLAN 802.11, HiperLAN cua minh.
Mac chung nhn Wi-Fi la d cung cp cho cac khach hang su dam bao rng cac
san phm mang logo nay s hot dng cung voi nhau. Cac thanh vin nhm WECA
(Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance) bao gm s luong ngay cang tng cac nha san
xut WLAN hang du trong d c cac h thng cua Cisco.
Wi-Fi d tr nn dng nghia voi cng ngh v tuyn 802.11 trong nhiu bai bao
lin quan dn chu d nay. Tuy nhin, Wi-Fi khng phai la mt tiu chun cng ngh, n
chi dam bao v kha nng hot dng tuong tac giua cac nha san xut thanh vin. Ni cach
khac, nguoi su dung c th c phn cung tun theo 802.11 ma vn khng duoc coi la Wi-
Fi.
vKQ giL$ >?lA +AN
<K<KYY Cn! 9{$9 D&$" +AN
2.4 GHz
1 & 2 Mbps 860 Kbps
900 MHz
Proprietary
11 Mbps
4h5o ti%u chu6n
IEEE 802.11
duoc ph chun

2.4 GHz
%adio
'et(or$
Speed
1 & 2 Mbps 860 Kbps
900 MHz
7-c 8uy9n
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
72
Tuy vao ung dung cu th Wlan c th c nhung cu hinh nhu :
Cu hinh mng WLAN dc lp
Cu hinh mng WLAN co s, c th dung thm trm lp
Kin truc dy du cua WLAN
J.2.1.1 &Uu hhnh O;ng i@=' 9c (p
V co ban, hai may tinh duoc trang bi thm card adapter v tuyn c th hinh thanh
mt mng dc lp khi chung trong dai tn cua nhau. Voi cac h diu hanh dung dang
duoc su dung rng ri nhu Windos 95, Windos NT c th cai dt cu hinh mng nay
mt cach d dang. y la cu hinh mng ngang cp hay con goi la mng ad hoc. Cac
mng hinh thanh theo nhu cu nhu vy khng cn thit phai quan ly hay thit lp cu hinh
tu truoc. Nut di dng c th truy cp vao cac tai nguyn cua cac may khac ma khng phai
qua mt may chu trung tm. Cu hinh mng dc lp duoc m ta nhu hinh 6.2.
Chng 38: Hinh 6.2: Cu hinh mng WLAN dc lp.
J.2.1.2 &Uu hhnh O;ng i@=' cM s8
Mt dim truy nhp c th m rng khoang cach giua hai WLAN dc lp khi n
hot dng nhu mt b lp lam tng hai ln cu ly giua cac nut di dng. Cac dim truy nhp
AP s gn voi mng duong truc huu tuyn va giao tip voi cac thit bi di dng trong vung
phu sng cua mt . AP dng vai tro diu khin cell va diu khin luu luong toi mng
(hinh 6.3).
Trong cu hinh WLAN co s, cac thit bi di dng khng giao tip truc tip voi nhau
ma giao tip voi cac dim truy nhp.
73
Chng 39: Hinh 6.3 Cu hinh mng WLAN co s.
Nhu vy, cu hinh WLAN co s s bao gm cac nut di dng duoc ni vao mng huu
tuyn, chuyn dich tu thng tin v tuyn sang thng tin huu tuyn thng qua mt dim
truy nhp. im truy nhp AP c th la trm gc (di voi co s h tng huu tuyn) hoc
cu v tuyn di voi co s h tng v tuyn.
Cac b lp c th duoc su dung d tng khoang cach vung phu sng trong truong
hop kt ni dn mng duong truc kh thuc hin. Vic nay yu cu chng ln 50 cua AP
trn mng duong truc va b lp. Tc d du liu s giam do thoi gian thu va phat li(hinh
6.4).
Chng 40: Hinh 6.4: Cu hinh WLAN dung b lp.
J.2.1.3 Kin trjc y Z cZ2 i@='
Mng WLAN c kin truc dy du nhu hinh v sau:
ciYO truy nhp =G
&*c tr;O di 9ng
@=' APng tr4c
k # tuyn
ciYO truy nhp =G
&*c tr;O di 9ng
@=' APng tr4c
k # tuyn
cb tr;O (Tp
gr$9 1
gr$9 1
74
Chng 41: Hinh 6.5: Kin truc WLAN dy du.
Trong mng WLAN cu hinh dy du cac thit bi tp trung luu luong va dam bao
tinh ring tu bao mt cho thu bao s liu khi kt ni vao mng duoc b xung thm vao.
<K<KYZ MG 9{$9 >9CD A9iL! A; m#$ IVVV xzQK<<
Nhu chi ra trong hinh 6.6, chun IEEE 802.11 chua nhung khuyn nghi lin quan
dn hai lop cui trong m hinh OSI., trong d lop vt ly cua IEEE 802.11 duoc phn chia
thanh 2 phn lop:
Phn lop phu thuc mi truong vt ly PMD lin quan toi cac dc trung cua
mi truong v tuyn (cac loi lop vt ly DSSS, FHSS, DFIR) va xac dinh
phuong phap thu va phat du liu qua mi truong (vi du diu ch va m hoa).
Phn lop thu tuc hi tu lop vt ly PLCP xac dinh phuong phap chuyn di
don vi du liu giao thuc MPDU thanh cac gi phu hop voi phn lop PMD.
N cng thuc hin cam ung sng mang (truy nhp knh) cho phn lop
MAC.
Phn lop MAC xac dinh mt co ch truy nhp co ban (dua trn CSMA) cho cac
nut di dng d truy nhp vao mi truong v tuyn. N c th thuc hin ca phn tach roi va
m hoa cac gi du liu.
uan ly lop vt ly PHY lin quan toi thich ung cac trng thai knh khac nhau va duy
tri co s thng tin quan ly lop PHY. uan ly phn lop MAC lin quan toi cac vn d dng
b, quan ly ngun, ghep va tach. Ngoai ra n duy tri MIB cua phn lop MAC. Cui cung
quan ly trm xac dinh cac lop quan ly PHY va MAC tuong tac voi nhau nhu th nao.
Trong m hinh tham chiu kin truc IEEE 802.11 hinh 2.6, hu ht cac lop vt ly
bao gm ba thuc th chuc nng: chuc nng phu thuc mi truong vt ly PMD, PLCL va
chuc nng quan ly lop. Dich vu lop vt ly duoc cung cp cho thuc th MAC ti cac STA
thng qua dim truy nhp dich vu SAP goi la PHY-SAP. B cac ham nguyn thu cng
75
duoc dinh nghia d m ta giao din giua phn lop giao thuc hi tu lop vt ly PLCP va
phn lop PMD, goi la PMD-SAP.
Chng 42: Hinh 6.8: M hinh tham chiu co ban IEEE 802.11.
vKY C9!$ AG$" $"9
Nm 1990, Hip hi cac k su din va din tu IEEE d thanh lp mt t chuc d
phat trin tiu chun cho WLAN hot dng tc d 1 va 2 Mbps. Nm 1992, Vin tiu
chun vin thng Chu u thanh lp mt hip hi d xy dung tiu chun WLAN tc d
cao hot dng tc d khoang 20 Mbps. Tu d dn nay hai t chuc nay lin tuc dua ra
cac phin ban moi cua cac tiu chun cho WLAN. Tiu chun dang thng dung nht hin
nay la IEEE 802.11b. Cac tiu chun WLAN 802.11 bi anh hung rt nhiu cua cac thit
bi WLAN dang c trn thi truong. Do d mc du cng vic tiu chun d tin hanh trong
mt thoi gian dai d hoan thin (do s luong nhiu nha san xut thit bi khac nhau) nhung
n vn la tiu chun ph thng nht. Hin nay c rt nhiu tiu chun ap dung cho
WLAN, bang sau s tm tt cac chun WLAN hin dang ph bin trn th gioi.
Bang 2.1 Tm tt cac tiu chun WLAN trn th gioi
C9!$ T$ [e TeA Pf G9H
or$9
G9i A9l
IEEE 802.11 900 MH 300 Kbps FHSS
IEEE 802.11b 2,4 GH
900 MH
11 Mbps DSSS
FHSS
uoc su dung
ph bin nht
IEEE 802.11a 5 GH 54 Mbps OFDM Moi hon, nhanh
hon, dung tn s
cao hon
IEEE 802.11e 5 GH UNII 54 Mbps OFDM
T9A >9@ |!#$ l H9i$
lH )HY
)+C+ X!mlC']?
PMDSAP
MACSAP
MAC [!mlC']?
PHYSAP
T9A >9@ |!#$ l H9i$
lH MAC
MLMEPLMESAP
)M, X!mlC']?
Data
Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
MLMESAP
T9A >9@
|!#$ l >?&D
PLMESAP
76
IEEE 802.11g 2,4 GH ISM 54 Mbps DSSS
FHSS
Nhanh va tuong
thich voi 802.11b
IEEE 802.11h
5 GH UNII 54 Mbps
OFDM
IEEE 802.11i OFDM
IEEEETSI
802.11
OFDM
GMSK
ETSI HiperLAN 5,15-5,3 GH
17,1-17,3 GH
23,5 Mbps
GMSK
ETSI HiperLAN
2
54 Mbps Dung cho Voice
Video
SIG Bluetooth 2,4 GH 1 Mbps FHSS Dung cho mng
ca nhn (PAN)
HomeRF 2,4 GH 10 Mbps FHSS oS, mt m tt
OpenAir 1,6 Mbps FHSS
LAN hng ngoi 350 000
GH
4 Mbps Chi dung trong
mt phong, khng
anh hung toi suc
kho
Tiu chun WLAN IEEE 802.11 duoc dua ra bi hip hi LMSC 802 cua IEEE.
