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Nhu cu v cp nc v lng nc thi sn xut ph thuc vo: loi hnh, cng ngh sn xut, loi v thnh phn nguyn vt liu, cng sut nh my,...Cng ngh sn xut nh ln n lng nc tiu th, lng nc thi to th nh, ch x thi v thnh ph n tnh cht nc thi. p dng cng ngh tin tin v trang thit b cng hin i, lng nc s dng s gim rt nhiu. Bng : Nhu cu cp nc v lng nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut bia Cng nghip ng Cng nghip giy Dt nhum n v tnh L.nc/ l.bia m3 nc/tn ng m3 nc/tn giy m3 nc/tn vi Nhu cu cp nc 10-20 30-60 300-550 400-600 Lng NT 6-12 10-50 250-450 380-580
Nc thi trong cc nh my, x nghip c chia lm 2 nhm: nhm NT sn xut khng bn (quy nc sch) v nc bn. NT sn xut khng bn: ch yu to ra khi lm ngui thit b, gii nhit trong cc trm lm lnh, ngng t hi nc,... NT sn xut bn: c th cha nhiu loi tp cht vi nng khc nhau (v c, hu c, ho c hn hp). Thnh phn, tnh cht NT rt a dng v phc tp. Mt s NT cha cc cht c hi nh kim loi nng (Vd: NT xi m), cha nhiu vi khun gy bnh,..... NTCN ph thuc vo qu trnh sn xut, quy trnh cng ngh . XLNT cng nghip kh khn hn, mc nhim phc tp hn so vi NTSH. Tnh ton lng NT ti a: da trn cng sut ca nh my v h thng XLNT s khng b qu ti. NT sn xut cha nhiu cht bn khc nhau v c s lng ln thnh phn do khng th c tiu chu n v cc ch tiu, thnh phn ha l cho mt loi NT no c.
: Khi lng cht bn c trong NTSH, g/ngi. ngy Cht rn khng lng 10 5 15 Ch t ha tan 50 75 125 TC 90 90 180
Cn lng 30 10 40
Tng cht rn l thnh phn vt l c trng ca NT. Cc cht rn khng ho tan c hai dng: cht rn keo v ch t rn l lng. Cht rn l lng (SS) c gi li trn giy lc kch thc l 1,2 micromet (bao gm cht rn l lng lng c v cht rn l lng khng lng c). 1.3.2. Cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi Trong nc thin nhin v NT tn ti nhiu tp cht hu c ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to: protein, hp cht hu c cha nit, cc loi ph gia thc phm,....cht thi ca ngi v ng vt,.... Cc hp cht hu c c th tn ti di cc dng ha tan, keo, khng tan, bay hi, khng bay hi, d phn hy, kh khng hy,...Phn ln cc cht hu c trong nc ng vai tr l c cht i vi vi sinh vt. N tham gia vo qu trnh dinh dng v to nng lng cho vi sinh vt. Xc nh ring r tng loi cht hu c l rt kh v tn km, v vy ngi ta thng xc nh tng cc cht hu c. Cc thng s thng c chn l: TOC, DOC, COD; BOD Trong NTT v mt s loi NTCN, cc cht hu c ch yu l cacbon hydrat (CHO) Vic xc nh ring bit cc thnh phn hu c ring bit l kh khn, ngi ta thng xc nh tng cc cht hu c thng qua ch tiu COD, BOD. Thng gi tr COD nh hn nhiu gi tr BOD do khng phi bt k cht no oxy ha cng chuyn thnh CO2. Nhu cu oxy ha sinh ha BOD l lng oxy yu cu vi khun oxy ha cc cht hu c c trong NT. Trong thi gian 5 ngy u vi 20 oC cc vi khu n hiu kh s dng oxy oxy ha cc cht hu c CBOD, sau trong iu kin d oxy cc lo i vi khun nitrit, nitrat bt u hot ng oxy ha cc hp phn nit thnh nitrit v nitrat NBOD Gia i lng COD, BOD c mi quan h vi nhau v lin h theo mt t l ph thuc vo loi NT, nc ngun v c trong qu trnh x l. Thng COD :BOD5= 0,95:0,71:0,65:0,48.
Cr2O72-:BOD20:CODMnO4-
1.3.3. bn sinh hc ca NT NT c cha nhiu vi sinh vt trong c nhiu vi sinh vt gy h i, cc loi trng giun. Ngi ta xc nh s tn ti ca 1 loi vi khun c bit : trc khun coli nh gi bn sinh hc ca NT. -Chun s coli: th tch NT t nht (ml) c 1 coli. i vi NTSH chu n s ny: 1.10-7. -Tng s Coliform: s lng vi khun dng coli trong 100 ml nc (tnh bng cch m trc tip s lng coli hoc xc nh bng phng php MPN).
Khi thiu oxy v tn ti nitrat ha s xy ra qu trnh ngc li: tch oxy khi nitrat v nitrit s dng li trong cc qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c khc. Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh cc vi khun phn nitrat ha (vi khu n ym kh ty tin). Trong iu kin khng c oxy t do m mi trng vn cn cht hu c cacbon, mt s loi vi khun kh nitrat hoc nitrit ly oxy cho qu trnh oxy ha cc ch t hu c. 1.4.2. Qa trnh ha tan v tiu th oxy trong NT 1.4.2.1. Qu trnh khong ha cc cht hu c trong NT Cht hu c trong NT l mi trng cho cc loi vi khun pht trin. XLNT T c nhim v l: tch cc cht bn hu c, cc cht dinh dng v kh trng nc thi. Qu trnh khong ha ch t hu c nh oxy ha sinh ha xy ra theo 2 giai on: +oxy ha cc hp cht cha C thnh CO2 v nc +oxy ha cc hp cht cha N thnh nitrit v sau thnh nitrat Qa trnh khong ha cc hp cht trong iu kin hiu kh thc t l qu trnh tiu th oxy ha tan t kh quyn vo nc thi. 1.4.2.2. Qa trnh tiu th oxy v ha tan oxy trong NT Khi c oxy trong NT, tc oxy ha ch t hu c cha C t l thun vi khi lng ch t hu c c trong NT.
