.

.
)
( :




.

) ( .

)
( () :

()

.

.

.

:


Enron WorldCom .

.


.

.

Prawitt et.
) . ( Al, 2009

.

.

 .


.

.-


.

).(Prawitt et. al, 2009a
) Prawitt et. al (2009

.
Rogers
) and Stocken (2005
Schwartz and
) .Young (2002
) Brown and Pinello (2007

.

.


.

.

.


.
:
-

.-


.
.
:

 :

.
:
.
:
.

.- :
:

Enron & WorldCom
.


. Sarbanes-
Oxley
.
.
) (IIA

.
)
( ) Institute of Internal

 .(Auditors, 2003a
.


.



.


.

:

.
.

.

.-
:


.
Miller Ratio
.
:

.




.


.

.

.- :
:
.

 .
.
.

. :

:
.-
:
.--
.--
.-
.-

.- :


. .
) Ball and Brown :
1968, Beaver 1968, Dechow 1994, Dechow et al. 1998, Barth et al.
) . 2001 ) (Nitkin 2007 P 29

) (EVA )Edwards, Bell, and Olhsen (EBO
) . (FASB 1978, 1980

 ) Anderson et al,2004; Watts and

.( Zimmarman 1978, 1990; Watts 2003a,2003b




.
.
) Schroder, et. Al, (2005 P. 149

.
.
:


.



.
) (Mulford & Comisky, 2002

.

 .
.
) Healy & Wahlen (1999


.

:
.--
.--

.-- :
FASB
) (
.
) (

Relevance
.Reliability

.

.
.



: Accounting-based
Characteristics Market-
. based Characteristics

) Dechow and Dichev (2002)) :
) .(Francis et al. (2005
.

) Penman and Zhang (2002) :
) Leuz et al. (2003) .( Richardson et al. (2003
) Lipe (1990
.

R Square
) Francis and
) Schipper (1999 ) .( Collins et al. (1997

) ) Francis et al. (2004b Francis et
) .( al.(2002
.

.

 .


.

.

.


.
.

.

Dechow and Dechev2002 (Schipper and

).Vincent 2003

.-- :
) Healy (1985


.

) McNichols (2000
:

 . :
) Dechow and Sloan (1991 ) Petroni (1992

.

.

.
. :
) Burgstahler (1997

.
. :
) Healy (1985 ) DeAnglo (1986
) Jones (1991 Jones )Dechow et al. (1995
) . Dechow(1994

.
:
.

)
(.

 ) Healy (1985

. Healy
)
( .
Healy

.
: Healy
EDAC t = TACt/At-1
Where:
EDAC t = Estimated discretionary accruals for firm in
year t .
TACt = Total accruals for firm i in year t
A t-1 = Total assets for firm at the beginning of year t.
refers to the firm or the industry depending on whether
the analysis is time series or cross-sectional.
Healy

.
) DeAngelo (1986


.


.
DeAngelo Healy
. DeAngelo

.
:DeAngelo
EDAC t = TACt TACt-1 /At-1
Where:
EDAC t = Estimated discretionary accruals for firm in
year t .
TACt = Total accruals for firm i in year t
A t-1 = Total assets for firm at the beginning of year t.
refers to the firm or the industry depending on whether
the analysis is time series or cross-sectional.
DeAngelo
.
DeAngelo
.
) (Dechow,et. al, 1995 Healy
DeAngelo )
(

.
)Jones (1991

Healy

DeAngelo


: .
TACt / At-1 = 1 (1/At-1) + i1(REVt /At-1) + i2(PPEit/At-1)
+
Where:

TACt

= Total Accruals for firm i in year t,

At-1
= Total Assets for firm i at the beginning of year t,
REVt = Change in revenue for firm i from year t-1 to year t
, and
PPEit = Gross property, plant, and equipment for firm i in
year t.