Tiu chun duoc phat trin qua sau phin ban du thao va phin ban cui cung duoc thng
qua ngay 26061997. Tiu chun cho phep nhiu nha cung cp thit bi phat trin cac thit
bi kt ni LAN trn phm vi toan cu di voi bng tn cng nghip, khoa hoc, y t 2,4
GH. Vic tiu chun hoa vn dang duoc tip tuc d dt duoc chung chi tiu chun
ISOIEC va tiu chun IEEE.
Nm 1997 IEEE d chp nhn tiu chun du tin cho WLAN-IEEE Std 802.11-
1997. Tiu chun nay d duoc sua chua va b xung vao nm 1999. IEEE Std 802.11-1997
xac dinh MAC, cac giao thuc quan ly MAC va cac dich vu, va ba lop vt ly . Ba lop vt ly
bao gm PHY bng tn co s hng ngoi, mt PHY v tuyn trai ph chui truc tip
DSSS trong bng 2.4 GH va mt PHY trai ph nhay tn FHSS trong bng 2,4 GH. Tt
ca 3 lop vt ly m ta hai hot dng tc d 1 va 2 Mbps. Hin nay nhm nghin cuu
IEEE 802.11 dang phat trin hai lop PHY moi. Thu nht IEEE 802.11a nghin cuu ghep
knh min tn s truc giao OFDM trong bng tn UNII d vn chuyn du liu ln toi 54
Mbps. Thu hai la tiu chun IEEE 802.11b dang nghin cuu m rng PHY DSSS trong
bng 2,4 GH d truyn du liu voi tc d toi 11 Mbps.
Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 xac dinh kt ni v tuyn di voi cac nut c dinh, cac thit
bi cm tay va thit bi di dng trong mt vung dia ly nht dinh. c bit n xac dinh mt
giao din giua trm v tuyn va mt dim truy nhp cng nhu giua cac trm v tuyn voi
77
nhau. Cng ging nhu cac tiu chun IEEE 802.x khac, tiu chun IEEE 802.11 xac dinh
PHY va MAC. Tuy nhin lop MAC 802.11 cng thuc hin cac chuc nng ma thuong lin
quan toi cac giao thuc lop cao hon (vi du nhu phn don, khi phuc li, quan ly di dng
va tiu thu ngun). Cac chuc nng b xung nay cho phep lop MAC giu cac dc trung cua
lop vt ly v tuyn di voi cac lop trn. Hinh sau cho thy r vi tri cua tiu chun 802.11
trong m hinh tham chiu kt ni cac h thng m :
Chng 43: Hinh 6.6: M hinh tham chiu.
V co ban lop MAC la chuong trinh ti b xu ly, n quan ly va duy tri lin lc giua
card giao tip mng NIC va AP qua vic sp xp truy cp dn cac knh v tuyn duoc
chia s. Muc tiu cua lop MAC la cung cp cac chuc nng: sp xp dia chi, phat va kim
tra cac khung kim soat cho mi truong duoc chia s cua lop vt ly. MAC c nhim vu
diu chinh vic su dung mi truong v tuyn va vic nay duoc thuc hin thng qua co
chd truy nhp knh, chia cac tai nguyn chinh giua cac nut, knh v tuyn.
Lop vt ly PHY la giao tip trung gian giua MAC va thit bi v tuyn, c nhim vu
chuyn va nhn khung du liu qua vic chia s thit bi v tuyn. PHY cung cp 3 chuc
nng. Thu nht la cung cp vic trao di khung giua MAC va PHY qua su diu khin cac
giao thuc hi tu lop vt ly PLCP, la lop con giua MAC va lop phu thuc phuong tin vt
yly PMD. Thu hai, PHY su dung tin hiu va k thut trai ph d truyn cac khung du liu
trn thit bi trung gian voi su diu khin cua PMD. Thu ba, PHY cung cp vic cam ung
mi truong cho lop MAC.
78
Nu cn cu vao phn lop trong m hinh nhu trong hinh 6.6 ta c cac chun trong ho
802.11 duoc b tri nhu trong hinh v sau:
MAC MAC
)HY )HY
Hi"9]? +C']?[ Hi"9]? +C']?[
820.11a 820.11a
820.11b 820.11b
820.11g 820.11g
820.11d 820.11d
820.11e 820.11e
820.11h 820.11h
820.11i 820.11i
820.11c 820.11c
820.11f 820.11f
Hinh 6.7: Cac chun trong ho 802.11.
vKZ H >9e$" >9iL> mM
<K<KYT C=A AC?% "iCS %i$ D&$" EG >!'L$
Ging nhu cac card bin di thich ung card giao din v tuyn trao di thng tin voi
h thng diu hanh mng thng qua mt b diu khin chuyn dung, qua d cho phep cac
ung dung su dung mng v tuyn d truyn du liu. Tuy nhin n khac voi card bin di
thich ung la khng cn bt ky dy cap nao ni chung voi mng va cho phep dt li cac
nut mng ma khng cn thay di cap mng hoc thay di cac kt ni toi cac hub.
<K<KYv C=A Pi@D >?!' $9JH EG >!'L$
Cac vung phu sng duoc to ra xung quanh cac dim truy nhp, cac vung nay lin
kt giua cac nut di dng va co s h tng huu tuyn. N lam cho WLAN bin thanh mt
phn m rng cua mng huu tuyn. Vi cac dim truy nhp cho phep m rng cac vung
phu sng nn cac WLAN rt n dinh va cac dim truy nhp b xung c th trin khai
trong ca toa nha hay mt khun vin truong di hoc d to ra cac vung truy nhp v tuyn
rng lon (hinh 1.2). Ngoai chuc nng trao di thng tin voi cac mng khng dy ma con
loc luu luong va thuc hin cac chuc nng cu ni tiu chun. Do bng thng bng thng
ghep di khng di xung giua thng tin v tuyn va huu tuyn nn cn mt dim truy
nhp c b dm thich hop va cac tai nguyn cua b nho. Cac b dm cng chu yu dung
d luu cac gi du liu dim truy nhp khi mt nut di dng c gng di chuyn khi vung
phu sng hoc khi mt nut di dng hot dng ch d cng sut thp.
79
Chng 44: Hinh 6.9: im truy nhp AP.
Cac dim truy nhp trao di voi nhau qua mng huu tuyn d quan ly cac nut di
dng. Vi cac dim truy nhp duoc kt ni voi mng huu tuyn nn mi nut di dng s
truy nhp vao cac tai nguyn cua may chu cng nhu cac nut di dng khac. Mi dim truy
cp c th phuc vu nhiu nut di dng, s luong cu th phu thuc vao s luong va ban cht
cua truyn dn. Nhiu ung dung thuc t bao gm mt dim truy nhp don va 15-50 nut di
dng
Mt dim truy nhp khng cn diu khin truy nhp tu nhiu nut di dng (c nghia
la n c th hot dng voi mt giao thuc truy nhp ngu nhin phn tan nhu la CSMA).
Tuy nhin mt giao thuc da truy nhp tp trung duoc diu khin bi mt dim truy nhp
s c nhiu thun loi. Cac lua chon giao din mng huu tuyn chung toi dim truy nhp
gm c 10 base2, 10 baseT, modem cap va modem ADSL, ISDN. Mt s card giao din
mng v tuyn c th su dung kt hop voi cac dim truy nhp v tuyn.
<K<KYw C! $ei EG >!'L$ > _C
Cac cu v tuyn tu xa tuong tu nhu cac dim truy nhp tru truong hop chung duoc
su dung cho cac knh bn ngoai. Phu thuc vao khoang cach va vung ma c th cn toi
cac anten ngoai. Cac cu nay duoc thit k d kt ni cac mng voi nhau, dc bit trong
cac toa nha va xa khoang 32km. Chung cung cp mt lua chon nhanh chng va r tin so
voi lp dt cap hoc duong din thoi thu ring, va thuong duoc su dung khi cac kt ni
&*c tr;O di 9ng
@=' APng tr4c
A)
80
truyn thng khng kha thi (vi du qua cac sng, vuong dia hinh, cac khu vuc ring, duong
cao tc, minh ho trong hinh 1.3). Khac voi cac lin kt cap va cac mch din thoi
chuyn dung cac cu v tuyn c th loc luu luong va dam bao rng cac mng duoc kt
ni khng mt cac luu luong cn thit.
Chng 45: Hinh 6.10: Cu ni v tuyn.
vKT B#S DJ>
Khng ging nhu cac h thng huu tuyn duoc bao v vt ly, cac mng v tuyn
khng c dinh trong mt phm vi. Chung c di chuyn ra xa khoang mt 1000 buoc chn
ngoai ranh gioi cua vi tri gc voi mt laptop va mt anten thu. Nhung diu nay lam cho
mng WLAN rt d bi xm phm va kh khn trong bao mt. 802.11 c ba phuong thuc
co ban d bao mt cho WLAN la : SSID, WEP va MAC address iltering.
