FLEXIBLE ELECTRIC POWER CONVERTER

ISMAIL BIN MOHAMAD

This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements For The Bachelor's Degree In Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia

APRIL 2006

ABSTRACT

This project is called 'Flexible Electric Power Converter. This project describes a integration between 3 converter circuits which are AC to DC (rectifier),
DC to AC (inverter), and DC to DC (chopper). All of them will be working in a

single housing and able to do the power conversion simultaneously or separately. The voltage level and frequency level can be controlled at the circuit itself. There are a few switching methods that will be used prior to each circuit. Switching method that will be used for all converter is Pulse Width Modulator (PWh4). Problems like output can be eliminated by using capacitor which is the simplest filteration method. The overall design including the housing is expected to be small and portable so it can be relocated anywhere without problem. This device is intended to be use for normal or home usage and not for industrial use.

ABSTRAK

Projek ini dikenali sebagai Penukar Kuasa Elektrik Bolehubah. la menerangkan gabungan antara 2 litar pengubah iaitu pengubah voltan ulang - alik kepada voltan terus dan pengubah voltan terus kepada voltan terus. Kedua - dua litar pengubah ini akan bekerja dalam satu perumah dan mampu menjalankan peranan untuk menjadi pengubah voltan secara serentak ataupun satu demi satu.(bukan pada masa yang sama). Magnitud voltan keluaran boleh dikawal pada litar pengubah itu sendiri. Tugas menjalankan projek ini adalah untuk merekabentuk litar yang paling sesuai di mana ianya akan menggunakan komponen yang betul untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu, mampu bekerja secara berterusan dan mampu memberi bekalan kepada beban. Terdapat beberapa cam kawalan penukar yang akan digunakan untuk setiap litar. Masalah seperti riak gelombang pada gelombang keluaran boleh diatasi dengan mengunakan kapasitor. Rekaan keseluruhan termasuk perurnah litar diharapkan kecil dan mudah alih supaya senang dibawa ke mana
-

mana oleh

pengguna tanpa sebarang masalah. Sasaran kegunaan pengubah ini hanyalah untuk penggunaan biasa dan bukan untuk kegunaan industri. Keluaran untuk setiap litar difokuskan kepada saiz voltan yang biasa digunakan.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction to the Project

This project with title "flexible electric power converter" is meant to ease human life in the aspect of using electrical appliances because the differences of the electrical source in terms of types of voltage that might be incompatible with the types of voltage needed by the electrical appliances itself. Even though it might not be suit with certain loads because of bigger power rating due to the transformer that is used is mted at smaller amps, it is hoped that it could match the objective of the converter.

1.2

Project Background

The difference of voltage types which alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC), voltage level which are root mean square (RMS) and dc (direct current) between the main supply or source (electricity) and the load could bring difficulties to connect both of them at each ends [I]. Normally this can be solved by using electric power converter which based on the voltage type at the input terminal and output terminal.

Nonetheless, it is needed to use a new method or replacement of this normal converter when the source and the load are not suitable anymore which each other and can lead to non-relevancy. So, the alternative solution for this to prevent the problem of noncompatibility between source and load is to use flexible converter.

This electric power converter is a merging result of switching method like full Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) trigger transistor and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET). The electric power converter is going to facilitate two operating modes that ate controlled through knob built on the electric power converter itself. The two operating modes are AC to DC (rectifier) and DC to DC (chopper). A proper circuit design of the flexible electric power converter is developed in this project, and a prototype of the flexible electric power converter will be build in order to test out the performance of the developed circuit design.

It is expected that both circuit will be integrated into one or perhaps will be separated, (depends on the complexity of the design) Socket design for input and output should be universal which supports almost all male socket design of the market today. The voltage will be controlled on the device itself

1.3

OaTECTIVES AND THE SCOPE OF PROJECT

This project only covers about converter circuit design for small applications like normal chopper, and rectifier. Normally for home and light usage which draws only low and moderate power. In conjunction with that, the input and output socket for both DC and AC will be designed to support normal electrical appliances. So, 2 pin input and output socket will be preferred. This project it's not expected to support any industrial purpose because of some limitations and constraints. For instance,

continuous and large power delivery won't be guaranteed because the limitation of budget.

