Bi 2

TRUYN NG BNH MA ST

2.1 Khi nim chung
2.1.1 Khi nim
Truyn ng bnh ma st thc hin truyn chuyn ng v cng sut
gia cc trc nh lc ma st sinh ra ti ch tip xc ca bnh dn v bnh
b dn. to lc ma st cn tc dng lc p cc bnh li vi nhau.
2.1.2 Phn loi truyn ng bnh ma st
+)Theo kh nng iu chnh t s truyn, chia lm hai loi chnh:
Truyn ng bnh ma st c t s truyn khng iu chnh c ( gi
tt l b truyn bnh ma st ):
- B truyn ma st tr: truyn ng gia hai trc song song(hnh
2.1.1a);
- B truyn ma st nn: Truyn ng gia hai trc vung gc ( hnh
2.1.1b);
Truyn ng ma st c t s truyn iu chnh c ( b bin tc ma
st):
- B bin tc ma st iu chnh trc tip: Khng qua khu trung gian (hnh
2.1.1c, f, g);
- B bin tc ma st iu chnh gin tip : Qua khu trung gian (hnh
2.1.1d, e, h).


a) b) c)

d) e) f) g) h)

Hnh 2.1.1: Cc loi truyn ng ma st

+)Theo hnh thc tip xc, truyn ng bnh ma st c chia ra
- B truyn tip xc ngoi: tm cc bnh v hai pha so vi im tip
xc
- B truyn tip xc trong: tm cc bnh cng mt pha so vi im
tip xc (hnh 2.1.1f)
2.1.3 u nhc im v phm vi s dng
a- u im
- C cu to n gin;
- Lm vic m khng n;
- C kh nng iu chnh v cp tc .
b- Nhc im
- Lc tc dng ln trc v kh ln do phi p cc bnh ma st;
- T s truyn khng n nh do c trt gia cc bnh khi lm vic;
- Kh nng ti tng i thp (so vi truyn ng bnh rng)
c- Phm vi s dng
- Truyn ng ma st thng ch c dng khi truyn cng sut nh
hoc trung bnh (di 20 kW). Nu cng sut ln, kch thc b truyn kh
ln v kh m bo lc p cn thit cho bnh.
- Vn tc ca b truyn v 15 20 m/s, nu vn tc cao qu nhit
b truyn tng nhiu v gy mn nhanh
-T s truyn u 7.
Truyn ng ma st c dng trong cc thit b rn, p, cn trc, my
vn chuyn, cc dng c onhng c dng nhiu hn c l cc b bin
tc v cp.

2.2. Nhng vn c bn ca truyn ng bnh ma st
2.2.1 S trt trong truyn ng bnh ma st
Trong truyn ng bnh ma st c th xut hin ba dng trt sau:
trt hnh hc, trt n hi v trt trn. Trt l nguyn nhn gy mt
mt cng sut v gim hiu sut ng thi lm nng v mn b mt cc
bnh.
a- Trt hnh hc
S trt hnh hc xut hin trn chiu di tip xc chung v ph thuc
vo dng hnh hc ca cc b mt tip xc.
Bn cht ca trt hnh hc c th gii thch bng v d sau:
Xt b truyn bnh ma st a (hnh 2.1.2). Cc im thuc ng tip
xc trn bnh 1 cch trc quay mt khong khng i, do khi b truyn
lm vic vn tc vng ca cc im trn ng tip xc thuc bnh 1 l
hng s.
A B
VAT
Hnh 2.1.2- Trt hnh hc trn
b mt ma st a
3
1 1
1
10 . 60
n d
v

= = const (m/s) (2.1.1)
Cn trn bnh 2, khong cch t cc im thuc ng tip xc n
trc quay l thay i nn v
2
phn b theo quy lut bc nht:
v
2
=
3
2
10 . 60
n . x . 2
const (2.1.2)
Gi b l b rng bnh 1. Gi s vn tc
ca bnh 1 v a 2 bng nhau ti im P
(im P c gi l tm ln) nm cch
trung im ca b mt khong . Gi k l
khong cch t O
2
n P
ta c:
3
2
2 P 3
1 1
1 P
10 . 60
n . k . 2
v
10 . 60
n d
v