<K<KYx TJH %MA9 Ek I, aXXI,b
SID la mt chui duoc su dung d dinh nghia mt vung ph bin xung quanh cac
dim truy nhp nhn (APs). Su khac nhau giua cac SSID trn cac AP c th cho phep
chng chp cac mng v tuyn. SSID la mt y tung v mt mt khu gc ma khng c
n cac may tinh (may khach ) khng th kt ni mng. Tuy nhin, yu cu nay c th d
dang bi gt qua mt bn bi vi cac AP quang ba SSID nhiu ln trong mt giy va bt ky
cng cu phn tich 802.11 nao nhu la Airmagnet, NetStumbler, hay Wildpackets Airopeek
c th duoc su dung d doc n. Bi vi nhung nguoi su dung thuong dinh cu hinh cac
may khach, diu nay lam cho cac mt khu duoc bit rng ri.
Nhung nguoi su dung c nn thay di SSID cua ho khng? Tt nhin, mc du
SSID khng b sung bt ky lop bao mt nao, n nn duoc thay di khi cac gia tri mc
81
dinh vi rng n lam cho nhung nguoi khac khng th ngu nhin su dung mng cua nguoi
su dung hop phap.
<K<KYy GiCS >9IA m#S DJ> >:;$" P:;$" 9R! >!'L$ aV)b
Tiu chun 802.11 dinh nghia mt phuong thuc mt m hoa va nhn thuc goi la
WEP (giao thuc bao mt tuong duong huu tuyn) d giam nh nhung lo lng v bao mt.
Ni chung, nhn thuc duoc su dung d bao v chng li nhung truy nhp trai phep toi
mng, trong khi mt m hoa duoc su dung d danh bi nhung nguoi nghe trm khi c
gng thuc hin giai mt m bt giu duoc. 802.11 su dung WEP cho ca mt m hoa va
nhn thuc.
C bn tuy chon sn c khi su dung WEP:
Khng su dung WEP
Su dung WEP chi d mt m ha.
Su dung WEP chi d nhn thuc.
Su dung WEP d nhn thuc va m hoa.
Mt m ha WEP dua trn thut toan RC4, thut toan nay su dung mt khoa 40 bit
cung voi mt vec to khi to (IV) ngu nhin 24 bit d m ha vic truyn dn du liu v
tuyn. Nu duoc phep, cung mt khoa WEP phai duoc su dung trn tt ca cac may khach
va cac AP cho cac truyn thng.
ngn chn truy nhp trai phep, WEP cng dinh nghia mt giao thuc nhn thuc.
C hai dng nhn thuc duoc dinh nghia bi 802.11 la : Nhn thuc h thng m va Nhn
thuc khoa dung chung.
Nhn thuc h thng m cho phep bt ky may khach 802.11b kt hop voi AP va b
qua qua trinh nhn thuc. Khng din ra nhn thuc may khach hoc mt m hoa du liu.
N c th duoc su dung cho truy nhp WLAN cng cng, truy nhp WLAN cng cng c
th tim thy trong cac cua hang cae, sn bay, cac khac sn, cac trung tm hi nghi, va cac
nhung noi gp g tuong tu khac. O dy, tinh cng cng duoc yu cu cho su dung mng.
Mng m nhn thuc nguoi su dung dua trn tn mt khu nguoi su dung trn mt trang
Web dng nhp an toan. khep kin cac mng, ch d nay c th duoc su dung khi cac
phuong thuc nhn thuc khac duoc cung cp.
Trong vic su dung nhn thuc khoa dung chung, AP gui mt ch$ll5ng5 phr$/5 toi
mt radio khach yu cu nhn thuc. Radio khach m ha ch$ll5ng5 phr$/5 dua vao khoa
dung chung va tra n v cho AP. Nu AP giai m thanh cng n tr v ban tin ch$ll5ng5
82
gc, n chung t rng may khach c khoa ring chinh xac. Khi d may khach duoc to
mt kt ni mng.
i voi nguoi quan sat ngu nhin, duong nhu thy rng qua trinh nhn thuc khoa
dung chung la an toan hon qua trinh nhn thuc khoa m. Tuy nhin, ca challenge phrase
(duoc gui trong mt vn ban khng m hoa) va challenge la sn c, mt hacker c th tim
thy khoa WEP. Vi th khng phai nhn thuc h thng m ma cng khng phai nhn thuc
kha ring la an toan.
Bi vi tiu chun 802.11 dua vao cac dich vu quan ly khoa ngoai d phn phi cac
khoa bi mt toi mi trm va khng chi r cac dich vu phn phi khoa, hu ht cac may
khach 802.11 truy nhp cac Card va cac AP dua trn phn phi khoa nhn cng. iu nay
nghia la cac khoa giu nguyn khng thay di tru khi nha quan ly thay di chung. Nhung
kh khn do trng thai khng thay di cua cac khoa va qua trinh quan ly khoa nhn cng
cng nhu vic thay di cac khoa trn mi trm trong mt mng lon c th tiu tn rt
nhiu thoi gian. Hon nua, do tinh di dng vn c cua dn s va khng c mt phuong
phap hop ly d quan ly tac vu nay, nha quan ly mng c th phai chiu ap luc rt lon d
hoan thanh vic nay trong mt khung thoi gian hop ly.
Mt lo lng khac la suc mnh cua WEP vi rng n chi cung cp bn khoa mt m
tinh dung chung. iu nay nghia la bn khoa mt m ha la ging nhau cho tt ca cac
may va cac AP ti moi thoi dim mt may khach truy nhp vao mng. Voi du thoi gian,
su gn gi (trng thai v thoi gian va khng gian), va cac cng cu doload tu Web, cac
hackers c th xac dinh khoa mt m d su dung va giai m du liu.
Tu vic WEP c th bi b gy, nguoi su dung c nn su dung WEP khng? nu
nguoi su dung khng c cai gi khac, thi vn nn dung WEP vi n s gy kh khn hon
cho cac H$c(5r c kha nng .
<K<KZz +dA PMC A9 MAC
Ngoai hai co ch bao mt co ban ma 802.11 cung cp, nhiu cng ty d trin khai
loc dia chi MAC trong cac san phm cua ho. Co ch nay la khng hoan hao.
B loc dia chi MAC bao gm cac dia chi MAC cua cac Card giao din mng v
tuyn (NIC), c th kt hop voi AP d cho bt ky. Mt s nha cung cp d cung cp cac
cng cu tu dng qua trinh nhp va cp nht; mt khac, dy la mt xu ly nhn cng hoan
toan. Mt b loc MAC cng khng khng bao mt mnh bi vi n d dang d tim ra cac
dia chi MAC tt voi mt Nier (tn chuong trinh phn tich mng), khi d bng vic su
dung cac driver Linux sn c trn Internet cho hu ht cac Card truy nhp may khach
83
802.11, nguoi su dung c th xac dinh cu hinh dia chi MAC snied vao trong Card va
gianh quyn truy nhp toi mng. Mc du khng bao mt hoan hao, loc dia chi MAC c
tac dung lam cho ai d kh khn hon khi gianh quyn truy nhp mng.
C hai phuong thuc khac d d cp bi Wi-Fi, su dung cac khoa phin va mt h
thng VPN, c th trin khai duoc cho bao mt Wi-Fi. ma hiu duoc muc d bao mt
bao nhiu la cn thit cho mt ung dung thuc t, diu quan trong la phai hiu cac mi de
do va cac tn cng c th xay ra.
vKv T{$9 9{$9 >?i@$ o9Ci >&i Vi>$CD
chun bi cho Seagame 22, VDC d trin khai dich vu WiFi hang loi, sau d
khi WiFi d tr nn ph bin ti Vitnam thi vic su dung n nhu la mt kt ni linh dng
cho mng ni ht duoc su dung rng ri.
Chi tit v m hinh trin khai rng ri cua VDC c th tham khao tai liu |14|.
84
iDC_
vKw Gii >9i! A9!$"
Chung ta d bit dn cac cng ngh truy cp Internet ph bin hin nay nhu quay
s qua Modem thoi, hay cac duong thu knh ring, hoc su dung cac h thng v tuyn
nhu din thoi di dng hay mng Wi-Fi. Mi phuong phap truy nhp c dc dim ring.
i voi Modem thoi thi tc d qua thp, ADSL thi tc d c th ln toi 8Mbps nhung
cn c duong kt ni ring thi gia thanh dt ma gp nhiu kh khn trong qua trinh trin
khai di voi nhung khu vuc c dia hinh phuc tp. H thng thng tin din thoi di dng
hin nay cung cp tc d 9.6Kbps thp so voi nhu cu cua nguoi su dung, ngay ca voi cac
mng th h sau GSM nhu GPRS (2.5G) cho phep truy cp tc d ln toi 171.2Kbs hay
EDGE khoang 300-400Kbs cng chua th dap ung nhu cu ngay cang tng khi su dung
cac dich vu Internet. H thng din thoi di dng tip theo 3G thi tc d truy cp Internet
cng khng vuot qua 2Mbs. Voi Wi-Fi (chinh la mng LAN khng dy) chi c th ap
dung cho cac may tinh trao di thng tin voi khoang cach ngn. Voi thuc t nhu vy,
Wimax (Worldide Interoperability or Microave Access) ra doi nhm cung cp mt
phuong tin truy nhp Internet khng dy tng hop c th thay th cho ADSL va Wi-Fi.
