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PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

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PERMATAKU
Sat urday , March 31, 2012

MASYARAKAT MAJMUK
D a l a mi s t i l a hb a h a s aI n g g e r i ss o c i e t yi a i t u m a s y a r a k a tb e r m a k s u ds e k e l o m p o km a n u s i ay a n gm e m b e n t u k s e b u a hs i s t e mi n t e r a k s is o s i a ld im a n as e b a h a g i a n b e s a ri n t e r a k s iy a n gb e r l a k ud a l a ml i n g k u n g a ns i s t e m s o s i a li t ua d a l a hl a h i rd a r i p a d ai n d i v i d u i n d i v i d u y a n gb e r a d ad a l a mk e l o m p o kt e r s e b u t . S e l a i ni t u , m a s y a r a k a ta d a l a hs e b u a hk o m u n i t iy a n gs a l i n g m e m e r l u k a na n t a r as a t us a m al a i nd a ns e c a r au m u m n y a i s t i l a hm a s y a r a k a tp a d aa s a s n y aa d a l a hm e r u j u kk e p a d a s e k u m p u l a nm a n u s i ay a n gh i d u pb e r s e m a d id is e s u a t u t e m p a tt e r t e n t ud a l a ms e s e b u a hk o m u n i t iy a n gt e r a t u r s e r t ab e r k o n g s is u m b e ry a n ga d ad a l a mk a w a s a n t e r s e b u t . M a n a k a l a m e r u j u k K a m u s D e w a n ( 2 0 0 5 ) , m a s y a r a k a t i a l a h k u m p u l a n m a n u s i a y a n g h i d u p d i s e s u a t u t e m p a t d e n g a n a t u r a n d a n c a r a t e r t e n t u . k u m p u l a n t e r s e b u t . k e c i l . H u b u n g a n A n g g o t a m a s y a r a k a t k h u s u s n y a , t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a i n d i v i d u , k e l u a r g a d a n k u m p u l a n b e r s e m u k a m e r u p a k a nj a r i n g a ne r a ty a n gw u j u dd ik a l a n g a na n g g o t a S e b a g a i c o n t o h k e g i a t a n g o t o n g r o y o n g , b e r s a m a s a m a m e r a y a k a n s e s u a t u p e r a y a a n , b e r k u m p u l m e n y a m b u tp e m b e s a ry a n gd a t a n gm e n g u n j u n g i ,m e n g h a d i r i k e n d u r i , m a j l i s p e r k a h w i n a n , m e m b a n t u m e r e k a y a n g d i t i m p a m a l a p e t a k a a t a u m e n z i a r a h i j i r a n y a n g s a k i t t e n a ta t a ut e l a hm e n i n g g a ld u n i aa d a l a hp o l ah u b u n g a n s o s i a ly a n gb e r u l a n gt e r b i n ad a r i p a d ap e r g a u l a n .S a t u u n i ts o s i a la k a nt e r b i n ad a r i p a d ak e k e r a p a np e r g a u l a n k e r a n a k e s e p a d u a n d a l a m s e s e b u a h m a s y a r a k a t . C o n t o h y a n gt e r b a i ki a l a hn e g a r ak i t aM a l a y s i ay a n gm e m p u n y a i h u b u n g a n h a r m o n i s a n t a r a p e l b a g a i k u m p u l a n e t n i k k e r a n a d a p a t m e m b i n a s e b u a h m a s y a r a k a t M a l a y s i a y a n g t e g u h . D is a m p i n gi t u ,d e f i n i s il a i nt e n t a n gm a s y a r a k a t i a l a h k u m p u l a n m a n u s i a y a n g m e n e t a p b e r s a m a s a m a d i s e s u a t u t e m p a t d e n g a n m e n g i k u t p e r a t u r a n d a n c a r a t e r t e n t u . S e m e n t e l a h m a s y a r a k a t t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a b e b e r a p a k a u m a t a u b a n g s a . K e s a t u a n a t a u d a l a m k o n t e k s m a s y a r a k a t y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a b e b e r a p a k u m p u l a ne t n i km a k at e r b e n t u km a j m u k . P e l b a g a ir u m p u n b a n g s a m e m b e n t u k s a t u k e s a t u a n k h u s u s n y a d a l a m a s p e k p o l i t i k , e k o n o n i d a n s o s i a l d i s e s u a t u t e m p a t b a g i m e m b e n t u k s a t u k u m p u l a n y a n g b e r s a t u p a d u a d a l a h d i k e n a l is e b a g a im a s y a r a k a tm a j m u k . P l u r a l s o c i e t y i s t i l a h d a l a m b a h a s a I n g g e r i s i a i t u m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k b e r m a k s u d p e l b a g a i k a u m a t a u
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Followers About Me

Noraini Shariff Teacher at Sekolah Rendah Matang Gerdu,Bagan Serai,Perak Darul Ridzuan. Studies at Universiti Perguruan Sultan Idris (UPSI). View my complete profile
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2012 (8) March (8) TEORI PSIKOANALISIS TEORI HIERARKI KEPERLUAN MASLOW TEORI REALITI TEORI PEMBELAJARAN TINGKAH LAKU MIKRO PENGAJARAN KATA NAMA 1 MIKRO PENGAJARAN BM TAHUN 4 MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

3/18/2014

PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

m u l t i r a c i a l s o c i e t y y a n g m e r u j u k k e p a d a s u a s a n a k e p e l b a g a i a n b a n g s a y a n g b e r s a m a s a m a a t a u b e r k o n g s i h i d u p d a n t i n g g a l d a l a m s e b u a h n e g a r a y a n g s a m a . D e f i n i s im a s y a r a k a tm a j m u km e n u r u tK a m u sD e w a na d a l a h m a s y a r a k a ty a n gt e r d i r id a r i p a d ab e b e r a p ak a u m . T h e D e v e l o p m e n t O f a P l u r a l S o c i e t y I n M a l a y a a d a l a h s e b u a h b u k u G r a h a m S a u n d e r s d i m a n a b e l i a u m e n y a t a k a n b a h a w a m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a p e l b a g a ib a n g s ay a n gm e m b e n t u ks a t uk e p e n d u d u k a ny a n g h i d u p s e b a g a i k o m u n i t i k o m u n i t i y a n g b e r a s i n g a n . P a d ap a n d a n g a nG r a h a mS a u n d e r s ,t e r d a p a tt i g ak a u md i T a n a hM e l a y ui a i t uM e l a y u ,C i n ad a nI n d i ab u k a ns a h a j a t e r p i s a h d a r i s e g i a d a t , m a k a n a n d a n p a k a i a n m a l a h j u g ap e k e r j a a nd a nt e m p a tt i n g g a l . T h eS o c i o l o g yO fT h eT h i r d w o r l d h a s i lp e n u l i s a n J . E . G o l d t h o r p es e o r a n gs a r j a n ad a l a mb i d a n gs o s i o l o g i m e n y a t a k a n p e n d a p a t t e n t a n g m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k l e b i h k u r a n gs a m ad e n g a nk e d u a d u as a r j a n as e b e l u mi n ii a i t u k e w u j u d a n m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k s e j a j a r d e n g a n p e n j a j a h y a n g d a t a n g k e T a n a h M e l a y u p a d a m a s a d u l u t e l a h m e m b a w a m a s u k s e m u a k a u m p e k e r j a a nd is i n i . M e r u j u kk e p a d ak e a d a a nm a s y a r a k a td iB u r m a , I n d o n e s i ad a nM a l a y s i aj u g at e r d a p a tm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u k .A n t a r ac i r i c i r im a s y a r a k a tm a j m u kd iM a l a y s i ai a l a h k e p e l b a g a i a nb u d a y a ,p e m i s a h a nf i z i k a l ,p e n g e n a l a n k a u mm e l a l u ip e k e r j a a n ,k e k u r a n g a nk o n t r a ks o s i a ld a n w u j u d n y as a t uk u m p u l a ne t n i ky a n gd o m i n a nd a r is e g i p o l i t i k .
B e b e r a p ak e l o m p o kb a n g s aa t a uk a u my a n gt i n g g a ld a l a ms a t u k a w a s a np o l i t i ks e b a g a is a t um a s y a r a k a tt e t a p ih i d u pt e r p i s a h k e r a n am e n g a m a l k a nc a r ah i d u p ,a d a td a nk e p e r c a y a a ny a n gb e r b e z a d e n g a nb a n g s ay a n gl a i nj u g am e r u p a k a ns e b u a hm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u k .

u n t u k m e m e n u h i p e l u a n g

P a d as e k i t a ra b a dk e 1 9 ,m a s y a r a k a td iT a n a hM e l a y ui a i t u M a l a y s i ad i d o m i n a s io l e hd u ab a n g s ay a n gb e r b e z as e l a i n d a r i p a d am a s y a r a k a tM e l a y uy a n gm e n j a d it u a nk e p a d a w i l a y a hT a n a hM e l a y uy a n gp a d ak e t i k ai t ui a i t uk a u mI n d i ad a n
C i n a T a n a hM e l a y ut e l a hm e n g a l a m ip e r u b a h a np o l i t i k ,s o s i a ld a n e k o n o m ip a d aa b a dk e 1 9 . S e m e n t e l a hp e r u b a h a np o l i t i kt e l a h m e n y e b a b k a np e r u b a h a ns o s i a l . K e d a t a n g a no r a n gC i n ad a nI n d i ak e T a n a hM e l a y ut e l a hm e m p e r k e m b a n g k a np e r u s a h a a nb i j i ht i m a hd a n g e t a h . T e r d a p a ts a t ul a g ik u m p u l a np e n d a t a n gk eT a n a hM e l a y ui a i t u o r a n gI n d o n e s i ay a n gt e r d i r id a r i p a d ap e n d a t a n g p e n d a t a n ga s i n g d a r iK a l i m a n t a n ,J a w a ,S u m a t e r a ,S u l a w e s i ,R i a ud a nl a i n l a i n k e p u l a u a nI n d o n e s i am e n u r u td a r ib e l a k a n gs e t e l a hk e d a t a n g a no r a n g I n d i ad a nC i n a .

