Notes Spss

.
. ...
, 2005

Darren George Paul Mallery
SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference
11.0 Update
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education Inc.
ISBN: 0-205-37552-9
www.ablongman.com/george
. GRADES.SAV
Grades.sav
.
.
.
35
ID
LASTNAME
FIRSTNAM
SEX
ETHNIC
YEAR
: 1=
4=
(3
,2=
: 1=
) 5=
: 1=Frosh (1
), 4=Senior (4
)
, 2=
), 2=Soph (2
LOWUP
: 1=
SECTION
(1
REVIEW
), 3=Junior
, 2=
3).
GPA
ETRCRED
, 3 =
.
: 1=
2=
1=
QUIZ1
QUIZ5
, 2=
5
FINAL
10)
75.
grades.sav.
I.
.SAV
anxiety.sav
.
= 73
exam:
100.
anxiety:
10
(0)
(10).
. HELPING1.SAV
anxiety.sav
.
= 81
,
zhelp:
z(
-3
)
+3.
sympathy:
(1)
(7).
anger:
efficacy:
(self efficacy)
.
severity:
empatened:
,
V. HELPING2.SAV
helping1.sav.
= 517)
),
15
(self-efficacy)
(
effic
empathy1
effic15:
7).
15
empathy14:
14
.
14
,
.
,
.
.
.
!
:
1.
(
),
)
(
,
).
2.
3.
,
.
SPSS.
,
.
.
.
SPSS for Windows 14.0

SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Statistical Product and Service
Solutions)
.
SPSS 14.0
.
11 .
99%
).
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for
Windows
.
,
SPSS
.
Windows,
SPSS
Henry Ford
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Bill Gates
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1. Data View
Data Editor.
SPSS,
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(
variable View,
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(
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Data View
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Variable View,
Var
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data editor.
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Print File (
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Editor.
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txt, access,
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enter
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Data Editor (
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File Open Data.
:
Open
File Type
(
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Editor
Open
Data
SPSS.
2. Variable View
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(
10
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10
:
data view
Values, Missing, Columns, Align,
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Measure).
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Variable View
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colour
SPSS.
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ne, eq, to, le, lt, gt, and, not, ge
: all,
width.
enter
,
default
,
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(Type)
Type
Numeric (=
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SPSS
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(
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Numeric.
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data view
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(
(
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1
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String.
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string.
string
type2, Jones III)
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Numeric
String
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Help
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(width)
Width
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width
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8
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Decimals
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string
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Width
2,
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2.
Width
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data view
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(Label)
Label
(
)
.
. colour, sex, age)
.
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Label
.
256
.
.
,
(
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Label
,
Label
.
Data View
Variable View.
(Values)
Value
.sex:
3=
1=
, 4=
2=
marital:
1=
2=
).
.
SPSS
3
.
SPSS
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SPSS
60
.
Type,
Values
(Missing)
Missing
.
,
8
9.
Missing,
8
.
(
.
)
,
User Missing
(
data view
,)
System
Missing.
(Columns)
Columns
.
Data View (
view,
variable
data view).
:
.
,
.
.
3
33
(
8
12.
Columns.
)
(
),
8.
(Align)
Align
drop-down
,
numeric
string
(Measure)
Measure
drop-down
:
Scale (
), Ordinal (
Nominal (
),
).
.
:
8,
16
8,
8
12
scale
SPSS
10
2.
(
),
,
.
.
SPSS
String
Nominal (
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24
(default),
Scale.
Numeric
Scale.
.
,
SPSS
.
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.
SPSS
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3. Output Navigator
3:
Output
.
SPSS
.
.
3
.
Data Editor
SPSS.
Data Editor,
.
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.
,
SPSS
Output
SPSS
(outline view)
.
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(
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SPSS
,
(
,
(=frequencies),
Output
,
notes
).
.
,
.
,
.
)
frequencies
).
frequencies
frequencies.
insert new text (
).
).
SPSS
.
,
SPSS,
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4.
.
Frequencies,
.
4:
.
(
Variable View).
:
(
scale,
,
(label)
),
,
).
Variable(s).
.
.
SPSS
OK, Paste, Reset, Cancel, Help
(OK),
default
SPSS
(Reset),
(Help).
- (Cancel)
Paste
menu bar
SPSS
menu bar
,
SPSS.
,
.
File:
(
,
,
SPSS,
.).
Edit:
,
.)
View:
(
(fonts).
Data:
,
,
.
Transform:
(
,
missing values).
Analyze:
Graphs:
Utilities:
.
.
Windows:
SPSS
Help:
SPSS (
).
.
(
.
,
, manual & help
SPSS)
File
5:
5
File
File.
New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, Print Preview,
Exit.
Windows
.
Windows,
.
New
File New Data.

.
.
Open
,
.
File Open Data
Open,
6.
6:
Open File
:
(File Name)
(Look in).
,
Look in:.
drop down
.
,
(
[SPSS
])
(
).
)
(
Open
Files of type:
.
default
SPSS
SPSS
.sav
.spo).
Cancel
.
Save
Save As
Save As
.
)
Save.
Save As,
SPSS
.
Open
,
.
Save in (
File name
Save
Look in)
.
.
7:
Save File
Save
.
Save
,
SPSS
Windows
!
Print
Print Preview
(
Preview
).
Print
.
Print
SPSS,
Print Preview
.
(
Print
(
)
.
.
,
Exit
SPSS.
Edit
8:
Edit
Edit
Clear, Paste
Find.
,
,
edit.
Undo, Cut, Copy,

,
Undo
.
.
Undo
,
.
Save,
Undo
.
.
!
Cut
Paste
Paste.
.
.
Edit Copy.
.
edit
Paste
.
Cut (
Copy).
Copy,
,
Cut
.
Clear
,
.
,
,
Edit Clear
.
Delete.
Find
.
(
)
.
Edit Find
Find Next.
SPSS
.
View
9:
View
View
Fonts,
Status Bar,
Grid Lines.
Status Bar
Grid Lines
,
.
.
Status Bar
Data Editor
SPSS (SPSS Processor is Ready, Running
Frequencies,
).
Data
Grid Lines
Editor
.
Data Editor
,
Data Editor
Fonts
.
Fonts
,
.
10:
Fonts
Font
Font Style
(Italic),
(Bold),
(Bold Italic)
(Regular).
Size
Sample
.
OK
,
,
.
.
Data
11:
Data
Sort Cases,
Data
Insert Variable, Insert Case, Go to Case,
Select Cases.
Insert Variable
Insert variable
data editor
.
)
(
data Insert Variable
.
(
,)
SPSS
,
,
Variable View.
Var00001.
,
Variable View
Insert Case
Insert Case
editor
data
data Insert Case

.
(
,).
Go to Case
Go to Case
.
Find
Edit.
Select Cases
Select Cases
.
.
,
.
SPSS
.
Select Cases.
,
All
cases
Select Cases.
,
.
.
,
select cases
.
,
SPSS
filter_$
.
(
),
select cases,
Select Cases
cases
All
select
.
(
)
radio button If condition is satisfied

If.
.
70
.
:
<
>
<=
>=
**
()
~=
&
(and):
(or):
(not):
,
.
:
1.
Sex (
:
)
=1,
=2
:
: sex = 1
2.
year (
:
=1,
)
=2,
=3,
=4
: (year = 1) | (year = 3)
12:
Select Cases
.
sex = 1,
,
sex ~= 2.
,
,
.
.
Transform
Data
Compute
Recode.
Compute
Compute
.
(age)
(age_m)
Compute.
Transform Compute
Compute Variable,
13.
13:
Compute
Target Variable
,
.
Variable View
.
Type & Label
.
.
12.
(age_m)
(age)
12.
Numeric Expression.
SPSS.
Recode
Recode
.
.
(
age
.
,
recode
1,
3,
19-24
41-60
2,
18
25-45
61
1.
Recode
.
.
Transform Recode Into
Different
Recode Into Different Variables,
Variables
14.
14:
Recode
Numeric Variable Output

Variable.
(
)
change
.
Old and New Values.
15.
15:
Age
Value
Old Value
Value
New Value,
Add
Old New.
.
,
Continue
K.
(Recode into Same Variable).