2.2. B iu ha
Dng duy tr s n nh ca dng th i, khc phc nhng vn vn hnh do s dao ng ca lu lng dng nc thi gy ra v nng cao hiu sut ca cc qu trnh cui dy chuyn x l. Li ch: -Lm tng hiu qu ca h thng sinh hc do n hn ch hin tng qu ti ca h thng v lu lng cng nh hm lng cc cht hu c, gim c din tch xy cc b sinh hc (do c tnh ton chnh xc hn). Hn na cc cht c ch qu trnh x l sinh hc s c pha long ho c trung ha mc thch hp cho cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt. -Cht lng NT sau x l v vic c c bn y b lng th cp c ci thin do lu lng np cht rn n nh. -Din tch b mt cn cho h thng lc nc gim xung v hiu sut lc c ci thin, chu k lm sch b mt cc thit b lc cng n nh hn.
2.3. B lng ct
Trong XLNT, qu trnh lng c s dng loi cc tp cht dng huyn ph th ra khi nc thi. Theo chc nng, cc b lng c phn thnh: b lng ct , b lng s cp, b lng th cp.Yu cu: c hiu sut lng cao v x bn d d ng. Cng c th s dng b lng nh cng trnh x l cui cng, nu iu kin v sinh ni cho php.
+B lng s cp: t trc cng trnh x l sinh hc dng gi li cc cht hu c khng tan trong NT trc khi cho NT vo cc b x l sinh hc v loi b cc cht rn c kh nng lng (t trng ln hn t trng ca nc) v cc cht ni (t trng b hn t trng nc). Nu thit k chnh xc b lng s cp c th loi b 50 -70% cht rn l lng, 25 - 40% BOD ca NT. +B lng th cp: t sau cng trnh x l sinh hc. -Cn c vo chiu nc chy phn bit cc loi: b lng ngang, ng, radian
2.4. Lc
Lc c ng dng tch cc tp cht phn tn c kch thc nh khi nc thi m cc b lng khng th loi chng c, l qu trnh tch cc ht rn ra khi pha lng hoc pha kh bng cch cho dng kh hoc lng c cha ht cht rn chy qua lp ngn xp, cc ht rn s b gi li. Lc c th xy ra di tc dng ca p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng hoc p sut cao trc vch ngn hay p sut thp sau vch ngn. -Vt liu: +Dng vch: lm bng thp tm c c l hoc bng li thp khng r nhm, niken, ng,.. v c cc loi vi khc nhau (thy tinh, amiang, bng len, si,..).Yu cu: tr lc nh, bn v ha hc, do c hc, khng b trng n v bi ph hy iu kin lc cho trc. +B lc vi lp vt liu dng ht: c th l ct thch anh, than cc, si nghin, than nu, than g,...ty thuc vo loi NT v iu kin kinh t. c tnh quan trng ca vt liu lc l: xp v b mt ring. xp ph thuc vo cu trc, kch thc cc ht xp, cch sp t cc ht xp. B mt ring ca lp vt liu xp c xc nh bng xp ca cc ht v hnh dng ca chng. Qu trnh lc gm cc giai on sau: 1.di chuyn cc ht ti b mt cc cht to th nh lp lc. 2.gn cht cc ht vo b mt. 3.tch cc ht bm dnh ra khi b mt. +Lc qua mng lp b c to thnh trn b mt vt liu lc: cc ht c kch thc ln hn kch thc mao qun lp vt liu lc b gi li, to thnh lp b v cng tr thnh nh lp vt liu lc. (c trng cho b lc chm). +Lc khng to thnh lp m ng cc tp cht: qu trnh lc xy ra trong b mt lp vt liu lc d y, cc ht tp cht b gi li trn cc ht ca vt liu lc bng lc bm dnh. i lng bm dnh ph thuc vo cc yu t: ln, hnh d ng ht, nhm b mt, th nh phn ha hc, tc d ng ch y, nhit cht lng,...
2.5. ng t v keo t
Qu trnh lng ch c th tch c cc ht rn huyn ph nhng khng th tch c cc cht gy nhim bn dng keo v ha tan v chng l nhng ht rn c kch thc qu nh. tch cc ht rn mt cch hiu qu bng phng php lng cn tng kch thc ca chng nh s tc ng tng h gia cc ht phn tn lin kt thnh tp hp cc ht nhm lm tng vn tc lng. Kh cc ht keo rn bng trng lng cn theo 2 bc: 1. trung ha in tch ca chng. 2. lin kt chng li vi nhau. Qu trnh trung ha in tch: qu trnh ng t. Qu trnh lin kt to thnh cc bng ln hn: qu trnh keo t. Cc ch t ng t thng dng: cc mui nhm, st hoc hn hp ca chng. Vic la chn ph thu c vo: tnh cht ha l, chi ph, nng tp cht trong nc, pH, thnh ph n mui trong nc. Hay dng: Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, NaAlO2, NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O,
KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O trong Al2(SO4)3 c dng nhiu hn v d ha tan trong nc. Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 i vi cc mui st cng hay d ng: FeCl3 + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
V n nhiu u im hn so vi cc mui nhm do: tc dng tt hn nhit thp, c khong pH ti u ca mi trng rng hn, bn ln v kch thc bng keo c khong gii hn rng ca thnh ph n mui, c th kh c mi v khi c H2S. Nhc im: to cc phc ha tan nhum mu qua phn ng ca cc cation st vi mt s hp cht hu c.
3. Chng 3: XLNT BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC TRONG CC CNG TRNH NHN TO
vi cc sn phm do t bo tit ra th ngc li li cao hn so vi ni xa t bo. Mc d hp th v hp ph l giai on cn thit trong vic tiu th cht hu c ca vi sinh vt song khng ph i c ngha quyt nh trong vic XLNT. ng vai tr ch yu quyt nh l cc qu trnh din ra bn trong t bo vi sinh vt (giai on 3). Cc qu trnh sinh ha: +QT hiu kh: cht hu c + O2 +QT k kh: cht hu c + O2 vsv vsv CO2, H2O CH4, H2S, NH3, CO2 , H2O(c mi, hm
lng ph thuc vo cht hu c) (coi oxy trong cc lin kt nh NO3-, SO42-,) (ngoi cc kh ny cn c 1 t cht hu c khng phn hy gi l cht tr ).