K O N S E PM A S Y A R A K A TM A J M U K S e b u a h m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k m e r u p a k a n s a t u m a s y a r a k a t y a n g m u n c u l a k i b a t d a r i p a d a d a s a r d a s a r k o l o n i a l d i m a n a p e n g h i j r a h a n p e n d u d u k m e n g i k u t k e h e n d a k k e h e n d a ks i s t e me k o n o m i ,p o l i t i kd a ns o s i a l , m e n u r u t J . S . F u r n i v a l l ( 1 9 3 9 ) . O l e h i t u , i a t e l a h m e w u j u d k a n k e l o m p o k k e l o m p o k y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a p e l b a g a i r a g a m d a l a m s a t u k e l o m p o k u n i t p o l i t i k . K e l o m p o k k e l o m p o k p e l b a g a i r a g a m d a l a m s e b u a h
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PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

m a s y a r a k a tm a j m u ki t ub e r c a m p u rt e t a p it i d a kb e r g a b u n g t a m b a hJ . S . F u r n i v a l ll a g i . A g a m a ,k e b u d a y a a n ,b a h a s a , i d e a i d e a d a n c a r a c a r a k e h i d u p a n s e n d i r i a d a l a h c i r i c i r i p e g a n g a n k u a t s e t i a p k e l o m p o k . M a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a p e l b a g a i k o m u n i t i h i d u p s e c a r a b e r d e k a t a n t e t a p i t e r p i s a h d a l a m u n i t p o l i t i k y a n g s a m a . D a l a m b i d a n g e k o n o m i p u l a , s i s t e m p e m b a h a g i a nb u r u ha d a l a hb e r a s a s k a nr a sd im a n as e t i a p r a sd a l a mm a s y a r a k a ti t um e m p u n y a if u n g s i f u n g s iy a n g b e r l a i n a n . B e b e r a p a t i n d a k a n p e m e r i n t a h I n g g e r i s t e r h a d a p k e d a t a n g a n o r a n g o r a n g a s i n g k e T a n a h M e l a y u t e l a h d i g u b a l d a l a m d a s a r I n g g e r i s . b a g a i m a n a I n g g e r i s m e m b a n t u P e n e n t u a n p e r s o a l a n m e w u j u d k a n m a s y a r a k a t

m a j m u k d i M a l a y s i a j u g a t e r d a p a t d a l a m d a s a r i n i . K e s a n t e r h a d a p p e m a j m u k a n r a s m e r a n g k u m i p e l b a g a i a s p e k d a l a m p o l i t i k d a n s o s i a l . T e r d a p a t b e b e r a p a h u r a i a nd a r i p a d ad a s a rI n g g e r i si a i t u: i .P o l i t i k D a s a r i m i g r a s i I n g g e r i s b e r b e n t u k b e b a s i a i t u t i d a km e m p u n y a is e k a t a nt e r h a d a pk e m a s u k a no r a n ga s i n g t e l a h b e r l a k u s e j a k t a h u n 1 8 7 4 . S i s t e m s i s t e m k e m a s u k a n s e p e r t i k o n t r a k d a n b e b a s a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n c a r a c a r ao r a n gI n g g e r i sm e n g g a l a k k a nk e m a s u k a no r a n g a s i n g k e T a n a h M e l a y u . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 3 0 a n , I n g g e r i s m e m p e r k e t a t k a nd a nm e n g u a t k u a s ad a s a ri m i g r a s id e n g a n b e r t i n d a km e n g h a n t a rp u l a n go r a n g o r a n gi m i g r a nb a l i k k e n e g a r a a s a l m e r e k a . P e r k a r a i n i a m a t b e r b e z a d e n g a n t i n d a k a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h o r a n g I n g g e r i s k e p a d a p e n d a t a n g a s i n g k e T a n a h M e l a y u s e b e l u m n y a . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 3 0 a n j u g a u n d a n g u n d a n g i m i g r a s i m e n g h a l a n g k e m a s u k a n b a r u o r a n g a s i n g k e T a n a hM e l a y u . T i a d as e k a t a nt e r h a d a pk e m a s u k a no r a n g a s i n g k e T a n a h M e l a y u s e b e l u m u n d a n g u n d a n g i m i g r a s i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 3 0 a n k e r a n a k e p e r l u a n I n g g e r i s u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n t e n a g a b u r u h b a g i m e r a n c a k k a n e k o n o m i p e r l o m b o n g a n ,p e l a d a n g a nd a np e m b i n a a np r a s a r a n ab a r u s e p e r t ip e m b i n a a nj a l a nk e r e t aa p id a nj a l a nr a y a . K e w u j u d a n j a b a t a n P e l i n d u n g a nO r a n gA s i n ga d a l a h u n t u km e l i n d u n g ip a r ab u r u hi m i g r a nd a r i p a d ad i t i n d a s d a n d i a n i a y a o l e h k o n g s i g e l a p m a h u p u n m a j i k a n . J a b a t a n P e l i n d u n g a n O r a n g A s i n g y a n g d i l i n d u n g i o l e h p e m e r i n t a h m e n u n j u k k k a n I n g g e r i s t e r h a d a p b u r u h b u r u h k e r a j a a n a s i n g I n g g e r i s s e o l a h o l a h

m e n g g a l a k k a n k e m a s u k a n b u r u h a s i n g . d a s a r k e r a j a a n I n g g e r i s

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k e h i l a n g a n b u r u h b a g i m e n j a n a e k o n o m i T a n a h M e l a y u . K e w u j u d a n u n d a n g u n d a n g b u r u h y a n g m e m e r l u k a n p a r a m a j i k a n u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n k e m u d a h a n y a n g s e p a t u t n y a k e p a d ab u r u hi m i g r a nd i p e r k u k u h k a nl a g id e n g a na d a n y a J a b a t a nP e l i n d u n g a nO r a n gA s i n g . J a b a t a nP e l i n d u n g a n O r a n gA s i n gb u k a ns a h a j am e n g g a l a k k a nk e m a s u k a nb u r u h a s i n gt e t a p im e n g g a l a k k a nm e r e k au n t u kt i d a kp u l a n gk e n e g a r a n e g a r a a s a l . a s a l P a d a m e r e k a t a h u n d a n 1 9 2 7 1 9 3 2 s e w a k t u k e p a d a k e m e l e s e t a ne k o n o m io r a n g o r a n ga s i n gh e n d a kp u l a n gk e m e n j a d i m a s a l a h p e m e r i n t a hI n g g e r i s . M e r u j u k d a s a r d a s a r p e m e r i n t a h a n I n g g e r i s
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PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

m e m b u k t i k a n b a h a w a k e w u j u d a n m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k d i n e g a r a i n i a d a l a h h a s i l p e l a k s a n a a n d a s a r y a n g b e r k e h e n d a k a n b u r u h i m i g r a n b a g i m e n j a n a e k o n o m i d a n m e m b o l e h k a n p e n j a j a h m e n d a p a t k e u n t u n g a n e k o n o m i d e n g a nt i d a km e n g a m b i lk i r ap e r m a s a l a h a ny a n gd i h a d a p i o l e hm a s y a r a k a tp r i b u m i . i i . E k o n o m i

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p e l o m b o n g a nb i j i ht i m a ht e l a hb a n y a km e n d o r o n gk e p a d a w u j u d n y a s i s t e m e k o n o m i m o d e n b e r t e r a s k a n i n d u s t r i b e r a s a s k a n b u r u h . O l e h i t u , k e p e r l u a n p e m o d e n a n p r a s a r a n ab a r um e m e r l u k a nt e n a g ab u r u hd a nb e r l a k u l a h k e m a s u k a nb u r u h b u r u ha s i n g . i i i .S o s i a l D a s a r p e n d i d i k a n p e m e r i n t a h a n I n g g e r i s l e b i h m e n j u r u s k a n a s p e k p e n e k a n a n . D a s a r i n i m e n j e l a s k a n

b a g a i m a n a w u j u d n y a m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k d i M a l a y s i a . I n g g e r i s m e n g g a l a k k a n p e r b e z a a n k a u m d a n m e l e b a r k a n l a g ij u r a n gp e r p a d u a nd iM a l a y s i ai a i t um e l a l u id a s a r p e n d i d i k a ny a n gb e r t e r a s k a nn e g a r ai b u n d a . O l e hi t u , k i t a d a p a t m e l i h a t t i n d a k a n I n g g e r i s y a n g t i d a k m e n y e r a g a m k a ns u k a t a np e n d i d i k a nd a np e n d i d i k a ng u r u . D e n g a nk e w u j u d a ns u k a t a np e n d i d i k a ny a n gb e r b e z as e r t a k e p e r l u a n g u r u b e r a s a s k a n t i n d a k a n k o m u n i t i s e t i a p k a u m d i M a l a y s i a t e l a h m e n i n g g a l k a n k e s a n k e a d a a n i n i . S e t i a p k a u m m e n g a m b i l i n i s i a t i fm e n g i k u ts u k a t a n p e n d i d i k a n s e r t a m e n g a m b i l g u r u d a r i n e g a r a a s a l m e r e k a . I n i j e l a s m e n u n j u k k a n b a h a w a I n g g e r i s t i d a k a g e n d a b a g i m e n g h a l a n g p e n d i d i k a n k e t i d a k s e r a g a m a n k e m a h i r a n b a g i m e m p u n y a i M e l a y u

d a l a md a s a rp e n d i d i k a nm e r e k a . S e m e n t e l a ho r a n g o r a n g h a n y a m e n d a p a t m e n g e r j a k a n k e r j a k e r j a s a r a d i r i s a h a j a d a n t i d a k d i b e r i p e l u a n g u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n k e m a h i r a n d a n i l m u a k a d e m i k . k e a d a a n A n a k a n a k p a r a b a n g s a w a n M e l a y u d i k h a s k a n J u s t e r u , l a g i d a s a r i n i s e b e n a r n y a m e n g g a l a k k a n m e n d a p a t k a n k e m a h i r a n d a n i l m u a k a d e m i k .