All variables are deflated by beginning total assets

to adjust for heteroscedasticity.
( Dechow, et.al., 1995) Jones

:
EDACt = TACt / At-1 - [a1 (1/At-1 ) + b1 (( REVt ARt )/
At-1 ) + b2 (PPEt/At-1)]
Where:
EDACt = Estimated discretionary accruals for firm i in year t,
TACt = Total accruals for firm i in year t,
At-1 = Total assets for firm i at beginning of year t,
REVt = Change in revenue for firm i from year t-1 to year t,
ARt = Change in accounts receivable for firm i from year t-1 to
year t,
PPEt
= Gross property, plant and equipment for firm i in year t,
Jones
.

.

 ) (Healy , DeAngelo , Jones

. ) (Ibrahim, 2005


.
) (Miller, 2007

.


1985, Jones, 1991, Dechow,et al., 1995):

(Healy,

)TAt = (Cat CLt Casht + STDt Dept) / (At-1

Where:
Tat = Total assets total assets for firmt .

Cat = Change in current assets,

CL = Change in current liabilities,
Cash = Change in cash and cash equivalents,
STD = Change in debt included in current liabilities,
Dep = Depreciation and amortization expense,


) ( . Chou, Gombola
) and Liu (2006 ) Lee (2006 )Mir and Seboui (2006
) Visvanathan (2006 ). Miller (2007
) (Chou, Gombola and Liu; 2006



.
) (Visvanathan; 2006
) (


.

/

.

.

) ( ) (Miller; 2007

.
) (Miller Ratio

.
:

(WC / CFO)t-0 ( WC / CFO)t-1 = 0


( WC / CFO)t-0 ( WC / CFO)t-1 0
WC CFO
.
) (
.

.-

.

) (SAS No. 9 AICPA, 1975; SAS No.65 AICPA,1991
.

Competence Objectivity
Quality of Work Performance
.
) )Schneider and Wilner (1990
(
.

.


.

.
) Gordon and Smith, (1992

.

Churchill and Cooper (1965) ; Uecker, Brief, and

).Kinney, (1981


. (Clark, Gibbs, and Schroeder :
(1980),(1981); Gibbs and Schroeder (1979); Brown (1983); Brown
and Karan (1986); Messier and Schneider (1988); DeZoort,
Houston, and Peters (2001).
:Competence )(Clark, et al. (1980
)) and Gibbs and Schroeder (1979
.
) ; Brown (1983

. ) Messier and Schneider (1988

. Gramling
) and Myers (1997


.
: Objectivity

.
Clark, et al. (1980), (1981), Brown (1983), :
) . Messier and Schneider (1988), DeZoort, at al. (2001
) (
) (
.
:Quality of Work Performance
) Clark, et al. (1980

. ) Brown (1983


Messier and Schneider (1988) .

.
)Krishnamoorthy (2001


.

 .
.

Schneider, .
1984, 1985a, 1985b
)
: %, %,
Brown and Karan, 1986 .%,
. Schneider Messier and
Schneider
: Krishnamoorthy, .
2002
.
.

Plumlee (1985) .

Church and Schneider .
) (1992
.
) Brody and Kaplan (1996
.
) Brody and Lowe (2000

.


:


.
.-
:
)Prawitt, et; al. (2009a

.


.

.

Asare, Davidson, and

) Gramling (2008

.

.

 . Rogers and Stocken :

) (2005); Schwartz and Young (2002 Hunton, Libby, and
) Mazza (2006

. ) Brown and Pinello (2007

.


.

.
) Prawitt, et. al, (2009a
Prawitt , et. al

Jones
.


;(AICPA 1997
) . PCAOB 2007a & 2007b :

.
.

 .


.

: ) (
Prawitt , et. al Jones
.

.
Prawitt , et. al Prawitt , et. al

.
) (





.
) Davidson et al. (2005


.
) Prawitt,et; al, (2009a


Davidson
) et al. (2005
.

.

.

. :


.
.

.- :
.-- :
.
)
(

.



.

 .--- :


.
.



.


.

.

.


. )
( .
:
:


.
:

.

.--- :

.

.

) SAS
;No.9 AICPA, 1975; SAS No.65 AICPA, 1991; AICPA 1997
) PCAOB 2007a & b
.
Competence Objectivity
.Quality of Work Performance


).(IIA,2003b; 2005b

. .Competence

 ) .(IIA 2005b

.
:

.

.