For rectifier, the input voltage range is planned to be around 110 - 240Vac and output voltage range is around 5 - 12Vdc. The scope of this project is to develop a multi purpose converter that will perform the following task: 1. The chopper input voltage is variable which would be 0 to 12Vdc and so does the output voltage. 2. The rectifier would be able to receive 240Vac from normal 3 pin electric socket at home and convert to 3 types of common Vdc output that is normally used: a) Variable Vdc output ranging from 0 - 24V b) Fixed 12Vdc output which consists of positive and negative voltage. c) Fixed 5Vdc output.

3. Able to feed small loads but the continuous supply power won't be
guaranteed.

1.4

PROJECT BASIC REQUIREMENT

Multiple tools as below are needed to complete the schematic design and hardware for the converters.

1. Circuit design and simulation Multisim 7 is a circuit simulation software that incorporates advanced schematic capture capabilities, integrated with fill analogldigital SPICE simulation. It offers a single, easy-to-use graphical interface for all design and analysis needs. Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor or EAGLE as its abbreviation. EAGLE is mainly used by me to transfer the schematic circuit to PCB layout

2. Breadboard and components for early phase of the project

The schematics circuitry will be applied to breadboard with all components that are needed. For bigger schematics circuitry, etching based circuit method will be proceeded. No protoboard will be used for all circuit because two times job will be too costly.

3. Multimeter and Oscilloscope for testing

For each increment or decrement for each input voltage, and the result of the output voltage. The value of each can be observed by using multimeter.

To see the waveform for output AC voltage, oscilloscope will be used. The output waveform can show how smooth the output voltage will be.

1.5

Project Significant

This project could deliver a few benefits which are providing solution for Electric power conversion for almost electrical utility that covers domestic use. The power supply is restricted to single phase only. Other than that, it also provides an alternative to those expensive power converters that's available in the market today. Even though this is an amateur project, this might be considered as a starting point. Any mistakes or error can be reduced by repeating a few steps that will lead to improvement from time to time. The power converter is not promised to be as good as the one that is proven to be the best seller. Since it is not meant to be commercialized and will never be scrutinized by SIRIM or any related authority, the normal usage for consumer's load is not promised. This is because there are a lot of things that should be done to the design to ensure its reliability and stability. Due to time constraints, the detailed process for this project won't be settled. But at least it could be a more economical way for those who can't afford such expensive converter.

1.6

Expected Results

The final result is expected to be a flexible electric power converter which is able to support three operating modes which is AC to DC (rectifier) and DC to DC (chopper). Even electricity source and the load have difference in terms of voltage

type, it is hoped that this device will connect both of it together.

Switching method that will be use for each converter is PWM in conjunction to trigger MOSFET or IGBT switch. It's understood that both of them do have advantages and disadvantages of their own. So smart choice should be done while designing and simulating which is the current step right now.

The target user for this device is only home application only. Continuous and non-fluctuated power delivery is the most important thing in this project.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction

Literature review and project methodology are two crucial steps for the completion of this project. A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. The purpose is to understand what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. The first step of doing literature review is focusing on problem formulation where a topic or field is being examined. Second step is literature search, where the aim is to find materials relevant to the subject being explored. Third step is data evaluation where one has to determine which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic. Finally, analysis and interpretation where one has to discuss the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature.

The result later will be come in handy as a supportive reference for the project title. It is also a result of the compilation of a series of material from all kind of sources. The sources can be from all kinds of reading materials which include

books, journals, technical reports, projectlresearch papers and etc. For this project,

the materials have been used are reference books, thesis's, projectlresearch papers, and technical reports from the library, internet and organizational journals such as of
EEE. The details of the literature study and the project methodology is under the

two sections below. All the reference that been use are approved by international bodies.

2.2

Facts and Finding

After doing a few research and information seeking, there are a few literature review that been done by several engineers where their paperwork is quire useful to be treat as a guideline for this project.