.
,
.
,
,
,
Recode
o
.
,
,
.
,
(
.
o
,
.
,
,
15
.
:
.
.
Likert,
o
)
,
,
:
2
).
5,
,
4,
3,
1.
Count
count
(
count
.
0 (
(
).
Q1-Q5
.
count
10
,
Transform
count
16 :
Count
target variable
.
variable
view.
,
,
Define Values,
16 .
16 :
Count
Define Values
,
(value)
(Range),
SPSS
.
,
add,
Values to Count.
16
Add,
,
.
Value
.
) range: through
,
,
10.
10
(5 through 10).
) range: Lowest through
,
.
Lowest through 10,
10.
) range: .. through highest
,
.
10 through highest,
10.
Utilities
.
Windows
SPSS (Data View, Variable View, Output Navigator,
).
Help
SPSS.
Help,
.
Graphs
,
(
).
Box Whisker (Box Plot)
Scatter Plot,
Analyze
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics (Frequencies,
Crosstabs).
Frequencies
Frequencies,
.
Frequencies
SPSS
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
,
17 .
17 :
Frequencies
Variables.
Statistics
.
17 :
Frequencies
SPSS
,
.
Percentile Values =
Quartiles =
Cut points for ___ equal groups =
Percentile(s) =
Dispersion =
Std. Deviation =
Variance =
Range =
Minimum =
Maximum =
__
S.E. mean =
Central Tendency =
Mean =
Median =
Mode =
Sum =
Distribution =
Skewness =
Kurtosis =
,
Continue
frequencies.
(
Chart,
17 )
.
17 :
Frequencies
(Bar Chart)
(Pie Chart),
(
)
.
,
frequencies.
Display Frequency Tables
).
,
Continue
,
(
).
OK,
SPSS
.
Frequencies.
17 :
17 :
.
,
1,
2.
Quiz1 (
).
.
.
(
missing values
).
.
,
Valid Percent.
Crosstabs
Crosstabs
.
,
),
(A, B, C, D, F)
),
Crosstabs
,
, 60-79
, 80-99
(
(
(0-19
, 20-39
),
, 40-59
).
.
(section)
,
(gender)
(ethnicit).
gender
ethnicit
(section).
,
.
Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs
,
18 .
18 :
Crosstabs
,
.
Rows
Columns
layer 1 of 1)
section).
(
,
cells,
Observed.
SPSS,
.
,
.
OK
18 .
18 :
Crosstabs)
).
18 :
crosstabs,
cells
18 .
Cells
Crosstabs
Observed,
percentages
crosstabs
)
(rows), )
(columns)
(total).
(expected),
2
,
(
observed),
.
Graphs
graphs,
,
,
Box Plot
Box Whisker.
.
Graphs
(BoxPlot),
Boxplot.
(Simple)
(Data in chart
are)
(summaries of separate
variables).
,
(
Define
)
(
Boxes Represent.
Box Plot.
)
19 :
Box-Whisker
Box Plot
.
,
:
25%
(1
(3
,
,
),
75%
),
3
)
1.5
1
.
19 :
Box-Whisker
1: Crosstabs
crosstabs
.
,
(
,
(
),
,
(
,
),
),
),
(A, B, C, D, F)
.
,
(0-19
, 20-39
, 40-59
, 60-79
, 80-99
(0-99, 100- 149, 150-199, 200-250),
),
,
.
(
99
100
),
,
0
149
crosstabs
.
SPSS Crosstabs (=
Cells (=
Statistics (=
Crosstabs
Frequencies
, 24
, 45
41
5
,
11
, 20
64
grades.sav,
.
Crosstabs.
sex)
.
10
[
(sex)
(2)
(5)
(ethnic)].
,
ethnic
.
ethnic, sex, grade
.
5 (ethnic)
x 2(sex) x 5 (grade)
50
105
.
,
SPSS
5x2
CHI-SQUARE ( 2)
(
,
SPSS
.
.
100
30
70
10
)
10
7
).
(
,
100,
3
10
,
(
.
,
10
chi-square
.
chi-square
[
(f0)
(fe)]
:
2
[(f0 -fe)2/fe]
,
,
,
.
.
p < 0.05,
.
.
chi-square
(
.
chi-square
.
Pearson
( ),
chi-square
( )
.
0
1 (
1
).
,
2
1.0.
Cramrs V
2
/[ (k-1)],
).
0
1.0
chi-square.
Crosstabs
.
grades.sav
= 105.
chi-square
sex
ethnic.
Crosstabs
Chi-Square
Analyze,
Descriptive Statistics
Corsstabs.
(
1.1,
crosstabs.
:
(
( )
sex
Row(s)
.
ethnic
(
).
2 (sex)
5 (ethnic)
10
1.1
Crosstabs
section
.
:
,
.
Next
(=
Layer
.
section (=
year (=
),
),
of
),
,
.
2 x 5
.
,
(
Next,
Previous (=
2 x 5
.
.
.
Cells (=
1.1),
1.2,
.
.
.
.
1.2
Crosstabs:
Display
Observed
Expected
Cell
Observed Count
Expected Count
Row Percentages
Column Percentages
Total Percentages
Unstandardized Residuals
.
.
.
.
.
,
crosstabs,
chi-square.
statistics (
1.1).
1.3,
).
.
Chi-square
Phi and Cramrs V.
Cells,
1.3
Crosstabs:
Statistics
crosstabs
.
chi-square
,
sex
ethnic
5
.
) x 4 (
)
crosstabs,
,
Data
.
,
Select Cases.
f condition is
satisfied (
),
If
.
(
Select Cases: If).

,
.
2, 3, 4,
ethnic.
ethnic
>= (
,
),
2.
ethnic
2.
,
1.1
.
(OUTPUT)
Crosstabs
Chi-Square ( 2)
Continue,
SEX * ETHNIC Crosstabulation
Native
SEX
Female
Male
Total
Count
Expected Count
Residual
Count
Expected Count
Residual
Count
Expected Count
Asian
13
12,2
,8
7
7,8
-,8
20
20,0
4
3,0
1,0
1
2,0
-1,0
5
5,0
ETHNIC
Black
14
14,6
-,6
10
9,4
,6
24
24,0
White
26
27,4
-1,4
19
17,6
1,4
45
45,0
Hispanic
7
6,7
,3
4
4,3
-,3
11
11,0
Total
64
64,0
41
41,0
105
105,0
Chi-Square Tests
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases
Value
1,193a
1,268
4
4
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
,879
,867
,501
df
,453
105
a. 3 cells (30,0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 1,95.
Symmetric Measures
Nominal by
Nominal
Value
,107
,107
105
Phi
Cramer's V
N of Valid Cases
Approx. Sig.
,879
,879
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null
hypothesis.
: SPSS for Windows: Crostabulation and Chi-square analyses

crosstabs
chi-square
.
.
,
26
27.4
17.6
19
).
)
.
chi-square
(
).
chi-square (1.19288)
0.8 (0.87927).
.
,
.3
10
5.
(Native).
,
.
/
10
COUNT
(4, 13, 14,...)

.
10
EXP. COUNT
(3.0, 12.2,
14.6,...),
.
RESIDUAL
.
(64
ROW TOTAL
, 41
COLUMN
(5
TOTAL
CHI SQUARE:
PEARSON and
LIKELIHOOD
RATIO
).
, 20
, 24
, 45
, 11
).
chi-square.
.
2
Pearson chi-square
[(f0 -fe) /fe].
PEARSON
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD,
,
VALUE
1 (1.193, 1.268)
.
DEGREES OF
1 (2 - 1 = 1)
FREEDOM
SIGNIFICANCE
1 (5 1 = 4).
.
1 x 4 = 5.
.
.
.
LINEAR-BY-
(
)
LINEAR
ASSOCIATION
.
,
,
.
MINIMUM
EXPECTED
).
(2.0).
COUNT
1.95.
PHI
0.10659
.
CELLS WITH
10
5.
EXPECTED
25%
COUNT <5
),
chi-square
phi
0
CRAMRS V
Cramrs V
1,
phi
1.
:(
k
)
V=
APPROXIMATE
SIGNIFICANCE
/[ [
Pearson
square.
.
(0.87927)
chi-
. GRADES.SAV
Grades.sav

.
,
.