H thng Wimax c kha nng cung cp duong truyn voi tc d ln toi 70Mbps va voi
ban kinh phu sng cua mt trm anten phat BS ln toi 50Km. M hinh phu sng cua
mng Wimax tuong tu nhu mng din thoi t bao. Bn cnh d, Wimax cng hot dng
mm do nhu Wi-Fi khi truy cp mng. Mi khi mt may tinh mun truy cp mng n s
tu dng kt ni toi trm anten Wimax gn nht.
<K<KZ< +MA9 [ iDC_
Nhm cng tac IEEE 802.16 la nhm du tin chiu trach nhim phat trin chun
802.16 bao gm giao din v tuyn cho truy nhp khng dy bng rng. Hot dng cua
nhm khi du trong mt cuc hop vao 081998. Ban du nhm tp trung vao vic phat
trin cac chun va giao din v tuyn cho bng tn 10-60GH. Sau d du an sua di dn
dn vic tan thanh chun IEEE 802.16a tp trung vao bng tn 2-11GH. Cac chi tit ki
thut giao din v tuyn 802.16a duoc ph chun cui cung vao 012003.
ETSI d to ra chun MAN khng dy cho bng tn 2-11GH vao 102003 con
duoc goi la HiperMAN. Chun HiperMAN v co ban la theo su huong dn 802.16.
Chun HiperMAN cung cp vic truyn thng cho mng khng dy trong cac bng tn 2-
11GH Chu u. Nhm lam vic HiperMAN tn dung luoc d diu ch OFDM FFT
256 dim. la mt trong nhung luoc d diu ch duoc dinh nghia trong chun IEEE
802.16a.
Wimax Forum giu vai tro lin minh tuong tu nhu su lin minh Wi-Fi trong
WLAN, h tro phat trin cac san phm MAN v tuyn dua trn cac chun cua Vin
nghin cuu cua cac ki su din va din tu (IEEE) va vin nghin cuu cac chun vin thng
Chu u (ETSI). Wimax Forum tin rng mt chun chung cho truy nhp v tuyn bng
rng (BWA) s lam giam chi phi thit bi va thuc dy vic cai thin hiu nng. Bn cnh
d, cac nha khai thac BWA s khng bi rang buc voi mt nha cung cp thit bi duy nht
do cac trm gc (BS) s tuong thich voi thit bi truyn thng ca nhn CPE cua nhiu nha
85
cung cp. Wimax Forum ban du tp trung vao truyn thng c dinh cho dai tn 10-
66GH, vic m rng quy m lon bt du vao 012003 va chuyn sang ca linh vuc di
dng. Wimax dua trn co s tuong thich toan cu duoc kt hop bi cac chun IEEE
802.16-2004 va IEEE 802.16e cua IEEE va ETSI HiperMAN cua ETSI. Trong d IEEE
802.16-2004 cho c dinh va IEEE 802.16e cho du liu di dng tc d cao.
<K<KZQ g9=i $iD iDC_
Wimax la kha nng khai thac lin mng toan cu di voi truy nhp vi ba
(Worldide Interoperability or Microave Access)
Wimax la mt cng ngh khng dy dua trn chun 802.16 cung cp cac kt ni
bng rng thng luong cao qua khoang cach xa. Cng ngh Wimax bao gm cac sng vi
ba d truyn du liu khng dy. Wimax duoc dung cho mt s ung dung nhu kt ni bng
rng du cui, cac hotspot va cac kt ni tc d cao cho cac khach hang kinh doanh. N
cung cp kt ni mng vung thanh thi khng dy MAN voi tc d ln toi 70Mbps va cac
trm gc Wimax trung binh c th bao phu tu 5 dn 10km.
Cac chun c dinh va di dng du duoc su dung trong ca bng tn cp phep va
khng cp phep. Tuy nhin min tn s cho chun c dinh la 2-11GH trong khi chun di
dng la duoi 6GH.
Wimax h tro ca tm nhin thng LOS phm vi ln dn 50km va tm nhin
khng thng NLOS khoang tu 6-10km cho thit bi truyn thng ca nhn CPE c dinh.
Tc d du liu dinh cho chun c dinh s h tro ln dn 70Mbps mi thu bao,
trong ph 20MH nhung tc d du liu tiu chun s hon 20-30Mbps. Cac ung dung di
dng s cng duoc h tro tc d du liu dinh 30Mbps mi thu bao trong ph 10MH, tc
d tiu chun 3-5Mbps. Cac trm gc s h tro 280Mbps d dap ung nhu cu cua hang
ngan nguoi su dung cung mt luc.
<K<KZY B}$" >$
IEEE 802.16-2004 dua trn ki thut OFDM va duoc thit k cho cac hot dng
trong cac bng tn 2-11GH h tro cac luoc d diu ch thich ung va m ha. y la mt
giai phap khng dy cho truy nhp Internet bng rng c dinh, cung cp su tuong tac, giai
phap phn loi sng mang cho cac thit bi du cui. N c th duoc dung trong cac bng
tn duoc cp phep va khng cp phep.
Cac bng tn duoc cp phep
2.3GH (2.3-2.4)
2.5GH (2.5-2.7)
3.5GH (3.4-3.7)
Cac bng tn khng cp phep
3.5GH(3.65-3.70)
5.8GH (5.725-5.85)
IEEE 802.16e hot dng trong bng tn khng cp phep 2.3GH, 2.5GH va
3.5GH.
86
vKx giL$ >?lA iDC_
<K<KZZ Cn! 9{$9 D&$"
Cng ngh Wimax h tro mng PMP va mt dng cua cu hinh mng phn tan la
mng luoi MESH.
J.V.1.1 &Uu hhnh O;ng iYOH 2 iYO DGCGF
PMP la mt mng truy nhp voi mt hoc nhiu BS c cng sut lon va nhiu SS
nh hon. Nguoi dung c th ngay lp tuc truy nhp mng chi sau khi lp dt thit bi nguoi
dung. SS c th su dung cac anten tinh huong dn cac BS, cac BS c th c nhiu anten
c huong tac dung theo moi huong hay mt cung.
Voi cu hinh nay trm gc BS la dim trung tm cho cac trm thu bao SS. O
huong DL c th la quang ba, da dim hay don dim. Kt ni cua mt SS dn BS duoc
dc trung qua nhn dng kt ni CID.
Chng 46: Hinh 7.1: Cu hinh dim-da dim (PMP)
J.V.1.2 &Uu hhnh Olt (A-i C%?5
Voi cu hinh nay SS c th lin lc truc tip voi nhau. Trm gc Mesh BS kt ni
voi mt mng bn ngoai mng MESH
Mt s dim phn bit
Neighbor: Kt ni truc tip dn mt node mng
Neighborhood: Tt ca cac neighbor khac
Extended neighborhood: Tt ca cac neighbor tu neighborhood
Kiu MESH khac PMP la trong kiu PMP cac SS chi lin h voi BS va tt ca luu
luong di qua BS trong khi trong kiu MESH tt ca cac node c th lin lc voi mi node
khac mt cach truc tip hoc bng dinh tuyn nhiu buoc thng qua cac SS khac.
87
Mt h thng voi truy nhp dn mt kt ni backhaul duoc goi la Mesh BS, trong
khi cac h thng con li duoc goi la Mesh SS. Du cho MESH c mt h thng duoc goi la
Mesh BS, h thng nay cng phai phi hop quang ba voi cac node khac.
Chng 47: Hinh 7.2: Cu hinh mt luoi MESH
Backhaul la cac anten dim-dim duoc dung d kt ni cac BS duoc dinh vi qua
khoang cach xa.
Mt mng MESH c th su dung hai loi lp lich quang ba. Voi kiu lp lich phn
tan, cac h thng trong phm vi 2 buoc cua mi cell khac nhau chia s cach lp lich va
hop tac d dam bao tranh xung dt va chp nhn tai nguyn.
MESH lp lich tp trung dua vao Mesh BS d tp hop cac yu cu tai nguyn tu
cac Mesh SS trong mt dai bt ki va phn phi cac yu cu nay voi kha nng cu th. Kha
nng nay duoc chia s voi cac Mesh SS khac ma du liu cua nguoi dung duoc chuyn tip
thng qua cac Mesh SS d trao di voi Mesh BS.
Trong kiu MESH, phn loi oS duoc thuc hin trn nn tang tung gi hon la
duoc kt hop voi cac lin kt nhu trong kiu PMP. Do d chi c mt lin kt giua giua hai
node Mesh lin lc voi nhau.
<K<KZT MG 9{$9 H9i$ lH
Hinh 7.3 miu ta phn lop giao thuc Wimax cho hai lop cui cung trong m hinh OSI:
88
Chng 48: Hinh 7.3: Cac phn lop giao thuc Wimax cho hai lop cui cung
vKy C9!$ AG$" $"9
Chun IEEE 802.16 dc ta lop vt ly (PHY) va lop diu khin truy nhp mi
truong (MAC) di voi truy nhp bng rng trong mt mng khu vuc d thi (MAN).
