C - Chuong 1-8

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C - TNH TON IU TIT DNG CHAY 233

C. Tnh ton iu tit dng chy

Bien soan: PGS. TS. Do Cao Dm
GS. TS. Ngo Dnh Tuan
PGS. TS. Duong Van Tien

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234 S TAY KTTL * PHN 1 - CO SO KY THUT THUY LOI * TP 4

Chuong 1

M u

1.1. Nhim v v ni dung tnh ton iu tit dng chy

Cng vi su nghiep cong nghiep ha v hien dai ha dat nuc, su pht trien ngy
cng cao cua nen kinh te quoc dan, nhu cau dng nuc cho cc ngnh kinh te khong
ngng tang truong di hoi su dp ng day du nuc, ben vng, hop l v can doi gia
cc ngnh...
Nhu cau dng nuc tang cng lm tang them mau thuan gia phan phoi nguon
nuc von khong deu trong nam, gia su dao dong nguon nuc rat ln trong pham vi
nhieu nam vi yeu cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh kinh te quoc dan v.v... T d dat ra
nhiem vu: phai dieu chinh nguon nuc phuc vu cho su nghiep pht trien kinh te v
dan sinh.
Mat khc nhng ngnh kinh te su dung nguon nuc vi yeu cau khc nhau, cng
c nhng anh huong tuong ho lan nhau. Nhu van tai thuy muon c do sau van tai dam
bao o thi ky van chuyen lai trng vi thi gian yeu cau lay nuc nhieu cho cap nuc.
Thuy dien muon tao duoc cot nuc cao v luu luong xa ln ve ma dong v thuc hien
dieu chinh ngy dem ln de dam bao hieu ch cong suat cao, cng anh huong khong loi
den cc ngnh kinh te khc. Muon thuc hien tot nhiem vu chong l cho ha du, can thiet
phai c mot dung tch de tr luong l thuong nguon, giam luu luong l cho ha du, gay
anh huong den pht dien...
V vay, de thuc hien nhiem vu bien doi nguon nuc cho ph hop vi yeu cau cua
cc ngnh kinh te quoc dan, cong cu chu yeu l dieu tiet dng chay bang ho cha. e
khac phuc nhng mau thuan gia cc ngnh d, can thiet phai nghien cu su phan phoi
toi uu nguon nuc cho cc ngnh tham gia su dung tong hop nguon nuc.
Tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay l khau quan trong trong khai thc, loi dung v
quan l van hnh nguon ti nguyen nuc. Nhiem vu cua n l dua vo dac diem phan
phoi dng chay, yeu cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh kinh te quoc dan v yeu cau bao ve
moi trung cng nhu dieu kien cong trnh sao cho dat duoc hieu qua tong hop cao nhat
cho nen kinh te quoc dan. ong thi, t cc quan diem chnh tri, kinh te, k thuat v
bao ve moi trung tien hnh tong hop phan tch, de xuat cc phuong n khai thc, chinh
tri song ngi, chon quy mo cong trnh, tnh ton hieu ch cong trnh v hoach dinh
phuong n van hnh hop l.
Trong giai doan nghien cu kha thi, nhiem vu cua tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay
gom cc noi dung chnh sau:
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1. Dua vo nhiem vu thiet ke cua giai doan quy hoach luu vuc, xc dinh k hon yeu
cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh. ay l noi dung quan trong cua tnh ton dieu tiet
dng chay, c xc dinh dng dan yeu cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh mi tm duoc
bien php cong trnh hop l. Yeu cau dng nuc phai duoc xc dinh dua tren ke
hoach pht trien kinh te trong thi gian truc mat v lau di, bao gom:
- Yeu cau dng nuc cho dan sinh (dan cu, moi trung v canh quan do thi,...).
- Yeu cau dng nuc cho nong nghiep.
- Yeu cau dng nuc cho cong nghiep.
- Yeu cau cua van tai thuy doi vi dng chay v yeu cau bao ve moi trung o ha
luu, o lng ho...
- Yeu cau ve chong l, tieu ng.
- Yeu cau ve pht dien...
2. Xay dung cc phuong n cap nuc cua cc cong trnh dau moi loi dung tong hop,
lua chon hnh thc dieu tiet dng chay, dieu tiet l v de xuat cc giai php dieu
ha nhu cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh.
3. Tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay, dieu tiet l, tnh ton nuc dang v dien
ton l. han tch nghien cu che do dng chay ha luu sau khi xay dung cong
trnh, phoi hop cng cc don vi hu quan lua chon cc dac trung thiet ke cua cong
trnh v de xuat phuong thc van hnh.
4. Tien hnh tnh ton ty mi dieu tiet dng chay, dieu tiet l cho phuong n chon,
khang dinh hieu ch cong trnh v dac diem van hnh nhieu nam, kiem tra mc do
thoa mn yeu cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh kinh te quoc dan v bao ve moi trung.
5. Khi o thuong luu, ha luu hoac cng he thong cap nuc, cap dien c cc cong
trnh d v s xay can phai nghien cu tnh kha thi v tnh tat yeu khi cng van
hnh, tnh ton lien hiep van hnh v hieu ch b tr lan nhau de xc dinh quy mo
cong trnh.
6. Trung hop can thiet c the nghien cu them cc chuyen de dui day:
1) Anh huong cua dng chay khong on dinh khi tram thuy dien dieu tiet ngy doi
vi van tai thuy, cua lay nuc, tieu nuc o ha luu.
2) Tnh ton nuc l khi v dap.
3) Tnh ton boi lang ho cha v tuoi tho cong trnh.
4) Tnh ton boi xi doan song ha luu, anh huong ti de dieu ha luu.
5) Ke hoach tch nuc giai doan dau v phuong n pht huy hieu ch cua cc
giai doan.
6) Du bo anh huong moi trung v hau qua sau khi xay dung cong trnh.
Sau khi phe duyet nghien cu kha thi, tien hnh thiet ke k thuat v ban v thi cong,
neu so lieu co ban v cc can c thiet ke c thay doi nhieu can phai tnh ton kiem tra
v hieu chinh cc ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay giai doan nghien cu kha thi.
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1.2. h cha v Tnh ton iu tit dng chy
1.2.1. Phn loi h cha
Cc loai hnh chnh cua cong trnh ho cha duoc ghi o bang 1-1.

