Seminar Report

INTRODUCTION
Normally the authentication scheme the user undergoes is particularly very lenient or very strict. Throughout the years authentication has been a very interesting approach. With all the means of technology developing, it can be very easy for 'others' to fabricate or to steal identity or to hack someones password. Therefore many algorithms have come up each with an interesting approach toward calculation of a secret key. The algorithms are such based to pick a random number in the range of 1 !" and therefore the possibilities of the sane number coming is rare. #sers nowadays are provided with ma$or password stereotypes such as te%tual passwords, biometric scanning, tokens or cards &such as an 'T() etc .(ostly te%tual passwords follow an encryption algorithm as mentioned above. *iometric scanning is your +natural+ signature and ,ards or Tokens prove your validity. *ut some people hate the fact to carry around their cards, some refuse to undergo strong -. e%posure to their retinas&*iometric scanning).(ostly te%tual passwords, nowadays, are kept very simple say a word from the dictionary or their pet names, girlfriends etc. /ears back 0lein performed such tests and he could crack 1 112 passwords per day. Now with the technology change, fast processors and many tools on the -nternet this has become a ,hild's 3lay.

Therefore we present our idea, the 45 passwords which are more customi6able and very interesting way of authentication. Now the passwords are based on the fact of 7uman memory. 8enerally simple passwords are set so as to 9uickly recall them. The human memory, in our scheme has to undergo the facts of .ecognition, .ecalling, *iometrics or Token based authentication. :nce implemented and you log in to a secure site, the 45 password 8#- opens up. This is an additional te%tual password which the user can simply put. :nce he goes through the first authentication, a 45 virtual room will open on the screen. -n our case, lets say a virtual garage. Now in a day to day garage one will find all sorts of tools, e9uipments, etc.each of them having uni9ue properties. The user will then interact with these properties accordingly. ;ach
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ob$ect in the 45 space, can be moved around in an &%,y,6) plane. Thats the moving attribute of each ob$ect. This property is common to all the ob$ects in the space. <uppose a user logs in and enters the garage. 7e sees and picks a screw1driver &initial position in %y6 coordinates &2, 2, 2)) and moves it 2 places to his right &in =/ plane i.e. &1 , 2, 2).That can be identified as an authentication. :nly the true user understands and recogni6es the ob$ect which he has to choose among many. This is the .ecall and .ecognition part of human memory coming into play. -nterestingly, a password can be set as approaching a radio and setting its fre9uency to number only the user knows. <ecurity can be enhanced by the fact of including ,ards and *iometric scanner as input. There can be levels of authentication a user can undergo.

EXISTING SYSTEM
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,urrent authentication systems suffer from many weaknesses. Te%tual passwords are commonly used. #sers tend to choose meaningful words from dictionaries, which make te%tual passwords easy to break and vulnerable to dictionary or brute force attacks. (any available graphical passwords have a password space that is less than or e9ual to the te%tual password space. <mart cards or tokens can be stolen. (any biometric authentications have been proposed. 7owever, users tend to resist using biometrics because of their intrusiveness and the effect on their privacy. (oreover, biometrics cannot be revoked. The 45password is a multi factor authentication scheme. The design of the 45 virtual environment and the type of ob$ects selected determine the 45 password key space. #ser have freedom to select whether the 45 password will be solely recall, recognition, or token based, or combination of two schemes or more.

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PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the benefits of various authentication schemes. #sers have the freedom to select whether the 45 password will be solely recall, biometrics, recognition, or token based, or a combination of two schemes or more. This freedom of selection is necessary because users are different and they have different re9uirements. Therefore, to ensure high user acceptability, the users freedom of selection is important.

The following re9uirements are satisfied in the proposed scheme 1. The new scheme provide secrets that are easy to remember and very difficult for intruders to guess. >. The new scheme provides secrets that are not easy to write down on paper. (oreover, the scheme secrets should be difficult to share with others. 4. The new scheme provides secrets that can be easily revoked or changed.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM

The proposed system is a multi factor authentication scheme. -t can combine all e%isting authentication schemes into a single 45 virtual environment .This 45 virtual environment contains several ob$ects or items with which the user can interact. The user is presented with this 45 virtual environment where the user navigates and interacts with various ob$ects. The se9uence of actions and interactions toward the ob$ects inside the 45 environment constructs the users 45 password. The 45 password can combine most e%isting authentication schemes such as te%tual passwords, graphical passwords, and various types of biometrics into a 45 virtual environment. The choice of what authentication schemes will be part of the user's 45 password reflects the user's preferences and re9uirements. ' user who prefers to remember and recall a password might choose te%tual and graphical password as part of their 45 password. :n the other hand users who have more difficulty with memory or recall might prefer to choose smart cards or biometrics as part of their 45 password. (oreover user who prefers to keep any kind of biometric data private might not interact with ob$ect that re9uires biometric information. Therefore it is the user's choice and decision to construct the desired and preferred 45 password.