k e m a s u k a no r a n ga s i n gk e r a n am e r e k at a h ub a h a w am e r e k a m a s i h l a g i m e m p e r o l e h i p e n d i d i k a n w a l a u p u n d i n e g a r a a s i n g . O l e h i t u , i n i m e n j e l a s k a n b a h a w a I n g g e r i s s e b e n a r n y a m e n g g a l a k k a n k e m a s u k a n m e r e k a d a n m e n j a g a k e b a j i k a nm e r e k ab a g ik e u n t u n g a ne k o n o m ip e n j a j a h . D i M a l a y s i a , e t n i k m e r u p a k a n s e k e l o m p o k m a n u s i a y a n gm e n g a m a l k a nb u d a y ay a n gh a m p i rs e r a g a m ,t e r m a s u k a d a t r e s a m , p a k a i a n , b a h a s a d a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i a d a l a hm e r u p a k a nk o n s e pm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u ky a n gm e r u j u k k e p a d a e t n i k . b e r k a i t r a p a t . K o n s e p k o n s e p r a s d a n b a n g s a a d a l a h J u s t e r u i t u , m e n u r u t M a n s o r A b d u l k o n s e p e t n i k y a n g m e m p u n y a i p e n g e r t i a n d a n s a l i n g R a h m a n & M o h a m a d A i n u d d i n ( 2 0 0 6 ) , r a s d a n b a n g s a
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PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

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s i f a t s i f a t b i o l o g i i a i t u k e t u r u n a n d a n p e r t a l i a n d a r a h y a n g s a m a a n t a r a s e s a m a m a n u s i a . p e l b a g a ik e l o m p o ke t n i ky a n gh i d u pb e r l a i n a nt e t a p id i b a w a h s i s t e m p o l i t i k y a n g s a m a m e r u p a k a n k o n t e k s m a s y a r a k a tm a j m u kM a l a y s i a . P e r b e z a a nb u d a y ad a p a tm e n g e l a s k a ne t n i k . C i r i c i r i b u d a y a s e p e r t i a d a t r e s a m , p o l a k e l u a r g a , p a k a i a n , p o l i t i k , p a n d a n g a n m e n g e n a i k e c a n t i k a n , o r i e n t a s i k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d a n h i b u r a n m e m b e z a k a n

e t n i k . E t n i k d i M a l a y s i a t e r d i r i d a r i p a d a o r a n g M e l a y u , C i n a , I n d i a , K a d a z a n D u s u n , M e l a n a u d a n p e l b a g a i b a n g s a l a i n . P a d a d a s a r n y a , e t n i k b e r s i k a p e t n o s e n t r i k i a i t u m e n g a n g g a p c i r i c i r i b u d a y a n y a s e b a g a i w a j a r , b e t u l d a n l e b i h u t a m a d a r i p a d a b u d a y a e t n i kl a i ny a n gd i p a n d a n gr e n d a hs e r t ad i a n g g a pg a n j i l a t a u p u nb e r a d ap a d at a h a pr e n d a ha t a ut i d a kb e r m o r a l . K o n s e p e t n i s i t i d a n e t n o s e n t r i s m e d i b e n t u k d a r i p a d ak o n s e pe t n i k . R a s ak e k i t a a ns e s u a t uk u m p u l a n e t n i k t e r t e n t u d i r u j u k k e p a d a e t n i s i t i . O l e h s e b a b i t u , w u j u d l a h s a t u k e b u d a y a a n a t a u s u b b u d a y a y a n g j e l a sm e n y a t u k a na n g g o t a n y ad a l a ms a t us e j a r a h ,n i l a i , s i k a p d a n t i n g k a h l a k u y a n g s a m a . K e p e r c a y a a n a t a u r a s ab a n g g ay a n gw u j u dd a l a mk a l a n g a na n g g o t as e s e b u a h k e l o m p o k e t n i k d i r u j u k k e p a d a e t n o s e n t r i s m e i a i t u b u d a y a d a n e t n i s i t i m e r e k a a d a l a h j a u h l e b i h b a i k s e r t ah e b a td a r i p a d ak e l o m p o kl a i n . S u a t up e r s p e k t i f y a n g m e l i h a t k e l o m p o k e t n i k l a i n m e n e r u s i l e n s a d a n k a c a m a t a e t n i k s e n d i r i a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n d e f i n i s i e t n o s e n t r i s m ej u g a . K o n s e p k o n s e p r a s d a n e t n i k k e r a p k a l i d i c a m p u r a d u ks e h i n g g am a k n a n y al e b i hk u r a n gs a m ad iM a l a y s i a . D i S a b a h d a n S a r a w a k , o r a n g M e l a y u , C i n a d a n I n d i a s e r t ap e l b a g a ie t n i kl a i ns e p a t u t n y ad i k e n a l is e b a g a i e t n i k ,j u g ad i p a n g g i lr a sd a l a mk e h i d u p a ns e h a r i a n . R a s s o s i a l b o l e h y a n g d i k a t a k a n s e b a g a i s e b u a h k e l o m p o k k o l e k t i f m e m p u n y a i t a n d a p e n g e n a l a n

b e r a s a s k a n c i r i c i r i f i z i k a l b i o l o g i c a l y a n g n y a t a s e p e r t i w a r n a k u l i t , w a r n a m a t a , w a r n a r a m b u t d a n s e b a g a i n y a . W a r n a k u l i t a d a l a h c i r i y a n g p a l i n g k e t a r au n t u km e m b e z a k a nk u m p u l a nm a n u s i a . P a n d a n g a n , p e m i k i r a n a t a u k e p e r c a y a a n n e g a t i f o l e h s e s u a t u k e l o m p o k s o s i a l a t a u p a r a a n g g o t a n y a t e r h a d a p s e s u a t u k e l o m p o k l a i n b e r d a s a r k a n p e r b e z a a n w a j a h f i z i k a l b i o l o g i k a l a t a u r a s s e m a t a m a t a d a n d i t u n j u k k a n t i n d a k a n s e c a r a t e r b u k a m e l a l u i p e r i l a k u a t a u s e b a g a i r a s i s m e . t e r b u k a d i t a k r i f k a n

G a b u n g a np r e j u d i sd a nk u a s ay a n gd i a r t i k u l a s im e l a l u i d i s k r i m i n a s i b e r a s a s k a n w a r n a k u l i t d a n c i r i c i r i f i z i k a lb i o l o g i c a ly a n gl a i ni a l a hr a s i s m ej u g a . T a h a p i n d i v i d u d a n t a h a p i n s t i t u s i a d a l a h d u a t a h a p y a n g w u j u d d a r i p a d a r a s i s m e . R a s i s m e y a n g b e r l a k ud a l a mb e n t u kk e p e r c a y a a na d a l a ht a h a pi n d i v i d u d i m a n a w u j u d n y a r a s t e r t e n t u y a n g b e r s t a t u s l e b i h t i n g g i d a n r a s y a n g b e r s t a t u s l e b i h r e n d a h . P a d a p e r i n g k a t i n d i v i d u r a s i s m e , w u j u d d a l a m b e n t u k k e p e r c a y a a n d a n s i k a p i n d i v i d u . R a s i s m e t a h a p
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PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

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b e r s i f a t d i s k r i m i n a s i , s e t e r u s n y a m e m b e n t u k k e t i d a k s a m a a n b a g i m a s y a r a k a t d a r i p a d a r a s y a n g b e r b e z a . P a d a t a h a p i n s t i t u s i r a s i s m e i a d a p a t d i l i h a ts e c a r at e r s i r a td a l a ms t r u k t u rs o s i a l . D e f i n i s ib u d a y ai a l a hk e m a j u a nf i k i r a n ,a k a lb u d i a t a uc a r ab e r f i k i rd a nb e r k e l a k u a nm e r u j u kK a m u sD e w a n ( 2 0 0 5 ) . d a n S e l a i n i t u , b u d a y a d i d e f i n i s i k a n s e b a g a i s i s t e m s o s i a l , s u s u n a n o r g a n i s a s i s u a t uc a r ah i d u py a n gd i a m a l k a no l e hk u m p u l a nt e r t e n t u m e l i p u t i e k o n o m i , p o l i t i k , a g a m a , k e p e r c a y a a n , a d a t r e s a m , s i k a pd a nn i l a i . B u d a y a d i b a h a g i k a n k e l e n g k a p a n k e b e n d a a n d a r i p a d a h i d u p d a n b u d a y a b u k a n k e b e n d a a n d a n p e r a h u , b u d a y a . P e r a l a t a n

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s e n j a t ad a ns e b a g a i n y aa d a l a hb u d a y ak e b e n d a a n . O r a n g M e l a y u m e m p u n y a i r u m a h y a n g r e k a b e n t u k n y a b e r b e z a d a r i p a d a o r a n g I n g g e r i s a t a u o r a n g E s k i m o a d a l a h s e b a g a i c o n t o h . u n d a n g u n d a n g K e p e r c a y a a n , a d a t i s t i a d a t d a n A d a t a d a l a h b u d a y a b u k a n k e b e n d a a n .