= = =
Cn tt c cc im khc trn ng
tip xc u c trt vi vn tc
v
T i
= | v
i1
- v
i 2
| = | v
P1
- v
i 2
|
nn vn tc trt ti u mt A:
v
AT
= | v
A1
- v
A2
| = | v
P1
- v
A2
| ( v
v
A1
= v
P1
)
M
3
2
2 P 1 P
10 . 60
n . k 2
v v

= =

3
2
2 A
10 . 60
n ) 2 / b k ( 2
v

=


do vy:

u . 10 . 60
n ) 2 / b ( 2
. 10 . 60
n ) 2 / b ( 2
10 . 60
n ) 2 / b k ( 2
10 . 60
n . k . 2
v
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
AT
+
=
+
=

=

(2.1.3)

Nh vy chiu di tip xc b cng ln th vn tc trt cng ln.
Cc bin php khc phc trt hnh hc:
- Vi bin tc ma st mt a, bnh ma st tr nn ch to hnh tang
trng.
- Khi truyn ng gia hai trc song song cn m bo sao cho ng
tip xc
song song vi cc trc.
- Khi truyn ng gia cc trc giao nhau, ng tip xc (ko di)
phi i qua giao im ca hai trc.
b- Trt n hi
Trt n hi xy ra do bin dng
n hi khc nhau ca hai bnh trn
vng tip xc theo phng tip tuyn.
k
- Nguyn nhn gy trt: Khi
truyn m men xon T
1
vi vn tc
1
,
cc phn t trn b mt bnh dn 1 i
vo tip xc im 1 th b nn, ra
khi im 3 th b dn (hnh 2.1.3).
bnh b dn 2 th ngc li: cc phn t
b dn khi i vo im 1 v b nn khi
i ra khi im 3. S thay i bin dng
t nn sang dn v ngc li khng bt
u t im tip xc m t mt im
2 no trn vng tip xc (tng ng
c th phn gc tip xc
tx
thnh gc
tnh
0
v gc trt
t
).
- Trong vng tip xc t im 2 n im
3, do b dn bnh ch ng s chuyn ng nhanh
hn, ngc li do b nn bnh b ng s chuyn ng chm hn. Hin
tng dn v nn khng u gy nn s chnh lch vn tc bnh ch ng
v b ng, chnh l nguyn nhn gy nn trt n hi vi vn tc trt v
t

= v
1
v
2
.
- Nh vy trt n hi xut hin do bin dng n hi khc nhau ca
hai bnh theo phng tip tuyn. Trong thc t mi vt liu u c tnh n
hi v bin dng n hi do ti trng gy nn, do khi lm vic truyn ti
trng bt c b truyn ma st no cng c trt n hi.
c- Trt trn
Khc vi trt n hi, trt trn ch xut hin khi qu ti. Khi lc
vng cn truyn F
t
=
d
T 2
ln hn tng lc ma st F
ms
trn cung tip xc, lc
ny cung trt
t
s chon ht cung tip xc
tx.
. Khi ny bnh b dn dng
li trong khi bnh dn vn quay, gy mn cc b hoc xc b mt. Do
khi thit k cn chn h s an ton hp l trnh trt trn khi lm vic,
mt khc khng c dng b truyn bnh ma st lm c cu phng qu ti.
2.2.2 T s truyn
a- T s truyn trong truyn ng ma st
* Truyn ng bnh ma st tr:
H s trt l t s gia vn tc trt v vn tc vng ca bnh ch
ng.
1 1
2 2
1
2 1
1
t
n d
n d
1
v
v v
v
v
=