.
, 35
. ,
:
ID
LASTNAME
FIRSTNAM
SEX
: 1=, 2 =
ETHNIC
: 1=, 2=, 3 = ,
4= ( ) 5=
YEAR
: 1=Frosh (1 ), 2=Soph (2 ), 3=Junior (3

), 4=Senior (4 )
LOWUP
: 1=, 2=
SECTION
(1 3).
GPA
ETRCRED

2=
REVIEW
:
1=, 2=
QUIZ1
QUIZ5
5 ( 10)
.
FINAL
75.
: 1=,
grades.sav.
I. .SAV
anxiety.sav
.
= 73
/
. :
exam: 100.
anxiety: ,
10 , (0) (10).
I. HELPING1.SAV
anxiety.sav
.
= 81

.
,
:
zhelp: z ( ) ,
,
-3 +3.
sympathy: ,
(1)
(7).
anger: ,
.
efficacy:
(self efficacy) .
severity: ,

.
empatened:
, .
V. HELPING2.SAV
( = 517)
helping1.sav. (
), 15
1 (self-efficacy) 14

( 7).
, :
effic effic15: 15
.
empathy1 empathy14: 14

.
12

2

chi-square (2)

1
2
, , ,
8 George Mallery
(crosstabulation)
.

, (, ), (, ,
), (, , ), (, ),
(A, B, C, D, F) .

, (0-19 , 20-39 , 40-59 , 60-79 , 8099 ), (0-99, 100- 149, 150-199, 200-250), .

, chi-square

. , (),
99 100 ,

0 149 , .

. SPSS Crosstabs (= )
Cells
(=)
Statistics
(=
)

Frequencies 5 , 20 ,
24 , 45 , 11 ( 64 41
) grades.sav,
. Crosstabs.
( ethnic sex)
.
10
(2) (sex) (5)
(ethnic).
,

- ,
.
ethnic, sex, grade .
5 (ethnic) x 2(sex) x 5
(grade) 50 105
.
.
, SPSS
5x2 .
CHI-SQUARE (2)
( )
, SPSS .

.
. 100
30 70 . 10
, ( )
10 3 7
( ). ,
100, 10 3
7 . ,
( )
. ,
10 .
chi-square
.
chi-square
[ (f0) (fe)]
:
2 = [(f0 -fe)2/fe]
,
, 2 ,
.
. p < 0.05,

.

.
chi-square
( ) .
chi-square

chi-square .
, Pearson (),
chi-square ()
.
0 1 ( 0
1
). ,
2, 1.0.
Cramrs V( 2/[(k-1)],
k ).
0 1.0
chi-square.
Crosstabs
. grades. sav
= 105.
chi-square sex
ethnic.

Chi-Square
Analyze, Descriptive Statistics
Corsstabs.
( 1.1, )
.

( sex ), ()

.
( ethnic )
(
).
. 2
(sex) 5 (ethnic) 10 .
1.1
Crosstabs

. , ,
, section
.
:
, ,
. Previous (=) Next
(=) Layer 1 of 1
.
,
( ), section (=),
, Next, year (=),
. 2 x 5
2 x 5 .
.

.
. Cells (= )
( 1.1), ( 1.2, )
. Observed
. Expected (
)
.
.
1.2
Crosstabs: Cell Display
Observed Count
(=
)
Expected Count
(= )
Row Percentages
(= )
Column Percentages
(= )
Total Percentages
(= )
Unstandardized Residuals
(=
)
.
, , chi-square.
statistics ( 1.1).
, ( 1.3, ).
.
Chi-square Phi and Cramrs V. Cells,

.
1.3
Statistics
Crosstabs:
chi-square
. ,
sex ethnic ,
5

. 2
( ) x 4 ( )
. ,
,
Data (=) .
, Select Cases
( ). ,
f condition is satisfied (= ) (
),
If .
( Select Cases: If(=
: )).

, .
2, 3, 4, 5
ethnic. ethnic
,
, >= (
), 2.
ethnic 2.
Continue, , 1.1
.
(OUTPUT)
Chi-Square (2)

.
: SPSS for Windows: Crostabulation and Chi-square analyses

SEX * ETHNIC Crosstabulation
Native
SEX
Female
Male
Total
Count
Expected Count
Residual
Count
Expected Count
Residual
Count
Expected Count
Asian
13
12,2
,8
7
7,8
-,8
20
20,0
4
3,0
1,0
1
2,0
-1,0
5
5,0
ETHNIC
Black
14
14,6
-,6
10
9,4
,6
24
24,0
White
26
27,4
-1,4
19
17,6
1,4
45
45,0
Hispanic
7
6,7
,3
4
4,3
-,3
11
11,0
Total
64
64,0
41
41,0
105
105,0
Chi-Square Tests
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases
Value
1,193a
1,268
4
4
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
,879
,867
,501
df
,453
105
a. 3 cells (30,0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 1,95.
Symmetric Measures
Nominal by
Nominal
Phi
Cramer's V
N of Valid Cases
Value
,107
,107
105
Approx. Sig.
,879
,879
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null
hypothesis.
chisquare
.
. (,
26 , 27.4 19 ,
17.6 ). (
) .
chi-square
(
).
chi-square
(1.19288) 0.8 (0.87927).
.
,
. 10 5.

(Native). ,
.
COUNT
(=)
EXP. COUNT
(=
)
RESIDUAL
(=)
ROW TOTAL
(=
)
COLUMN TOTAL
(=
)
CHI SQUARE:
PEARSON and
LIKELIHOOD RATIO
(=2:
PEARSON
)
VALUE (=TIMH)
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM
(=
)
SIGNIFICANCE
(=)
LINEAR-BY-LINEAR
ASSOCIATION
(=
)
MINIMUM EXPECTED
COUNT (=
/
10 (4, 13, 14,...)

10 (3.0, 12.2,
14.6,...),
.
.
(64
, 41 )

(5 , 20 , 24 ,
45 , 11 ).

chi-square. N ,
. Pearson chi-square :
2 = [(f0 -fe)2/fe]
PEARSON MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD,
,
(.. )
. 1 (1.193, 1.268)

.

1 (2 - 1 = 1)
1 (5 1 = 4).
1 x 4 = 5.
.
p
.

.

. ,
( ) .
,
.
, ,
.

(,
).

)
PHI (=)

(2.0). 1.95.

. 0.10659

.
=
CELLS WITH
EXPECTED COUNT
<5 (=
<5)
CRAMRS V
10
5.
( 25%
), chi-square
.

. phi Cramrs V
0 1,
phi 1.
: (: k
)
V=
APPROXIMATE
SIGNIFICANCE
(=
)
2/ N
2/[[ 1)]
Pearson chisquare. (0.87927)

.
23
;
vs.
10 George Mallery

Correlate(=) SPSS.
r -1 1.

,

(structural equation modeling).
Pearson r.
Karl S. Pearson. Pearson r
,

. ,
, Spearman ( )
. Pearson Spearman
Correlate.

, .
;
(r = 1) : +1 ,
.
.
, ( ,
, ).

.

. , .
, .
(0 < r < 1) : ( )
,
. 1
0
.

(r = 0.83).
.

(r = 0.12).

, .
(r = 0) : 0
. ,
IQ .
(-1 < r < 0) : ( )
,
. -1
0
.

(r = -0.73).
.

(r = -0.13).
, , .
(r = -1) : , (
)
.
= x .
, .

vs.
Correlate
. .
.

. U
Pearson
.

. ,
.
,

.
, (
)
. ( p)
.
0.05 (p < 0.05) 5%
. SPSS
, (one-tailed) (two-tailed)
. ,

,
.
( ), .

.
. ,
.
.

.
. ,
:
.

.

.
,

.
.
,
. (
).

;
. .
.
.
;
; .
,
.

. ,
,
. : .

.

Correlate .

. , ,
GPA ,
.
. ,
,
GPA .

.
Correlate
. grades. sav
= 105.
: (sex), (GPA),
(quiz1, quiz5), (final).

Analyze Correlate
Bivariate. Bivariate (=),
( 2.1, )
. ,
(
firstname, lastnam, -- ).
Variable(s)
.
, ()
Variable(s). .
, ,

. ()
.
2.1
Correlations
Bivariate
Correlation Coefficients (=
) Pearson r .
Spearman.
.
Test of Significance (= ),
Two-tailed. One-tailed
( ) .
Flag significant correlations (=

) (*)
(**)
( 0,05 0,01).
, ,

.