i s t i a d a td i j a l a n k a ns e c a r at e r s e n d i r id a l a mk e h i d u p a n o l e h s e t i a p m a s y a r a k a t . A d a t p e r k a h w i n a n m a s y a r a k a t M e l a y u , p i h a k l e l a k i m e m b e r i h a n t a r a n k e p a d a p i h a k p e r e m p u a n m a n a k a l a b a g i m a s y a r a k a t I n d i a h a n t a r a n p e r k a h w i n a n d i b e r i k a n o l e h p i h a k p e r e m p u a n k e p a d a p i h a k l e l a k i . F a k t o r a g a m a p e n t i n g d a l a m b u d a y a M e l a y uk e r a n aa g a m ab u k a ns a h a j ad i a n g g a ps e b a g a is a t u s i s t e m k e p e r c a y a a a n s e m a t a m a t a t e t a p i j u g a s e b a g a i s a t up e r l e m b a g a a nh i d u py a n gm e l i p u t ik e p e r c a y a a nd a n a m a l a nh i d u p . A l a tk o m u n i k a s ip e n t i n gd a l a mb a h a s a . S e b a g a ip e t u n j u kj a l a n ,a d a tr e s a mj u g am u s t a h a kb a g i s e s e o r a n gd a l a mm e n g e n d a l i k a nh i d u pb e r m a s y a r a k a td a n b e r b u d a y a . D a l a m p e m b e n t u k a n s e s u a t u b u d a y a , t e r b a h a g i

k e p a d ad u ap e r a n a nu t a m ai a i t um e m b i n ai m e jn e g a r ak e a r a h m e w u j u d k a n k e p e r i b a d i a n s e r t a i d e n t i t i d a n m e m u p u kk e s e d a r a nk e b a n g s a a nd a nk e n e g a r a a nb e r c i r i k a n k e r o h a n i a n , k e m a n u s i a a n , s p i r i t u a l d a n m e n t a l . A s p e k c a r ap e n g e n d a l i a nh i d u pa d a l a hb u d a y ay a n gm e m b e r i k a n i d e n t i t i k e p a d a s e s u a t u k e l o m p o k . D a r i p a d a s a t u k e t u r u n a n k e p a d a s a t u k e t u r u n a n u n t u k m e w a r i s i b u d a y a . M e n u r u t M o h d T a i b O s m a n ( 1 9 8 8 ) , b u d a y a d i k a t a k a n s e b a g a i s a t u h i m p u n a n k e l e n g k a p a n i n t e l e k t u a l d a n k e b e n d a a n y a n g d a p a t m e m e n u h i k e h e n d a k b i o l o g i d a n k e m a s y a r a k a t a n s e r t a d a p a t m e n y e s u a i k a n n y ad e n g a nk e a d a a ns e k e l i l i n g . K o n s e p m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k k e p a d a m a s y a r a k a t

c a m p u r a ny a n gb e r b i l a n gb a n g s ai a i t ut e r d i r id a r i p a d a b e r b a g a i r a s a a t a u e t n i k y a n g b e r a d a d i b a w a h s a t u p e m e r i n t a h a n ,m e n u r u tJ . S . F u r n i v a l . s e b e n a r k u m p u l a n . i .M e l a y u K u m p u l a n e t n i k t e r b e s a r d i M a l a y s i a i a l a h k a u m
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M e l a y u i a i t u m e r a n g k u m i l e b i h 5 0 p e r a t u s p e n d u d u k n e g a r a . O r a n g M e l a y u d i M a l a y s i a a d a l a h m e r u j u k k e p a d a o r a n g y a n g m e n g a m a l k a n k e b u d a y a a n M e l a y u , b e r b a h a s a M e l a y u d a n m e m p u n y a i k e t u r u n a n M e l a y u . S i k a p p e r a m a h d a n b u d a y a s e n i y a n g s a n g a t k a y a m e n y e b a b k a no r a n gM e l a y ut e r k e n a l . P a d a d a s a r n y a , o r a n g M e l a y u m e r u p a k a n p e n g a n u t a g a m a I s l a m . P e n d u d u k l u a r b a n d a r d i S e m e n a n j u n g p a d am a s al a l us e b a h a g i a nb e s a ra d a l a ho r a n gM e l a y u . S e j a k t a h u n 1 9 7 0 a n s e h i n g g a k i n i k e a d a a n t e r s e b u t m u l a b e r u b a h k e r a n a p r o s e s p e n g h i j r a h a n k e b a n d a r . K e b a n y a k a n y a n g t e r l i b a t d a l a m a k t i v i t i e k o n o m i p e r t a n i a nd a np e r i k a n a n ,s a m aa d ad a l a ms k a l ak e c i l k e c i l a n a t a u s e c a r a k o m e r s i a l m a s i h t i n g g a l d i l u a r b a n d a r . a w a m , P e l b a g a is e k t o rs e p e r t is e k t o rp e r k h i d m a t a n s e k t o r s w a s t a , s e k t o r p e r d a g a n g a n d a n

p e r n i a g a a n m e l i b a t k a n s e b a h a g i a n b e s a r e t n i k M e l a y u d ib a n d a r . i i .C i n a G o l o n g a n e t n i k k e d u a t e r b e s a r d i S e m e n a n j u n g i a l a ho r a n gC i n a . o l e h m a s y a r a k a t P e l b a g a ia g a m as e p e r t iB u d d h i s m e , i n i . S e k t o r p e r d a g a n g a n d a n K o n f u s i a n i s m e , K r i s t i a n , T a o i s m e d a n I s l a m d i a n u t i p e r k h i d m a t a n a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n t u m p u a n s e b a h a g i a n

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G o l o n g a n e t n i k y a n g k e t i g a t e r b e s a r d i S e m e n a n j u n g i a l a h o r a n g I n d i a . S e b a h a g i a n b e s a r o r a n g I n d i a p a d a m a s a l a l u b e k e r j a d a n m e n e t a p d i e s t e t . T e r d a p a t d i k a l a n g a n m e r e k a p a d a m a s a k i n i y a n g b e r p i n d a h k e b a n d a r b a n d a r d a n m e n e r o k a i p e k e r j a a nd is e k t o rp e r d a g a n g a na t a up e r k h i d m a t a nd a n m e n j a l a n ik e h i d u p a nd ib a n d a r . T e r d a p a tg o l o n g a ns u b e t n i k s e p e r t i o r a n g S i k h , T a m i l , M a l a y a l i d a n S i n g h a l ad a l a mk a t e g o r ie t n i kI n d i a . E t n i kI n d i ad i n e g a r ai n im e r u p a k a np e n g a n u tp e l b a g a ia g a m as e p e r t i H i n d u ,S i k h i s m ed a nI s l a m . E t n i k e n t i kl a i n O r a n g A s l i i a l a h g o l o n g a n e t n i k t e r k e c i l d i S e m e n a n j u n g a n t r o p o l o g i . A s l i . I s l a m . t e t a p i t e r k e n a l d a l a m k a j i a n P e n d u d u k d i k a w a s a n p e n d a l a m a n d i k e p e r c a y a a n o r a n g A s l i a d a l a h d a n

b e b e r a p a n e g e r i d i S e m e n a n j u n g k e b a n y a k a n n y a o r a n g A n u t a n k e p e r c a y a a n t r a d i s i o n a l , a n i m i s m , K r i s t i a n

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m a s y a r a k a t B a b a N y o n y a d i M e l a k a d a n P u l a u P i n a n g , m a s y a r a k a t P o r t u g i s d i M e l a k a d a n T h a i d i b e b e r a p a n e g e r id iu t a r aS e m e n a n j u n gs e l a i no r a n gA s l i . N a m u n m e r e k ay a n gt e r d i r id a r i p a d am a s y a r a k a tm i n o r i t ij u g a m e m p u n y a ib u d a y ay a n gu n i ks e p e r t ib u d a y am a s y a r a k a t B a b aN y o n y a .
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M e n u r u t F u r n i v a l l , d a l a m s e k t o r p e k e r j a a n p u l a t e r d a p a tp e m b a h a g i a nt e n a g ab u r u hy a n gk e t a r am e n g i k u t k a u m . S e t i a p k a u m m e n j a l a n k a n k e g i a t a n p e k e r j a a n t e r t e n t uu n t u km e n c a r is u m b e rp e n d a p a t a nb a g im e n y a r a k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i a n m e r e k a b e r d a s a r k a n k e s e s u a i a n d a n k e m a h i r a n m e r e k a s e n d i r i . C i n a m e n g u r u s k a n B i d a n g p e r t a n i a n d a n d a n p e r d a g a n g a n . T e m p a t p e n a n g k a p a n i k a n d i u r u s o l e h o r a n g M e l a y u d a n o r a n g p e r l o m b o n g a n M a n a k a l ag o l o n g a no r a n gI n d i ap u l am e n g u r u s k a nb i d a n g p e r l a d a n g a n g e t a h d a n p e r l a d a n g a n l a i n . k e d i a m a n b e r l a i n a n d a n c a r a k e r j a y a n g d i l a k u k a n m e n y e b a b k a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i y a n g d i j a l a n k a n j u g a t e r p i s a h . K a w a s a n k a m p u n g b e r h a m p i r a n k a w a s a n p e r t a n i a n d a n p i n g g i r l a u t m e r u p a k a n k a w a s a n t e m p a t t i n g g a l o r a n g M e l a y u , o r a n g C i n a t i n g g a l d i k a w a s a n p e r l o m b o n g a n d a n b a n d a r s e b a g a i p u s a t u n t u k m e n j a l a n k a np e r n i a g a a ns e r t ao r a n gI n d i ap u l at i n g g a l d ie s t e t e s t e td a nl a d a n gk e l a p as a w i t . J u s t e r ut a r a f k e m a j u a n k e t i g a t i g a k a u m b e r b e z a m e n g i k u t j e n i s p e k e r j a a n . S E J A R A H M A L A Y S I A S e b u a h t e m p a t t u m p u a n , p e n g e m b a r a a n , p e l a y a r a n d a n p u s a t p e r d a g a n g a n a d a l a h m e r u p a k a n T a n a h M e l a y u y a n g s u d a h t e n t u n y a p e r n a h m e n j a d i s a t u t e m p a t p e r s i n g g a h a nd a np e n e m p a t a nb a g io r a n g o r a n gd a r i p a d a p e l b a g a i k e b u d a y a a n d a n a s a l u s u l . b a r u d a n a s i n g d i M a l a y s i a . d i t e n t u k a n p a d a z a m a n O l e h i t u k o n s e p p e n c a m p u r a np o p u l a s ib u k a n l a hm e r u p a k a ns a t uf e n o m e n a S t r u k t u r s u s u n a n r a s , k o l o n i a l d a n e t n i k d a n c o r a k p e n e m p a t a n p e n d u d u k m a s a k i n i t e l a h p e r k e m b a n g a n e k s p l o i t a s i o r a n g B r i t i s h d i S e m e n a n j u n g M a l a y s i a a d a l a h m e n u r u t p e n d a p a t k e b a n y a k a n a h l i s e j a r a h d a n a n t r o p o l o g i s o s i a l . Z a m a n p a l i n g p e n t i n g d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n p o l a p o l a e t n i k , e k o n o m i d a n p o l i t i k m a s a k i n i S e m e n a n j u n g M a l a y s i a a d a l a h p a d a t a h u n 1 7 8 6 h i n g g a1 9 1 4 . k e m a j m u k a n P e r k a r ay a n gp e n t i n gd a l a mm e n c o r a k k a n m a s y a r a k a t M a l a y s i a a d a l a h a s p e k K E W U J U D A N M A S Y A R A K A T M A J M U K D I