= =
(2.1.4)
Vy t s truyn:
Hnh 2.1.3 - Trt n
hi truyn ng bnh ma
st
) 1 ( d
d
n
n
u
1
2
2
1

= = (2.1.5)
B qua s trt ta c:
1
2
d
d
u
trong : = 0,01 0,03 ; c bit khi b truyn lm vic trong du hoc t
s truyn ln =0,05;
d
1
,d2 - ng knh bnh dn v bnh b dn ca truyn ng bnh
ma st tr.
* Truyn ng bnh ma st cn:
Theo hnh 2.1.1b ta c:
2
2
1
2
2
1
tg
) 1 (
tg
) 1 ( d
d
n
n
u

= =
(2.1.6)
vi: d
1
, d
2
- ng knh trung bnh ca cc bnh ma st cn dn v b dn.
Vy t s truyn ca b truyn ma st khng n nh do c hin tng
trt
b- T s trong bin tc ma st
b.1- T s truyn trong bin tc ma st trc tip (hnh 2.1.1c):
- Khi thay i bn knh tip xc t d
2min
n d
2max
, t s truyn u s
thay i t u
min
=
) 1 ( d
d
1
min 2

n u
max
=
) 1 ( d
d
1
max 2

,tng ng tc bnh
b dn s gim t n
2max
=
min
1
u
n
n n
2min
=
max
1
u
n
.
Vy khong iu chnh tc : D =
min 2
max 2
min
max
min 2
max 2
d
d
u
u
n
n
= =
b.2- T s truyn trong bin tc ma st gin tip ( hnh 2.1.4)
Nh con ln 3 lm trung gian
nn ng knh tip xc ca hai
bnh u thay i trong khong
d
min
d
max

=>
min
1
max 2
max
1
min 2
min 1
max 2
max
max 1
min 2
min
u
n
n ;
u
n
n
) 1 ( d
d
u
) 1 ( d
d
u
= =

1
2
d
2
m
i
n

d
2
m
a
x

d
1
m
a
x

d
1
m
i
n

3
Hnh 2.1.4: S tnh t s truyn
trong bin tc ma st gin tip
Vy: D =
min 1 min 2
max 1 max 2
min
max
min 2
max 2
d . d
d . d
u
u
n
n
= = (2.1.8)
Nu d
1min
= d
2min
= d
min
v d
1max
= d
2max
= d
max
th:
2
min
max
d
d
D
|
|

\
|
= .
Khong iu chnh tc D l mt trong nhng c trng c bn ca
b bin tc. V l thuyt th c th c trng hp d
min
= 0 v D . Tuy
nhin ng knh d cng nh th trt cng tng ln, bnh dn b mn nhiu,
hiu xut gim thp. Do trong thc t ngi ta hn ch iu chnh tc
D 3.
3- Lc p
a- C s xc nh lc p
Lc vng F
1
c truyn t bnh dn sang bnh b dn nh lc ma st
F
ms
sinh ra ti ch tip xc. iu kin truyn ti F
ms
F
t
. Mun c lc F
ms

cn to lc php tuyn F
n
trn b mt tip xc chung. Do phi p hai bnh
li vi nhau bng mt lc p F
e
cn thit F
e
ln sao cho F
ms
=f. F
n
F
t

=> F
n

f
t
F

m bo an ton ly F
n
=
f
F . s
t

(2.1.9)
Vi F
t
=
1
1
d
T 2
- lc vng cn truyn;
s- H s an ton, s=1,5- 2,5;
f- H s ma st ph thuc vo vt liu v iu kin bi trn.
b- Lc p trong truyn ng bnh ma st tr
Theo hnh v 2.1.1a ta thy lc p F
e
=F
n
, do
f
F s
F
t
e
=
(2.1.10)
c- Lc p trong truyn ng bnh ma st nn (Xem hnh 2.1.1b)
Cc lc p theo phng dc trc F
e1
; F
e2
, ti ch tip xc sinh ra lc
php tuyn F
n1
=F
n2
=F
n