Pearson, Two-tailed
Flag significant correlations. ,

.
Options
2.1. ( 2.2, )

(missing values) .

(Means and standard deviations)
(Cross-product deviations and
covariances).
2.2
Correlations: Options
Bivariate
Exclude cases pairwise (= )

,
,
. ,

. Exclude cases listwise (=
)
.

.
sex, gpa, quiz1, quiz5

final.
Correlations
SEX
SEX
GPA
QUIZ1
QUIZ5
FINAL
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
,
105
-,194*
,048
105
-,128
,195
105
-,006
,952
105
-,140
,156
105
GPA
-,194*
,048
105
1
,
105
,246*
,011
105
,262**
,007
105
,498**
,000
105
QUIZ1
-,128
,195
105
,246*
,011
105
1
,
105
,504**
,000
105
,535**
,000
105
QUIZ5
-,006
,952
105
,262**
,007
105
,504**
,000
105
1
,
105
,472**
,000
105
FINAL
-,140
,156
105
,498**
,000
105
,535**
,000
105
,472**
,000
105
1
,
105
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
.

. .

.

.
one-tailed twotailed.
1
.
,
1
.
final quiz5 (r = 0.475, p < 0.001).
,
.

.
34

LEXOY T (T TEST)
t;
t (independentsamples t test)
t (paired-samples t test)
t (one-sample t test)

11 George Mallery
(t test)

. , t ,
( ).
.
t
. t
: ;

;
;
; :
t .
t, SPSS for Windows
Base System Users Guide
, , , ,
.
. ,
.
t: , SPSS,
.

SPSS t. , t
, .
,
. :
,
push-ups
.

.

t, t ,
.
:

SAT GR

.
.

t t .
.
:
GRE 1200;

82%; ,
18 .
17 .
17
;
.

t
,

one-tailed two-tailed. two-tailed
,
( ) . one-tailed

. , ,
.
. ,
.

. p
p . SPSS
two-tailed ( ),
2 one-tailed.

grades.sav = 105.
: (sex), total ( ), year (, , ,
), quiz1 quiz5,
percent ( ).

t
T
Analyze Compare Means
Independent-Samples T Test.
( 3.1, )
. .

(Test Variable(s)). (
, , ),
.
.
Grouping Variable (= )
.
(
).
( 5 , 5 )
.
, ( )
C, D, F ( ).

.
3.1

Samples T Test
Independent-
, Define Groups
(= ).
.
( 3.2, ) Group 1
(= 1)
(.. =10), , Group 2
(= 2), (.. =2). Cut
point (= )
.
3.2
Define Groups
year Cut point

.
(3 )
(3 4)
(1 2).
t H
Paired-Samples T Test.
t
.
.
Paired-Samples T Test ( 3.3,
).

(quiz1 quiz2 )

.
Paired Variables .
click & drag ( )
. ,
, Paired Variables.
3.3
Paired-Samples T
Test
t ,
Paired Variables.
, quiz1
4 (quiz1 quiz5).
t
One-Sample T Test.

. grades.sav,

.
(percent) 85,
.
;
3.4

Sample T Test
One-
One-Sample T Test,
( 3.4, ).

Test Variable(s),
Test Value .

. , ,
. , .
t ,
t ,
.
( )
.
( ) SPSS.
T :

(total) .
Group Statistics
TOTAL
SEX
Female
Male
N
64
41
Mean
102,03
98,29
Std. Deviation
13,896
17,196
Std. Error
Mean
1,737
2,686
Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances
Equal
Unequal
F
2,019
t-test for Equality of Means
Sig.
,158
t
1,224
1,169
df
103
72,421
Sig.
(2-taile
d)
,224
,246
Mean
Difference
3,74
3,74
Std. Error
Differenc
e
3,053
3,198
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-2,317
9,794
-2,637
10,114
t 64
102,03, 41
98,29 p < 0,05 (p =
0,224). Levene (Levenes test for
Equality of Variances)
(p = 0,158).
t
(equal-variance t test). Levene
, (unequalvariance t test).
.
t

quiz1 quiz2.
Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1
Mean
7,47
7,98
QUIZ1
QUIZ2
N
105
105
Std. Deviation
2,481
1,623
Std. Error
Mean
,242
,158
Paired Samples Correlations

N
Pair 1
QUIZ1 & QUIZ2
105
Correlation
,673
Sig.
,000
Paired Samples Test
QUIZ1 - QUIZ2
Mean
-,51
Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std.
Difference
Error
Std.
Mean
Deviation
Lower
Upper
1,835
,179
-,87
-,16
t
-2,872
df
104
Sig.
(2-tailed)
,005
t 105 ,
( = 7,98)
p < 0,01 (: p =0,005)
( = 7,47).
(r = 0,673, p < 0,001)

.
.
t

percent 85.
One-Sample Statistics
N
PERCENT
105
Mean
80,34
Std. Deviation
12,135
Std. Error
Mean
1,184
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 85
PERCENT
t
-3,932
df
104
Sig. (2-tailed)
,000
Mean
Difference
-4,66
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-7,01
-2,31
t
105 ( =80,38) p < 0,001
( [=test value]), 85%. (Mean
Difference) (80,83) (85,0).

STD ERROR
(=
)
/
.

.
F-VALUE ( F)
P= (
Levenes test)
t-VALUES (TIME t)
df (
)
2-TAIL SIG
(=
)
MEAN DIFFERENCE
( )
STD. DEVIATION
(=
)
CORRELATION
(=)
2-TAIL SIG (of the
correlation)
(
[
])
95% CI
(CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL) (=95%
!
,

. p, 0.158,

.

.

.
( )

. t
.
,
(105 2 = 103).
(72.42)

.
,
1 (105 1 = 104).
( t)
.
.

t t .
t ,
(
0).

.

.
Pearson
r.

. , r = 0.67
p < 0.001
quiz1 quiz2.
t
.
, 95%
45
(One-Way ANOVA)

Post Hoc
:
12 George Mallery
One-Way ANOVA
SPSS.
General Linear Models, One-Way ANOVA
,
, Tukey Scheff,
.

.

t ( 3). t ,
. , ,
10
, t.

t
.

, .
,

. ( Scheff,
)
.
.
; One-Way ANOVA,
( )
( ).
() .
: , , , ,
. (ANOVA Models)

. MANOVA,
, ,
.

.
: ,
, , ,
, , , ,
.

.
,
Scheff .
Scheff
Tukey (HSD), LSD, Bonferroni

.

.
grades.sav = 105. ,
quiz4 ( )
, ethnic ( ) , ,
, , .

One-Way ANOVA.
One-Way ANOVA ( 4.1).

(Options, Post Hoc, Contrasts).
.
( Dependent List [= ]).
( quiz4
), . SPSS

. Factor (=).
( ethnic ).
.
ethnic,
5 ,
.
4.1
OneWay ANOVA

, .
,
, .
Options. 4.2
. Descriptives
(=) , ,
, 95%, .
Homogeneity-of-variance (= )

. Means plot (= ),
,
( ) .
4.2
One-Way ANOVA: Options
pairwise
.
,
. ,
, .
( 4.3, ) Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons (= Post
Hoc ). Post Hoc .
.
14
4 .
. LSD (=
) (
)
t. Scheff Bonferroni
. O Tukey (HBS )
.
4.3
One-Way
ANOVA: Post Hoc
Multiple
Comparisons
(Contrasts).
, 4.4 ().

(.. )
(..
). , Contrasts
t .
(label) .
= 2, = 3, = 4, = 5.
(coefficients)
.
. ,
- (-1 0 0 1)
(1 1 -3 1) 2 3
4 5 (-1 -1 1 1 ).
.
( 5 ) (
1, 2, 3, 4).
4.4
One-Way ANOVA:
Contrasts
Coefficients
(=)
, Add (=),

Add
. , ,
Next Contrast 1 of 1 (= 1 1)
.

(quiz4) 1)
2) ,
.
ANOVA
QUIZ4
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum of
Squares
34,297
483,143
517,440
df
3
96
99
Mean Square
11,432
5,033
F
2,272
Sig.
,085
ANOVA
, p = 0.085, ( )
quiz4
. ANOVA.