d e m o g r a f i . B e t a p a u n i k n y a m a s y a r a k a t M a l a y s i a d a r i s e g i k o m p o s i s i e t n i k y a n g t u r u t m e w a r n a i w a j a h s o s i o b u d a y a ,d e m o g r a f ip o l i t i kd a np r o s e sp o l i t i kd i M a l a y s i a d i p e r l i h a t k a n d e m o g r a f i . Z a m a nP e n d u d u k a nI n g g e r i s P a d a O g o s 1 7 8 6 , c a m p u r t a n g a n I n g g e r i s d i T a n a h M e l a y u b e r m u l a a p a b i l a F r a n c i s L i g h t m e n d u d u k i P u l a u P i n a n g m e n y e b a b k a n k e m a s u k a n m i g r a n s e c a r a b e s a r b e s a r a n d a r i l u a r . S e m a s a p e m e r i n t a h a n k o l o n i a l B r i t i s h d i M a l a y s i a d a l a m j a n g k a m a s a y a n g p a n j a n g i a i t u s e l a m a l e b i h s e r a t u s l i m a p u l u h t a h u n b e r m u l a 1 7 8 6h i n g g a1 9 5 7 . M a l a y s i at e l a hd i d u d u k io l e hJ e p u n s e m a s ap e r a n gd u n i ak e d u ad ia n t a r at a h u ni t u . J a n g k a m a s a s i n g k a t i t u d i a n g g a p t i d a k m e m p u n y a i s i g n i f i k a n
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y a n g b e s a r k e p a d a k o m p o s i s i d a n m o b i l i t i p e n d u d u k . O l e h i t u m a s y a r a k a t h o m o g e n i o s M e l a y u T a n a h M e l a y u t e l a h m e n g a l a m i t r a n s f o r m a s i k e p a d a m a s y a r a k a t h e t e r o g e n i o s M a l a y s i a y a n g m e n g a n d u n g i e t n i k e t n i k M e l a y u ,C i n ad a nI n d i as e b a g a ik o m p o n e nu t a m a n y a . P e n d u d u kT a n a hM e l a y ud a nk e p u l a u a nB o r n e ok e t i k a i t ud i d o m i n a s io l e ho r a n gA s l i ,o r a n gM e l a y ud a nk a u m b u m i p u t e r a S a b a h d a n S a r a w a k s e b e l u m k u r u n k e 1 8 . W a k t u i t u m i g r a s i d a r i l u a r j u g a b e r l a k u t e t a p i j u m l a h n y a t e r h a d . M e n u r u t J a m e s P . O n g k i l i , 1 9 8 5 : 4 , t e r d a p a tj u g ak a u mp e n d a t a n gd a r iS u m a t e r a ,I n d o n e s i a n a m u n t i d a k m e n j e j a s k a n c o r a k m a s y a r a k a t k e t i k a i t u k e r a n a k a u m p e n d a t a n g i n i a d a l a h d a r i p a d a r u m p u n b a n g s ay a n gs a m a . P e r u b a h a n d a l a m s t r u k t u r m a s y a r a k a ty a n gb e r l a k u d iM a l a y s i ad i s e b a b k a no l e hf e n o m e n am i g r a s id a r il u a r a k i b a tf a k t o rp e n a r i ky a n ga d ad ib u m im a h u p u nf a k t o r p e n o l a kd in e g a r aa s a lm a s i n g m a s i n gb e r t a n g g u n gj a w a b m e n c e r n a k a np e r u b a h a nb e r k e k a l a ns e j a ka w a lk u r u nk e 1 8h i n g g ak eh a r ii n i . S e m e n t e l a hs t r u k t u rm a s y a r a k a t d i M a l a y s i a b e r u b a h a d a l a h d i s e b a b k a n m i g r a s i d a r i l u a r d a n j u g a f a k t o r p e n o l a k d a n p e n a r i k . S e d i k i t d e m i s e d i k i t m i g r a s i i n i b e r l a k u s e b e l u m p e n j a j a h a n b a r a t t e t a p i b e r l e l u a s a s e t e l a h p e n j a j a h a n b e r l a k u . F a k t o r u t a m a d a l a m a k t i v i t i m i g r a s i d a r i l u a r t e r u t a m a n y a C h i n a d a n I n d i a a d a l a h a k t i v i t i e k o n o m i d a np e r l a d a n g a n . M a s y a r a k a t C i n a d a r i N e g a r a C h i n a s e b e n a r n y a i n g i n k e l u a r d a r i p a d a h i d u p p e n u h d e n g a n k e m i s k i n a n d a n p e n d e r i t a a n . J u s t e r u m e r e k a t e r p a k s a k e l u a r B e b e r a p ac a r ay a n g b e r h i j r a hh i n g g ak eT a n a hM e l a y u .

d i k e n a l p a s t i d i u s a h a k a n o l e h o r a n g C i n a s e n d i r i y a n g t e l a h m e n e t a p l a m a d i T a n a h M e l a y u b a g i k e m a s u k a n b u r u h b u r u h C i n a . b e r t a m b a h . D a r i s e m a s a k e s e m a s a b i l a n g a n b u r u h C i n a y a n g b e r h i j r a h m e m a n g r a m a i d a n s e n t i a s a W a l a ub a g a i m a n a p u na n g k ay a n gt e p a ts u k a r d i t e n t u k a n k e r a n a k e t i a d a a n d o k u m e n y a n g s a h d a n k e m a s u k a ns e c a r ah a r a mk eT a n a hM e l a y u . B e r m u l a n y a p r o s e s p e m b e n t u k a n m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k a d a l a h k e r a n a k e m a s u k a n m a s y a r a k a t C i n a d a n p e n g a r u h m a s y a r a k a t C i n a y a n g s e m a k i n b e r t a m b a h . p e n g a r u h m a s y a r a k a t C i n a k e T a n a h O l e h k e r a n a t e l a h M e l a y u

