Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
1. . , 1, , , 2008.
2. . , . , . , 1, ,
, , 2008.
:
() .
.
: .
.
!
http://math.fon.rs/
. S
(a,b), a,b S
S.
. S
, , , ,
.
.
.
. (a,b) a +b, {N, +} .
: (a,b) c, ab = c.
:
: ( a, b S) ab = ba
: ( a, b, c S) (ab)c = a(bc)
.
1. ab = ab+1;
2. ab = |a| b;
3. ab = (a+1)b;
4. ab = a+b+ab
. .
() : ( a S) a = a = a.
. .
. .
.
a1 = 1a = a, a2 = 2a = a, a.
a=2, a=1:
21 = 1 2= 2, 1 2= 2 1= 1 1=2,
. .
: (S, )
() . ab = ba = , b
() a.
. a S ()
.
. G ()
, xG, ()
x-1G.
ab a b
.
(G, ) :
1. G (. ) (),
2.
(ab)c = a(bc).
3. ,
a = a = a.
4. a G, G
. (G, ) G G, (G, )
(G, ), G ,
G , G.
( )
1. a-1 (a -1)-1 = a,
a a -1 = a -1 a = .
1. (a) (a) = a,
a + (a) = (a) + a = 0.
2. a = xb ya =b,
ab-1, ba-1.
2. a + x = b y + a =b, b + (a).
3. ab = ac b = c.
3. a + b = a + c b = c.
4. (ab)-1 = b-1a-1.
4. (a+b) = (a) + (b).
. x b a, a, b, x
a + x = b.
: x = b a, . ( ).
. R
{R, +} ,
, :
a(b + c) = ab + ac, a, b, c R ( )
(a + b)c =ac+bc, a, b, c R ( ).
{R, +, } :
1. R ;
2. a+b = b+a, a, b R;
3. (a+b)+c = a+(b+c), a, b, c R;
4. a + 0 = 0 + = , a R;
5. a + (a) = 0;
6. R ;
7. (ab)c = a(bc), a, b, c R;
8. a(b + c) = ab + ac, (a + b)c =ac+bc, a, b, c R.
:
1. (a + b)(c + d) = ac + bc + ad + bd, a, b, c, d R ;
2. a(b c) = ab ac;
3. a0 = 0a = 0;
4. (a)b = ab, a(b) = ab, (a)(b) = ab.
ab = ba, .
, a = a = a, a R, .
. (Z, +, ) , 1.
1. ,
, , .
1'. , ,
, .
2. ,
, , .
2'. , ,
() , .
. A B ;
A B .
: (a, b) a b.
: =, <, >, , , , , , ,
S S :
: a S, (a, a) .
: a, b S, (a, b) ,
(b, a) .
:
a,b,c S,
(a, b) , (b, c) (a, c) .
:
a, b S,
(a, b) (b, a) a = b.
, , (R-ST) .
: = .
S .
a, b S Ka = Kb Ka Kb = .
, ,
(R--T) . : , , , , ...