Forging of Metals

Chapter 14

Introduction

A metal is shaped by compressive forces Oldest metal working process 4!!!"C Can be performed with a hammer and anvil #ypical forged products$

"olts %ivets Connecting rods &ears

'ading(gear components for the C)A and C)" transport aircraft* made by forging+

,teps involved in forging a bevel gear with a shaft+

Outline of Forging and %elated Operations

&rain ,tructure

-arts have good strength .igh toughness Forgings re/uire additional heat treating

Fig $ A part made by three different procedures* showing grain flow 0a1 casting 0b1 machining 0c1 forging

Open(2ie Forging

Is the simplest forging process ,i3es can very from very small parts to very large parts

Open(2ie Forging

Upsetting or flat-die forging a solid workpiece is placed between flat dies and is compressed "arreling

caused by frictional forces at the die(workpiece interfaces Can be minimi3ed if a lubricant is used #hermal effects caused by barreling can be minimi3ed by using heated dies

Open(2ie Forging

Forging force

Impression(2ie 4 Closed(2ie Forging

#he workpiece ac/uires the shape of the die cavities while being forged between the two shaped dies

Impression(2ie 4 Closed(2ie Forging

#he blank to be forged is prepared by$

Cutting from a bar stock -reformed blank Casting -reformed blank from prior forging

Impression(2ie 4 Closed(2ie Forging

Fullering 4 edging are used to distribute the material

Fullering material is distributed away from an area 5dging material is gathered into an area

"locking rough shaping of the part Impression dies give the part its final shape

Precision Forging

6sed for economic reasons #he part formed is close to the final dimensions 'ess machining is needed .igher capacity e/uipment is needed Aluminum and Magnesium alloys work well in the process

Coining

Closed(die forging process

6sed for minting coins* medallions* 4 7ewelry 'ubricants can not be used in coining Can be used to improve surface finish

THE END