m e n g u b a h c o r a k d a n s i s t e m s o s i a l A l a m M e l a y u s e r t a j u g a m a s y a r a k a t M e l a y u k e t i k a i t u . A k h i r n y a s a t u K e p e l b a g a i a n l u a r d e n g a n m a s y a r a k a tb a r ut e r b e n t u ka k i b a tk e d a t a n g a nm a s y a r a k a t C i n ai a i t uB a b aN y o n y ad a nC i n aM u s l i m . k e u n i k a n p a d a p a n d a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t d a n k e m a j m u k a n m a s y a r a k a t d i M a l a y s i a m e n g g a m b a r k a n w u j u d n y ag o l o n g a nb a r ui n i . S e l e p a sC i n am i g r a nk e d u at e r b e s a ra d a l a hk e l o m p o k I n d i a . N e g a p a t a md a nM a d r a s ,I n d i aS e l a t a na d a l a h t e m p a ta s a lk e b a n y a k a nm e r e k a . S e l a i ni t uI n d i aj u g a m e n g a l a m im a s a l a h n y as e n d i r iy a n gm e n y e b a b k a n p e n d u d u k n y ab e r h i j r a hk el u a r . K e m i s k i n a n d a nk e b u l u r a nm e r u p a k a ns u a s a n ay a n gm e l a n d an e g a r a i t um e n d o r o n gp e n d u d u k n y ab e r h i j r a hk el u a rn e g a r a n e g a r al a i nt e r m a s u kT a n a hM e l a y uk e t i k ai t u . S e j a k
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p e m b u k a a nP u l a uP i n a n go l e hI n g g e r i sm i g r a nI n d i a s u d a hm u l ab e r h i j r a hk eT a n a hM e l a y u .S e t e l a hI n g g e r i s b e r j a y am e n g u a s a in e g e r i n e g e r iM e l a y ub i l a n g a nm e r e k a b e r t a m b a h . M a s y a r a k a tl u a rs e p e r t iI n d o n e s i ad a nC e y l o nj u g a m e n j a d i m i g r a n k e T a n a h M e l a y u , S a b a h d a n S a r a w a k s e l a i n d a r i C h i n a d a n I n d i a . B i l a n g a n m e r e k a j a u h l e b i h r e n d a h b e r b a n d i n g d e n g a n b u r u h d a r i C h i n a d a n I n d i a . S e l a i n i t u k e b a n y a k a n p e n d a t a n g I n d o n e s i a b e r a s a ld a r iJ a w a ,K a l i m a n t a n( B a n j a r m a s i n ) ,C e l e b e s , T i m o r d a n S u l a w e s i s e r t a b e b e r a p a b a h a g i a n k e p u l a u a n y a n g b e r h a m p i r a n d e n g a n S e l a t M e l a k a . S e m e n t e l a h p e n d a t a n gd a r iI n d o n e s i aj u g ab e r b i l a n gs u k uk a u md a n e t n i ka n t a r a n y ao r a n gJ a w a ,B u g i s ,M i n a n gd a nB a n j a r . K e b a n y a k a np e n d a t a n gd a r iC e y l o nt e r d i r id a r i p a d ak a u m S i n h a l e s e . S e h u b u n g a ni t um e r e k ad a t a n gd a r ik a w a s a n p a n t a is e l a t a nn e g a r at e r s e b u td a nt e l a hd a t a n gd e n g a n j u m l a hy a n ga g a kr a m a is e l e p a sk u r u nk e 1 9b e r t e r u s a n h i n g g a k u r u n k e 2 0 a n . P e n j a j a h a n B r i t i s h d i C e y l o n y a n gm e n y e b a b k a nk e d a t a n g a nm e r e k ab e r t e r u s a n . F a k t o r u t a m ap e n g h i j r a h a nm e r e k aa d a l a hb u k a nf a k t o re k o n o m i t e t a p i m e r e k a i n g i n m e n c a r i r e z e k i y a n g l e b i h b e r b a n d i n ga p ay a n gm e r e k ad a p a td in e g a r aa s a l . P r o s e s p e m b e n t u k a n m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k y a n g b e r b i l a n g k a u m s e p e r t i s e k a r a n g b e r m u l a s e t e l a h k e m a s u k a nd a r i p a d al u a r . P a d am u l ap r o s e sp e m b e n t u k a n m a s y a r a k a t m e n g h a d a p i k e s u k a r a n k e r a n a b e r b e z a f a h a m a n , a m a l a n , r a s d a n e t n i k s e r t a k e h i d u p a n s e h a r i a n . S e b a g a ic o n t o hp e r i s t i w a1 3M e i1 9 6 9b a n y a k k o n f l i kb e r l a k ud a l a mp r o s e sp e m b e n t u k a ni n i . K o n f l i k y a n gb e r l a k ud a l a mm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u km e n g i k u tg a r i s a n p e m i s a h r a s d a n b u k a n g a r i s a n k e l a s . M a s a l a h s o s i o e k o n o m i d a n p o l i t i k p a s t i a k a n t i m b u l d e n g a n p e n g a m b i l a n p e k e r j a b u r u h d a r i l u a r d i b u a t s e c a r a t e t a p l e b i h m e m b i m b a n g k a n d a n b a g i m e n g e l a k k a n p e m b e n t u k a n m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k p e l b a g a i e t n i k a t a u h e t e r o g e n e o u s s e p e r t i m a n a y a n g c u b a d i e l a k o l e h n e g a r a n e g a r aE r o p a hB a r a td a nT e l o k . L a h i r n y ak e l o m p o kd a r i p a d ak e t u r u n a nC i n ad a nI n d i a s e t e l a hk e m a s u k a nm i g r a nd a r il u a ry a n gb e r a s i m i l a s i d e n g a nb u d a y at e m p a t a ns e p e r t ik e l o m p o kB a b aN y o n y a y a n gb e r k e t u r u n a nC i n ad a nk e l o m p o kC h i t t yy a n g b e r k e t u r u n a nI n d i a . A p a b i l a b e r l a n g s u n g n y a p e r k a h w i n a na n t a r ao r a n ga s i n gd e n g a n p e n d u d u kt e m p a t a nm a k aa s i m i l a s ib a n g s aj u g at u r u t b e r l a k u ,w u j u db e b e r a p as u bk a t e g o r ip e n d u d u kb e r d a r a h c a m p u r a ns e p e r t ik e l o m p o kP e r a n a k a n ,k e l o m p o kS y e dd a n l a i n l a i n . S e k a r a n gk e b a n y a k a np e n d u d u kM a l a y s i a m e m p u n y a id a r a hk a c u k a nM e l a y u A r a b ,M e l a y u I n d i a , M e l a y u C i n ad a nl a i n l a i n . K u m p u l a n e t n i k t e r b e s a r d i M a l a y s i a i a l a h k a u m M e l a y u i a i t u m e r a n g k u m i l e b i h 5 0 p e r a t u s p e n d u d u k n e g a r a i n i . J i k a m e r u j u k k e p a d a o r a n g M e l a y u m e n u n j u k k a n o r a n g i t u b e r a g a m a I s l a m d a n m e n g a m a l k a n k e b u d a y a a n M e l a y u , b e r b a h a s a M e l a y u d a n m e m p u n y a i k e t u r u n a nM e l a y u . S i k a pp e r a m a hd a nb u d a y as e n iy a n g s a n g a tk a y am e n y e b a b k a no r a n gM e l a y ut e r k e n a l . K u m p u l a n e t n i k k e d u a t e r b e s a r i a l a h k a u m C i n a y a n g m e r a n g k u m i 2 5 p e r a t u s p o p u l a s i .
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i n i k e b a n y a k a n n y a b e r a s a l d a r i p a d a p e n d a t a n g y a n g m e r a n t a u p a d a a b a d k e 1 9 . K a u m C i n a t e r k e n a l k e r a n a C a r a b e r b i c a r a k u a t b e k e r j a d a n p a n d a i b e r n i a g a .

d i a l e k t i g a k u m p u l a n k e c i l k a u m C i n a i a i t u H o k k i e n t i n g g a l d i u t a r a P u l a u P i n a n g , K a n t o n i s t i n g g a l d i K u a l aL u m p u rd a nj u g ak u m p u l a np e n u t u rb a h a s aM a n d a r i n t i n g g a ld ik a w a s a ns e l a t a nt a n a ha i rd iJ o h o r . K a u m I n d i a m e r u p a k a n k u m p u l a n e t n i k t e r k e c i l a n t a r a t i g a k u m p u l a n e t n i k u t a m a d i n e g a r a i n i y a n g m e r a n g k u m i 1 0 p e r a t u s p o p u l a s i . K a u m I n d i a k e b a n y a k a n n y ab e r a s a ld a r i p a d ap e n d a t a n gd a r iS e l a t a n I n d i ay a n gb e r b a h a s aT a m i ld a t a n gk eM a l a y s i as e w a k t u z a m a np e n j a j a h a nB r i t i s hd a h u l u . K e d a t a n g a nm e r e k ak e s i n i a d a l a h u n t u k m e n c a r i k e h i d u p a n y a n g l e b i h b a i k d a n k e l u a r d a r i p a d a s i s t e m k a s t a y a n g d i a m a l k a n d i I n d i a . K a u m I n d i a i n i k e b a n y a k a n n y a b e r a g a m a H i n d u d a nm e r e k at u r u tm e m b a w ab u d a y am e r e k ay a n gu n i ks e r t a p e m b i n a a n k u i l , m a k a n a n p e d a s d a n p a k a i a n s a r i y a n g m e w a h . M A S Y A R A K A TM A J M U KD IM A L A Y S I A 1 . 1M a l a y s i as a n g a ts i n o n i md e n g a nm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u k d a ns e b a g a is e b u a hn e g a r ay a n g b e r c i r i k a np e l b a g a i k a u ms e r t ai d e n t i t i . D is e l u r u hM a l a y s i at e r d a p a t l e b i h8 0k a u m . T e r d a p a tt i g ab a n g s ay a n gp a l i n gu t a m a i a i t uM e l a y u ,I n d i ad a nC i n ad a r i p a d a8 0k a u my a n ga d a d is e l u r u hn e g a r a . K o n s e pm a s y a r a k a tm e m b a w am a k s u d k u m p u l a nm a n u s i ay a n gm e n e t a pb e r s a m a s a m ad is u a t u t e m p a td e n g a nm e n g i k u ta t u r a nd a nc a r at e r t e n t us e r t a m a s y a r a k a ti n ip u l at e r d i r id a r i p a d ab e b e r a p ak a u m a t a ub a n g s ai a i t um e r u j u kK a m u sD e w a n .J u s t e r u g a b u n g a nk e d u a d u ai s t i l a hm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u km e m b a w a m a k s u d s a t uk u m p u l a nm a n u s i ay a n gt e r d i r id a r i p a d a p e l b a g a ir u m p u nb a n g s at e l a hm e m b e n t u ks a t uk e s a t u a n , k h u s u s n y ad a l a ma s p e kp o l i t i k ,s o s i a ld a ne k o n o m id i s e s u a t ut e m p a tb a g im e m b e n t u ks a t uk u m p u l a ny a n g b e r s a t up a d u . 1 . 2 M e n u r u t p e n d a p a t F u r n i v a l l m a s y a r a k a t m a j m u k m u n c u l a k i b a t d a r i p a d a d a s a r d a s a r p e n j a j a h y a n g m e n g g a l a k k a n p e n g h i j r a h a n p e n d u d u k m e n g i k u t k e p e r l u a n e k o n o m i m e r e k a y a n g t e l a h m e n g a k i b a t k a n w u j u d n y a k e l o m p o k k e l o m p o ky a n gp e l b a g a ir a g a md a l a ms a t uu n i t p o l i t i k . M e r e k a t i d a k b e r g a n t u n g a n t a r a k a u m l a i n n a m u n k e l o m p o k k e l o m p o k i n i b e r c a m p u r a n , a m a t b e r p e g a n gk u a tk e p a d aa g a m a ,b a h a s a ,b u d a y a ,i d e a i d e a d a nc a r ah i d u py a n gt e r s e n d i r i . 1 . 3P e r k a r ay a n ga k a nd i b i n c a n g k a np e r t a m a n y ai a l a h s e j a r a hy a n gm e w u j u d k a nm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u km e r u p a k a n i n t i p a t iy a n gm e n j a d it u m p u a nd iS e m e n a n j u n g M a l a y s i a . S e m a s ae r ak e g e m i l a n g a nM e l a k al a g ih a d i r p e l b a g a ik a u mp a d aa s a s n y at e l a hb e r m u l am e l a l u i p r o s e sp e r d a g a n g a ny a n gd i j a l a n k a n . N a m u nk e h a d i r a n m e r e k ai n it i d a kd a p a td i g e r a km e n y u s u r ii s t i l a h m a s y a r a k a tm a j m u k .P a d ak u r u nk e 1 8p e n g g u n a a ni s t i l a h m a s y a r a k a tm a j m u kb e r m u l ad e n g a na d a n y ap e r a n a np i h a k B r i t i s h . P a d am a s ad u l uM a l a y s i ad i k e n a l is e b a g a i
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T a n a hM e l a y up e r n a hd i j a j a ho l e ht i g an e g a r ay a n g b e r b e z ai a i t uP r o t u g i s ,B e l a n d a ,B r i t i s hd a n J e p u n . M a k ak u p a s a nk e w u j u d a nm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u kd i M a l a y s i am e l a l u ip e n j a j a h a nk u a s aa s i n gd i b e r i p e r h a t i a n . A . K E D A T A N G A NP O R T U G I S P a d a1 1S e p t e m b e r1 5 0 9P o r t u g i st e l a hd a t a n g k eM e l a k as e m a s ap e m e r i n t a h a nS u l t a nM a h m u dS h a hy a n g d i k e t u a io l e hD i e g oL o p e zD eS e q u e i r ad e n g a nl i m ab u a h k a p a l . S u l t a n t e l a h m e n a h a n b e b e r a p a o r a n g p e d a g a n g y a n g d a t a n g b e r d a g a n g a k i b a t s e d i k i t P a d a J u l a i 1 5 1 1 A l f o n s o D e P o r t u g i s

p e r s e l i s i h a n f a h a m .