2.2.1 PC-Based Integrated Power Converter

This paper was done by Ikis Rohadikisno and Martin Roekman from Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, as a part of their project. For this design, it is observed that they were using the integrated form of push pull inverter, full wave inverter and half wave rectifier to generate 4 operating modes of AC/DC, DC/DC, DC/AC or AC/AC. All three circuit are working together so all 4 modes can be used at the same time. In other words, each circuit is dependant to each other. To control voltage level and frequency, special software is developed and can be controlled through computer. There is a microcontroller in between computer and the converter circuit to achieve a connection between those two. So, there are 3 major section in this project which are electric circuitry, microcontroller design and software development.

Figure 2.1: PC based Integrated Power Converter

This kind of project can be considered as hlly computerized. The operation of this project is simplified in the block diagram shown above. All four converters

are depends on the push pull inverter and the push pull inverter's operation is
controlled by pulse that is generated by microcontroller. The basic operation of the microcontroller is 16-bit digital divider. It will process the received signals from personal computer to 3 digital counters respectively. The sequence of the counter is determined by the value of desired output whether AC output or DC output.

In conclusion, the aim of PC based Integrated Power Converter is to connect

as much as possible between two different source and load even thought there are
differences in matter of frequency or type of voltage. Integration of three type of converters in elementary will create a scheme where it will work it four different conversion mode at a time. The digital triggering control is defined by setting the value of alpha for firing angle method in switching scheme and controlling the frequency by using computer.

There are a few things obtained from this research paper where the idea of creating a flexible electric power converter by using 3 different circuits is done. These circuits are not meant to control specified mode of conversion but the manipulation of digital controller enable the circuits to do four function of conversion mode one at a time. So, h m this paper, it generate an idea of using one
type of switching mode that can be use for all conversion method where quite

beneficial in the process of this project.

2.2.2 Dc Ripple Carrent Reduction Method On A Single Phase PWM Voltage

Source Converter

This paperwork, which were proposed by Toshihisa Shimim, Yasuhiro Fujioka, Gunji Kirnura h m Tokyo Metropolitan University introduces a single phase PWM voltage source converter and related control method that can produce not only a sinusoidal input current but also zero-ripple output current The main circuit of this converter is composed of a conventional single phase PWM voltage source converter and a ripple reduction circuit. The ripple reduction circuit is composed of an additional switching leg, an inductor, and a switching leg that is shared with the PWM converter.

The input current control is achieved by the conventional high-frequency PWM current control technique. On the other hand, DC ripple reduction control is associated with some difficulties because one of the switching legs in the ripple reducing portion is shared with the PWM converter portion. In order to reduce the

DC ripple current, the inductor current at the ripple reducing portion must be
maintained to the adequate value which is deeply influenced by the modulation factor on the PWM converter. The effectiveness of this circuit was confined by these researchers experimentally and by simulation. The converter is useful for DC power supplies, particularly in the case in which batteries are connected to the DC line.

The generation of harmonics and their subsequent propagation into utility lines is a topic of increasing concern for power supply authorities. To reduce harmonics in power lines, unity power factor PWM converters are used. However, single-phase PWM converters have serious defects including low fkquency ripple current which appears on the DC output increases in proportion to the input current into the PWM converter, resulting in low frequency ripple voltage in the DC output Therefore, a very large capacitor or a passive L-C filter circuit is generally connected to the DC line in order to reduce low fkquency ripple voltage.

This proposed scheme does not covers the whole aspect of a converter but the method that is used for reducing DC ripple current is quite important in the task of designing chopper circuit. Smooth output waveform fkom DC-DCconverter ensures that the power output will be delivered constantly to match with the load needs. Even the ripple is not fully eliminated; it is reduced at quite satisfying level. The usage of this DC ripple reduction really helps PWM to maintain the DC output level.