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+Qa trnh tng hp t bo:(tng hp xy dng t bo) CxHyOz + NH3 + O2 vt) +Qa trnh oxy ha ni bo (t oxy ha): nu tip tc tin hnh QT oxy ha th khi khng cht dinh dng, Qa trnh chuyn ha cc cht ca t bo b t u xy ra qa trnh t oxy ha: C5H7NO2 + O2 vsv CO2 + NH3 +H2O + Q (3) vsv C5H7NO2 + CO2 + H2O + Q (2)
(C5H7NO2: Cng thc theo t l trung bnh cc nguyn t chnh trong t bo vi sinh
Trong qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha hiu kh, cc ch t hu c cha N, S, P cng c chuyn thnh NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, CO2, H2O. NH3 + O2 vsv HNO2 + O2 +vsv HNO3 (4) v (2): lng oxy tiu tn cho cc phn ng ny l tng BOD ca NT. (1), (2), (3), (4): lng oxy tiu tn gn gp 2 ln lng oxy cho 2 ph n ng u. Khi mi trng cn ngun C hu c, cc loi vi khun nitrt ha (nitrosomonas) v nitrat ha (nitrobater) th c hin qu trnh nitrat ha theo 2 giai on: 55NH4+ + 76O2 + 5CO2 nitrosomonas C5H7NO2 + 54NO2- + 52H2O + 109 H+ 400 NO2- + 19 O2 + NH3 + 2 H2O + 5CO2 nitrobater C5H7NO2 + 400 NO33.5.2. Cc cng trnh nhn to (XLNT theo nguyn tc lc-dnh bm, XLNT bng bn hot tnh) 3.5.2.1. Lc sinh hc -C ch XLNT theo nguyn tc lc-dnh bm: +Sau mt thi gian, mng sinh vt c hnh thnh v chia thnh 2 lp: lp ngoi cng l lp hiu kh c oxy khuch tn xm nhp, lp trong l lp thiu oxy (anoxic). B 13
dy mng sinh vt t 600-1000 micromet trong phn ln l vng hiu kh. Do qu trnh lc sinh hc thng c xem nh l qu trnh hiu kh nhng thc cht l h thng vi sinh vt hiu-ym kh. +Thnh phn: vi khun (ch yu), dng vt nguyn sinh, nm, x khun,Sau mt thi gian hot ng, m ng sinh vt dy ln, cc cht kh tch t pha trong tng ln v mng b bc khi VLL. Hm lng cn l lng trong nc tng ln. S hnh thnh cc lp mng sinh vt mi li tip din. +Cc cng trnh XLNT theo nguyn tc n y chia lm 2 lo i: loi c VLL tip xc khng ngp trong nc vi ch d ti theo chu k v lo i c VLL tip xc ngp trong nc giu oxy. -B lc sinh hc nh git: -B lc sinh hc cao ti: -a lc sinh hc: -B lc sinh hc c VLL ngp trong nc (b bioten): 3.5.2.2. XLNT bng bn hot tnh Cc vi sinh vt thng tn ti trng thi huyn ph. B c sc kh m bo yu cu oxy v duy tr bn hot tnh trng thi l lng. Huyn ph lng ca cc vi sinh vt trong b thng kh c gi chung l cht lng hn hp v sinh khi (MLSS) Khi NT i vo b thi kh (b aeroten), cc bng bn hot tnh c hnh thnh m ht nhn ca n l cc ph n t cn l lng. Cc loi vi khun hiu kh n c tr, pht trin dn cng vi cc ng vt nguyn sinh, nm, x khun, to nn cc bng bn mu nu sm, c kh nng hp th cc cht hu c ha tan, keo v khng ha tan phn tn nh. Vi khu n v vi sinh vt sng dng cht hu c v cht ding dng (N, P) lam thc n chuyn ha chng thnh cc cht tr khng ha tan v thnh t b o mi. Dn n trong b aeroten lng bn hot tnh tng dn ln, sau c tch ra ti b lng t 2, mt phn c quay tr li u b aeroten tham gia x l NT theo chu trnh mi Qu trnh c tip din n khi cht thi cui cng khng th l thc n ca cc vi sinh vt c na. Nu trong NT m c ch t hu c kh phn hy, cn c thi gian chuyn ha th ph n bn hot tnh tun hon phi c tch ring v sc kh oxy cho chng tiu ha thc n
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hp th. Qu trnh ny gi l ti sinh bn hot tnh.Nh vy qu trnh XLNT b ng bn HT bao gm cc giai on sau: +Khuy trn to iu kin tip xc NT vi bn HT +Cung cp oxy vi khun v vi sinh vt oxy ha ch t hu c +Tch bn HT ra khi NT +Ti sinh bn HT tun hon v a chng v b aeroten Yu cu chung v vn hnh: +Cc b aeroten ph i m bo b mt tip xc ln gia khng kh, NT v bn. +Khng kh c cp vo NT bng: nn kh qua b phn khuch tn ngp trong nc bng sc kh hoc dng khuy c hc thi vo ch t lng bng thng kh c hc. +NT a vo DO 2mg/l, SS 150mg/l (i vi hm lng sn phm du m th 25mg/l), pH 6,5-9, nhit 6-30oC, c t: GHCP, khong ha tan: y , BOD (cht hu c d b phn hy), nng cc cht dinh dng khc: m bo. Phn loi b aeroten: +Theo ch thy ng lc c: b aeroten y, khuy trn, trung gian +Theo phng php ti sinh bn hot tnh: loi c ti sinh tch ring, loi khng c ti sinh tch ring +Theo ti lng bn: loi ti trng cao, trung bnh, thp +Theo s bc: 1 bc, 2 bc, nhiu bc +Theo chiu dn NT vo: xui chiu, ngc chiu