WITHIN-GROUPS
SUM OF SQUARES
(=
)
BETWEEN-GROUPS
SUM OF SQUARES
(=
)
BETWEEN-GROUPS
DF (=
)
WITHIN-GROUPS DF
(=

)
MEAN SQUARE
(=
)
F RATIO (=
F)
SIGNIFICANCE
(=)
/

.

.

, .

.

.
.
/ /
/ ,
0,085.
Descriptives
QUIZ4
Asian
Black
White
Hispanic
Total
N
20
24
45
11
100
N
MEAN (=)
STARD
DEVIATION
Mean
8,35
7,75
8,04
6,27
7,84
Std.
Deviation
1,531
2,132
2,256
3,319
2,286
Std.
Error
,342
,435
,336
1,001
,229
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Lower
Upper
Bound
Bound
7,63
9,07
6,85
8,65
7,37
8,72
4,04
8,50
7,39
8,29
Minimum
6
4
2
2
2
Maximum
10
10
10
10
10
/

ethnic.

(
)
STARD ERROER
95% CI
(CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL) FOR
MEAN (=95%

)
MINIMUM/
MAXIMUM
(/
)

, 95%
.
t
2 x .
Post Hoc:
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: QUIZ4
LSD
(I) ETHNIC
Asian
Black
White
Hispanic
(J) ETHNIC
Black
White
Hispanic
Asian
White
Hispanic
Asian
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Black
White
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
,60
,31
2,08*
-,60
-,29
1,48
-,31
,29
1,77*
-2,08*
-1,48
-1,77*
Std. Error
,679
,603
,842
,679
,567
,817
,603
,567
,755
,842
,817
,755
Sig.
,379
,613
,015
,379
,605
,074
,613
,605
,021
,015
,074
,021
95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound
-,75
1,95
-,89
1,50
,41
3,75
-1,95
,75
-1,42
,83
-,14
3,10
-1,50
,89
-,83
1,42
,27
3,27
-3,75
-,41
-3,10
,14
-3,27
-,27
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
( quiz4)
. (*)
, (
p < 0,05) : , (M =
8,35) ( = 8,04) quiz4
(=6,27). 0,015
0,021. ANOVA
(p = 0,085)
ANOVA
( )
LSD t.
Test of Homogeneity of Variances

QUIZ4
df between
groups
Levene Statistic
5,517
df within
groups
96
Sig.
,002
Levenes
0,002 quiz4
.
1,532 (=2,34),
3,322 (= 11,02).
,
( ),

ANOVA .
.
(Contrast Coefficients) ,

.
Contrast Coefficients
Contrast
1
2
Asian
1
1
ETHNIC
Black
White
-1
1
1
1
Hispanic
-1
-3
Contrast Tests
Assume equal
variances
Does not
assume equal
variances
Contrast
1
2
1
2
Value of
Contrast
2,37
5,33
2,37
Std.
Error
1,015
2,166
1,192
t
2,336
2,459
1,989
96
96
19,631
Sig.
(2-tailed)
,022
,016
,061
5,33
3,072
1,734
10,949
,111
df
.
t: ,
: -
-, (p = 0,022)
(p = 0,016).
.
,
,
. .
VALUE (=)
STARD ERROR
(=
)
T-VALUES (=
)
STARD ERROR
(=
)
DF (DEGREES OF
FREEDOM)
(=
)
T PROBABILITY
( )
/

.
N.
, t
.
N.

.

.
.
, quiz4,
,
.
56

- MannWhitney (Mann-Whitney Rank-Sum test)
(Sign test)
Wilcoxon

(Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed-Ranks test)
Runs
(Binomial test)
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
(Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-sample test)
2 (One-sample ChiSquare test)
ANOVA Fridman(Fridman One-Way
ANOVA)
(K-Sample
Median test)
17 George Mallery
.
o . ,

, (
) .
(..
Poisson),
(Nonparametric Tests)

.
,
.
, , :
o
( )
,

.

. ,
.

grades.sav.
: (sex),
10 (quiz1 quiz5),
75 (final),
(ethnic), [ ] (section).
105.

.
:
1. - Mann-Whitney:
.
2. (Sign test): ,
. ,

( ),
( );
3.
Wilcoxon
:

.
4. Runs:
.
5. :
(
).
6. Kolmogorov-Smirnov :
(
Poisson) .
7. 2 :

.
8. Fridman:
,
.
9. :

( )
.

Analyze, Non Parametric Tests
.
5.1

. ,
Define Groups (= ) ( 5.2).
1, 2,
, 1, TAB, 2
Continue.
.
5.2
Generic Define Groups
(= )
( )
. Options
(Descriptives) (,
, , , ), (Quartiles).
- MANN-WHITNEY
U - Mann-Whitney ,
t
. ,
t .
( sex)
( final).
Mann-Whitney 105 ,
, ( )
.
. U
.
5.3
MannWhitney Rank-Sum
Test
(=
MannWhitney)

Analyze, Non Parametric Tests 2
Independent Samples. , Independent-Samples T-test,

Mann-Whitney U.
Ranks
final
gender
FEMALE
MALE
Total
N
64
41
105
Mean Rank
55,81
48,61
Sum of Ranks
3572,00
1993,00
Test Statisticsa
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
final
1132,000
1993,000
-1,184
,237
a. Grouping Variable: gender
(55,81)
(48,61)
. U
()
().
(p = 0,237).
p ,
.
(SIGN TEST)

,
,
. ,
(quiz1)
(quiz2). ,
. , quiz1 9
quiz2 7. (-) .
, quiz1 6 quiz2 7.
(+) . ,
z p
.
5.4
Sign Test
(=
)

Related Samples. E PairedSamples T-test, Sign.
Frequencies
N
quiz2 - quiz1
Negative Differencesa
Positive Differencesb
Ties c
Total
a. quiz2 < quiz1

b. quiz2 > quiz1
c. quiz2 = quiz1
34
50
21
105
Test Statisticsa
Z
quiz2 - quiz1
-1,637
,102
a. Sign Test
34 quiz2 quiz1, 50
quiz2 quiz1 34
. z
-1,637, p =0,102.
.
,
t. t ,
quiz2 quiz1 (p =
0,005). t
.
WILCOXON
10 (10
0 )
1 (.. 6 5 ) (
). Wilcoxon
. ,
( )
.
(quiz2<quiz1)
(quiz2>quiz1)
. , z.
5.5

Wilcoxon
Matched
Pairs SignedRanks test

Independent Samples. , Independent-Samples T-test,

Mann-Whitney U.
Ranks
N
quiz2 - quiz1
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
34a
50b
21c
105
Mean Rank
35,62
47,18
Sum of Ranks
1211,00
2359,00
a. quiz2 < quiz1

b. quiz2 > quiz1
c. quiz2 = quiz1
Test Statisticsb
Z
quiz2 - quiz1
-2,612a
,009
a. Based on negative ranks.

b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
( ).
(negative ranks), (positive
ranks) (ties) .
.

quiz2 quiz1,
z (2,61) p (0,009).
, Wilcoxon
. ,
, t, p =0,005.
, t
.
RUNS
runs
; , ;
(
). , ,
.
grades.sav
,
.
5.6
Runs Test

Runs. 5.6
(gender, ). Custom
Cut Point Intdependent-Samples T-test
.
Runs Test
Test Valuea
Total Cases
Number of Runs
Z
gender
2,00
105
50
-,202
,840
a. User-specified.
50 runs. run

. ( ) run
1. runs 50
. (test value)
. 64 (<2) 41 ( 2). z
p runs.
runs z .
(p = 0,840)
.

.
(p = 0,5). 100
50 .

. 41 64

.
52,5 52,5 .
5.7
Binomial Test

Binomial. 5.7
(gender, ).