2.2.3 A Single Stage Single Switch Power Factor Corrected ACIDC Converter

This title were proposed by M. Daniele, P. Jain*, and G . Joos fkom Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Canada. It describes a concept of single stage single switch isolated converter topology to achieve a regulated dc output voltage having no low frequency components and a high input power factor. The topology is derived fiom the basic forward converter, but incorporates an additional transformer winding, an inductor, and a few diodes. The proposed circuit by this trio inherently forces the input current to be discontinuous and ac modulated to achieve high input power factor. Both duty cycle and variable fkquency controls are used to regulate the output voltage and to minimize dc capacitor voltage variations. Analysis of the converter is presented and performance characteristics are given. Further, design guidelines to select critical

components of the circuit are presented. Finally, experimental results on a 50W, 110 Vac to 5 Vdc converter are given which confirm the high efficiency and high power factor features of the proposed topology.

The focus of this paperwork is to do power factor correction where it becomes mandatory on modern single phase power supply to meet more strict requirement such as define in a few IEEE standards. Previously, a few other researchers have made the project of two stages power factor correction circuits. But, it reduce the operation efficiency, producing low power output density and increasing the cost as more components have to be used. In contrary, single - stage circuits also have its disadvantages. First, DC output voltage contains a large low fiequency voltage ripple component and second, the control and power circuits are more complex.

In order to overcome this, they have decided to do a single stage single switch
isolated converter to achieve a regulated dc output voltage having no low fiequency components and a high input power factor. It is actually a basic forward converter but incorporates and addition transformer winding, an inductor, and three additional diodes which naturally forces the input current to be discontinuous and ac modulated so producing high power factor. As a result, they achieve an overall efficiency of 80%, input power factor at 0.96 which is considered as high and near to unity, and low fiequency output voltage ripple component.

By referring to this study, it is understand that power factor correction is important to get high efficiency and regulated output voltage for rectifier. Without a doubt, it has been shown that the combination of PWM and variable fiequency controls result in lower voltage stresses and higher no load to full-load efficiency.

CHAPTER 3

PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction

This project is begun right after the project title received from supervisor. At
first, supervisor will ask the student to give a brief overview regarding to the selected

project title and the student must understand what he or she is going to do to carry on the project. After the proposed project title have been approved by the supervisor, research and literature studies will be camed out to get the clearer view on what other people do and what we can gain from their knowledge in order to implement the idea in this project. These steps are done by referring to related reading materials such as thesis, project paper, journals, and articles.

After sufficient information is gained and proper understanding about the fbndernentals is well prepared, the design and simulation process can be started. There are two softwares that are considered to be used for simulation and design which are Multisim and EAGLE (Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor). Even though OrCAD Pspice is said to be the best electrical simulation software that is

available around, after quite sometime, I found some difficulties to use it due to the fact that there are quite number of desired component that could not be found and the simulation phase encountered errors quite often. That's why it is not chosen to be used. Then, when both circuits have been designed and simulated, component searching step will be started. The circuit must be finalized so there will be no changes because once components are bought, it have to be used. Any changes will resulting higher cost than expected. This is not good because budget allocation for this project is quite limited. Even if the required component exists in the simulation software, it is not guaranteed that the same component is available in the market. This can be considered a big problem because if this happens, it might slow down the flow of the project. This will be a domino effect where other steps will be affected because the dependency of the postponed step. If this problem is dragged to a quite long period, it could be a big factor that contributes to the failure of the project.

Component installation step will be implemented after all equipments, component and every required item are in hand. For starter, breadboard will be used as the base for each circuit so testing can be done fiom time to time to see whether the components and the whole circuit can sustain in a long period. After achieving satisfaction on the circuit performance, the drawn lines on the circuit will be transferred to a blank etching board so etching process can be done as a final step. Etching process will be explained in detail in chapter 5.

Etching process could require an intricate work details because any faults on the copper lining will affect the whole circuit operation. Proper work is a must for this step so it won't spoil the whole circuit. Then, drilling process for each component's lead will be done on the etching board. Soldering job will be proceeded for all the components. Finally, all connection among etched lines and components will be checked. Then, input and output voltage testing will be conducted and the results will be used for analysis.