3.6. Cc cng trnh loi b cc cht dinh dng (mui nit v phtpho) v n nh bn bng phng php sinh hc
3.6.1. C ch qu trnh 3.6.1.1. Cc qu trnh loi b cht dinh dng nit gim nguy c ph dng trong sng h do x nc thi, cn thit phi gim mui nit v pht pho trong . N c th tn ti nhiu dng khc nhau trong NT. Loi b N ngha l chuyn nv dng kh bay ln. -i vi qu trnh XLNT bng sinh hc hiu kh th 55NH4+ +76O2 +5CO2 nitrosomonas C5H7NO2+54NO2-+52H2O+109 H+ 400NO2- + 10 O2 + NH3 + 2H2O + 5CO2 nitrobacter C5H7NO2+ 400NO3-
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-Trng hp thiu oxy, cc lo i vi khun kh nitrat denitrificans (dng k kh ty tin) s tch oxy ca nitrat v nitrit oxy ha cht hu c. Nit phn t to thnh trong qu trnh ny s thot ra khi nc. Qu trnh chuyn NO3NO2NO N2O N2 (NO, N2O, N2: dng kh)
Nhng cng i hi c ngun C tng hp t bo. -Do NT c nitrit ha thng cha t vt cht cha C nn i hi phi b sung thm ngun C t ngo i vo. Trong mt s h kh nitrit sinh hc, NT chy ti hoc t bo cht thng l ngun cung cp C cn thit. Khi XLNT cng nghip thng thiu C hu c nn ngi ta thng dung CH3OH ru metylic lm ngun C b sung. NT cng nghip nu ngho ch t dinh dng nhng li cha C hu c th cng c th ha trn vo. Nh vy cng trnh XLNT cn: +iu kin ym kh (thiu oxy t do) +c nitrat v nitrit +c vi khu n k kh ty tin kh nitrat +c ngun C hu c +nhit NT khng thp. u im: +Kh c nit trong NT dng ra +Hiu sut kh BOD tng do cc ch t hu c tip tc b oxy ha trong qu trnh kh nitrat. +Gim c lng bn d trong b lng t hai. +Lm tng kh nng lng v hn ch trng ca bn HT +Lm tng pH ca NT sau x l 3.6.1.2. Qu trnh loi b cht dinh dng pht pho -P xu t hin trong NT dng PO43- hoc poli photphat P 2O7 hoc dng photpho lin kt hu c. Hai dng sau chim khong 70% trong NT. -Cc dng tn ti ca P thng dng cc loi hp cht keo t gc Fe, Al, loi b nhng gi thnh t, to thnh bn ch a tp cht ha hc, -Vi khu n Acinetobater l 1 trong nhng sinh vt u tin c trch nhim kh P, chng c kh nng tch ly poliphotphat trong sinh khi tng i cao (2-5%). Kh nng ly P ca vi khun k kh ty tin Acinebacter s tng ln rt nhiu khi cho n lun chuyn cc iu kin hiu kh, k kh. 16
3.6.1.3. Qu trnh thi kh ko di trong aeroten -u im: (XLNT c quy m va, nh) +C th gim 85-95% BOD v cn l lng trong NT + 1 phn cht hu c d gy thi ra trong bn c kh nh qu trnh h hp ni bo + Hiu qu lm sch cao, lng bn d t nhng din tch cng trnh ln 3.6.2. Mt s cng trnh 3.6.2.1. Knh oxy ha tun hon -p dng: dng cho vng c 200 -15000 ngi.
3.6.2.2. Aeroten hot ng gin on theo m(Sequencing Batch Reactor-SBR) +1.Nc thi cho vo b c trn vi BHT (c lu li trong chu k trc) +2.Hn hp NT v bn c suc kh bc n y vi thi gian ng yu cu. Cc cht hu c c oxy ha hon ton giai on ny. +3.Qu trnh lng bn trong iu kin tnh +4.Sau lng, nc nm pha trn lp bn c x ra khi b +5.X lng bn d c hnh thnh trong qu trnh thi kh ra khi ngn b, cc ngn c hot ng lch pha m bo cho vic cung cp NT n trm XLNT lin tc. -u im: +Hiu qu xl Nt cao +BOD NT sau XL < 20 mg/l, CLL 3-25 mg/l; N-NH3 0,3-12 mg/l +Khng cn b lng t 2, trong nhiu trng hp c th b qua b iu ha, b lng t 1 +C th loi b c N, P do c th iu chnh c qu trnh hiu kh, thiu kh, k kh trong b bng vic thay i ch cung cp oxy.
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+Khi a cc cng trnh XLNT trong t vo ho t ng cn phi kim tra cc thng s v mc nc ngm, thm nc ca t, ti trng cht bn, cn chn cc loi cy ph hp, kim tra h thng ti, h thng thu gom NT v c bin php thot nc trong trng hp ngp cc b trn h thng cnh ng ngp nc pha di. +Cc thng s cn quan trc trong qu trnh vn hnh l: BOD, tng N, tng P, E.coli, s lng nc XL, cc loi thc vt bc cao , h ng vt t, nng sut cy trng, +cc loi rui mui, cn trng gy bnh pht trin nhiu n n c bin php tiu dit hoc hn ch s pht trin ca n phng nh hng xu n sc khe con ngi.