Chun IEEE 802.16 din dy cac l hng giua lop lin kt logic IEEE 802.2 va giao din
v tuyn. Cung voi kha nng cua bridging theo chun IEEE 802.1, cac chun nay va cac
k thut truy nhp lop cao hon cua chung c th duoc su dung d to ra mt mng hn
lon (routable). Hinh 7.4 minh hoa vi tri cua chun 802.16 trong cu truc cac chun IEEE
802.
Trong khi chun 802.16 chi dc ta mt lop diu khin truy nhp mi truong
(MAC), n d trai qua hang lot su sua di. Su sua di nay thm vao su dc ta vai lop vt
ly khac nhau, nhu vi tri ph tn moi, ca dai tn cho phep va dai tn khng cho phep cng
xut hin. ngn can su ln xn, mt ban tm tt ngn gon cua nhiu su m rng va
phm vi dai tn khac nhau cua cac chun duoc th hin duoi dy.
Service speciic
Convergence Sublayer (CS)
Physical Layer
(PHY)
Privacy Sublayer
MAC Common Part Sublayer
(MAC CPS)
PHY
MAC
PHY SAP
MAC SAP
CS SAP
89
Chng 49: Hinh 7.4: Vi tri cua chun IEEE 802.16 trong cu truc chun IEEE 802
<K<KZv C9!$ xzQK<v-Qzz<
Chun IEEE 802.16-2001 dc ta su chun ha cac lop MAC va PHY danh cho vic
cung cp truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c dinh trong cac kt ni dim-dim, dim-da
dim. Voi k thut diu ch sng mang don trong dai tn 10-66GH, 802.16-2001 cung
cp su h tro cho ca truyn song cng phn chia theo thoi gian (TDD) va song cng phn
chia theo tn s (FDD). O cac phn lop con, IEEE802.16-2001 xac dinh lop MAC co ban
d phuc vu cho tt ca cac su thay di cua cac chun. Trong khi 802.11 dua vao
CSMACA d quyt dinh khi cac node trong mng duoc chp nhn truyn, lop MAC cua
IEEE 802.162001 su dung toan b cac m hinh khac nhau d diu khin truyn dn.
Thoi gian truyn dn, giua cac khoang thoi gian truyn dn va thoi gian diu ch duoc
gan bi mt trm gc (BS) va chia s voi toan b cac node trong mng trong khun dng
cua ban d phat quang ba duong ln hoc duong xung. Bng luoc d thoi gian truyn, su
khuy dng` cac node n c th tranh duoc. Cac thu bao chi cn nghe cac trm gc
nhiu hon cac node khac trong mng v tuyn cuc b WLAN. Ngoai ra, thut toan lp
danh muc n dinh khi cac thu xay ra vn d qua tai hoc cac vn d lin quan toi qua tai.
Trm thu bao c th dam phan phn dai thng duoc cp trong mt cum toi mt
cum co ban, voi diu kin qua trinh lp danh muc mm do. Cac k thut diu ch bao
gm PSK, AM-16 va AM-64. Cac k thut nay c th thay di tu khung toi khung
va tu SS toi SS phu thuc vao tinh trng cua su kt ni. K thut diu ch va k thut tu
sua li huong v phia truoc (FEC) mm do d trong cac diu kin duong truyn cu th
cho phep mng thich ung nhanh voi cac diu kin thoi tit, nhu mua tnh, vv. Cac
thng s truyn dn ban du duoc diu chinh qua mt qua trinh tuong tac goi la Initial
Ranging. ua trinh nay, BS cung cp nng luong, diu ch va dinh thoi thng tin phan
hi toi SS cng duoc chi dn trn mt ongoing` co ban (duong toi SS).
Thuc hin ca song cng cua knh duong ln va duong xung, su dung k thut
TDD hoc FDD.
uan trong hon nua, IEEE 802.16-2001 kt hop cht ch cac tinh nng d cung
cp oS khac nhau xung toi lop vt ly. H tro oS xung quanh vic xy dung khai nim
cac lung dich vu duoc nhn ra du d dap ung yu cu cua nguoi dung ma duoc goi la
802.4
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.4
PHYSICAL
802.5
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.5
PHYSICAL
802.6
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.6
PHYSICAL
802.3
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.3
PHYSICAL
802.11
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.11
PHYSICAL
802.15
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.15
PHYSICAL
802.16
TM
MEDIUM
ACCESS
802.16
PHYSICAL
802.1
TM
BRIDGING
802.2
TM
LOGICALLINK
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90
Service Flo ID. Lung dich vu duoc dc trung bi cac tham s oS cua chung, n c
th duoc su dung d dinh r cac tham s nhu gc tr ti da, d itter phu hop. Lung dich
vu c th bt du BS hoc SS theo mt huong duy nht. O cac lop cao hon, phai duoc
phuc vu cung voi lung dich vu d dam bao oS tu du cui toi du cui vi du nhu Di-
Serv.
Nhm la vic IEEE 802.16 cng gioi thiu vai dc dim bao mt. Bao mt trong
IEEE 802.16 chu yu trong phn lop con phn ring. Muc tiu cua phn lop con phn
ring la cung cp su bao mt doc theo cac kt ni v tuyn trong mng. hoan thanh
diu nay, thuc hin m ha du liu giua BS va SS. ngn chn k trm dich vu, SS c
th su dung X.509 d kim soat cac SS. K ca xac nhn la cac kha (key) va dia chi lop
MAC cua cac SS cng cng. Chi tit cu th cua phn lop con phn ring s duoc thao
lun trong phn sau.
<K<KZw C9!$ xzQK<vC-QzzY
IEEE 802.16a la mt phin ban sua di tu chun co ban, duoc thng qua bi chun
bng rng IEEE trong 12003. uan trong hon, chun IEEE 802.16a m rng thm su h
tro trong bng tn cho phep 2-11GH, n m ra nhiu thi truong cng ngh tim nng. Su
hot dng theo duong truyn NLOS tr thanh hin thuc khi hot dng trong dai tn 2-11
GH, m rng vung dia ly cua mng. Su truyn dn da duong c th tr thanh mt su can
tr. Chun IEEE 802-16a bao gm ca vic dc ta lop PHY va tng lop MAC d phu hop
voi su truyn dn da duong va vic giam bot cac giao din. Cac dc trung d duoc thm
vao d cho phep cac k thut quan ly cng sut tin tin va ma trn anten thich ung.
Ngoai ra lua chon OFDM nhu la mt su lua chon d diu ch sng mang don. cung
cp mt co cu cho vic giam cac giao din khi ma xut hin nhiu mng, chun IEEE
802.16a thm vao phuong phap diu ch OFDMA d lua chon trong phm vi dai tn 2-
11GH hin c.
Voi nhiu yu t yu cu cac dc tinh cua phn lop con phn ring vn d bao mt
duoc cai thin. Cac dc tinh ring duoc su dung d chung minh chc chn nguoi gui cac
ban tin MAC.
IEEE 802.16 thm vao su h tro tuy chon cho cac mng hinh luoi (Mesh), noi ma
luu luong c th dinh tuyn tu trm thu bao toi trm thu bao. la mt su thay di tu
m hinh dim-da dim (PMP), noi ma luu luong chi duoc cho phep giua BS va SS. IEEE
802.16 thm vao su dc ta lop MAC phu hop d lam cho luoc d truyn dn cua SS la
mt phn cua luoi (Mesh), nhung n khng hin r toi SS.
<K<KZx C9!$ xzQK<vA-QzzQ
Thang 122002, u ban cac tiu chun IEEE ph chun b sung chun IEEE
802.16c. Su b sung nay d hiu chinh mt vai li va su mu thun trong chun co ban,
m ta chi tit h thng trong dai tn 10-60 GH.
<K<KZy C9!$ xzQK<v%-QzzZ
IEEE 802.16-2001, 802.16a va 802.16c duoc tich hop trong chun IEEE 802.16-
2004 duoc chung nhn trong 2462004 va d duoc cng b vao thang 122004. Phin ban
nay bt du duoc phat trin nhu vic dc ta mt h thng duoi cai tn IEEE 802.16-REVd
nhung d du d cng b nhu la mt su tai ban thanh cng cua cac chun co ban IEEE
91
802.16. IEEE 802.16-2004 la mt phin ban duoc chun ha d su dung cho vic chung
nhn Wimax.
<K<KTz C9!$ xzQK<v]-QzzT
Chun IEEE 802.16e-2005 duoc chung nhn vao cui thang 122005. IEEE
802.16e thm vao tinh di dng cho cac chun hin ti, su dung SOFDMA thay cho
OFDM trong chun IEEE 802.16d. IEEE 802.16e cho phep chuyn giao tin hiu tc d
cao cn thit cho truyn thng voi nhung nguoi dung di chuyn tc d cua phuong tin
giao thng.
vK<z Mf> [e POA Pi@D o >9!J> ABC iDC_
<K<KT< +H EJ> l
Chng 50: Hinh 7.5: ua trinh truyn dn
IEEE 802.16 dinh nghia cac lop vt ly khac nhau:
Wireless MAN-SC layer
Wireless MAN-SCa layer
WirelessMAN-OFDM Layer
WirelessMAN-OFDMA Layer
Wireless HUMAN
Cac lop vt ly nay su dung cac k thut diu ch m ha khac nhau nhung qua
trinh truyn dn cua chung bao gio cng gm cac buoc sau theo hinh 7.5.