3 . 2

Flow Chart

9
START

LrnRAI1TRE REVIEW, RESEARCA AND PROBLEMMI*LYSIS

FINDING SOLUTIONS FOR PROBLEMS

I I
4

PROCEED WITa HARDWARE DESIGN USING SOFIWARE

SIMULATION AND ANALYZING CIRCUITS

NO

CIRCUITAND COMPONENTS INSTALLATION

HARDWARE TESTING

HARDWARE REALIZATION AND FINALIZATION

3.3

Project Schedule and Milestone

This section states the project schedule and milestone which would be the main timehme guideline for the PSM project. Schedule date will be started fiom the PSM 1 seminar and end by the submission of the finalized PSM 2 final report. The section below section is the table of project milestone.

Ite m 1. 2. 3. 4.

Activity PMS 1 seminar (compulsory) Project Topic and Supervisor Confirmation Project Topic Approval by PSM committee Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 11 Research on Literature Review of the Topic Submission of Project Proposal Form Application of Components Related to the Project Opened Research on Journals, Project Paper, Thesies and TechnicaVLab report on the topic Analysis Problem and Establish Problem Statement

Durati on O d 15d 2d O d

Start Date 13/7/05 13/7/05 28/7/05 4/8/05

End Date 13/7/05 28/7/05 4/8/05 4/8/05

Deliverables

Topic Suggestion Form

Progress Evaluation Form PSM 11

5.
6.

7d 7d

4/8/05 4/8/05

11/8/05 11/8/05 Project Proposal Form Components Application Form

7.

41d

11/8/05

8.

2 1/9/05

9.

41d

11/8/05

2 1/9/05

10. Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 12 11. PSM 1 Presentation and Evaluation

O d

25/8/05

25/8/05

7d

2 1/9/05

28/9/05

Progress Evaluation Form PSM 12 Slide Presentation & Evaluation Progress Presentation (Supervisor) Progress Evaluation Form PSM 13 Progress Presentation (Supervisor) Course Withdrawal Form Progress Evaluation Form PSM 14 Present PSM 1 Final Report (Supervisor) PSM I Report and PSM Activity Log

12. 13.

Circuit Design, Simulation and Analysis Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 13

8d O d

2119/05 29/9/05

29/9/05 29/9/05

14. Circuit Design, Simulation and Analysis 15. 16. Withdrawal from PSM 1 Course Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 14

21d O d O d

29/9/05 30/9/05 20110105

20110105 30/9/05 20110105

17. Producing PSM 1 Final Report 18. Submission of PSM 1 Final Report

14d

13/10/05

27110105

Od

27110105

27110105

Book
Table 3.1: Project Milestones PSM 1

19. 20.

21.

PMS 2 seminar (compulsory) Component Wurement, Hardware Development and Modification Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 21 Start on frnal report writing Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 22 Submission of Progress Evaluation Form PSM 23 Withdrawal from PSM 2 Course Submission of PSM 2 Final Report Preparation for PSM 2 presentation PSM 2 Presentation and Evaluation Submission of PSM 2 Final Report

O d 96d

04101106 27/12/05

0410 1106 3 1/03/06

O d

23/01/06

23/01/06

Progress Evaluation Form PSM 2-1

22. 23.

O d O d

2410 1106 20/02/06

2410 1106 20/02/06 Progress Evaluation Form PSM 2-2 20/03/06 Progress Evaluation Form PSM 2-3 17/03/06 Course Withdrawal Form 29/03/06 Evaluation by supervisor 04/04/06 Slides should be completed and gone through 07/04/06 Slide Presentation & Evaluation 12/04/06 Evaluation by supervisor & panel 19/04/06 Correction 04/05/06 2 copies verified by supervisor

24.

O d

20/03/06

25. 26. 27.

O d O d 4d

17/03/06 29/03/06 0 1/04/06

28. 29.

3d O d

05/04/06 12/04/06

Collection of PSM 2 Final Report 3 1. Submission of Finalized PSM 2 Final Report 30.