.
 Objectivity

.


.

.

.

: ) (

.

.Quality of Work Performance


.



.


)
( .
.
.
.
):(
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
" "

 .
.

.

. :

.

.

.

) (
.


.


// .
.

.


) (
.
:

:
:


.
:


.

.
 
:

SOCPA
Certified Internal Auditor

Certified Financial

Auditor Certified Fraud Examiner

Certified Financial Manager Certified
Information System Auditor Certified Public
Accountant . Certified Management Accountant

 .

.



.

.
:

:
:


.
:

.

.
 :



.



.




.


.
.

.

.

.
:

:
:


.
:

.
 :

.

.
.

.

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
:

:
:


.
:

.

.


.

.


.


.


.
:

:
:


.
:

.

)(

.

.


.


.



.
:
:

 :


.
:

.

. :


.


.

.

.

:
.

.


.

.

.


.



.
:

:
:

.
:

.

."#$%
  :



.
IIA
.

.

.
.


.
:

:
:

.
:

.

 . -% +  )(':

.



.
.


.


.
:

:
:

.
:

.

. :

.
.

.


.
.


) .(IIA

.


.

.


.
:

:
:

.
:

.

 . :



.
.

.


.





.
.


.

.

.



.

.

:

) ( .
.
.
:

:
:

.
:

.
) (
) ( .

  )(
($ .#/ #$% * ,  )$' *+  #$% ('& #$% 
* , *+
($ .#/ #$%
#$%
#$%
&0
('&
.#$0 12 34 #$%
#$%
('&
9 12 #* )$ <(;70 :9 )$, $=9
7,
.($9
*$
9 12 #* )$ <(;(>A :9 )$ $=9
?>(
.$@>0
>@$
9 FE+0 +@E #1C #* )$ $=9 )$$D
#$% #1C

' #*.
9 12 (9(E  (.+@E G. +I0 : $=9
G.
(9(E * K  ' #* .(.+@E
 9 12 *( ' )$0 #* :( 9 3 $=9
IL
*(#? (' )$0.
#*
*9 12 K (9(E * K @($9 34 PQ $=9
IL
 $*' R1N#0 $*' F1N#9 #9 ( #. ( $ :
9 #9 +I0 (9(E * K  ' #*
( #. ( .(.+@E $
+N  (L 34 S$<; L #4 *($*' 4# $=9
*4#
'*($ ?# ?#   #*.
;9  (L 34 #Q +N #4 * 4# ($*' $@Q
?#.
 (L 34 S$<; L  $*1 @$=9 @I $$W
,EV
#*.
;  (L 34 #Q  $*1ZY . +0
[.#D
9 #AV 9  (L 34 S$<; L #AV 34(9 $=9
(9 ..^$Q@N
34
;  (L 34 #Q#AV 34(9 ..^$Q@N
.^$Q@N
K$  (L 34 S$<; L+ # K$* $=9
+
.$D
#*
;9  (L 34 #Q + # K$* .$D
$D
+
(W2  (L 34 S$<; L+ +E $=9 )0 L
+ + .+N G$ (E Y.
'(#
(@c  (L 34 CE 3'+E  .+ 3D
Y
 .+ (C.3
;9  (L 34 #Q + (W2 + '(#
Y.

 .--:

.
Y = 0 + 1X1+2X2+ 3X3+ 4X4+ 5X5+ 6X6+ 7X7+
8X8+ 9X9+ 10X10 + 11X11 +
:
Y .
0 .
1..10 .
X1.... X11 :



.
.

.-- :


.
.
.

) (


.


.
.


.

.
.


.
. ) (
.
)(

 .-- :
. :
.

.
)
( .

.

. ) (
.

. :

.SPSS

.- :

SPSS .%
Enter

.
.

 .-- Enter
. :
) (

)(
Descriptive Statistics
N
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35

Std. Deviation
1.30830140
.0349471
.1172502
.0226419
2.1191405
.007642
.0585181
.40584
.50210
.35504
.44344
.74698

Mean
1.1586900
.984143
.122429
.021857
8.257143
.00681
.128571
.8000
.5714
.8571
.7429
1.1714

y
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
x10
x11

:
. ,
.,
.
%
%
%.
. %
.%

 . %
.%
.
.
.
%, %,
.
% %,
.
.