Bang 1-1. Phan loai cc cong trnh h cha

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1.2.2. c tr ng ca cc cng trnh thy li v h cha
1.2.2.1. Quy mo cong trnh
Quy mo cong trnh l chi tieu bieu thi do ln cua cong trnh nhu tong dung tch
ho cha, dung tch cha l cua khu phan cham l, kha nang chong l cua de, cong suat
lap my cua nh my thuy dien, dien tch tui cua cong trnh tui, luu luong thiet ke
cua cong trnh xa l v kenh dan nuc, cong suat v luu luong thiet ke cua tram tui
tieu, kha nang thong thuyen cua au thuyen v cong trnh nang thuyen.
1.2.2.2. ac trung cong trnh
ac trung cong trnh l chi tieu bieu thi dac tnh co ban cua cong trnh nhu:
1. ac trung muc nuc v cc dac trung dung tch cua ho cha.
2. Kch thuc cua cong trnh xa (phan) l, cao trnh dinh dap, muc nuc thiet ke
thuong ha luu.
3. Dung tch cha l v muc nuc thiet ke cua cong trnh phan l.
4. Cao trnh v chieu di dap.
5. Kch thuc v cao trnh cua cong trnh dan nuc.
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6. So to my v loai hnh cua tram thuy dien (tram bom), luu luong v cot nuc thiet
ke, kch thuc tuoc bin.
7. Kch thuc cua au thuyen, my nang thuyen, b go v muc nuc thiet ke.