Phng trnh cn bng lc cho thy:
F
e1
= F
n
sin
1

F
e2
= F
n
sin
2

Kt hp vi (2.9.1) ta c:

=
=
f
sin F . S
F
f
sin F . S
F
2 t
e2
1 t
e1

(2.1.11)
Vi b truyn gim tc
2
>
1
nn => F
e2
> F
e1
do to ra cng
mt lc ma st nn c nh bnh 2 ri to lc p tc dng ln bnh 1 th lc
p s nh hn.
d- Phng php to lc p
Trong thc t s dng hai phng php to lc p sau:
- Phng php to lc p khng i: Lc p F
e
khng i c hnh
thnh nh cc yu t n hi khi lp (V d: nh l xo hnh 2.1.1a, c) hoc
nh trng lng bn thn ca cc yu t trong h thng. Phng php ny
ch thch hp cho b truyn lm vic vi ti trng khng i.
- Phng php to lc p t iu chnh: Lc p F
e
s thay i t l vi
lc vng cn truyn do s nng cao tui th, gim tn tht v ma st (xem
thm [2]).

3- Tnh bn b truyn bnh ma st
1- Cc dng hng v ch tiu tnh ton
a- Cc dng hng
Di tc dng ca lc p, ti vng tip xc ca cc bnh ma st sinh ra
ng sut tip xc. Khi cc bnh chuyn ng, vng tip xc thay i nn
ng sut tip xc ti mi im trn b mt lm vic ca bnh ma st cng
thay i theo chu k mch ng gin on, v c th lm b truyn bnh ma
st b cc dng hng sau:
- Trc v mi b mt lm vic: xy ra vi cc b truyn c bi trn
y .
- Mn: Xy ra vi cc b truyn khng c bi trn hoc bi trn
khng y , mn xy ra mnh khi b truyn b trt trn.
- Dnh: Xy ra vi cc b truyn lm vic vi vn tc cao, ti trng ln,
trng iu kin bi trn khng y dn n nhit vng tip xc qu
cao dn n ph hng mng du bi trn. Di tc dng ca p sut, hai b
mt lm vic tip xc trc tip vi nhau nn khi chuyn ng, cc mnh kim
loi b dt khi b mt bnh ny bm cht ln b mt bnh kia gy nn hin
tng dnh.
b- Ch tiu tnh ton
Cc dng hng ch yu ni trn u lin quan n ng xut tip xc, v
vy trnh cc dng hng cn phi tin hnh tnh ton b truyn theo
bn tip xc:
- Vi cc b truyn lm bng vt liu kim loi, iu kin bn tip xc
l

H
[
H
]
Trong :
H
- ng sut tip xc sinh ra (MPa);
[
H
]- ng sut tip xc cho php (MPa).
- Vi cc b truyn lm bng vt liu phi kim loi, iu kin bn tip
xc l:
q
n
[q
n
]
Trong : q
n
- Ti trng ring (N/mm);
[q
n
]:- Ti trng ring cho php (N/mm).
3- Tnh ton bn tip xc truyn ng ma st tr
a- i vi vt liu kim loi
Dng tip xc ban u l tip xc ng nn ng sut tip xc c
xc nh theo cng thc Hc:
(*) ] [
E q
418 , 0
H
n
H

=
Trong : q
n
- ti trng ring phn b trn chiu di tip xc
b
F
q
n
n
=
F
n
- p lc php tuyn. Theo (2.1.9) ta c
1
1 t
n
fd
T 2 . S
f
F . S
F = =
b - chiu di tip xc ( mm).
E - m un n hi tng ng:
2 1
2 1
E E
E E . 2
E
+
=
vi E
1
,E
2
l m un n hi ca vt liu bnh 1 v bnh 2. Vi thp E=
2,15.10
5
MPa; Gang E= 1,2. 10
5
Mpa.
- bn knh cong tng ng ti ch tip xc (hnh 2.1.1a):
) d d ( 2
d d
2
d
;
2
d
1 2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2 1
2 1