) ( .
: ,
., ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

 . :
) (

)(
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Sig. F Change
.017

df2
23

df1
11

F Change
2.823

R Square
Change
.574

Std. Error of
the Estimate
1.03762692

Adjusted
R Square
.371

R
R Square
.758 a
.574

Model
1

a. Predictors: (Constant), x11, x1, x9, x7, x8, x6, x5, x2, x4, x3, x10

) ( R , R Square
, Sig. F Change .,
R )(
R Square

Sig. F Change
Sig. F Change .
:
.
,
,
.
.
.

. :
) (
.
)(
Coefficientsa

Sig.
.957
.603
.124
.894
.162
.655
.015
.876
.454
.297
.911
.213

t
.055
.527
-1.598
-.134
-1.446
-.453
-2.620
-.158
.762
1.067
-.113
1.280

Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.085
-.289
-.026
-.273
-.076
-.526
-.024
.133
.162
-.029
.274

Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
.311
5.699
3.167
6.006
-3.226
2.019
-1.494
11.118
-.168
.116
-13.038
28.784
-11.756
4.487
-.078
.493
.347
.455
.599
.561
-.085
.752
.480
.375

)(Constant
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
x10
x11

Model
1

a. Dependent Variable: y

) ( :
.



.

 .
) (
)
(
.
.


.
.
)
(
.
.

.:
) ( :
( Y = 0.311 + 3.167X1 + (-3.226)X2+ (-1.494)X3 + (-0.168) X4 +( 13.038)X5 + (-11.756)X6 + (-0.078)X7 + 0.374 X8 + 0.599X9 +0.085) X10 + 0.480 X10 +


.

.

 .


.


.

.-- Stepwise

Stepwise

 . :
) (

)(
Descriptive Statistics
N
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35

Std. Deviation
1.30830140
.0349471
.1172502
.0226419
2.1191405
.007642
.0585181
.40584
.50210
.35504
.44344
.74698

Mean
1.1586900
.984143
.122429
.021857
8.257143
.00681
.128571
.8000
.5714
.8571
.7429
1.1714

Enter

y
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
x9
x10
x11

 . :
) (
)(
Variables Entered/Removeda
Method
Stepwise
(Criteria:
Probabilit
y-ofF-to-enter
<= .050,
Probabilit
y-ofF-to-remo
ve >= .
100).

Variables
Entered

Variables
Removed

Model
1

x6

a. Dependent Variable: y

) (
.

.
) (

)(
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Sig. F Change
.000

df2
33

df1
1

F Change
24.191

R Square
Change
.423

Std. Error of
the Estimate
1.00874725

Adjusted
R Square
.406

R
R Square
.650 a
.423

Model
1

a. Predictors: (Constant), x6

) ( R , R Square
, Sig. F Change .,
R )(

 R Square

Sig. F Change
. :
.
,
,
.
.

.

.

. :
) (
.
)(
Coefficientsa

Sig.
.000
.000

t
7.269
-4.918

Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
-.650

Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
3.028
.417
-14.541
2.956

)(Constant
x6

Model
1

a. Dependent Variable: y

) (

 .


.

.:
) ( ,
, :
Y = 3.028 + (-14.541)X6 +

. :


.

:




.
:
.
.
.
.

 .
.

.

.




.



.


.
.


References

: :
.//
.

( " )
."
. .
: :

Anderson, R. C; Nansi, S. A; and Reeb, D. M. 2004. Board

characteristics, accounting report integrity, and the cost of
debt. Journal of Accounting and Economics 37, 315-342.
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). 1975.
The Effect of an Internal Audit Function on the Scope of
the Independent Auditor's Examination. Statement on
Auditing Standards no. 9. New York. NY: AICPA.
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). 1991.
The Auditors' Consideration of the Internal Audit
Function in an Audit of Financial Statements. Statement
on Auditing Standards No. 65. New York, NY: AICPA.

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). 1997.