Du liu ban du duoc ngu nhin ha, m ha FEC va duoc anh x thanh cac ki
hiu AM. Cac ki hiu AM duoc sp sp trong cac khung trong mt cum (burts) ban
tin. Cac cum ki hiu nay s duoc ghep trong mt khung song cng. Cac thanh phn ki
hiu I va s duoc chen trong cac b loc dng xung, duoc diu ch cu phuong toi mt
tn s sng mang, va thuc hin diu khin bin d va cng sut d duoc cng sut du ra
phu hop d truyn di.
i?]l][[ MAN-XC lC']?7 dua trn cng ngh sng mang don duoc thit k cho
duong truyn hot dng trong tm nhin thng LOS trong dai tn s cao tu 10-66GH. H
tro song cng TDD, FDD.
Ngu
nhin ha
Anh x
FEC va
AM
Bust
Framing
Duplex
Framing
Tx
Filtering
Tx
Filtering
iu
ch
AM
iu
khin
cng
sut
Bit
ngu
nhin
Ki
hiu
AM
I I I
Bit
ngun
Cac ki
hiu
duplex
ramed
Cac ki
hiu
burst
ramed
92
+H EJ> l EG >!'L$ MAN-C[C7 dua trn cng ngh sng mang don va duoc thit
k cho duong truyn NLOS trong bng tn 2-11 GH. H tro song cng TDD, FDD.
Cac dc tinh trong lop vt li nay bao gm:
H tro TDD va FDD
TDMA UL
TDM DL
iu ch khi thich ung va m ha FEC cho ca duong UL va DL
Truyn theo khung d cai thin su cn bng (mt chiu) va thuc hin uoc
luong knh qua NLOS va m rng mi truong tr trai ph.
Ki hiu duoc dng thanh gi.
M ha son FEC su dung m Reed Solomon va chen Pragmatic TCM
FEC su dung tuy chon BTC va CTC
Khng su dung FEC tuy chon su dung AR d diu khin li.
Tuy chon tinh phn tp chuyn tip STC.
Ngoi tru cac yu cu khac, qua trinh truyn tin tuong tu cho ca huong
duong ln UL va duong xung DL.
+H EJ> l EG >!'L$ MAN-OU,M dua trn diu ch OFDM duoc thit k d hot
dng cho duong truyn trong phm vi khng truyn thng NLOS trong dai tn tu 2-11
GH. H tro song cng TDD, FDD.
+H EJ> l EG >!'L$ MAN-OU,MA7 dua trn k thut diu ch OFDMA duoc
thit k d hot dng di voi duong truyn khng trong tm nhin thng NLOS trong dai
tn 2-11 GH. Trong dai tn duoc cp phep, hai phuong phap song cng duoc su dung la
FDD va TDD, FDD SSs c th la ban song cng (H-FDD). Trong dai tn khng cp phep,
su dung phuong phap song cng TDD.
+H EJ> l EG >!'L$ HUMAN7 Tn s knh trung tm theo cng thuc:
Knh tn s trung tm (MH) 5000 5 . nch (n 0 - 199)
rng knh la 5 MH, dai tn cng tac la 5-6 GH.
Wimax Forum d quyt dinh rng cac mt phng kim tra tinh tuong tac du tin
va cac chung nhn cui cung s h tro FFT OFDM PHY 256 dim (chung giua IEEE
802.16-2004 va ETSI HiperMAN) voi Wimax c dinh va OFDMA, SOFDMA di voi
Wimax di dng.
J.1X.1.1 Kh*i ni"O \m>C
OFDM la mt ki thut hp dn su dung cho cac h thng truyn thng s liu tc
d cao. N duoc phat trin tu 2 ki thut quan trong la ghep knh phn chia theo tn s
(FDM) va truyn thng da sng mang.
OFDM thm dc dim truc giao vao FDM da sng mang. Truc giao nghia la khng
gy ra nhiu ln nhau. Trong OFDM cac sng mang con duoc thit k d truc giao. iu
nay cho phep cac sng mang con chng ln nhau va tit kim bng tn. Do d, OFDM
93
dt duoc ca tc d du liu cao va hiu sut trai ph cao. giai diu ch tin hiu, cn mt
chuyn di Fourier roi rc (DFT).
Chng 51: Hinh 7.6: OFDM voi 9 sng mang con
J.1X.1.2 \m>C= cho (-p #t () # tuyn C='H\m>C=
Nhu ta d bit OFDM c th h tro vic truyn mt nguoi dung hoc truy nhp
nhiu nguoi dung. Khi OFDM duoc kt hop voi TDMA (da truy nhp phn chia theo thoi
gian) chung ta duoc OFDM-TDMA. Khi OFDM kt hop voi FDMA thi to ra OFDMA
(da truy nhp phn chia theo tn s truc giao). Ki thut da truy nhp OFDM-TDMA n
dinh cac khe thoi gian cho mi nguoi dung. Trong mt khe thoi gian, tt ca cac sng
mang con duoc danh ring dinh vi cho mt nguoi dung.
OFDMA cho phep nhiu nguoi dung truy nhp cac sng mang con cung mt luc.
O mi don vi thoi gian, tt ca cac nguoi dung c th truy nhp. Vic n dinh cac sng
mang con cho mt nguoi dung c th thay di mi don vi thoi gian.
J.1X.1.3 ?\m>C= theo tn (" D?H\m>C=F
y la mt dc dim b xung cho IEEE 802.16e d h tro chuyn giao d dang.
Trong OFDM-TDMA va OFDMA, s luong sng mang con thuong duoc giu bng
nhau voi ph c sn. S sng mang con khng thay di dn dn khng gian sng mang
con thay di trong cac h thng khac nhau. iu nay lam cho vic chuyn giao giua cac
h thng gp kh khn. Ngoai ra, mi h thng cn mt thit k ring va chi phi cao.
OFDMA theo ti l (-SOFDMA) giai quyt cac vn d nay bng cach giu cho
khng gian sng mang con khng thay di. Ni cach khac, s sng mang con c th tng
hoc giam voi nhung thay di trong mt bng tn cho truoc. Vi du, nu mt bng tn
5MH duoc chia thanh 512 sng mang con, mt bng tn 10MH s duoc chia thanh
1024 sng mang con.
Bi vi khng gian sng mang con la giu nguyn trong S-OFDMA nn mt may di
dng c th chuyn giao giua cac h thng mt cach sun s. Ngoai ra, voi khng gian
sng mang con khng thay di, mt thit k la phu hop cho nhiu h thng va c th tai
su dung. Chi phi cho thit k va san phm s thp hon.
IEEEE 802.16e-2005 kiu MAN-OFDMA v tuyn dua trn co s ni dung cua
OFDMA theo ti l (SOFDMA). SOFDMA h tro mt phm vi rng bng tn d tp trung
9 sng mang con
Tn s
94
linh dng vao nhu cu cho vic cp phat da dng ph va cac yu cu su dung moi. Tinh
quy m duoc h tro bng cach hiu chinh kich c FFT trong khi c dinh khng gian tn
s sng mang con 10.94kH. Do don vi tai nguyn la bng tn sng mang con va
khoang thoi gian symbol la c dinh, nn tac dng dn lop cao hon la ti thiu khi cung ti
l bng tn.
Chng 52: Bang 7.1: Cac tham s cua SOFDMA
Cac tham s Cac gia tri
Bng tn knh truyn h thng (MH) 1.25 5 10 20
Tn s ly mu ( MH) 1.4 5.6 11.2 22.4
Kich c FFT (N
FFT
) 128 512 1024 2048
S knh con 2 8 16 32
Khng gian tn s sng mang con 10.94kH
Thoi gian symbol huu ich (T
b
1) 91.4 micro giy
Thoi gian bao v (T
g
T
b
8) 11.4 micro giy
Khoang thoi gian symbol OFDMA (T
g
T
b
) 102.9 micro giy
S luong symbol OFDMA (khung 5ms) 48
S-OFDMA cho phep cac kich c FFT nh hon d cai thin hiu sut cho cac knh
truyn voi bng thng thp hon, c th giam kich c FFT nhung giu nguyn khng gian
sng mang con la hng s dc lp voi bng thng khi bng thng giam hoan toan.
S-OFDMA mang li mt thun loi hon OFDMA. N ti l kich c cua chuyn di
Fourier nhanh voi bng tn knh d giu cho khng gian sng mang khng di qua cac
bng tn knh khac nhau. Khng gian sng mang khng di lam cho hiu sut dung ph
cao hon trong cac knh rng va giam chi phi trong cac knh hp.
J.1X.1.+ Knh con hb2
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s truc giao (OFDMA) cho phep mt s cac sng
mang con duoc gan cho cac nguoi dung khac nhau. Vi du, sng mang con 1, 3 va 7 c th
duoc gan cho nguoi dung 1 va sng mang con 2, 5 va 9 cho nguoi dung 2. Cac nhm
sng mang con nay duoc xem nhu cac knh con.
Knh con ha dinh nghia cac knh con ma c th cp phat cho cac thu bao khac
nhau tuy thuc vao diu kin knh truyn va cac yu cu du liu khac. iu nay mang li
cho cac nha khai thac tinh mm do cao hon trong quan li bng tn va cng sut phat
dng thoi su dung tai nguyn hiu qua hon.