4.2. H sinh hc
4.2.1. C ch ca qu trnh XLNT trong h sinh hc H sinh hc l cc thy vc t nhin hay nhn to, khng ln m s din ra qu trnh chuyn ha cac cht bn. Qu trnh ny tng t nh qu trnh t lm sch trong cc h t nhin vi vai tr ch yu l cc loi vi khun v to. Khi vo h, do vn tc dng chy nh, cc loi cn lng xung y. Cc cht hu c cn li trong NT s b cc vi sinh vt hp th v oxy ha m sn phm to ra l sinh khi ca n, CO2, cc mui nitorat, nitrit,...Kh CO2, cc hp cht nit, phtpho c rong to s dng trong qu trnh quang hp, gii phng oxy cung cp cho qu trnh oxy ha cc cht h u c ca vi khu n. S hot ng ca rong to gip ch cho qu trnh trao i cht ca vi khun. Trng hp NT m c cht hu c, to c th chuyn t t dng sang d dng, tham gia vo qu trnh oxy ha ch t hu c. Nm, x khun cng thc hin cc qu trnh ny. Cc hp cht nit, photpho, cacbon,...trong h sinh hc cng c chuyn ha theo chu trnh ring vi s tham gia ca vi khun, to v cc thc vt bc cao khc. u im: s dng ao h t nhin nn chi ph u t xy dng thp, vn hnh n gin, c hiu qu x l, kh trng, c th kt hp nui c, trng to. H sinh hc n nh ph hp vi cc vng kh h u nhit i v cc khu dn c va v nh. Nhc im: cn din tch ln, kh iu khin qu trnh x l, nc h thng c mi kh chu i vi cc khu vc xung quanh. Khc phc: lm thong nhn to cung cp oxy cho h bng cc bin php cng bc (kh nn, khuy c hc,...) nh m cc vng cht trong h gim, iu kin tip xc gia cht hu c-oxy-vi khun tng ln nn hiu qu x l NT c m bo.
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4.2.2. Phn lo i h sinh hc 4.2.2.1. H sinh hc n nh nc thi 4.2.2.2. H lm thong nhn to H SH lm thong hiu kh: h c xo trn gn nh hon ton, khng c hin tng lng cn, hot ng gn ging b aeroten. H SH lm thong tu tin: cn c nhng vng lng cn v phn hy cht bn trong iu kin ym kh, mc xo trn NT trong h hn ch. u im: din tch xy b nh so vi HSH n nh, trong h ny n ng BHT nh hn nhiu (200 400 mg/l) so vi aeroten (2000 6000 mg/l), hiu qu XL c khi n 90% khi thi gian lu nc t 2 6 ngy. p dng: XL NT sinh hot v NT sn xut. i vi khu dn c, h c s dng khi HSH ty tin hot ng qu ti hoc din tch t thiu. i vi cc nh my x nghip, h c dng nh 1 cng trnh x l s b NT trc khi x ra h thng thot nc chung.
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Hiu sut ng t cao nht khi pH 4-8,5. to cc bng ln, d lng ngi ta dng thm cht tr ng. l cht cao phn t tan trong nc v d phn ly th nh ion, gm cht tr ng t loi anion v cation. Hay dng l poliacrylamit (CH2CHCONH2)n , natri silicat ho t tnh,... Gii hn s dng: chn la ha cht, liu lng ti u, th t cho vo nc, lng cn to thnh,... phi c tin h nh b ng thc nghim, thng dng 1-5mg/l. iu kin: phn ng din ra ho n ton v tit kim, cn phi: khuy u c th s dng cc loi m y trn khc nhau. Loi hay dng: cnh qu t c gii th NT s chuyn ng vng v to bng d dng ton b th tch.
Th tch cn lng ph thuc vo nng axit, ion kim lo i nng trong NT, vo dng v liu lng ha cht, vo mc lng trong,...V d: khi trung ha NT bng vi sa ch bin t vi th trng cha 50% CaO hot tnh s to nhiu cn nht. Vic la chn bin php trung ha ph thuc vo lng NT, ch x thi, nng , ha cht c a phng. i vi NT sn xut, vic trung ha bng ha cht kh kh khn v thnh phn v lu lng NT trong cc trm trung ha dao ng rt ln trong ngy m. Ngoi vic cn thit phi xy d ng b iu ha vi th tch ln cn phi c thit b t ng iu chnh lng ha cht vo. Thng s chnh iu chnh ph bin l i lng pH. Trong thc t cn phi tin h nh thc nghim vi tng loi NT tin h nh bin php trung ha v trong NT ny cha nhiu hp cht hu c, axit, mui phn ly yu c nh hng n vic o pH bng in ha hc.
5.2.1. Trung ha b ng cch trn NT cha axit v NT cha kim Phng php ny c dng khi NT ca x nghip l axit cn x nghip gn c NT kim. C hai loi NT ny u khng cha cc cu t gy nhim khc. 5.2.2. Trung ha NT b ng cch cho thm ha cht Nu NT cha qu nhiu axit hay kim ti mc khng th trung ha b ng cch trn ln chng vi nhau c th phi cho th m ha cht. Phng php ny thng trung ha axit. Ha cht s dng: ph liu cng nghip a phng trung ha axit v c c th d ng bt k dung dch c tnh baz no. Ha cht r tin v d kim l Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, MgCO3, lmit, cn NaOH v xa Na2CO3 ch c dng khi chng l ph liu. Liu lng ha cht c xc nh theo iu kin trung ha hon ton axit t do v ly ln hn tnh ton mt cht. Vic a dung dch cng tc vo NT c tin h nh nh bm hoc cc thit b nh lng (kiu phao, nh mc vi p lc c nh,) 5.2.3. Trung ha NT cha axit bng cch lc qua nhng lp vt liu trung ha S dng cho NT cha HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 vi hm lng di 5g/l v khng cha mui kim loi nng. Cch tin h nh: cho NT tip xc cc b vt liu lc l vi, magiezit, hoa cng, lmit, kch thc ht 3 -8 cm vi tc ph thuc vo vt liu nhng khng qu 5m3/h v 22
thi gian tip xc khng qu 10 pht, nc thi c th chuyn ng ngang hoc ng trong b lc. 5.2.4. Dng kh thi, khi t l hi trung ha NT cha kim y l bin php kh kinh t trung ha NT cha kim v kh t ng khi chy tt thng cha khong 14% CO2.