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SYSTEM IMPLIMENTATION

The 45 password is a multi factor authentication scheme. The 45 password presents a 45 virtual environment containing various virtual ob$ects. The user navigates through this environment and interacts with the ob$ects. The 45 password is simply the combination and the se9uence of user interactions that occur in the 45 virtual environment. The 45 password can combine recognition, recall, token, and biometrics based systems into one authentication scheme. This can be done by designing a 45 virtual environment that contains ob$ects that re9uest information to be recalled, information to be recogni6ed, tokens to be presented, and biometric data to be verified.

?or e%ample, the user can enter the virtual environment and type something on a computer that e%ists in &%1 , y1 , 61 ) position, then enter a room that has a fingerprint recognition device that e%ists in a position &%> , y> , 6> ) and provide his@her fingerprint. Then, the user can go to the virtual garage, open the car door, and turn on the radio to a specific channel. The combination and the se9uence of the previous actions toward the specific ob$ects construct the users 45 password.

Airtual ob$ects can be any ob$ect that we encounter in real life. 'ny obvious actions and interactions toward the real life ob$ects can be done in the virtual 45 environment toward the virtual ob$ects. (oreover, any user input &such as speaking in a specific location) in the virtual 45 environment can be considered as a part of the 45 password.

We can have the following ob$ectsB 1) ' computer with which the user can typeC >) ' fingerprint reader that re9uires the users fingerprintC 4) ' biometric recognition deviceC
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D) ' paper or a white board that a user can write, sign, or draw onC 2) 'n automated teller machine &'T() that re9uests a tokenC ") ' light that can be switched on@offC E) ' television or radio where channels can be selectedC F) ' staple that can be punchedC G) ' car that can be drivenC 1 ) ' book that can be moved from one place to anotherC 11) 'ny graphical password schemeC 1>) 'ny real life ob$ectC 14) 'ny upcoming authentication scheme.

The action toward an ob$ect &assume a fingerprint recognition device) that e%ists in location &%1, y1 , 61 ) is different from the actions toward a similar ob$ect &another fingerprint recognition device) that e%ists in location &%> , y> , 6> ), where %1 H %> , y1 H y> , and 61 H 6> . Therefore, to perform the legitimate 45 password, the user must follow the same scenario performed by the legitimate user. This means interacting with the same ob$ects that reside at the e%act locations and perform the e%act actions in the proper se9uence.

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3D PASSWORD SELECTION AND INPUT

Iet us consider a 45 virtual environment space of si6e 8 J8 J 8. The 45 environment space is represented by the coordinates &%, y, 6) K1, . . . , 8L JK1, . . . , 8L JK1, . . . , 8L. The ob$ects are distributed in the 45 virtual environment with uni9ue &%, y, 6) coordinates. We assume that the user can navigate into the 45 virtual environment and interact with the ob$ects using any input device such as a mouse, key board, fingerprint scanner, iris scanner, stylus, card reader, and microphone. We consider the se9uence of those actions and interactions using the previous input devices as the users 45 password.

?or e%ample, consider a user who navigates through the 45 virtual environment that consists of an office and a meeting room. Iet us assume that the user is in the virtual office and the user turns around to the door located in &1 , >D, G1) and opens it. Then, the user closes the door. The user then finds a computer to the left, which e%ists in the position &D, 4D, 1F), and the user types M?'I,:N.N Then, the user walks to the meeting room and picks up a pen located at &1 , >D, F ) and draws only one dot in a paper located in &1, 1F, 4 ), which is the dot &%, y) coordinate relative to the paper space is &44 , 14 ). The user then presses the login button. The initial representation of user actions in the 45virtual environment can be recorded as followsB

&1 , >D, G1) 'ction H :pen the office doorC &1 , >D, G1) 'ction H ,lose the office doorC &D, 4D, 1F) 'ction H Typing, M?NC &D, 4D, 1F) 'ction H Typing, M'NC &D, 4D, 1F) 'ction H Typing, MINC &D, 4D, 1F) 'ction H Typing, M,NC &D, 4D, 1F) 'ction H Typing, M:NC &D, 4D, 1F) 'ction H Typing, MNNC
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3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES

The design of the 4 5 virtual environments affects the usability, effectiveness, acceptability of 45 password. The first step in building a 45 password system is to design a 45 environment that reflects the administration needs and the security re9uirements. The design of 45 virtual environments should follow these guidelines.