Vi du trong cung mt khe thoi gian ma cng sut phat lon hon c th duoc cp
phat cho nguoi dung voi diu kin knh truyn kem thun loi hon, trong khi cng sut
thp hon cho cac nguoi dung trong cac vi tri tt hon. Cai thin d bao phu trong cac toa
nha c th dt duoc bng cach cp phat cng sut cao hon cho cac knh con duoc n dinh
cho cac thit bi nguoi dung bn trong.
Knh con ha trong duong ln mang li su cai thin hiu nng, khi cng sut phat
tu thit bi nguoi dung c nhiu hn ch. Trong OFDM, cac thit bi nguoi dung phat su
95
dung toan b khng gian sng mang. OFDMA h tro da truy nhp, cho phep cac thit bi
nguoi dung phat chi qua mt knh con duoc cp phat cho chung. Trong OFDMA voi
2048 sng mang va 32 knh con, nu chi mt knh con duoc cp phat cho mt thit bi, tt
ca cng sut phat s duoc tp trung trong 132 ph c sn va c th mang li d khuch
di cao. a truy nhp tr nn thun loi khi su dung cac knh rng.
OFDMA khai thac tinh da dng tn s cua knh truyn da duong bng cach m ha
va dan xen thng tin qua cac sng mang con truoc khi truyn. iu ch OFDMA c th
duoc thuc hin voi chuyn di Fourier nguoc nhanh voi hiu sut cao, diu nay cho phep
s luong lon sng mang con (ln toi 2048) voi d phuc tp thp. Trong mt h thng
OFDMA, tai nguyn la c sn trong min thoi gian bi cac symbol OFDMA va trong
min tn s bi cac sng mang con. Cac tai nguyn tn s va thoi gian c th duoc sp
xp trong mt knh con d cung cp dn cac nguoi dung cu th. OFDMA la mt luoc d
ghep knhda truy nhp ma cung cp thao tac ghep knh cac lung du liu tu nhiu nguoi
dung ln cac knh con duong xung va da truy nhp bi cac knh con duong ln.
Trong OFDM cac thit bi nguoi dung duoc n dinh cac khe thoi gian cho truyn
dn, nhung chi mt thit bi nguoi dung c th phat trong mt khe thoi gian.
Chng 53: Hinh 7.7: n dinh khe thoi gian trong OFDM
Trong OFDMA mi knh con cho phep nhiu nguoi dung c th phat cung mt
thoi dim qua cac knh con duoc cp phat cho chung.
C
a
c

s
n
g

m
a
n
g
Thoi gian Symbol FFT
Nguoi dung 2
Nguoi dung 3
Nguoi dung 4
Nguoi dung 1
96
<K<KTQ +H MAC
Lop MAC la huong kt ni bao gm ba phn lop con. Lop con hi tu dich vu ring
(SSCS) cung cp moi su bin di hay anh x du liu mng ngoai, nhn du liu mng
ngoai qua dim truy nhp dich vu CS SAP, cac MAC SDU (don vi du liu dich vu) duoc
nhn bi lop con phn chung MAC CPS thng qua MAC SAP.
Bao gm vic phn loi cac SDU mng ngoai va kt hop chung voi nhn dng
lung dich vu MAC thich hop (SFID) va nhn dng kt ni (CID). N c th cng bao
gm cac chuc nng nhu nen tiu d tai trong (PHS). Nhiu chi tit ki thut CS duoc cung
cp cho giao din voi nhiu loi giao thuc. inh dng bn trong cua tai trong CS la duy
nht voi mi CS, va cac MAC CPS khng yu cu hiu duoc dinh dng cua n hay phn
tich bt ki thng tin nao tu tai trong CS.
MAC CPS cung cp cac chuc nng MAC chinh cua vic truy nhp h thng, cp
phat d rng dai tn, thit lp va duy tri kt ni. N nhn du liu tu nhiu CS thng qua
MAC SAP, phn loi thanh cac kt ni MAC cu th. oS duoc ap dung cho vic truyn
va lp lich du liu thng qua lop PHY su dung 4 loi dich vu co ban.
97
Chng 54: Hinh 7.8: Phn lop MAC va cac chuc nng
C hai loi kt ni d la cac kt ni quan ly va kt ni truyn tai du liu. Cac kt
ni quan li c ba loi: co ban, so cp va thu cp. Mt kt ni co ban duoc to ra cho mi
MS khi n gia nhp vao mng. Kt ni so cp cng duoc to ra cho mi MS thoi dim
vao mng nhung duoc dung cho cac ban tin quan li dung sai tr. Loi kt ni quan li thu
ba, loi thu cp duoc dung cho cac ban tin quan li IP tm luoc (nhu DHCP, SNMP, TFP).
Cac kt ni truyn tai du liu c th duoc cung cp hoc duoc thit lp theo yu cu.
Chung duoc dung cho cac lung luu luong nguoi dung. on dim hoc da dim c th
duoc dung cho truyn dn.
Thuc th quan li
Lop con phn chung MAC
Lop con bao mt
Thuc th quan li
PHY
Thuc th quan li
Lop con hi tu dich vu
dc bit SSCS

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vK<< H >9e$" >9iL> mM
Wimax la mt cng ngh moi ra doi hot dng dua theo chun IEEE 802.16. Mng
Wimax c nhiu tinh nng uu vit hon cac mng truoc d. Ngoai kha nng cung cp da
dich vu n con c th cung cp cac kt ni bng rng tuy theo nhu cu su dung cua khach
hang. Cac thit bi san xut theo chun thi vua moi duoc chung nhn, dap ung nhu cu xy
dung mng cua cac nha cung cp. Thit bi dua trn chun IEEE 802.16-2004 d duoc
chung nhn vao 42005 cho phep mng Wimax c th cung cp cac dich vu c dinh nhu
VoIP, Internet bng thng rng.Mc du duoc san xut theo chun c dinh nhung cac
thit bi nay c th d dang duoc nng cp bng phn mm theo chun 802.16e d cung
cp cac dich vu cho khach hang ma dang di chuyn. Moi dy thi, Intel d san xut thanh
cng chip dua theo chun IEEE 802.16e va vao 82006 cac thit bi Wimax dua trn chun
IEEE 802.16e d duoc chung nhn, lam tng thm kha nng dung di dng cho khach
hang. Mng dua trn cac thit bi nay c th cung cp cac dich vu c tinh di dng cao,
bng thng rng.
Hin nay, nn cng nghip san xut thit bi cho Wimax dang duoc phat trin rt
mnh m bi chinh nhung hng san xut, cung ung cac thit bi v tuyn din tu hang du
th gioi. Thuong hiu cua nhung hng cho trong bang 7.2 duoi dy.
Chng 55: Bang 7.2: Thuong hiu cua cac nha cung cp thit bi Wimax
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AS4030
AS MAX
AS.MAX
road map
AlAC>]l
OEM
Alvarion
Evolium
Wimax base
station
AlEC?iS$
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Breee2000
BreeeMAX
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ExcelMAX
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Cac nha cung cp thit bi cho Wimax c th chia lam hai loi, d la cac nha cung
cp thit bi Wimax c dinh sau d tin toi cung cp ca thit bi Wimax di dng va cac nha
cung cp thit bi cho Wimax nhung chi huong toi thi truong Wimax di dng. Cac nha
cung cp cac thit bi Wimax ma nhm toi cac thit bi truong di dng ngay tu du d la:
Adaptix Inc.; Nokia Corp.;
Alcatel; Nortel Netorks Ltd;
LG Electronics Inc.; Posdata Co. Ltd;
Motorola Inc.; Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd;
Navini Netorks Inc.; Lucent Technologies Inc.;
Ericsson AB.
Cac nha cung cp thit bi Wimax nhm toi thi truong Wimax c dinh sau d
chuyn huong sang cung cp cho thi truong Wimax di dng la:
Airspan Netorks Inc.; Redline Communications Inc.;
Alvarion Ltd; Siemens AG;
Aperto Netorks; SR Telecom Inc.;
Cambridge Broadband Ltd; Wi-LAN Inc.;
Navini Netorks Inc.; ZTE Corp.
Proxim Corp.;
C rt nhiu hng lon tham gia san xut cac chip va thit bi cho Wimax, d la cac
hng ni ting nhu:
101
Altera Corp.; Sequans Communications;
Beceem Communications Inc.; TeleCIS Wireless Inc.;
Fuitsu Ltd.; Wavesat Wireless Inc.;
Intel Corp.; Xilinx Inc.
Cac hng nay moi cung cp duoc chip phuc vu cho vic san xut cac thit bi
Wimax c dinh, con chip cho thit bi Wimax di dng thi moi chi dua ra gioi thiu, san
phm duoc san xut theo chun nay con rt hn ch. Chinh vi th ma trn thi truong hin
nay da s vn la cac thit bi Wimax c dinh. phuc vu cho tinh di dng, cac thit bi
duoc san xut theo chun c dinh c th duoc nng cp bng phn mm hot dng duoc
trong mng di dng. cng la mt tinh nng duoc tich hop trong chip c dinh khi chun
802.16e duoc chung nhn. Chi tit hon v thng tin cac thit bi tham khao thm tai liu
|15|
San phm thit bi cho Wimax hu ht du hot dng trong cac dai tn s cng tac
thuc dai tn thp (2-11 GH) tuong ung voi hai lop 256 OFDM PHY va 2048 OFDMA
PHY. Cac nhung thit bi hot dng trong ca dai tn thp nay nhung cng c mt s thit
bi cua mt vai hng c phn chia ra theo tn s sng mang, theo mt dai tn cng tac nht
dinh. c th thy r cac thit bi trong mng Wimax, chung ta c th xem cu truc
mng cu th cua mt hng sau.