.
Binomial Test
gender
Group 1
Group 2
Total
Category
MALE
FEMALE
N
41
64
105
Observed
Prop.
,39
,61
1,00
Test Prop.
,50
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed)
,031a
a. Based on Z Approximation.
0,50
.
(64 ) (105). p
0,031,

.
KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV

(Nornal) (
), (Uniform)
( , 1-100 ),
Poisson (
, ),
(Exponential).
(, ,
Poisson) .
(final) grades.sav
.
5.8
OneSample
KolmogorovSmirnov Test

1-Sample K-S. 5.8
(final, ).
final .
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

N
Normal Parameters a,b
Most Extreme
Differences
Mean
Std. Deviation
Absolute
Positive
Negative
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
final
105
61,48
7,943
,064
,048
-,064
,660
,777
a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculated from data.
, , ( )
.
(
z). z Kolmogorov-Smirnov 0,777.

.
CHI-SQUARE (2)
chi square
chi square
.
.
chi square ethnic
grades.sav. = 105,
105/5 = 21.
,
Values
.
10% -, 20% , 20% , 40% , 10%
, , :
1, Add, 2, Add,
2, Add, 4, Add,
1, Add.
.
5.9
ChiSquare Test

Chi-Square. 5.9
(ethnic, ).
.
ETHNICIT
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Observed N
4
20
23
48
10
105
Expected N
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
Residual
-17,0
-1,0
2,0
27,0
-11,0
Test Statistics
Chi-Squarea
df
Asymp. Sig.
ETHNICIT
54,476
4
,000
a. 0 cells (,0%) have expected frequencies less than

5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 21,0.

.
. chi-square
. 1.

(
).
ANOVA FRIEDMAN
ANOVA Friedman
: ()
Friedman ()
, ()
F, Friedman, chi-square,
. Friedman
,
,
ANOVA Friedman.
post hoc , Scheff Tukey,
. ,
( quiz1 quiz5) grades.sav
.
5.10

ANOVA Friedman

Analyze, Non Parametric Tests K
Related Samples. 5.10
(quiz1-quiz5, ).
Friedman.
Ranks
quiz1
quiz2
quiz3
quiz4
quiz5
Mean Rank
2,68
3,07
3,34
3,04
2,88
Test Statisticsa
N
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.
105
12,411
4
,015
a. Friedman Test
(Mean Rank) : 525

1 ( ) 11 ( ).
11 (0 10),
.
105. chisquare (p =0,015)
.
. quiz1 ( =2,68)
quiz3 ( =3,34).

( )
. chisquare .
(final)
(sections).
.

.

,
.
5.11

Analyze, Non Parametric Tests K
Independent Samples. 5.11
(final, )
(section, ). Define Range
(1 3,
). Median.

.
Frequencies
1
final
> Median
<= Median
17
16
section
2
16
23
3
15
18
Test Statisticsb
N
Median
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.
final
105
62,00
,794a
2
,672
a. 0 cells (,0%) have expected frequencies less than

5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 15,1.
b. Grouping Variable: section

.
(62) chi-square
.
(3 1)
(2 1). (p = 0,672)

.
67

:
:
15 George Mallery
(Regression)
( 5) ( 6).
.
,
, .
: ()
, ()
, ()
, ()
.
: ,
.

.
, .
, ( 6),

.

.

,
,
.
. 2.14m, (
) 91 .
1.37m, 45 .
, ,
, : IQ
,
,
100 ,
,
,
.
(.. ,
). , .

. ,

,
.
.
grades.sav
(..
GPA ) ,

. anxiety.sav
, 73
(0) (10),
100.

. ()
exam (=) ( )
anxiety (=).
. ,

.

. :
exam() = + x anxiety +
, (exam)
() (anxiety)
.

. . ,
(
) :
exam() = 64,247 + 2,818(anxiety) +
,
#24, 6,5 .
exam() = 64,247 + 2,818(6,5) +
exam() = 82,56 +
82,56 6,5
. 94.
(
),
( exam
). (94
82,56), 11,44.
:
94
=
=
82,56
+
+
11,44

,

.
exam :
exam() = 64.247 + 2.818(anxiety)
2, 43, 72,
1,5, 7,0, 9,0 .
.

( ), (
) .
#2:
#43:
#72:
exam() = 64,247 + 2,818(1,5) = 68,47

exam() = 64,247 + 2,818(7,0) = 83,97
exam() = 64,247 + 2,818(9,0) = 89,61
(
52)
(
87)
(
71)
#2,
(68,97 52) #43,
(83,9 87) #72,
(89,61 71).

, .

.
.

.
Regression (=)

:
1.
SPSS
(exam) (anxiety).
R
, (r). R (
r) Regression
(
).
2. R, SPSS (p)
R . ,
p < 0.05
. p > 0.05,

.
3. R ( R2) R,
. R2
( ) .
anxiety exam, SPSS R
= 0,48794 (p <0,0001) R2 = 0,23808. R
23,8% (exam)
(anxiety).
:
.

.
4. SPSS ( B [Bvalues]) . ,

anxiety exam 64,247
2,818, .

.
( )
, ,
. ,

. ( )
() ()
.
(R
=0,484, p < 0,0001).
(
)
(anxiety2).
,
( ) .

.
.
() (exam)
( 40 110), (anxiety)
0 10.
.
, .
.
,
.
.
Regression
,
, , .
5.1
SPSS Regression
.
(exam), (anxiety),
, Linear (=)
Quadratic (=).
.

.
(
),
( )
( ). 5.1
5.2.
.
EXAM
5.2
110
100
90
80
70
60
Observed
50
Linear
Quadratic
40
0
10
ANXIETY
Dependent
EXAM
EXAM
Mth
LIN
QUA
Rsq
,238
,641
d.f.
71
70
F
22,19
62,52
Sigf
,000
,000
b0
64,2470
30,3771
b1
2,8178
18,9256
b2
1,5212

:
( ): exam(..) = 64,247 + 2,82(anxiety)
( ): exam(.) = 30,38 + 18,93(anxiety) +
-1,52(anxiety)2
R2
23,8% R2
(
) 64,1%
. 0.000
Sigf,
.

, .
anxiety ( 2, 43, 72)
:
#2:
exam(.) = 30,38 +18,93(1,5) + -1,52(1,5)2 =

55,31
(
52)

#43:
#72:
exam(.) = 30,38 +18,93(7,0) + -1,52(7,0)2 =

88,30
exam(.) = 30,38 +18,93(9,0) + -1,52(9,0)2 =
77,49
(
87)
(
71)

.
.

2
43
72

52
87
71

68,74
83,97
89,61

55,31
88,30
77,49

Analyze Regression Linear.
( 6.3)
.
,

. ,
anxiety exam. exam
Dependent,
anxiety
Independent(s),
OK.
R, R2, F ,
, Beta ()
.
.
5.3
To

.
Model Summaryb
Model
1
R
R Square
,488a
,238
Adjusted
R Square
,227
Std. Error of
the Estimate
12,215
a. Predictors: (Constant), ANXIETY

b. Dependent Variable: EXAM
ANOVAb
Model
1
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum of
Squares
3310,476
10594,209
13904,685
a. Predictors: (Constant), ANXIETY

b. Dependent Variable: EXAM
df
1
71
72
Mean Square
3310,476
149,214
F
22,186
Sig.
,000a
Coefficientsa
Model
1
(Constant)
ANXIETY
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
64,247
3,602
2,818
,598
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
,488
t
17,834
4,710
Sig.
,000
,000
a. Dependent Variable: EXAM

,
.
.
R
R SQUARE (=R
)
ADJUSTED R SQUARE
(=
R )
STANDARD ERROR (=
)
REGRESSION
(=)
RESIDUAL
(=)
DF (=
)
SUM F SQUARES
(=
)
MEAN SQUARE
(= )
F
SIGN F
(=
F)
B
/
,
(r)
exam anxiety.
R
exam
ANXIETY. 23,8%
exam anxiety.
R

. R
.

, exam.

.

.
: ,
(, ).
, (73)
(1), 1: (73 1
1 = 71).
,
,
.

,
R2.

.

.
.

STD ERROR
(= )
BETA
T
SIGNIF t
(= t)
:
exam(.) = 64.247 + 2.818(anxiety)
:
.
.
( z)
anxiety. 1.0
.
.
.
.
78

16 George Mallery

6.
(
) ( ).

,
.
,

.
( )
.
,
(
).

.

.
helping1.sav.

81 .

.
zhelp (
,
z) sympathy (
, (1)
(7)). ,
zhelp (

).
(r =0,46, p <0,0001),

.
(-1,892) (0,498)
.
zhelp:
zhelp(.) = -1,892 + 0,498(sympathy)
5,6 (sympathy),
zhelp 0,897. ,
(5,6
), ( z
0,897
).
.
zhelp()= -1,892 + 0,498(5,6)zhelp()= -1,892 +

2,789zhelp()= 0,897

.

zhelp: anger [
,
(1) (7)], efficacy (

, (1) (7)).
(

): (sympathy) = 0,4941, (anger) = 0,4125, (
) = -4,3078.
zhelp:
zhelp(.) = -4,3078 + 0,4941(sympathy) + 0,2836(anger) +
0,4125(efficacy)
, #9 :
zhelp(.) = -4,3078 + 0,4941(3,5) + 0,2836(1,0) + 0,4125(2,9) = -1,09

(3,5), (1,0) (2,9)
( z -1,09
). zhelp
#9 -0,92.
.

(..
).

(
).
( ),
. ( ),
.
,

.
Beta (),
. 1.0
.
,
. , Beta
anger zhelp
sympathy efficacy
. Beta
. Beta,
,

(structural equation modeling)

. (structural equation
modeling)
SPSS.
, ,
sympathy efficacy zhelp.
(anger)
zhelp.
. ,

. SPSS
.
R2:

,
.
. SPSS ,
.
Forward (= )
.
Regression (=)
. SPSS

.

.
Regression ,
.
.

. ,
,
.
.
Regression
p
0,05.
.
(
) R
R. (R2)

.
, R
0,616 R2 0,380. 38%
zhelp sympathy, anger efficacy.
R.

Analyze Regression
Linear.
( 6.1, )
( 5.3) .

helping1.sav.
7.1
To
Dependent (=)
.
Independent(s)
.
SPSS

. Block 1 of 1
.

,
Next Block 1of 1. ,
,
.
.

OK .
.
Method (=) .

. , . Enter
Enter (=): .
SPSS
.
Forward (= ):
, .

.
Backward (= ):
,
, . ,
, p 0,10.
, .
Stepwise (= ):
Forward Backward. ,

.

. ,
Stepwise . Stepwise

.
Remove (=):
.
Enter. (Block 1 of 1)
.
SPSS
.
.
WLS>> (Weighted Least Squares = )

(
), .
.
Plots (=)
(residuals) .
Statistics (=) (
7.2). . Estimates
(=) (
), Beta ( )
, t, . Model fit
(= ) R, R2, ANOVA,
F .
.
7.2
To Linear
Regression: Statistics
Confidence intervals (= ):
95% .
Covariance matrix (= ):
--
, ,
.

.
R squared change (= R ):
Forward Stepwise R2
.
Descriptives (=): ,
.
Collinearity diagnostics (= ):

.
Save (=) (
7.3) ,
.

.
.
Residuals (=):
.
Influence Statistics (= ):

.
.
UCLA,
4 ( Jim Robins).
,
8 .
Jim ,
.
.
Prediction Intervals (= ):
95% ( )
.
Distances (=):
.
Predicted Values (= ): Unstandardized (=

)

.
7.3
To
Regression: Save
Linear

Options (= ) ( 7.4, ). Include constant in
equation (= )

. Stepping Method Criteria (=

Stepping), , .
p
( 0,05) Forward
Stepwise, p
( 0,10) Stepwise
Backward. F
.
7.4
To
Options
Linear
Regression:

:
zhelp
sympathy, severity, empatend, efficacy anger
( ).
Forward.
(,
, ,
)
, .
forward
(help),

,

.

. zhelp
sympathy, severity, empatend, efficacy anger,
Stepwise.
(Estimates),
(Descriptives), (Model fit),
Unstandardized predicted values

(Entry value) 0,10
(Removal value) 0,20.
(,
,
)
, .
stepwise
(help),
,

(
p 0,10 ) .
0,20
,
.

.
.

. (
) SPSS,
.
( )
.
Model Summary
Model
3
R
,616c
R Square
,380
Adjusted
R Square
,355
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1,00582
c. Predictors: (Constant), SYMPATHY, ANGER, EFFICACY
ANOVAd
Model
3
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum of
Squares
47,654
77,899
125,553
df
3
77
80
Mean Square
15,885
1,012

d. Dependent Variable: ZHELP
F
15,701
Sig.
,000c
Coefficientsa
Model
3
(Constant)
SYMPATHY
ANGER
EFFICACY
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
-4,308
,732
,494
,100
,284
,083
,412
,132
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
,451
,310
,284
t
-5,885
4,938
3,429
3,134
Sig.
,000
,000
,001
,002
a. Dependent Variable: ZHELP
Excluded Variablesd
Model
3
SEVERITY
EMPATEND
Beta In
,077c
,119c
t
,787
1,269
Sig.
,433
,208
Partial
Correlation
,090
,144
Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
,844
,909
c. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), SYMPATHY, ANGER, EFFICACY

:

( sympathy, anger, efficacy) (
severity empatened). R
zhelp (R =0,616).
R 38% zhelp
.
, (sympathy)
(help) ( = 0,45), (anger)
( = 0,31) (efficacy).
.

.
SPSS,
, ,
.

.
R, R R
.
R
.
, .
Model Summaryd
Model
1
2
3
R
R Square
,455a
,207
,548b
,300
c
,616
,380
Adjusted
R Square
,197
,282
,355
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1,12252
1,06119
1,00582
a. Predictors: (Constant), SYMPATHY

b. Predictors: (Constant), SYMPATHY, ANGER
ANOVAd
Model
1
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum of
Squares
26,008
99,544
125,553
37,715
87,837
125,553
47,654
77,899
125,553
df
1
79
80
2
78
80
3
77
80
Mean Square
26,008
1,260
F
20,641
Sig.
,000a
18,858
1,126
16,746
,000b
15,885
1,012
15,701
,000c
a. Predictors: (Constant), SYMPATHY

b. Predictors: (Constant), SYMPATHY, ANGER
PROB OF F TO ENTER
(=
F)
PROB OF F TO
REMOVE
(=
F)
R
R SQUARE (=R
)
/

. p =0,05,
.
stepwise backward.

.

zhelp
, sympathy, anger,
efficacy.
R2
, 38%
zhelp
sympathy, anger, efficacy.
ADJUSTED R SQUARE
(=
R )
STANDARD ERROR
(= )
REGRESSION
(=)
RESIDUAL
(=)
DF (=
)
SUM OF SQUARES
(=
)
MEAN SQUARE
(= )
F
SIGNIF F
(=
F)
B
STD ERROR
(= )
BETA ()
R2

. R2

R2
.

( ) zhelp.

(
).

.

.
,
. ,
,
1: 81 3 1 = 77

ANOVA

ANOVA.

,
R
.

.

.
F .

10.000

ZHELP:
zhelp() = -4,3078 + 0,494(sympathy) +
0,284(anger) + 0,412(efficacy)
:
.

.
.
( z)
.
1.

.
.

.
SIGNIF t
(= t)
BETA IN
PARTIAL
CORRELATION
(=
)
MINIMUM TOLERANCE
(= )
R SQUARE CHANGE
(= R
)
t .
Beta ,
.

zhelp,
, (r) zhelp
severity 0,292. sympathy, anger,
efficacy
, zhelp
severity 0,089. empatened, ,
, 0,157 0,144.

. 1- Ri2, Ri R
i, i
.
( 0) ,

.
( 1)
.

.
,
,
. ,
.
R2
R2
. anger
0,093 = 0,300 0,207 ().
(0,09324)
(anger) 9,3%
.
89

20 George Mallery
30 40
. Raymond B.
Cantell
4,500
200 16

16 (16 Personality Factor
Questionnaire16PF). Cantell
,

. : , ,
,

.

(.. )
(..
[=descriptor]).
:
1.
.
2. .
3. .
4. .
. 4,

.

.
.

-.

. (
), Factor (=)
.
,
. ,
syntax command
SPSS.
.

!

. , forward
. ( 6)

. ,

.

,
.

().
.
(
)
.
,
.
,
. 1 (Factor 1).
.

, .
2. , ,
, ,
.
SPSS,
(communality) 1.0.

. 0 1
R (Multiple R), 0

1
. ,
,
1,0.
SPSS (eigenvalue)
(.. = 1 = 5,13312).
,
(
). (
1,0) ( )
.
, (
) .
Factor
,
.