A l b u r q a q u e t i b a d i M e l a k a u n t u k m e m b e b a s k a n p a r a b a n d u a n l a l u m e n g h a n t a r u t u s a n m e m i n t a s u l t a n M e l a k a m e m b e b a s k a no r a n gP o r t u g i ss e r t am e m b a y a rg a n t ir u g i . M e l a k at e l a hd i s e r a n go l e h8 0 0o r a n gP o r t u g i sd a n6 0 0 o r a n g I n d i a k e r a n a k e e n g g a n a n b a g i n d a s u l t a n m e l a k s a n a k a n t u n t u t a n t e r s e b u t . S e r a m a i 1 4 0 0 o r a n g O r a n g

t e n t e r a i n i t e l a h m e n a m b a h k a n l a g i j u m l a h m a s y a r a k a t y a n gb e r b i l a n gk a u my a n ga d ap a d ak e t i k ai t u . 1 5 1 1 . B )K E D A T A N G A NK U A S AB E L A N D A B e l a n d am e n y e r a n gK o t aP o r t u g i sM e l a k ap a d a t a h u n1 5 9 7 . J o h o rb e r p a k a td e n g a nB e l a n d au n t u k m e n g u a s a iM e l a k ap a d at a h u n1 6 0 6 . P o r t u g i sm e n d a p a t b a n t u a nd a r iG o aw a l a u p u np e r c u b a a ns e l a m at i g ab u l a n g a g a l . K a p a lB e l a n d at e l a hm e m u s n a h k a nk a p a lP o r t u g i s d ip e l a b u h a np a d at a h u n1 6 3 6d a na k h i r n y aM e l a k aj a t u h k et a n g a nB e l a n d ap a d a1 4J a n u a r i1 6 4 1 . M a n u e lD e S o u z aC o u t h i n h o,G a b e n o rP o r t u g i st e l a hm e n y e r a h k a n k u a s ap e m e r i n t a h a nk e p a d aK a p t e nM i n n eW i l l i e m s o n K a a r t o k o e . c )P E N D U D U K A NB R I T I S HD IT A N A HM E L A Y US E B E L U MP E R A N G D U N I AK E D U A S e m a s ap e n j a j a h a nB r i t i s hp e r u b a h a nk e t a r a b e r l a k u . P e r g o l a k a np o l i t i kd a np e r e b u t a nt a k h t ay a n g b e r l a k ud iK e d a hd a nJ o h o rt e l a hd i j a d i k a nk e s e m p a t a n o l e hB r i t i s hu n t u km e n a k l u kP u l a uP i n a n gd a nS i n g a p u r a m e r u p a k a np e r m u l a a np e n d u d u k a nB r i t i s hd iT a n a h M e l a y u . P a d at a h u n1 8 2 4m e l a l u ip e r j a n j i a nI n g g e r i s B e l a n d a ,B e l a n d at e l a hd i s e r a h k a nk e p a d ap i h a k B r i t i s h . N e g e r i n e g e r iS e l a ta d a l a ht i g aw i l a y a h t e l a hd i s a t u k a nd ib a w a hs a t up e n t a d b i r a n . m e n t a h u n t u ki n d u s t r ib a r a t ,m e n c a r ip a s a r a nb a r ub a g i b a r a n g a ns i a pd a nm e n c a r ip e l u a n gb a r uu n t u kp e l a b u r a n d ib a r a t . J a l a nk e r e t aa p iy a n gm e n g h u b u n g k a nb a n d a r d e n g a np e l a b u h a n ,p e r l a d a n g a nd a np e m b a n g u n a nb a n d a r b a n d a rk e c i lt e l a hm e n y e b a b k a nT a n a hM e l a y um e m b a n g u n d e n g a np e l b a g a ii n f r a s t r u k t u r . P a d ak e t i k ai t uT a n a hM e l a y uk e k u r a n g a n p e k e r j ad is e k t o rp e r l a d a n g a nd a np e r l o m b o n g a nt e l a h m e n y e b a b k a np i h a kB r i t i s hm u l a im e m b a w am a s u kb e r a m a i r a m a ib u r u hd a r iC h i n ad a nI n d i au n t u km e n a m p u n g
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k e k u r a n g a np e k e r j a . P e r t u m b u h a ns e k t o rb a n d a r ,j a l a n j a l a n ,r e l r e lk e r e t aa p id a np e m b a h a g i a nk e l o m p o k k a u mb a n d a rd a nl u a rb a n d a rb e r t a m b a hb e s a rd i s e b a b k a n o l e hp e n a m b a h a np e n d u d u kd a np e n i n g k a t a nk e g i a t a n e k o n o m i . M a s y a r a k a tm a j m u km e m p u n y a ic i r i c i r i t e r t e n t ul a l u t e r b e n t u kD a s a rP e c a hd a nP e r i n t a h ( D i v i d ea n dR u l e ) . M a s y a r a k a tC i n ad i b e r ip e r a n a n u n t u km e n g u s a h a k a nl o m b o n g l o m b o n gb i j i ht i m a h m a n a k a l am a s y a r a k a tI n d i ab e k e r j ad il a d a n g l a d a n g d a r is u d u td e m o g r a f i . M a n a k a l am a s y a r a k a tM e l a y ud i k a w a s a nk a m p u n gd a nb e k e r j as e b a g a ip e t a n i . S e b e l u m k e d a t a n g a nB r i t i s hb e r l a k up e n g h i j r a h a no r a n gC i n a n a m u ns e l e p a sk e h a d i r a nB r i t i s hd a s a rp e n g h i j r a h a n a d a l a hl e b i hl i b e r a ls e r t ad i w u j u d k a nb a g im e n j a m i n k e s e l a m a t a nu n d a n g u n d a n gd a ns e t e r u s n y ak e a d a a ni n i m e n g g a l a k k a nl e b i hb a n y a km i g r a s im a s u k . P a d a p e n g h u j u n gk u r u nk e 1 9k e m a s u k a no r a n gI n d i ab e r l a k u d e n g a np e s a tk e r a n ap e r k e m b a n g a np e r l a d a n g a ns e p e r t i g e t a hd a nk o p i . M i g r a s iC i n ad a nI n d i ad i l i n d u n g i o l e hB r i t i s h . J u r a n gp e r b e z a a na n t a r ak a u m , p e m b a n g u n a nd a ne k o n o m iw u j u dk e r a n ak e a d a a ni n i . d )P E N D U D U K A NJ E P U ND IT A N A HM E L A Y U P e m b e n t u k a nm a s y a r a k a tM a l a y s i ay a n gs e d i a w u j u dp a d ah a r ii n ia d a l a hk e s a nd a r i p a d ap e n d u d u k a n J e p u nd iT a n a hM e l a y u . M a l a iB a r ua d a l a hm e r u p a k a n p e n t a d b i r a nJ e p u nd iT a n a hM e l a y ud a ni a n y ad i l e t a k k a n d ib a w a hk u a s ap e n t a d b i r a nt e n t e r aJ e p u ny a n gb e r p u s a t d iS i n g a p u r a . S n o y a np u l ad i k e n a l id iS i n g a p u r at e l a h d i a s i n g k a nd a r i p a d ap e n t a d b i r a nd iT a n a hM e l a y u . S a t u w i l a y a hd i b e n t u kd a r is e g ip e n t a d b i r a ny a n gt e r d i r i d a r iP u l a uP i n a n g ,M e l a k a , T u j u a np e n j a j a h a nB r i t i s hd i T a n a hM e l a y ua d a l a hu n t u km e m e n u h ik e p e r l u a n p e r m i n t a a nb a h a nP e r a k ,P a h a n g ,S e l a n g o rd a nN e g e r i S e m b i l a n . N e g e r iP e r l i s ,K e d a h ,K e l a n t a nd a n T e r e n g g a n ud i l e t a k k a nd ib a w a hp e m e r i n t a h a nS i a mp a d a t a h u n1 9 4 5d e n g a nt u j u a nm e m b a l a sj a s aS i a m . K e s a ns o s i a lb e r k a i t a nd e n g a nh u b u n g a n a n t a r ak a u m d a nj u g ak e a d a a nm a s y a r a k a td a r is e g i p e n d i d i k a ns e r t ap e n t a d b i r a na d a l a hw u j u dd a r i p a d a p e n j a j a h a nJ e p u n . T e r d a p a td u ab e n t u kh u b u n g a nk a u m s e m a s aP e r a n gD u n i ak e 2i a i t uh u b u n g a nk e r j a s a m a a n t a r ak a u mm e n e n t a n gp e n j a j a hJ e p u n( M P A J A )d a nj u g a h u b u n g a nt e g a n ga n t a r ae t n i kM e l a y ud a nC i n ae k o r a n d a s a rp i l i hk a s i ha t a ud i s k i m i n a s it e r h a d a pe t n i k C i n a . K a w a s a n k a w a s a nb a r ud i b u k ai a i t up e r m u l a a n m a s a l a hs e t i n g g a nk e r a n ap e n i n d a s a a nJ e p u nt e r h a d a p o r a n g o r a n gC i n ad iT a n a hM e l a y u . O r a n g o r a n gM e l a y u y a n gt i n g g a ld ik a m p u n g k a m p u n gt r a d i s it e l a h m e n g a k i b a t k a np e r t e m b u n g a nb u d a y a . P e r k a h w i n a n k a c u k a nd ia n t a r ao r a n gC i n ad a no r a n gM e l a y u m e n y e b a b k a np e r t e m b u n g a nb u d a y ad a nt e l a hm e l a h i r k a n g e n e r a s im a s y a r a k a tB a b ad a nN y o n y ay a n gb o l e hk i t a l i h a tb a n y a kd iM e l a k ap a d ah a r ii n i . K e m a s u k a n m i g r a s it e r u t a m a n y ad a r iC i n ad i s e b a b k a np e p e r a n g a n a n t a r aC i n ad a nJ e p u nd i s e k a to l e hJ e p u nd iT a n a h
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M e l a y u . P e n g a l i r a nk e l u a ro r a n gC i n as e c a r ab e r a m a i r a m a it e l a hb e r l a k ud ia n t a r at a h u n1 9 4 7h i n g g a1 9 5 3 . M i g r a s id a r iI n d i am a s i hl a g ib e r l a k us u n g g u h p u nd a l a m k a d a ry a n gr e n d a h . J e p u nt e l a hm e l e t a k k a ns e n j a t ad a n b e r u n d u rd a r iT a n a hM e l a y up a d at a h u n1 9 4 5 . e )P E N D U D U K A NB R I T I S HD IT A N A HM E L A Y US E L E P A SJ E P U N P a d at a h u n1 9 4 5s e l e p a sJ e p u nb e r u n d u rd a r i T a n a hM e l a y uB r i t i s hk e m b a l im e m e r i n t a h . P e m b e n t u k a n J a w a t a n k u a s aP e r h u b u n g a nK a u mt e l a hd i u s a h a k a nd e m i p e r p a d u a ns e t e l a hk e d a t a n g a ns e m u l aI n g g e r i s . S o k o n g a nr a k y a tt e r h a d a pm e r e k al u p u ts a m as e k a l i k e r a n am e r a s a k a nm e r e k al e m a hd a nt i d a km a m p u m e n e n t a n gJ e p u ns e l a m al i m at a h u np e n a k l u k a nJ e p u nd i T a n a hM e l a y u . O l e hi t up e r k a r ai n im e m b a w ak e p a d a t u n t u t a nk e m e r d e k a a no l e hp e n d u d u kT a n a hM e l a y uy a n g b e r b i l a n gk a u md a r i p a d ap i h a kB r i t i s h . B a g im e n c a p a ik e m e r d e k a a nT a n a h M e l a y up i h a kB r i t i s ht e l a hm e m b e r is y a r a ty a n gp a l i n g b e s a ri a i t uo r a n gM e l a y uh a r u sm e n e r i m ad a n b e k e r j a s a m ad e n g a nm a s y a r a k a tC i n a ,I n d i ad a n m a s y a r a k a tl a i ns e b a g a iw a r g a n e g a r a . M a s y a r a k a t M e l a y us u k a rm e m b e r ik e r a k y a t a a nk e p a d ak a u mC i n ad a n I n d i ap a d am u l a n y a . K e g a n a n s a nP a r t iK o m u n i sM a l a y a t e l a hb e r l a k ud e n g a nb e r l e l u a s am e n y e b a b k a nh u b u n g a n e t n i kt e g a n gd im a n ae t n i kC i n ay a n gm e n y o k o n gd a n m e n y e r t a iP K Mb e r t i n d a kg a n a st e r h a d a pe t n i kM e l a y u s e b a g a ik a e d a hb a l a sd e n d a ms e m a s ap e m e r i n t a h a nJ e p u n d a h u l u . P a d at a h u n1 9 4 8k e r a j a a nt e l a hm e n g i s t i h a r k a n d a r u r a tk e r a n ab e r p u n c ad a r i p a d ak e a d a a ni n i . H u b u n g a ne t n i kb e r t a m b a hb a i kd a nm e w u j u d k a nk e r j a s a m a m e n e n t a n gk o m u n i ss e m a s ad a r u r a t . B r i t i s hm e n a w a r k a nk e r a k y a t a ns e c a r a a u t o m a t i kk e p a d ap e n d u d u ki m i g r a nT a n a hM e l a y uk e r a n a k e g a n a s a nP K Md a na k h i r n y at e r p a k s ad i p e r s e t u j u io l e h o r a n gM e l a y us e b a g a is a l a hs a t uk a e d a hm e m b e n t e r a s k e g a n a s a nP K M . B r i t i s ht e l a hm e m e r d e k a k a nT a n a h M e l a y ua t a su s a h aR o m b o n g a nk e m e r d e k a a n1 9 5 6y a n g d i k e t u a io l e hT u a n k uA b d u lR a h m a np a d at a h u n1 9 5 7 . P a d at a h u n1 9 6 0d a r u r a td i b u b a r k a n . P e n j a j a h a n B r i t i s ht e l a hm e m b e r ik e s a n ,i m p a kp o s i t i fd a nn e g a t i f k e p a d ap e m b a n g u n a nd a nk e a m a n a nn e g a r ay a n gd a p a t d i n i l a ip e r k e m b a n g a n n y ad a r is e m a s ak es e m a s ah i n g g a k eh a r ii n i . 3 .K e s a nP e n j a j a h a nk u a s aa s i n gd a l a mp e m b e n t u k a n m a s y a r a k a nm a j m u kd iM a l a y s i a . P e r k e m b a n g a nm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u kd iM a l a y s i a d a p a td i l i h a td a nd i r u m u s k a nk e p a d at i g at e m p o hy a n g b e r b e z ai a i t up e r t a m a ,z a m a np e n j a j a h a nB r i t i s hd i m a n ak e t i g a t i g ak a u ml a n g s u n gt i d a kb e r i n t e r a k s i . T a n a hM e l a y ud i t e g a s k a na d a l a hm i l i ko r a n gM e l a y u , e k o n o m ik o m e r s i a lp u l am i l i ko r a n gC i n ad a nI n d i a s e m e n t a r ap o l i t i km i l i kB r i t i s hh i n g g a k a no r a n gM e l a y u k e t i n g g a l a n . T e r d a p a tb e b e r a p af a k t o ry a n gm e n j a d i k a n o r a n gM e l a y ut i d a kt e r l i b a td e n g a ne k o n o m ik o r m e s i a l . A n t a r as e b a b n y aa d a l a hB r i t i s hs e n d i r id e n g a nd a s a r n y a y a n gm e n e k a np e n d u d u ka s a ls e r t a D a s a rP e c a h P e r i n t a h y a n gd i j a l a n k a nB r i t i s hs e w a k t u
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PERMATAKU: MASYARAKAT MAJMUK

p e n j a j a h a n n y a . E r am e n u j uk e m e r d e k a a nm e r u p a k a nt e m p o h k e d u ad i l i h a tt e r d a p a th u b u n g a na n t a r ak a u md im a n a M e l a y ud e n g a nP a r t iK e b a n g s a a nM e l a y uB e r s a t u( U M N O ) , C i n ad e n g a nP e r s a t u a nC i n aM a l a y a( M C A )d a nI n d i a d e n g a nK o n g r e sI n d i aS e M a l a y a( M I C )m e m b e n t u kp a r t i p o l i t i ky a n gb e r t e r a s k a nk a u mm a s i n g m a s i n gn a m u n b e r a d ad ib a w a hs a t up a y u n gi a i t uP a r t iP e r i k a t a n . B r i t i s hb e r s e t u j um e m b e r i k a nk e m e r d e k a a nk e p a d aT a n a h M e l a y up a d at a h u n1 9 5 7h a s i ld a r i p a d ak e r j a s a m aa n t a r a k a u m . P e r i s t i w ad a r u r a tt e l a hb e r l a k us e b e l u m k e m e r d e k a a ns e l e p a st e m p o hp e n j a j a h a nJ e p u np a d a1 9 4 8 h i n g g a1 9 6 0y a n gm e l i b a t k a nP a r t iK o m u n i s M a l a y a .H u b u n g a na n t a r ao r a n gM e l a y ud a nC i n ak e m b a l i t e r g u g a td a l a mt e m p o hi n i . Z a m a ns e l e p a sk e m e r d e k a a nm e r u p a k a n p e r i n g k a ty a n gk e t i g aa t a ut e r a k h i ry a n gm e r u j u kz a m a n s e l e p a s1 9 6 9y a n gm a s i hl a g it e r d a p a tj u r a n gd a l a m p e l b a g a ib e n t u ky a n gb u k a ns a h a j ad a r is e g ie k o n o m i . P i h a kk e r a j a a nt e l a hm e r a n g k ab e b e r a p as t r a t e g iy a n g b o l e hm e w u j u d k a nk e a d a a na m a nd a m a im e n e p a t im a k n a s e b e n a rm a s y a r a k a tm a j m u k . W a l a ub a g a i m a n a p u ni a n y a m a s i hl a g it i d a km e n c a p a im a t l a m a tp e r p a d u a nk e r a n a m a s i n g m a s i n gb e r u s a h am e n g e k a l k a ni d e n t i t is e n d i r i d a ne n g g a nm e n e r i m aa s i m i l a s id a r ib u d a y al a i n . P e n g g u n a a n M a l a y s i a nM a l a y s i a t e l a hm u l ad i g u n a k a n p a d as e k i t a rt a h u n1 9 6 5n a m u ni at i d a kb e g i t ud i t e r i m a p a k a i . S a l a hs a t um a t l a m a tk e r a j a a nk i n id a l a m m e m a s t i k a nk e s e p a d u a nm a s y a r a k a ti a i t ud i k e n a l i s e b a g a iB a n g s aM a l a y s i a .
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