1.2.2.3. ac trung ho cha
a. ng cong dung tch v din tch h cha
1. ung quan he muc nuc dung tch tinh Z = f (V) l dung cong quan he gia
Z(muc nuc truc dap) vi V(dung tch ho o dui muc nuc d). Yeu cau ve ty le
ban do vng ho de xc dinh quan he Z = f(V) c the tham khao bang 1-2 [1]:

Bang 1-2

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k:3: +O[%
l d '__ RP
.
._ m l m '__ RP
.
l m ._ RP
.

n-o "O[1" ' p '_____ ' p .@___ ' p .@___ ' p .@___ ' p '____
\q\ ' p @____ ' p .@___ ' p .@___ ' p .@___ ' p '____
L!q\ ' p .@___ ' p '____ ' p @___

Dung tch cua ho cha tnh bang cch tong cong lien tiep dung tch tng lp nuc
nam gia 2 dung dong mc t dy ho tnh len. Dung tch gia 2 lp nuc duoc tnh
theo cong thc:

i i 1 i i 1 i i 1 i
1
V F F F F h
3
- - -

D = + + D

, F
0
, F
1
,..., F
n
(1-1)
hoac
[ ]
i i 1 i i 1 i
1
V F F h
2
- -
D = + D , H
0
, H
1
,..., H
n
(1-2)
trong d:
F
i-1
, F
i
- dien tch mat thong o 2 dung dong mc ke can H
i-1
v H
i
:
Dh
i-1i
- chenh cao gia 2 dung dong mc H
i
v H
i-1
.

Dung tch cua ho cha s bang:

i i
i i
i 1
V V
=
=
= D
(1-3)
ung quan he muc nuc dung tch dong l dung quan he gia muc nuc
truc dap vi dung tch ho cha dong tuong ng lay luu luong nhap ho cha lm tham
so V = f(Z, Q). e tien tnh ton dung tch dong chi tnh ton ti mat cat no d gan
cuoi doan nuc denh.
2. ung quan he muc nuc dien tch Z = f(F) l dung cong quan he gia Z(muc
nuc truc dap) vi F (dien tch mat thong cua ho cha).
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b. Cc loi mc n c v dung tch

Z

(
m
)
V (10 m )
6 3
F (km )
2
ung cong dung tich
ung cong din tich

Hnh 1-1. Dung cong Z ~ V, Z ~ F

Cc loai muc nuc
1. Muc nuc khong che truc l (MNTL) - Muc nuc gii han cho php tch nuc
truc l.
2. Muc nuc phng l ha du (MNL) - Muc nuc cao nhat truc dap khi l den l l
thiet ke phng l ha du, ho cha xa l theo luu luong bao dam an ton cho ha luu.
3. Muc nuc chong l thiet ke (MNLTK) - Muc nuc cao nhat truc dap khi l den
l l thiet ke dap v cc cong trnh xa l mo het c.
4. Muc nuc l kiem tra (MNLKT) - Muc nuc cao nhat trong ho cha khi l den
bang l ng vi tan suat l kiem tra.
5. Muc nuc dang bnh thung (MNDBT) - Muc nuc thiet ke cao nhat o thuong luu
ho cha, muc nuc can phai tr nuc o dau thi ky cap nuc nham thoa mn yeu
cau dng nuc khi ho cha van hnh bnh thung.
6. Muc nuc chet (MNC) - Muc nuc thap nhat o ho cha khi ho cha van hnh
bnh thung.
7. Cc dac trung khc bao gom do sau cong tc ho cha v cc dac trung dung tch
khc cua ho cha (hnh 1-2). Dung tch ho cha dong bang dung tch ho cha tinh
cong them dung tch phan hnh nem. Dung tch tinh l dung tch ke t mat nuc
nam ngang ng vi muc nuc truc dap tro xuong, dung tch hnh nem l dung
tch tren dung tch tinh ti mat nuc thuc te.

Cc loai dung tch cua ho cha bao gom: Dung tch ton bo, dung tch chet, dung
tch hu ch, dung tch gia cung v dung tch phng l.
1. Dung tch ton bo cua ho cha (V
TB
) l dung tch tnh t dy ho den muc nuc
dang bnh thung.
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Dung tich chng l
Dung tich cht
MNTL
Dung tich phong l
MNC
Dung tich kho nuc tinh
MNPL
MNDBT
MNLTK
D
u
ng tich
hin
h n
m
MNLKT