5.3.2. XLNT cha crom bng phng php oxy ha kh -Nguyn tc: chuyn Cr6+ s bin v Cr3+, tip tch dng hidroxit kt ta. -Cc ch t kh c th dng: Na2S, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, FeSO4, SO2, khi cha kh SO2,... -Cc ph n ng chuyn Cr6+ v Cr3+: Cr2O72- + 3S2- + 14H+ Cr2O72- + 3HSO3- + 5H+ Cr2O72- + 6Fe2- + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 3S0 + 7H2O 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 4H2O 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O H2S + 2OH-
Nu dng nc Na2S th trong dung d ch Na2S b thy phn mnh v to kt ta Cr(OH)3 nn khng cn th m vi: S2- + 2H2O Cr(OH)3. -Cng ngh x l nh sau: u tin NT c iu ha lu lng v nng . Sau kim tra pH nu thy pH > 4 cn iu chnh sao cho pH 2 -4 trc khi thc hin phn ng kh, ng thi cn xc nh lng Cr6+ tnh ton lng cht kh ( thng dng gp 1,25 ln lng tnh ton theo l thuyt). Cht kh thng c chun b di dng dung dch 10% v cho vo b phn ng nh thit b nh lng. Thi gian khuy trn b ph n ng di 30 pht, sau khi ph n ng kh kt thc cho vi sa vo ( c chun b vi nng khong 2,5%) cho t pH 9, tip tc khuy khong 3 -5 pht sau cho NT sang b lng vi thi gian khong 2h. 5.3.3. Phng php oxy ha in ha c dng x l NT vi mc ch phn hy cc cht c trong NT hoc thu hi cc kim loi qu trn in cc. p dng: X l NT cc phn xng m niken, m bc, cc nh my lm giu kim loi, phn xng ty ra g kim loi. V d: trn cc catot c th thu hi khong 60-70% ng trong NT cha cc h p cht ng xianua bng oxy ha in ha. V d: in phn cc dung dch cha st sunfat v axit sunfuaric t do bng m ng trao i anion s phc hi ti 80 -90 % axit sunfuaric v thu hi wc bt st vi lng 20-50 kg/m3 dung dch. Nu dng phng php in phn, NT sau x l c th dng li chun b cho cc dung dch m v dung dch axit sunfuaric c th dng li cho cc qu trnh in phn sau. Theo Nu dng NaHSO3, FeSO4 th cn cho thm vi sa (hoc loi kim no ) kt ta
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kinh nghim cc nghin cu v thc t cho thy: nu NT cha xianua vi nng ln hn 1g/l dng phng php in phn s r tin hn so vi phng php dng ha cht.
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6. Chng
6.1. Kh trng NT
6.1.1. C ch Cng vi cc giai on x l bc mt, bc hai,... s lm gim nng cc cht nhim (cn l lng, BOD,..) p ng yu cu quy nh th s lng vi khun gy bnh cng gim c trng bng ch tiu coliform (t 90-95%). Tuy nhin mt s loi vi khun gy bnh vn cn, khi vo ngun nc mt, gp iu kin thun li s pht trin nhanh chng. Sau kh i x l c hc, sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to, vi khun gy bnh khng b tiu dit hon ton. V vy m bo iu kin v sinh, NT th hoc NT sinh hot sau x l c hc ho c x l sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to cn phi kh trng tip tc.
6.1.2. Kh trng nc thi bng clo R tin, n gin, hiu qu cao Thng dng: clo lng, natri hypoclorit lng NaClO, canxi hypoclorit rn CaCl2(ClO)2.H2O Tng lng Cl2, ClO- trong nc gi l lng clo hot tnh. Kh trng c tin hnh theo cc bc: -Xo trn ha cht kh trng vi NT trong cc b trn 1 -2 pht -Thc hin phn ng tip xc ha cht kh trng vi NT trong cc b tip xc v mng dn NT ra ngun vi thi gian 15-20 pht, ph thuc vo cc iu kin xo trn v phn ng. Tuy nhin, nu trong NT cha nhiu cht hu c chng s kt hp vi clo to cc sn ph m c hi,... d gy hi cho ngun nc c bit i ngun nc cp cho mc ch sinh ho t. -Kh trng b ng clo nc: nh lng clo, xo trn clo vi hi nc cng tc, iu ch v vn chuyn n ni s dng ngi ta thng dng clorat (clorat hot ng lin tc u, clorat hot ng lin tc t l vi lu lng nc, clorat chn khng). Nguyn tc hot ng ca clorat: cc banlon clo s dng trn cn theo di lng clo tiu th. i vi clo hi khi nn vo banlon c th b ln bi v vy trc khi qua lu lng k, clo cn c kh bi, lu lng c iu chnh bng lu lng k v ha lng bng nc sch. Thng dng clorat chn khng c p lc thp hn p sut khng kh do hi clo khng bay ra ngoi. Cc banlon clo c cung cp t cc nh my sn xut. 26
-Kh trng NT bng clorua vi: thng c 1 hay 2 thng ha trn, hai thng dch v my bm nh lng. Thng ha trn lm nhim v: trn clorua vi vi nc k thu t t c dung dch clorua vi d ng sa 10 -15%. Bn cn t thng ny c x ra ngoi v vn chuyn i lm kh. Sa clorua vi tip tc c pha long trong thng dung d ch n nng di 2,5% sau c my bm nh lng cp v mng trn. Cc thng pha clorua vi c th lm bng composit, g, b tng c bc nha,... dung dch clo c khuy trn bng cnh khuy v trc chu ha cht. p dng: cc trm XLNT cng sut < 1000 m3/ngy 6.1.3. Kh trng nc thi bng ozon Ozon l ch t kh, c kh nng oxy ha m nh. Phn ly trong nc: Trong qu trnh, cc gc t do c hnh thnh, chng c kh nng oxy ha m nh v tham gia vo qu trnh kh trng, Ngoi ra ozon cn tham gia phn ng vi cc cht nhim khc trong nc thi, lm tng hiu qu x l. Ozon c chun b t 2 ngun: ngun t khng kh, ngun t cng nghip c tinh khit cao. Do ozon nhanh b phn hy nn cn iu ch ngay ti ni s dng bng cch cho khng kh hoc oxy kh i qua khe hp gia hai in cc cao th h ng chc kV, cn lng in tiu th ln, sn xut 1kg O3 t khng kh cn 14-20kW.h. Ozon c ha tan vo nc bng 2 cch: ha trn trc tip vi NT trong b tip xc qua thit b khuch tn kh hoc ha lng sau trn vi NT trong mng trn trc khi vo b tip xc. ha tan ca ozon trong nc cao gp 13 ln so vi oxy. Khi mi vo nc th ozon khng phn ng ngay nhng khi lng oxy ha cc cht hu c v kh trng th phn ng xy ra rt nhanh (3 -8 giy) do b tip xc ch cn nh v nh hn nu dng clo x l, thi gian cn: khong 15 pht. Hiu qu kh trng bng ozon ph thuc vo cht lng NT. u: hiu qu cao, t li hiu ng ph nh clo, nhng chi ph lp t h thng iu ch ozon cao, in nng s dng ln.