The Auditor's Consideration of the Internal Audit
Function in an Audit of Financial Statements. Statement
on Auditing Standards No.65: New York, NY: AICPA.
Asare S., R.A. Davidson, and A .A. Gramling. 2008. Internal
auditors' evaluation of fraud factors in planning an audit:
The importance of audit committee quality and
management incentives. International Journal of Auditing
12 (3): 191-203.
Ball, R., and P, Brown. 1968. An empirical evaluation of
accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting
Research, 6(2), 159-178.
Barth, M. S., Cram, D; and Nelson, K. 2001. Accruals and the
prediction of future cash flows. The Accounting Review,
76(1), 27-58.

Beaver, W. H. 1968. The information content of annual earnings

announcements. Journal of Accounting Research,
6(Supplement), 67-92.
Brody, R.G. and S.E. Kaplan. 1996. Escalation of commitment
among internal auditors. Auditing: A Journal of Practice
andTheory (Spring): 1-15.
Brody, R.G. and D.J. Lowe. 2000. The new role of the internal
auditor: implications for internal auditor objectivity.
International Journal of Auditing. Vol. 4:169-176.
Brown, L. D., and A. S. Pinello. 2007. To what extent does the
financial reporting process curb earnings surprise games?.
Journal of Accounting Research 25 (5): 947-981.

Brown, P. R. 1983. Independent auditor judgment in the evaluation

of internal audit functions. Journal of Accounting
Research (Autumn): 444-455.
Brown, P. R., and V. Karan. 1986. One approach for assessing the
operational nature of auditing standards: An analysis of
SAS 9. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Vol. 6. No. 1.
(Fall): 134-147.
Burgstahler, D. and Dichev, I. 1997. Earnings management to a
void earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting
and Economics 24 (December): 99-126.
Chou, D; Gombola, M; and Liu, F. 2006. Earnings management
and stock performance of reverse leveraged buyouts.
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 41(2),
407-438.
Church, B.K. and A. Schneider. 1992. Internal auditor involvement
in internal control systems design: Is objectivity
impaired?. Journal of Applied Business Research (Fall):
15-24.
Churchill, N. C. and W. W. Cooper. 1965. A field study of internal
auditing. The Accounting Review (October): 767-781.
Clark, M., T. E. Gibbs, and R. G. Schroeder. 1981. CPAs judge
internal audit department objectivity. Management
Accounting.(February): 40-43.
Clark, M., T. E. Gibbs and R. B. Schroeder. 1980. Evaluating
internal audit departments under SAS no. 9: Criteria for
judging competence, objectivity, and performance. The
Woman CPA. (July):8 11.

Collins, D; Maydew, E; and Weiss, I. 1997. Changes in the value relevance of earnings and book values over the past forty
years. Journal of Accounting and Economics. (11): 143181.
Davidson, R. J; Goodwin-Stewart, J; and Kent, P. 2005. Internal
governance structures and earnings management.
Accounting and Finance 45(2): 241-267.
DeAngelo, L. 1986. Accounting Numbers as Market Valuation
Substitutes: A Study of Management Buyouts of Public
Stockholders. The Accounting Review. 61: 400-420.
Dechow, P. M. 1994. Accounting earnings and cash flows as
measures of firm performance: The role of accounting
accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 17: 3-42.
Dechow, P. M., and R, Sloan 1991. Executive Incentives and The
Horizon Problem; An Empirical Investigation. Journal of
Accounting and Economics (14): 51 89.
Dechow, P. M; Sloan, R. G; and Sweeney, A. P. 1995. Detecting
Earnings Management> The Accounting Review 70 (2):
193-225.
Dechow, P; Kothari, S. P; and Watts, R. L. 1998. The relationship
between earnings and cash flows. The Journal of
Accounting and Economics 25(2), 133-168.
Dechow, P. M; and Dichev, I. D. 2002. The quality of accruals and
earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors, The
Accounting Review (77) (Supplement): 35-59.
DeZoort, F. T., R. W. Houston, and M. F. Peters. 2001. The impact
of internal auditor compensation and role on external