Hnh 1-2. Cc dac trung cong trnh h cha

2. Dung tch chet (V
C
) l dung tch t dy ho den mat thong ng vi muc nuc
chet. Dung tch chet duoc xc dinh ngoi nhng yeu cau phai dam bao theo nhiem
vu cap nuc (nhu bao dam cao trnh tui, cot nuc pht dien...), phai tnh den dieu
kien can thiet dam bao tuoi tho cua ho (lang dong bn ct), bao dam cc dieu kien
ve sinh moi trung v cc yeu cau khc (nuoi c, du lich...) v dieu kien chay on
dinh khi lay nuc (cao hon cua cong lay nuc do cao an ton...).
3. Dung tch hu ch (hay dung tch lm viec): V
h
l dung tch bao gom gia mat
thong ng vi muc nuc dang bnh thung v muc nuc chet. Dung tch hu ch
duoc su dung cho muc dch dieu chinh dng chay bang cch lm day v xa kiet
ho cha theo chu ky dieu chinh.
4. Dung tch gia cung (hay dung tch chong l: V
GC
) l dung tch nam gia mat
thong ng vi muc nuc l thiet ke v muc nuc dang bnh thung dng de cat
luu luong l ln nhat ng vi tan suat tnh ton cua cong trnh.
5. Dung tch phng l (V
PL
) l dung tch dnh rieng de cat l phuc vu cho chong l
o ha du cong trnh. Dung tch phng l c the trng hon ton hay mot phan dung
tch hu ch cua ho cha v cng c the trng mot phan vi dung tch chong l.

1.2.3. iu tit dng chy bng h cha
1.2.3.1. Nhiem vu dieu tiet dng chay
ieu tiet dng chay nham phan phoi lai nguon nuc theo thi gian v khong gian
cho thch ng vi nhu cau dng nuc mot cch tot nhat, theo kha nang cua ho cha v
cong trnh. Nh d m con ngui c the su dung nguon nuc mot cch hop l.
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ieu tiet dng chay giai quyet nhng nhiem vu co ban sau:
a) Nang cao luu luong ma can: l bi ton phai giai quyet cho hau het cc trung
hop su dung dng chay o ha luu, nhu cap nuc, pht dien, giao thong thuy...
b) Giam bt luu luong cua ma l: l bi ton phai giai quyet cho trung hop ho
cha c nhiem vu chong l cho vng ha du cong trnh hay giam nho kch thuc
cong trnh xa l.
c) han phoi lai dng chay cho ph hop vi nhu cau: l bi ton rat thung gap
trong thuc te bao gom ca dieu tiet lai.
Mot ho cha loi dung tong hop thung phai giai quyet dong thi ba nhiem vu
tren. Nhung hai nhiem vu co ban a, b thung mau thuan nhau. V vay vi ho cha de
giai quyet van de chong l cho ban than cong trnh ngui ta thung bo tr mot phan
dung tch rieng o tren MNDBT de chong l. Vi ho cha c ca nhiem vu chong l cho
ha du c the bo tr mot dung tch trng (giai quyet ca hai nhiem vu a, b) nhung phai c
luan chng su hop l ve kinh te v mot quy tac dieu phoi ho chat ch.