1) .eal Iife <imilarity The prospective 45 virtual environment should reflect what people are used to seeing in real life. :b$ects used in virtual environments should be relatively similar in si6e to real ob$ects &si6ed to scale). 3ossible actions and interactions toward virtual ob$ects should reflect real life situations. :b$ect responses should be realistic. The target should have a 45 virtual environment that users can interact >) :b$ect uni9ueness and distinction every virtual ob$ect or item in the 45 virtual environment is different from any other virtual ob$ect. The uni9ueness comes from the fact that every virtual ob$ect has its own attributes such as position. Thus, the prospective interaction with ob$ect 1 is not e9ual to the interaction with ob$ect >. 7ow ever, having similar ob$ects such as > computers in one place might confuse the user. Therefore, the design of the 45 virtual environment should consider that every ob$ect should be distinguishable from other ob$ects. <imilarly, in designing a 45 virtual environment, it should be easy for users to navigate through and to distinguish between ob$ects. The distinguishing factor increases the users recognition of ob$ects. Therefore, it improves the system usability. 4) Three 5imensional Airtual ;nvironment <i6e ' 45 virtual environment can depict a city or even the world. :n the other hand, it can depict a space as focused as a single room or office. ' large 45 virtual environment will increase the time re9uired by the user to perform a 45 password. (oreover, a large 45 virtual environment can contain a large number of virtual ob$ects. Therefore, the probable 45 password space broadens. 7owever, a small 45 virtual environment usually contains only a few ob$ects, and thus, performing a 45 password will take less time.
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D)

Number of ob$ects and their types 3art of designing a 45 virtual environment is determining the types of ob$ects and how many ob$ects should be placed in the environment. The types of ob$ects reflect what kind of responses the ob$ect will have. ?or simplicity, we can consider re9uesting a te%tual password or a fingerprint as an ob$ect response type. <electing the right ob$ect response types and the number of ob$ects affects the probable password space of a 45 password.

2) <ystem -mportance The 45 virtual environment should consider what systems will be protected by a 45 password The number of ob$ects and the types of ob$ects that 7ave been used in the 45 virtual environment should reflect the importance of the protected system.

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3D PASSWORD APPLICATION

The 45 password can have a password space that is very large compared to other authentication schemes, so the 45 passwords main application domains are protecting critical systems and resources.

1. ,ritical server many large organi6ations have critical servers that are usually protected by a te%tual password. ' 45 password authentication proposes a sound replacement for a te%tual password. >. Nuclear and military facilities such facilities should be protected by the most 3owerful authentication systems. The 45 password has a very large probable password space, and since it can contain token, biometrics, recognition and knowledge based 'uthentications in a single authentication system, it is a sound choice for high level security locations. 4. 'irplanes and $et fighters *ecause of the possible threat of misusing airplanes and $et fighters for religion, political agendas, usage of such airplanes should be protected by a powerful authentication system.

-n addition, 45 passwords can be used in less critical systems because the 45 virtual environment can be designed to fit to any system needs. ' small virtual environment can be used in the following systems like 1) 'T( >) 3ersonal 5igital 'ssistance 4) 5esktop ,omputers O laptop logins D) Web 'uthentication 2) <ecurity 'nalysis
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To analy6e and study how secure a system is, we have to consider, P 7ow hard it is for the attacker to break such a system Q ' possible measurement is based on the information content of a password space. -t

is important to have a scheme that has a very large possible password space which increases the work re9uired by the attacker to break the authentication system. Q ?ind a scheme that has no previous or e%isting knowledge of the most probable user password selection.R

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STATE DIAGRAM OF A 3D PASSWORD APPLICATION

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SECURITY ANALYSIS

3D Password spac s!" To determine the password space, we have to count all possible 45 passwords that have a certain number of actions, interactions, and inputs towards all ob$ects that e%ist in the 45 virtual environments.

3D password d!s#r!$%#!o& '&ow( d)

#sers tend to use meaningful words for te%tual passwords. Therefore finding these different words from dictionary is a relatively simple task which yields a high success rate for breaking te%tual passwords. 3ass faces users tend to choose faces that reflect their own taste on facial attractiveness, race, and gender. ;very user has different re9uirements and preferences when selecting the appropriate 45 3assword. This fact will increase the effort re9uired to find a pattern of users highly selected 45 password. -n addition, since the 45 password combines several authentication schemes into a single authentication environment, the attacker has to study every single authentication scheme and has to discover what the most probable selected secrets are. <ince every 45 password system can be designed according to the protected system re9uirements, the attacker has to separately study every 45 password system. Therefore, more effort is re9uired to build the knowledge of most probable 45 passwords.

A##ac's a&d Co%&# r* as%r s To reali6e and understand how far an authentication scheme is secure, we have to consider all possible attack methods. We have to study whether the authentication scheme proposed is immune against such attacks or not. (oreover, if the proposed authentication scheme is not immune, we then have to find the countermeasures that prevent such attacks. -n

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this section, we try to cover most possible attacks and whether the attack is valid or not. (oreover, we try to propose countermeasures for such attacks.

+,Br%# Forc A##ac'B The attacker has to try all possible 45 passwords. This kind of attack is very difficult for the following reasons. a. Time re9uired to login The total time needed for a legitimate user to login may vary depending on the number of interactions and actions, the si6e of the 45 virtual environment, and the type of actions and interactions. Therefore, a brute force attack on a 45 password is very difficult and time consuming b. ,ost of attacks the 45 virtual environment contains biometric recognition ob$ects and token based ob$ects. The attacker has to forge all possible biometric information and forge all the re9uired tokens. The cost of forging such information is very high, therefore cracking the 45 password is more challenging. The high number of possible 45 password spaces leaves the attacker with almost no chance of breaking the 45 password. -,W ((.S#%d! d A##ac' B The attacker tries to find the highest probable distribution of 45 passwords. -n order to launch such an attack, the attacker has to ac9uire knowledge of the most probable 45 password distributions. This is very difficult because the attacker has to study all the e%isting authentication schemes that are used in the 45 environment. -t re9uires a study of the users selection of ob$ects for the 45 password. (oreover, a well studied attack is very hard to accomplish since the attacker has to perform a customi6ed attack for every different 45 virtual environment design. This environment has a number of ob$ects and types of ob$ect responses that differ from any other 45 virtual environment. Therefore, a carefully customi6ed study is re9uired to initiali6e an effective attack. 3,S/o%(d r S%r0!&) A##ac' B'n attacker uses a camera to record the users 45 password or tries to watch the legitimate user while the 45 password is being performed. This attack is the most successful type of attack against 45 passwords and some other graphical passwords. 7owever, the users 45 password may contain biometric data or te%tual passwords that cannot
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be seen from behind. Therefore, we assume that the 45 password should be performed in a secure place where a shoulder surfing attack cannot be performed. 1,T!*!&) A##ac'B -n this attack, the attacker observes how long it takes the legitimate user to perform a correct sign in using the 45 password. This observation gives the attacker an indication of the legitimate users 45 password length. 7owever, this kind of attack alone cannot be very successful since it gives the attacker mere hints. Therefore, it would probably be launched as part of a well studied or brute force attack. Timing attacks can be very effective if the 45 virtual environment is poorly designed.

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CONCLUSION

The 45 password is a multi factor authentication scheme that combines the various authentication schemes into a single 45 virtual environment. The virtual environment can contain any e%isting authentication scheme or even any upcoming authentication scheme or even any upcoming authentication schemes by adding it as a response to actions performed on an ob$ect. Therefore the resulting password space becomes very large compared to any e%isting authentication schemes. The design of the 45 virtual environment the selection of ob$ects inside the environment and the ob$ect's type reflect the resulted password space. -t is the task of the system administrator to design the environment and to select the appropriate ob$ect that reflects the protected system re9uirements. 5esigning a simple and easy to use 45 virtual environment is a factor that leads to a higher user acceptability of a 45 password system. The choice of what authentication scheme will be part of user's 45 password reflects the user's preferences and re9uirements.

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REFERENCES

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K>L 5. A. 0lein, M?oiling the crackerB ' survey of, and improvement to passwords security,N in 3roc. #<;N-= <ecurity Workshop, 1GG , pp. 2T1D.

K4L N*, news, 'T( ?raudB *anking on /our (oney, 5ateline 7idden ,ameras <how ,riminals :wning 'T(s, 5ec. 11, > 4.

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