B tip xc: to iu kin tip xc tt ha cht vi NT din ra qu trnh kh trng, Khi nc lu li trong b, cc cht oxy ha tip tc oxy ha cc cht hu c m cc qu trnh trc cha x l c, thi gian cn thit thc hin cc ph n ng oxy ha dit khun 15-20 pht. Trn quan im coi ngun tip nhn nc thi nh mt cng trnh x l tip tc, cc cng x nc thi ra sng h phi p ng mt s yu cu: +To iu kin xo trn tt nc ngun vi nc thi tng cng kh nng t lm sch ca thy vc. +Khng nh hng n m quan ca b v iu kin v sinh c a sng h +D thi cng, lp t +Dng x thi khng gy nh hng n b v y sng h Vi cc yu cu nh vy n n cng x phi t ngp trong nc, di mc nc thp nht trong h ti thiu l 0,3m. m bo dng chy ra khi ming x thi v gim tn tht p lc th mc nc trong ging pha trccng x phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong sng t 11,5m. Vn tc dng chy trong cng x nc thi phi ti thiu 0,8m/s.
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7. Chng 9: X L BN CN NC THI
7.1. c tnh bn cn v cc phng php x l bn cn
7.1.1. S lng, th nh ph n v tnh cht ca bn cn Bn cn c hnh thnh: +Sau x l c hc: Tng lng cn l lng TSS trong NT 50 -70 gam/ngi/ngy.m. Khong 25-50 gam cn/ ngi/ngy.m c gi li trong khu x l bc 1. m c a cn sau lng 2h l 97,5% sau chng nn dn trong h tp trung n m 92-95%. Trung bnh th cn lng n y l 0,6-08 lt/ ngi/ngy.m. Do y l thnh phn khng ho tan c sn trong nc thi nn chng c gi l cn s cp. Trong cn ny c 65-70% l thnh ph n hu c, nhiu vi sinh vt c vi sinh vt gy bnh. +Sau x l sinh hc (bn ho t tnh d sau b aeroten ho c bn mng sinh vt sau b lc sinh hc): bn th cp. c im: 8 -32 gam/ ngi/ngy.m ph thuc vo dy chuyn XLNT, m 96-99,2%, th tch bn c th t 2,5 lt/ ngi/ngy.m, kch thc tng i ng nht, th nh ph n hu c chim 70-75%, c cha nhiu trng giun sn, vi khun gy bnh. Thnh phn ca bn cn rt phc tp, cha nhiu cht hu c v cc nguyn t dinh dng dng lm phn bn rt tt. Nhng li cha nhiu cht hu c d gy hi thi lm nhim mi trng khng kh, cha nhiu vi khun c vi khun gy bnh, m ln, s dng bn cn ti lm phn bn khng c li v kh vn chuyn. 7.1.2. Cc phng php x l bn cn nc thi Mc ch: - n nh bn cn, kh cc cht hu c d gy thi ra. Lm kh bn cn d vn chuyn v s dng Kh c bn cn hoc thu hi cht qu
a) Tch nc s b: lm gim m bn cn cc khu x l tip theo din ra c n nh v gim c khi lng xy dng cc cng trnh cng nh tit kim c ha cht s dng trong qu trnh x l. Tuy nhin, nu gim qu mc m s to n n bn cn kh, cc iu kin cng ngh ca cc cng trnh n nh bn cn s kh khn. b) Qu trnh n nh bn cn:y l qu trnh phn hy sinh ha cc ch t hu c ca bn cn din ra trong iu kin ym kh hoc hiu kh. c) Qu trnh x l s b bn cn: Hai phng php x l s b bn cn nh sau: + X l s b bn cn bng ha cht:l qu trnh ng kt cc ht phn tn tinh v keo to thnh bng cn ln, ph hy v thay i cc dng lin kt ca nc, thay i cu trc 29
cn v kh nng nh nc ca n. Ha cht thng dng l: vi, phn st FeCl3, phn nhm, cc loi polimer khc. + X l s b bn cn khng dng ha ch t: s dng cc bin php nhit, lng, keo t in ha, phi nng,...
7.3. B metan
B metan l cng trnh c xy dng ln men (n nh ym kh) cc loi bn cn trong nc thi. Vt liu: thp, b tng ct thp, dng h nh trn trn mt bng. C s :
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Sn phm ca qu trnh ln men ch yu l CH4 ( chim khong 60% lng kh to thnh, ngoi ra cn c: CO2, NH3,...) v vy c gi l b metan. Kh n y c th tn dng lm nhin liu. Bn cn sau qu trnh ln men (bn cn chn) c mu en ca sunfua st, cc cht hu c d gy thi ra b phn hy, vi khun gy bnh hu nh khng cn, trng giun sn b tiu dit trong iu kin ln men nng. Nhit l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng i vi qu trnh ln men trong b metan. Nhit cng cao, thi gian ln men cng gim. Lu : cc loi vi khun k kh ln men mtan c 2 nhm: nhm a m vi nhit ti u 30-35OC, nhm a nng vi nhit ti u 50-55 OC. Trong b metan ch ln men m, thi gian ln men 20-45 ngy, i vi ch ln men nng th 10-20 ngy. Ln men nng c u im: cn chn u, dung tch b b, hu ht trng giun sn trong bn cn b tiu dit, m bo nhit cn thit , bn cn c sy nng bng h thng cp nhit, b c lp t di t n nh nhit v cn bng p sut. Cc yu t km hm qu trnh ln men trong b metan l cc cht hot tnh b mt, kim loi nng, s thay i pH.