auditors'
planning
judgments
and
decisions.
Contemporary Accounting Research (Summer): 257-281.
Financial Accounting Standard Board. 1978. Objectives of
financial reporting by business enterprises. Statement of
financial Accounting Concepts # 1 . Stanford CT: FASB.
Financial Accounting Standard Board. 1978. Qualities
characteristics of accounting information . Statement of
financial Accounting Concepts # 2 . Stamford CT: FASB.
Francis, J; and Schipper, K. 1999. Have financial statements lost
their relevance?. Journal of Accounting and Economics
(37) 319-332.
Francis, J; LaFond, R; Olsson, P; and Schipper, K. 2002. The
market pricing of earnings quality. Available at SSRN;
http://ssrn.com/abstract=414140.
Francis, J; Huang, A. H; Rajgopal, S; and Zang, A. Y. 2004b. CEO
reputation and earnings quality. Available at SSRN;
http://ssrn.com/abstract=609401.
Francis, J; LaFond, R; Olsson, P; and Schipper, K. 2005. The
market pricing of accrual quality. Journal of Accounting
and Economics. 39 (2), 295-327.
Gibbs, T. E. and R. G. Schroeder. 1979. Evaluating the competence
of internal audit departments. In Symposium on Auditing
Research III, Urbana: University of IIIIinois: 207-225.
Gordon, L. A., and K. J. Smith. 1992. Postauditing capital
expenditures and firm performance: the role of
asymmetric information. Accounting, Organizations and
Society (November): 741-757.

Gramling, A. A., and P. M. Myers. 1997. Practitioners' and users'

perceptions of the benefits of certification of internal
auditors. Accounting Horizons 11(1): 39-53.
Healy, P. 1985. The effect of bonus schemes on accounting
decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics (7): 85107.
Healy, P. M; and Wahlen, J. M. 1999. A review of the earnings
management literature and its implications for standard
setting. Accounting Horizons. 13(4): 365-384.
Hunton, J. E., R. Libby, and C.L.Mazza.2006. Financial reporting
transparency and earnings management. The Accounting
Review 81 (1): 135-157.
Ibrahim, S. S. 2005. An alternative measure to detect intentional
earnings management through discretionary accruals.
Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University Of
Maryland.
Jones, J. 1991. Earnings management during import relief
investigations. Journal of Accounting Research (29): 193228.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). 2005b. International standards
for the professional practice of internal auditing. The
Institute of Internal Auditors Homepage. Available at
http://www.theiia.org?doc_id=1499.
Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). 2003a. Simply Good Business.
Tone at the Top. The Institute of Internal Auditors
Homepage. Available at: http://www.theiia.org/ecm/
guide-frame.cfm?doc_id=1499.

Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). 2003b. International standards

for the professional practice of internal auditing. The
Institute of Internal Auditors Homepage. Available at:
http://www.theiia.org/ecm/guide-frame.cfm?doc_id=1499.
Jones, J. 1991. Earnings management during import relief
Investigations. Journal of Accounting Research (29) 193288
Krishnamoorthy, G. 2002. A multistage approach to external
auditors' evaluation of the internal audit function.
Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory (March): 95121.
Krishnamoorthy, G. 2001. A cascaded inference model for
evaluation of the internal audit report. Decision Sciences
(Summer): 499-520.
Lee, P. 2006. The Big Bath Hypothesis: Accruals management in
response to dividend reduction and omission",
International Journal of Management 23 (2): 281-288.
Leuz, C., Nadan, D., and Wysocki, P. 2003. earnings Management
and investor protection: An international comparison
Journal of Financial Economics (69): 505-527.
Lipe, R. 1990. The relation between stock returns and accounting
earnings given alternative information. The accounting
Review (65): 49 71.
McNichols, M. 2000. Research design issues in earnings
management studies. Journal of Accounting and Public
Policy 19(4/5): 313-345.
Messier, W. F., Jr., and A. Schneider. 1988. A hierarchical
approach to the external auditor's evaluation of the