O d

19/04/06 04/05/06

Od

Table 3.2 Project Milestones PSM 2

3.4

Project Gantt Chart

PERANCANGAN PROJEK PROJECT PLANNING Senaraikan aktiviti-aktiviti utarna bagi projek yang dicadangkan. Nyatakan jangka masa yang diperlukan bagi setiap aktiviti. List major activities involved in the proposedproject. Indicate duration of each activity to the related month@).
2005
2006

Aktiviti Projek Project b Activities Discussing the title of the project (Flexible Electric Power Converter)

Literature Study Circuit Design Simulation Constructing the converter circuit Integrating all circuit design and device housing Device Testing Constructing the final device Report writing and final presentation

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Table 3.3 Project Gantt Chart

CHAPTER 4

DESIGNING AND HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Chopper

This part will explains on how the chopper is designed and includes a bit of elaboration on how chopper circuit works.

4.1.1 Introduction

Chopper is a Dc to dc converter. It's a power electronic circuits that convert a dc voltage to a different dc voltage level, often providing a regulated output . A buck converter or stepdown switch mode power supply can also be called a switch mode regulator. Popularity of a switch mode regulator is due to its fairly high efficiency and compact size and a switch mode regulator is used in place of a linear voltage regulator at relatively high output. Linear voltage regulators tend to be inefficient. [I]

Since the power devices used in linear regulators have to dissipate a fairly large amount of power, they have to be adequately cooled, by mounting them on heatsinks and the heat is transferred from the heatsinks to the surrounding air either by natural convection or by forced-air cooling. Heatsinks and provision for cooling makes the regulator bulky and large. In applications where size and efficiency are critical, linear voltage regulators cannot be used.

A switch mode regulator overcomes the drawbacks of linear regulators. Switched power supplies are more efficient and they tend to have an efficiency of
80% or more. They can be packaged in a f'raction of the size of linear regulators.

Unlike linear regulators, switched power supplies can step up or step down the input voltage.[4]

4.1.2 Linear Voltage Regulators

Before discussing switched-mode converters, it is usefil to understand the motivation for an alternative to linear dc--dcconverters. One method of converting a dc voltage to a lower dc voltage is the simple circuit shown below:

Figure 4.1 : A Basic Linear Regulator The output voltage is:

where the load current is controlled by the transistor. By adjusting the transistor base current, the output voltage may be controlled over a range of 0 to roughly Vs. The base current can be adjusted to compensate for variations in the supply voltage or the load, thus regulating the output. This type of circuit is called a linear dc-dc converter or a liner regulator because the transistor operates in the linear region rather than in the saturation or cutoff region [I]. The transistor, in effect, operates as a variable resistance.

While this may be a simple way of converting a dc supply voltage to a lower dc voltage and regulating the output, the low efficiency of this circuit is a serious drawback for power applications. The power absorbed by the load is VJL, and the power absorbed by the transistor is VcJL, assuming a small base current. The power loss in the transistor makes this circuit inefficient. For example, if the output voltage is onequarter of the input voltage, the load resistor absorbs one-quarter of the power source, which is an efficiency of 25%. The transistor absorbs the other 75% of the power supplied by the source. Lower output voltages result in even lower efflciencies.[4]

4.1.3 Basic Switching Converter

An efficient alternative to the linear regulator is the switching converter. In a

switching converter circuit, the transistor operates as an electronic switch by being completely on or completely off (saturation or cutoff for a BJT). This circuit is also known as a dc chopper.

Assuming the switch is ideal. The output is the same as the input when the switch is closed, and the output is zero when the switch is open. Periodic opening and closing of the switch results in the pulse output [I]. The pulse and ideal circuit is shown as below

Figure 4.2: a) A basic dc-dc switching converter b) Switching equivalent c) Output Voltage

The dc component of the output is controlled by adjusting the duty ratio D, which is the fraction of the period that the switch is closed:

D=
ton + ' o f

'-=ton f
T

where f is the switching frequency in hertz. The dc component of the output will be less than or equal to the input for this circuit. [8]

4.1.4 Switching Method

A transistor made by International Rectifier is used. The model is IRFP264 which is HEXFET power MOSFET. The reason why IRFP264 is chosen due to its special characteristics like: Dynamic dvldt Rating Repetitive Avalanche Rated Isolated Central Mounting Hole Fast Switching Ease of Paralleling
a

a a a

Simple Drive Requirements

Is
Figure 4.3: Symbol of IRFP264 MOSFET transistor

TO-247AC
Figure 4.4: IRFP264 actual look