=
= =

Mt khc ta c:
d
2
= ud
1
( )
1 u
u . a . 2
d ;
1 u
a 2
d
2
d d
a
2 1
1 2

=
Vy :
2
) 1 u (
au

=
Thay gi tr tm c vo cng thc (*) ta c:
] [
b . u . f
E ) 1 u ( sT
a
418 , 0
H
3
1
H

=

(2.1.12)
Cng thc ny dng kim nghim sc bn tip xc cho b truyn
thit k.
Khi thit k b truyn, t
ba
=b/a - gi l h s chiu rng bnh ma
st (
ba
= 0,2 0,4) v bin i cng thc trn ta c cng thc thit k
sau:
a
[ ]
3
ba
1
2
H
fu
E sT 418 , 0
) 1 u (

|
|

\
|

(2.1.13)
Trong cc cng thc trn:
a- khong cch trc (mm);
u- t s truyn;
s- h s an ton, s=1,5 2,5;
f- h s ma st.
b- i vi vt liu phi kim loi
iu kin kim nghim :
[ ]
n
1 n
n
q
a . f . b
) 1 u ( T . S
b
F
q
+
= =
(2.1.14)
Trong : q
n
ti trng ring (N/mm);
[q]- ti trng ring cho php (N/mm).
Khi thit k t
ba
= b/a, ta c:
[ ]
ba n
1
. f . q
) 1 u ( T . S
a

+

(2.1.15)
Ch : B truyn ma st nn tnh ton hon ton tng t (ch khc v
cc quan h hnh hc v kch thc - xem [1]).

4- Vt liu v ng sut cho php
1- Vt liu
a- Yu cu i vi vt liu
Vt liu lm b mt bnh ma st phi c bn tip xc v bn mi
cao v c h s ma st ln.
b- Cc loi vt liu thng dng
Thng dng thp 15, 65 ti th tch hoc thp 18T, 12XH3A,
18X2H2BA v.v thm than v ti, rn b mt HRC 60. Kch thc b
truyn tng i nh, lm vic trong du, hiu sut cao, cn phi gia cng
chnh xc, nhm b mt nh. i khi cn dng thp 40XH ti t
cng 4850 HRC.
Gang c dng trong cc b truyn h, lm vic kh hoc c du. Cc
loi gang thng dng l 15-32; 18-36; 24-44; 50-1,5; 60-2 ...
i khi dng bnh gang lm vic vi bnh thp.
Ngoi ra cn dng bnh ma st thp hoc gang lm vic vi bnh ma
st tchtlt hoc php. B truyn lm vic kh, khng yu cu cao v
chnh xc gia cng. Kch thc b truyn tng i ln, hiu xut lm vic
thp, nhng lc tc dng trc nh hn so vi b truyn ma st thp hoc
gang.
Trng hp ti trng nh hn cn dng bnh ma st g hoc bc da,
vi cao su vv lm vic vi bnh ma st thp hoc gang.
B mt lm vic vi bnh dn nn lm bng vt liu mn hn bnh b
dn khi b trt trn bnh b dn t b mi mn.
2- ng sut cho php
ng sut cho php ph thuc vo vt liu v iu kin lm vic ca b
truyn:
- Thp vi thp c du bi trn: [
H
] = (2,5 3)HB (MPa);
- Thp vi thp khng c du bi trn: [
H
] = (1,5 2,5)HB (MPa);
- Gang vi gang hoc thp khng c du bi trn: [
H
] =1,5 HB
(MPa).
Khi lm vic vi vt liu phi kim, ti trng ring cho php ly nh sau:
- Tch tlit vi thp hoc gang [q
n
] = 50 60 N/mm; php vi
thp hoc gang [q
n
] = 30 40 N/mm; da vi gan