internal auditing function. Contemporary Accounting

Research 4(2): 337-353.
Miller, J; 2007. Detecting earnings management a tool for
practitioners and regulators.
Unpublished ph.D.
Dissertation, Anderson University.
Mir, A. E; and Seboui, S. 2006). Corporate governance and
earnings management and the relationship between
economic value added and created shareholder value.
Journal of Asset Management 7(3): 242-254.
Mulford, C., and Comiskey, E. 2002. The financial numbers game:
detecting creative accounting practices. New York; John
Wiley &Sons, Inc.
Penman, S; and Zang, X. 2002. Accounting conservatism, the
quality of earnings, and stock returns. The Accounting
Review 77(2): 237-264.
Petroni, K. 1992. Optimistic reporting in the property-casualty
insurance industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics
15(4): 485-508
Plumlee, R. D. 1985. The standard of objectivity for internal
auditors: Memory and bias effects. Journal of Accounting
Research (Autumn): 683-699.
Prawitt, D., N. Smith, J. L., and D. Wood. 2009a. Internal audit
quality and earnings management. The Accounting Review
84(4): 1255-1280.
Prawitt, D., N. Sharp, and D. Wood. 2009b. Does internal auditing
affect the external audit fee? An archival validation of
experimental results. Working Paper, Brigham Young

University, Texas A&M University, and Brigham Young

University.
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). 2007a.
An Audit of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
that is Integrated with an Audit of Financial Statements.
Available online at: http://www.pcaobus.org/Rules
/Rules_of_the_Board/Auditing_Standard_5.pdf.

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). 2007b.

An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
that is Integrated with an Audit of Financial Statements
(Adopting Release). Available at: http://www.pcaobus.org
/Rules/Docket_021/2007-06-12_Release_No_2007005A.pdf.

Richardson, S. A; Tuna, A. I; and Wysocki, P. D. 2003.

Accounting for taste: Board member preferences and
corporate policy choices. Available at SSRN:
http;//ssrn.com/abstract=405101.
Rogers, J. L., and P. C. Stocken. 2005. Credibility of management
forecasts. The Accounting Review 80 (4):1233-1260.
Schipper, K; and Vincent, L. 2003. Earnings Quality. Accounting
Horizons 17 (supplement): 97-110.
Schneider, A. 1984. Modeling external auditors' evaluations of
internal auditing. Journal of Accounting Research
(Autumn): 657-678.
Schneider, A. 1985a. Consensus among auditors in evaluating the
internal audit function. Accounting and Business Research
(Autumn): 297-301.

Schneider, A. 1985b. The reliance of external auditors on the

internal audit function. Journal of Accounting Research
(Autumn): 911-919.
Schneider, A. and Wilner, N. 1990. A test of audit deterrent to
financial reporting irregularities using the randomized
response technique. The Accounting Review 65(3): 668681.
Schrroder, R.G., Clark, M.W., and Cathey, J.m. 2005. Financial
Accounting Theory and Analysis, Text Reading and Cases.
(8th ed). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Schwartz, S. T., and R. A. Young. 2002. A laboratory investigation
of verification and reputation formation in a repeated joint
investment setting. Contemporary Accounting Research
19(2): 311-342.
Uecker, W. C., A. P. Brief, and W. R. Kinnery, Jr. 1981.
Perception of the internal and external auditor as a
deterrent to corporate irregularities. Accounting Review
(July): 465-478.
Visvanathan, G. 2006. An empirical investigation of closeness to
cash' as a determinant of earnings response Coefficients.
Accounting and Business Research 36(2), 109-120.
Watts, R. L. and Zimmerman, J. 1978. Toward a Positive theory of
the determination of Accounting standards. The
Accounting Review 53: 112-134.
Watts, R. L. and Zimmerman, J. L. 1990. Positive Accounting
Theory, Ten Year Perspective. The Accounting Review 65;
131-156.

Watts, R. L. 2003a. Conservatism in Accounting, part I;

Explanations and implications. Accounting Horizons
17(3): 207-221.
Watts, R. L. 2003b. Conservatism in accounting, part II:
Explanations and research opportunities. Accounting
Horizons 17(4): 287-301.


)(

)( /

)
( .
.


.

.

 . :





)
( )(CPA
.
:
.

. )
(

:

. )
(
.





.

.

.





.







:


:

 .
:

.
)(

:



: