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6.002x
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction
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6.002x is Exciting!
Whats
behind this?
3
and this
Chip photo of Intels 22nm multicore processor codenamed Ivy Bridge
hoLograph courLesy of lnLel Corp.
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! Prerequisites
! AP level course on electricity and magnetism; e.g., MITs 8.02 (check it out on
MIT OpenCourseware)
! It is also useful to have a basic knowledge of solving simple differential equations
! Textbook Agarwal and Lang (A&L)
Underlined readings (in course-at-a-glance handout) are very important
as they stress intuition
! Weekly homeworks and labs must be completed by the deadline indicated on the
assignment
! Assessments
ADMINISTRIVIA
Homeworks 15%
Labs 15%
1 Midterm 30%
Final exam 40%
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What is engineering?
What is 6.002x about?
Purposeful use of science
Gainful employment of Maxwells equations
From electrons to digital gates and op-amps
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Consider
V
Suppose we wish to answer this question:
What is the current through the bulb?
The Big Jump
from physics
to EECS
Lumped Element Abstraction
Reading: Skim through Chapter 1 of A&L
8
Apply Maxwells
Faradays
Continuity
Others

t
B
E
!
!
" = # $
t
J
!
!
" = # $
%
0
E
!
"
= # $
"
"
"
t
dl E
B
!
!
" = #
$
%
t
q
dS J
!
!
" = #
$
0
!
q
dS E = "
#
"
"
"
We could do it the Hard Way
Integral form Differential form
V
I !
9
Instead, there is an Easy Way
First, let us build some insight:

Analogy
I ask you: What is the acceleration?
You quickly ask me: What is the mass?
I tell you:
You respond:
Done ! ! !
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Instead, there is an Easy Way
In doing so, you ignored
" the objects shape
" its temperature
" its color
" point of force application
"
Point-mass discretization
F
a?
11
The Easy Way
Consider the filament of the light bulb.
We do not care about
" how current flows inside the filament
" its temperature, shape, orientation, etc.
A
B
We can replace the bulb with a
discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.
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The Easy Way
Replace the bulb with a
discrete resistor
for the purpose of calculating the current.
A
B
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The Easy Way
R represents the only property of interest!
Like with point-mass:
replace objects with their mass m to find
m
F
a =
In EECS, we do things
the easy way
A
B
A
B
R
I
+

V
R
V
I =
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R
V
I =
V-I Relationship
R represents the only property of interest!
and
R
V
I =
relates element V and I R
called element v-i relationship
A
B
R
I
+

V
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R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.
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16
Lumped circuit element
described by its vi relation
Power consumed by element = vi
Lumped Elements
+
-
Voltage source
+

V
i
v
i
v
+
-
Resistor
i
v
i
v
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Lumped element examples
whose behavior is completely
captured by their VI relationship.
Demo
only for the
sorts of
questions we
as EEs would
like to ask!
Exploding resistor demo
cant predict that!
Pickle demo
cant predict light, smell

Demo
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Not so fast, though
A
B
Bulb
filament
Although we will take the easy way using lumped abstractions
for the rest of this course, we must make sure (at least for
the first time) that our abstraction is reasonable.
are defined for the element
V I In this case, ensuring that
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A
B
black box
I
+

I
must be defined.
V
20
I
I
into
= I out of
True only when in the filament! 0 =
!
!
t
q
A
I
must be defined. True when
B A
I I =
only if
0 =
!
!
t
q
Were engineers! So, lets make it true!
So, are we stuck?
B
I
A
S
B
S
A
S
B
S
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V
defined when
AB
V
0 =
!
!
t
B
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outside elements
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.
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Must also be defined.
So lets assume this too!
So
Also, signal speeds of interest should be way lower than speed of light
A
B
I
+

V
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Welcome to the EECS Playground
The world
The EECS playground
Our self imposed constraints in this playground
0 =
!
!
t
B
"
Outside
0 =
!
!
t
q
Inside elements
Bulb, wire, battery
Where
good
things
happen
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Connecting using ideal wires lumped elements
that obey LMD to form an assembly results in
the lumped circuit abstraction
Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD)
0 =
!
!
t
B
"
outside
0 =
!
!
t
q
inside elements
bulb, wire, battery
Or self imposed constraints:
More in
Chapter 1
of A & L
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Replace the differential equations with simple algebra using
lumped circuit abstraction (LCA).
What can we say about voltages in a loop under the lumped matter discipline?
+

1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R
a
b
d
c
V
So, what does LMD buy us?
For example:
Reading: Chapter 2.1 2.2.2 of A&L
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What can we say about voltages in a loop under LMD?
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.
Remember, this is not
true everywhere, only in
our EECS playground
+

1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R
a
b
d
c
V
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What can we say about currents?
+

1
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
3
R
a
b
d
c
V
27
a
What can we say about currents?
S
ca
I
da
I
ba
I
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):
The sum of the currents into a node is 0.
simply conservation of charge
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KVL:
KCL:
KVL and KCL Summary
29
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Remember, our EECS playground
0 =
!
!
t
B
"
0 =
!
!
t
q
Outside elements
Inside elements
Allows us to create the lumped circuit abstraction
wires resistors sources
Summary Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:
Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify our
analysis
Also, signals speeds of interest should be way
lower than speed of light
30
30
Lumped circuit element
+
-
v
i
power consumed by element =
vi
Summary
31
31
KVL:
loop
KCL:
node
0 =
!
j
j
"
0 =
!
j
j
i
Review
Summary
Maxwells equations simplify to algebraic KVL and
KCL under LMD.
This is amazing!