7.4. Nn bn cn
Nguyn tc hot ng: Bn sau b lng t 2 thng thng c m 96-99,2% n u a v b metan th m ln, dung tch b tng, nh hng n hiu qu ln men cng nh khng kinh t.
tng cng qa trnh nn bn cn, ngi ta b sung thm ha cht ng t, khi thi gian nn s gim khong 2-3 ln v lng cn l lng trong nc bn gim theo.
7.5. Lm kh bn cn
7.5.1. Sn phi bn Mc ch: c chc nng lm mt nc bn cn ( m cn khong 80%) trong iu kin t nhin. Sau qu trnh phi, do tc ng ca tia t ngoi, vi khun gy bnh cn li trong bn cn cng nh mi hi thi gim i. 7.5.2. Lm kh bn cn bng phng php c hc i vi cc trm x l c cng sut ln khng din tch lm sn phi bn, nhng vng kh h u ma nhiu,ngi ta thng lm kh bn cn bng cc thit b c kh: my lc 31
chn khng gim m n 75 -80%, my p lc bng ti gim m n 70 -75%, ly tm lm gim m n 65-75%, my xung lc gim m n 82-94%.
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Nc nng lng
Nc lm ngui
Nc cng ngh
Nc b sung
Nc tun hon
Nc lm MT
Nc ra
Bng
S lng v thnh phn NT s ph thuc vo loi hnh SX. Nguyn nhn ca s khc nhau l: +Cng ngh SX khc nhau, t cc cng on ch bin gia cng nguyn liu n cc cng on hon thin sn phm. +Tnh ch t nguyn liu u v sn phm khc nhau, iu n y dn n s khc nhau v cc ch t gy nhim NT ca cc loi h nh cng ngghip. +Phng thc hot ng ca tng c s cng nghip nh lm vic theo chu k hay s ca lm vic trong ngy. +Gi thnh nc cp v gi thnh x l nc a phng, nhng ni gi thnh nc cao i hi phi s dng tit kim v lng NT gim. Cch tt nht gim lng nc cp l xy dng h thng cp nc tun hon khp kn.
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+Duy tr thnh ph n mui c nh ca nc trong h thng cp nc tun hon bng cch ly ra mt phn nc vi mc ch loi mui mt phn hay ho n ton ph n nc v tun hon nc khng c mui vo h thng cp nc tun ho n. Phng nga, gim lng NT v cc ch t gy nhim nc l phng php tch cc v ch ng. Phng php ny i vo bn cht ca qu trnh cng ngh, kim tra qu trnh SX, ngun nguyn liu, tm nguyn nhn, ngun pht sinh ra NT, t c cc bin php gii quyt tn gc cc cht gy nhim nc, phn lung cc dng thi gy nhim v khi cn thit x l cc b cc dng ny vi mt lng nh. u: gim lng nc s dng, gim lng NT cn x l, gim ti lng cc cht gy nhim, hiu qu kinh t cao do gim cho ph x l NT. lm sch NT cng nghip c th s dng mt trong cc loi cng trnh x l sau: x l cc b (x l ti xng), x l chung (ti trm x l chung ca nh my), x l tp trung cho c thnh ph hay khu vc. Trong cng nghip ha cht thng t khi x l tp trung. +X l cc b: c dng l sch NT t cc thit b hay phn xng. C th thu ji c nhng cht c gi tr nn ngi ta thng s dng phng php lm sch nh lng, tuyn ni, trch ly, chng, hp ph trao i ion,... x l cc b, dng thi cn c phn lung tt. X l cc b ch cn x l lng NT nh vi hm lng cht nhim cao, trnh c hin tng lm long vi cc dng th i khc trc khi a vo x l tp trung. +X l chung: dng x l NT ca ton nh my. Nhng c s sn xut ha cht, ha du thng c trang b cc cng trnh x l loi ny. +X l tp trung thnh ph: Nhim v chnh l lm sch c hc v sinh hc i vi NT. Nc sau khi x l th cp c kh trng bng clo hoc ozon trc khi thi ra ngun nc t nhin. Bn cn sau khi phi kh c th lm phn bn nu giu N, P, K hoc chn lp, thiu h y. Trm x l tp trung ca th nh ph dng x l NT th bao gm NTSH v nc thi cng nghip sau khi x l cc b.
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7.10. Mt s v d
7.10.1. Nc thi trong cng nghip phn bn ha hc 7.10.1.1. Cc cng on sn xut phn m, ngun gc NT 7.10.1.2. Cc cng on sn xut phn ln, ngun gc NT 7.10.1.3. Cc cng on sn xut phn kali, ngun gc NT 7.10.1.4. c im chung v nh hng n MT ca NT ca ngnh SX phn bn 7.10.1.5. XLNT ngnh phn bn 7.10.2. Nc thi trong cng nghip thuc da 7.10.2.1. Cng ngh v ngun pht sinh NT 7.10.2.2. Cc phng n XLNT 7.10.3. Nc thi trong cng nghip dt nhum 7.10.3.1. Cng ngh v ngun pht sinh NT 7.10.3.2. Cc phng n ngn nga v gimNT 7.10.3.3. Cc phng n XLNT 7.10.4. Nc thi trong cng nghip giy 7.10.4.1. Cng ngh v ngun pht sinh NT 7.10.4.2. Cc phng n ngn nga v gimNT 7.10.4.3. Cc phng n XLNT 7.10.5. Nc thi trong cng ngh sn xut bia 7.10.5.1. Cng ngh v ngun pht sinh NT 7.10.5.2. Cc phng n ngn nga v gimNT 7.10.5.3. Cc phng n XLNT 7.10.6. Nc thi trong cng nghip luyn kim, gia cng kim loi 7.10.6.1. Cng ngh v ngun pht sinh NT 7.10.6.2. Cc phng n ngn nga v gimNT 7.10.6.3. Cc phng n XLNT
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Ti liu tham kho: Trnh Th Thanh, Trn Ym, ng Kim Loan, Gio trnh cng ngh mi trng, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni Trn c H, X l nc thi th, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 2006 Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc t hi cng nghip, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 1998 Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut Vin Cng ngh mi trng, S tay cng ngh x l nc thi cng nghip, 2009
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