a a xylem brand Handbook of Mixing OMAN Ecorse and Similar ApplicationsHandbook of Mixing for Wastewater and Similar Applications Author: Lars Uby, Ph.D. ‘This handbook of mixing is published by Xylem Wa- ter Solutions AB, the producers of Flygt mixers. Xylem is a global provider of water handling and treatment solutions for municipal and industrial cus- tomers in more than 140 countries. The company designs and delivers energy-efficient solutions and re- lated services for water and wastewater transport, bio- logical treatment, filtration, and disinfection through five global brands including Flygt, Godwin Pumps, Leopold, Sanitaire, Wedeco. Copyright © 2012 Xylem Water Solutions AB. All rights reserved. Typeset in BTEX Printed inn Sweden Published by Xylem Water Solutions AB, Gosillviigen 33, SE-174 87 Sundbyberg, Sweden, ISBN 978-91-980421-0.8Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 LL. Foreword 1 1.2. Acknowledgements 1 Disclaimer 2 Part 1. Elements and applications of mixing 3 Chapter 2. Why mixing? 5 2.1. Mixing ~ an industrial process 5 2.2. Mixing duties 5 22.1. Blending 6 2.2.2. Solids suspension 7 2.2.3. Solids distribution 7 2.2.4, Circulation 7 2.2.5, Dispersion 8 Chapter 3. Mixers uu 3.1. Top entry and other mechanical agitators 11 3.2. Submersible mixers 18 3. Jet mixers 15 3.4, Gas mixers ~ mixing by aeration 15 3.5. Rotor-stator mixers, cutters, grinders 19 3.6. Static mixers 19 3.7. Shakers 20 Chapter 4. Mixing applications in WWT 23 4.1, Pump stations 23 4.2. Retention basins 24 4.3. Preliminary treatment ~ Grit removal 24 44, Secondary and tertiary treatment — Activated sludge 25 44.1, Anaerobic tanks 25 44.2. Anoxic tanks 26 44.3. Aerobic tanks x 4.44. Membrane bioreactors (MBR) 28 44.5. Loop reactors — oxidation ditches 28 4.4.6. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) 29 44.7. Moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) 30 4.5. Chemical treatment ~ Flash mixing 30 4.6. Chemical treatment ~ Floceulation 31 4.7. Sludge treatment ~ Sludge storage 3L 4.8. Sludge treatment ~ Digesters and stabilisation 32 Chapter 5. Flow and separation properties 37 5.1. Rheology ~ liquids, solids and in between 37 D.LA. Viscosity, shear rate and shear stress 5.12. Apparent viscosity and yield stress 5.13. Other rheological properties 5.2. Empirical and practical estimates of liquid and mixture properti Solids seitling — settling velocities and sludge volume index: 5.2.2. Viscosity estimation 5.2.3, Yield stress estimation 5.2.4, Critical shear stress for resuspension 5.3. Fluid properties and mixing system 521 engineering 5.3.1. Mixed liquor 5.3.2, Sludge Part 2, Mixing system design Chapter 6. ‘Tank and mixing system design. 6.1, Introduction 6.2. Inlets, outlets and inflow mixing 62.1, Location recommendations 622. High load considerations 6.3. Tank mixing hydraulics 63, How many mixers or impellers? Direction of rotation 63.3. Tank hydraulic efficiency 6.3.4, Plug or completely mixed flow 6.4, Mixing system layout guidelines 6.4.1. Positioning for bulk flow 6.4.2. Influence of tank depth on mixing 6.4.8. Dimensions and clearances 6.4.4, Minimum submergence for submersible mixers 6.4.5, Minimum submergence for jet mixers 6.4.6. Mixer positioning near acration 6.4.7, det mixer guidelines 6.5. Rectangular tanks 6.5.1. Top entry agitators 6.5.2. Submersible and jet mixers 66. Circular tanks 6.6.1. Top entry agitators 6.6.2. Submersible and jet mixers 6.7. Anaerobic digesters 68. Oxidation ditches 6.8.1. Elficient loop reactors, aeration and mixing 68.2. Clearances in loop reactors 683. Number of mixer stations in loop reactors 42 76 7 80 81 81 82 87. 87. 87 90 1 a 92