SPSS
. ,
.

, . Cattel;
4.500 16 .

.

,
. ,
.
SPSS
1,0. 1,0,
.
( SPSS
1.0 .)
( scree plot [ ]),
( )
.
.
, .

.
, (factor loading)
. 1.0

, . ,

( >0,6) ( < 0,1).

, . ,

. (),
.
, ,

.
,

.

. SPSS,

. Varimax
SPSS (
).
: H Varimax

.
. Oblimin Promax
.
.

.
( )
.
:

. Oblimin
Promax .

.

(.. > 0,5) (.. < 0,2) . ,

.
.

.

.
.
.
,
helping2.sav. helping2.sav
15 ,

.
15 :
,
,

. (15)

.
15
.
.
5. 5 . 5

.
15 helping2.sav.

Analyze Data Reduction Factor
( 8.1, ).
8.1
Factor Analysis
(=
)
:
, (Variables)
.
,
,
Varimax .

Variables. 15
(effic1 effic15). (
)
.
(Descriptives).
8.2
Factor
Descriptives (=)
Analysis:
8.2, .
, ,
. Univariate
descriptives (= )
. , ,
.
. Initial
solution (= ), ,
( 1,0), , s,
.
.
:
o
Coefficients (=):
.
Significance levels (= ): p
.
Determinant
(=
):
.
KMO and Bartletts test of sphericity (=

Bartlett): Bartlett
(
).

.
.
Extraction(=)
( 8.3, ), ,
,

. Method
(=) .
Principal components (= )
() :
o
o
o
o
o
o
Unweighted least squares (= )

Generalized least squares (= )
Maximum likelihood (= )
Principal-axis factoring (= )
Alpha factoring (= )
Image factoring (= )

.
8.3
Factor
Analysis: Extraction
(=)
Analyze (=)
(Correlation matrix) (Covariance
matrix) . ,

1 (), ,

. Display (=),

.
. Scree plot
( ). ,
. 25
.
Rotation (=)
, .
8.4 .
, Varimax ( , ,
,
), Equamax, Quartimax. Direct
Oblimin Promax
. ( )
. ,

.
8.4
Factor Analysis:
Rotation (= :
)
, Rotation solution (= )

.
.
. Scores ()

. Display factor
score coefficient matrix ( )
.
, Options ( 8.5,
)
. Sorted by size (=
) .
. 6
1,
1 (Factor 1).
,
. .

( 0.10) .
.

Missing Values (= )

.
8.5
Factor Analysis: Options
( : )
.
.
.
( effic1
effic15). varimax
OK.

1. 15 ,
2. 15 ,
3.
1.0,
4. Varimax,
5. .
:

(effic1 effic15) Univariate descriptives 15 ,
(Coefficients)
(KMO Bartletts test of sphericity)
( ) Scree plot
Varimax Loading plots
(Sorted
by size).

.
11.0
. SPSS ( )
( )
( ).
,
, .
Edit, Options, Output Labels.

.
,
.
KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy.
Bartlett's Test of
Sphericity
KAISER-MAYEROLKIN
BARTLETT TEST OF
SPHERICITY
(=
BARTLETT)
Approx. Chi-Square
,871
1321,696
df
105
Sig.
,000
/

.
Kaiser : > 0.9
, >0.8 , >0.7 , >0.6
, >0.5 <0.5 .
0.871 , .

.
(

). <0,05
(
)

.
Total Variance Explained
Component
1
Initial Eigenvalues
% of
Variance
Total
5,133
34,221
Cumulative
%
34,221
1,682
11,211
45,432
1,055
7,030
52,462
1,028
6,851
59,313
,885
5,902
65,215
,759
5,057
70,272
,628
4,185
74,457
,624
4,157
78,614
,589
3,927
82,541
10
,530
3,530
86,072
11
,494
3,294
89,366
12
,468
3,120
92,486
13
,429
2,863
95,349
14
,398
2,651
98,000
Communalities
Effic1
Effic2
Effic3
Effic4
Effic5
Effic6
Effic7
Effic8
Effic9
Effic10
Effic11
Effic12
Effic13
Effic14
Effic15
Initial
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Extraction
,533
,627
,550
,515
,711
,702
,573
,508
,612
,667
,422
,632
,654
,700
,490
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
15
,300
2,000
100,000
.
.
s 1,0
60% .
.
PRINCIPALCOMPNENT
ANALYSIS
(=
)
VARIABLE
(=)
COMMUNALITY
(= )
COMPONENT
(=)
EIGENVALUE
/
H
SPSS.
15
.

1,00.
.
() .

.

(=)
% OF VARIENCE (%
)
CUMULATIVE %
( %)
.

, (15
).
.
Scree Plot
6
Eigenvalue
0
1
10 11 12 13 14 15
Component Number
Scree plot. s
. scree
( )
. scree plot
.

(
) . SPSS

1,0.
,
.
SPSS .

. 4x4
.
() ( ) 4x15 ,
.
Component Transformation Matrix
Component
1
,733
,405
,419
,352
-,441
,736
-,195
,420
-,113
-,538
,017
,835
-,506
,066
,859
-,043

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
.
Sort by size (= ),
: ()
()
,
.
,
(effic1 effic15)
:
[Emot]
[Inf]
[Instr]
[----]
Rotated Component Matrix(a)

Component
1
Effic1
Effic2
Effic3
Effic4
Effic5
Effic6
Effic7
Effic8
Effic9
Effic10
Effic11
Effic12
Effic13
Effic14
Effic15
,617
,197
,162
,295
,167
,738
,024
,234
,702
,181
,022
,153
,644
,088
,301
-,044
,059
,828
,081
,128
,573
,089
-,009
,604
,635
,345
-,090
,206
,313
,596
,226
-,057
-,081
,418
,180
,631
,626
,133
,472
-,186
,574
,047
,274
,125
,215
,064
,192
,738
,619
-,100
,506
,073
,163
,045
,779
,254
,157
,251
,624
,113
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a Rotation converged in 9 iterations.

!
.
(
?)
(
;).

.
2
. 4
.
3 .

. ,
effic14,
.
.
.

.

: ,
, . 3,
, .
3 ,

13
.

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SPSS for Windows 14.0

Statistical Product and Service

Values, Missing, Columns, Align,

(Name, Type, Width, Decimals, Label,

type2, Jones III)

. colour, sex, age)

insert new text (

OK, Paste, Reset, Cancel, Help

New, Open, Save, Save As, Print, Print Preview,

File New Data.

File Open Data

Undo, Cut, Copy,

Insert Variable, Insert Case, Go to Case,

data Insert Case

radio button If condition is satisfied

Type & Label

Recode Into Different Variables,

Numeric Variable Output

(Recode into Same Variable).

) range: Lowest through

) range: .. through highest

SPSS (Data View, Variable View, Output Navigator,

Descriptive Statistics (Frequencies,

(0-99, 100- 149, 150-199, 200-250),

Phi and Cramrs V.

Select Cases: If).

SEX * ETHNIC Crosstabulation

a. 3 cells (30,0%) have expected count less than 5. The

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

: SPSS for Windows: Crostabulation and Chi-square analyses

(4, 13, 14,...)

[(f0 -fe) /fe].

: 1=Frosh (1 ), 2=Soph (2 ), 3=Junior (3

: SPSS for Windows: Crostabulation and Chi-square analyses

a. 3 cells (30,0%) have expected count less than 5. The

a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

Pearson chisquare. (0.87927)

Flag significant correlations (=

Exclude cases pairwise (= )

sex, gpa, quiz1, quiz5

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

year Cut point

Independent Samples Test

t-test for Equality of Means

Paired Samples Correlations

QUIZ1 & QUIZ2

Paired Samples Test

Tukey (HSD), LSD, Bonferroni

95% Confidence Interval

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

a. Grouping Variable: gender

a. quiz2 < quiz1

Pairs SignedRanks test

a. quiz2 < quiz1

a. Based on negative ranks.

Analyze, Non Parametric Tests

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

a. Test distribution is Normal.

a. 0 cells (,0%) have expected frequencies less than

(Mean Rank) : 525

a. 0 cells (,0%) have expected frequencies less than

exam() = 64,247 + 2,818(1,5) = 68,47