Nhu hinh 3.1 trn ta c th thy, mt mng bt buc phai c cac BS va CPE, ngoai
ra n con c cac bachaul va cac giao thuc quan ly mng hay cac b ghep lung luu luong.
Hinh 3.1: Kin truc h thng AS.MAX cua hngAirSpan
102
vK<Q B#S DJ>
Cng ging nhu mi truong v tuyn khac, Wimax cng chiu mt ap luc v bao
mt rt lon, do cac m hinh kinh doanh chua r rang nn nhung bin phap bao mt dy du
tu phia cac nha quan tri mng chua duoc d cp dn, tuy nhin ban thn Wimax cng c
nhung bin phap bao mt ring.
Lop con bao mt MAC 802.16 (lop con phn ring MAC) tp trung vao cac chuc
nng bao mt gn lin voi cac khung lop MAC. C th xem lop con nay gm hai giao
thuc thanh phn:
Gi$o th:c .ng gi: Giao thuc nay dinh nghia tp cac b mt m h tro vic mt
m gi du liu giua BS va SS. Cac b nay chua thng tin v mt m ha du liu va
cac thut toan nhn thuc, va cac qui tc d ap dung cac thut toan nay vao tai trong
MAC PDU.
Gi$o th:c 8u;n l< (h$= Giao thuc nay thuc v vic quan li va phn phi vt liu
kha tu BS dn SS. Giao thuc duoc lua chon dy la giao thuc quan li kha bao
mt (PKM) d duoc phat trin trong cac modem cap DOCSIS-compliant.
Chi tip v nhung bin phap bao mt nay c th tham khao thm tai liu |10|
vK<Y T{$9 9{$9 >?i@$ o9Ci >&i Vi>$CD
u nm 2006, thu tuong chinh phu cho phep cac tng cng ty vin thng Vit
Nam: Tng cng ty vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), Tng cng ty truyn thng da phuong
tin (VTC), cng ty c phn vin thng FPT Telecom, tng cng ty vin thng qun di
Viettel trin khai cac dich vu Wimax.
Hin nay, tp doan buu chinh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) va mt s doanh
nghip khac dang trong giai don tich cuc trin khai thu nghim cng ngh Wimax ti Ha
Ni, thanh ph H Chi Minh, a Nng, Bc Ninh va Lao Cai.
VDC hop tac cung Intel khao sat mt bng va lp dt thit bi ti Lao Cai cho h
thng Fixed Wimax, h thng thu nghim bao gm mt trm phat sng BTS va modem
khng dy ti 20 trm du cui tip nhn dich vu duoc phn b nhiu dia phuong. L
cng b giai don thu nghim chinh thuc duoc t chuc vao thang 102006. Hai dich vu
duoc thu nghim d la Internet bng thng rng va din thoi VoIP.
V phia FPT Telecom, lnh do doanh nghip nay cho bit, FPT s cung cp ca hai
dng Mobile Wimax va Fixed Wimax cac dai tn 2,3 GH va 3.3 GH. Hin nay, FPT
dang trong giai don lua chon thit bi, thu nghim k thut va nghin cuu cac du an tin
thu nghim.
V phia Viettel Internet cho bit ho s thu nghim Mobile Wimax bi vi Fixed d
duoc thu nghim thanh cng nhiu nuoc.
Bn nha cung cp Vit Nam hin ti (VNPT, FPT, VTC va Viettel) chi dang duoc
cp phep thu nghim dich vu Wimax c dinh, trn tn s 3.3GH dn 3.4GH. Du kin,
trong nm 2007, B BCVT s cp phep cung cp dich vu Wimax di dng. Wimax di
103
dng moi la trin vong lon nht cua Wimax. Voi cng ngh nay, nguoi dung du cui c
th duoc su dung Internet tc d cao ln dn 1Mbps, ti bt ky noi nao trong vung phu
sng ban kinh rng nhiu km. Thit bi du cui cua dich vu Wimax di dng c th la cac
card PCMCIA, USB, hoc d duoc tich hop sn vao trong con chip may tinh (kiu nhu
cng ngh Centrino cua Intel).
Hin nay, ti Vit Nam dang tin hanh du an thi dim Fixed Wimax 802.16 - 2004
Rev.d voi tn s 3,3 GH - 3,4 GH ti Lao Cai do cng ty din toan va truyn s liu
(VDC) hop tac cung Co quan hop tac phat trin quc t Hoa Ky ti Vit Nam (USAID).
Nhung ung dung cng ngh v tuyn bng rng th h moi s duoc cung cp thi
dim trong 6 thang (tu thang 7 dn thang 12), trong d su dung mt trm phat chinh va
khoang 20 trm kt ni dn dung.
C 18 dia dim ti Lao Cai duoc lua chon tham gia thu nghim gm 6 truong hoc,
mt s co s y t, dim buu din vn hoa x, uy ban x, doanh nghip vua va nh va mt
gia dinh nng dn chua tung tip xuc voi cng ngh hin di. Cac dich vu duoc dua vao
thu nghim la thoi va Internet tc d cao.
Du an c tng chi phi khoang 500.000 - 600.000 USD, trong d USAID h tro
250.000 USD. Theo nha cung cp dich vu, cac chuong trinh khac cng dang trong giai
don lp k hoch su dung v tinh d kt ni, m rng Wimax dn nhung vung xa kh
dn bng duong b.
Su hop tac nay la mt phn cua chuong trinh bng thng rng chu A (Asian
Broadband Campaign - ABC) cua Intel. Hng s cung cp kin thuc su rng v bng
thng rng v tuyn, cng ngh silicon va cac dich vu cng ngh cho cac chinh phu,
nhung nha quan ly thng tin lin lc, cac co quan thuc linh vuc giao duc, y t va nng
nghip cng nhu nhung nha cung cp vin thng nhm giup chun bi va thuc hin thu
nghim cng ngh Wimax. So voi cng ngh huu tuyn thi mng v tuyn c chi phi
thp va xy dung nhanh hon, do d nhung nha cung cp dich vu c th linh dng hon
trong vic mang dn cho cac cng dng thiu dich vu nay mt nn kinh t tri thuc hin di
toan cu voi muc chi phi vua phai.
Vic thu nghim duoc tin hanh trn hai linh vuc. Truy nhp Internet tc d cao
dua trn mng Wimax va ung dung goi din thoi qua giao thuc IP.
Cu th v phuong an thu nghim cng nhu kt qua thu nghim c th tham khao
thm tai liu |10|
104
TI +IU THAM gH/O
|1|. Albert Aam va Niel Ransom, Broad band Access Technologies, McGra-
Hill,1999.
|2|. Roger L. Freeman, Fundamentals o Telecommunications, Second Edition , John
Wiley Sons Ltd, 2005.
|3|. Thomas Starr, Massimo Sorbara, John M. Cioi, Peter J. Silverman, DSL
Advances, Prentice Hall , 2002.
|4|. Philip Golden, Herve Dedieu, Krista Jacobsen, Fundamentals o DSL Technology,
Taylor Francis Group, 2006.
|5|. Nguyn Vit Hung, Cng ngh ADSL, Bai giang TTTBCVT 1, nm 2004, 2005,
2006.
|6|. Shlomo Ovadia, Broadband Cable TV Access Netorks: rom technologies to
applications, Prentice Hall, 2001.
|7|. Halid Hrasnica Abdelatteh Haidine Ral Lehnert, Broadband Poerline
Communications Netorks, John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2004.
|8|. Savo G. Glisic, Advanced Wireless Netorks 4G Technologies, John Wiley and
Sons, Jun.2006.
|9|. David Tse, Pramod Visanath, Fundamentals o Wireless Communication,
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
|10|. Nguyn Vit Hung, Cng ngh truy nhp bng rng Wimax, Bai giang Trung Tm
ao To Buu chinh Vin thng I, thang 10 nm 2006.
|11|. Chinlon Lin, Broadband Optical Access Netorks and Fiber-to-the-Home Systems
Technologies and Deployment Strategies, John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2006.
|12|. Thomas Hardono, Lakshminath R. Dondeti, Security in Wireless LANs and
MANs, Artechouse, 2004.
|13|. Glen Kramer,Ethernet Passive Optical Netorkss Mc Gra Hill, 2005.
105
|14|. V Tri Trung, Trin khai va ung dung WLAN, an tt nghip- Hoc vin
CNBCVT, 2005.
|15|. T Tin uang, Wimax va ung dung, tai SVNCKH, Hoc vin CNBCVT,
2006
|16|. Nguyn Thuy ip, Cng ngh Wimax, an tt nghip di hoc, Hoc vin
CNBCVT, 2006.
|17|. Nguyn uy S, Nguyn Vit Cuong, K thut mng va cung cp dich vu
ADSL, Tai liu giang dy, Hoc vin CNBCVT, thang 4 nm 2003.
106

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