1.2.3.2. Phan loai dieu tiet dng chay
Theo chu ky dieu tiet ngui ta phan thnh dieu tiet ngy, tuan (goi chung l dieu
tiet ngan han), nam (ma) v nhieu nam (goi chung l dieu tiet di han). Trong thuc te
cn c loai goi l dieu tiet khong c chu ky.
1) ieu tiet ngy nham phan phoi lai dng chay trong song von tuong doi deu cho
ph hop vi yeu cau nuc thung khong deu trong pham vi mot ngy dem.
e dieu tiet ngy dung tch c ch can thiet cua ho thung khong ln hon luong
nuc cua mot ngy t nuc. The nhung hieu ch cua dieu tiet ngy rat ln. V du nh
dieu tiet ngy c the tang duoc luong nuc su dung, tang duoc cong suat lap my cua
nh my thuy dien, giam duoc kch thuc cong trnh dan nuc hay cong suat tram bom
o dui cap nuc v.v...
2) ieu tiet tuan cng nham muc dch tuong tu nhu dieu tiet ngy nhung chu ky dieu
tiet l mot tuan. Ngui ta thuc hien dieu tiet tuan khi nhu cau nuc thay doi theo
cc ngy trong tuan nhu trung hop tram thuy dien (TT) c nhu cau dien nho
trong ngy nghi.
3) ieu tiet nam nham phan phoi lai dng chay cua song trong pham vi mot nam
thuy loi, ho gi bt nuc ma l de cung cap them cho ma can. Chu ky dao dong
muc nuc trong ho l mot nam.
4) ieu tiet nhieu nam nham gi bt nuc o nhng nam nhieu nuc cap them cho
nhng nam t nuc, nghia l phan phoi lai dng nuc trong pham vi mot so nam.
Chu ky dieu tiet ko di mot so nam.
5) ieu tiet khong c chu ky khc vi cc loai dieu tiet tren, ho khong c che do lm
viec on dinh. Viec tch nuc v cap nuc cua ho ty theo kha nang dng chay v
su can thiet thung tap trung tng thi khoang ngan (loai dieu tiet ny c nhuoc
diem nhung don gian nen cng duoc su dung rong ri trong tha b, giao thong
thuy v muc dch ve sinh, nong nghiep, nuoi c).
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Ngoi ra theo chc nang cua ho ngui ta cn phan thnh cc loai dieu tiet chuyen
mon sau:
+ ieu tiet l nham giam bt l o ha du cong trnh v giam nho kch thuc cong
trnh xa l cua ban than cong trnh.
+ ieu tiet b su dung khi bo tr ho dieu tiet b nam tren thuong luu vi tr lay nuc
cho nhu cau m doan gia cn c nhng song nhnh ln. Khi cc song nhnh c
dng chay ln th ho b giam bt luu luong cap v nguoc lai, lm cho dng chay
den vi tr lay nuc tuong doi dieu ho. Trong mot so trung hop khi song nhnh
c l ln, ho b c the hon ton ngung cap nuc.
ieu tiet b cn su dung o nhng ho cha ln cua TT lm viec chung vi nhieu
TT tren cc trien song khc trong cng mot he thong dien. Khi d, mot mat dua vo
kha nang dieu tiet ln cua ho b c the gi duoc phan ln nuc lai de lm viec vi cong
suat nho trong ma l, nang cao cong suat trong ma can, mat khc dua vo su chenh
lech thi gian l gia cc trien song c the lm dieu ha m nang cao duoc dien nang
cng nhu cong suat dam bao cua tat ca cc TT trong he thong.

1.2.3.3. nh gi kha nang dieu tiet cua ho
nh gi kha nang dieu tiet cua ho cng tc l phan loai dang dieu tiet dng chay,
phai can c vo dac trung cua nhu cau nuc v quan he gia nhu cau nuc v dng chay
cua song su dung.
Tuy nhien, c the so bo dnh gi kha nang dieu tiet cua ho theo he so dung tch
cua ho. He so dung tch cua ho b bieu thi bang ty so cua dung tch hu ch cua ho V
h

vi dng chay trung bnh nhieu nam W
0
:

h
0
V
W
b = (1-4)
Theo kinh nghiem :
b < 0,02 ho dieu tiet ngy:
0,02 < b < 0, 25 ho dieu tiet ma (nam):
b > 0,25 0,5 dieu tiet nhieu nam.
e xc dinh ho cha dieu tiet nam hay dieu tiet nhieu nam chnh xc hon can dua
theo yeu cau cap nuc nam W
q
(ke ca ton that) vi luong nuc den nam theo tan suat
thiet ke W
p
:
- Khi W
q
W
p
tien hnh dieu tiet nam.
- Khi W
p
W
q
W
0
tien hnh dieu tiet nhieu nam.
Khi tnh hnh thuy van c dao dong ln, c trung hop khc vi cc con so tren,
phai dua vo ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet de xc dinh.
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Hieu ch dieu tiet cua ho cha duoc bieu thi boi he so dieu tiet

dt
0
Q
Q
a =
hoac

q
0
W
W
a = (1-5)
trong d:
Q
0
, W
0
- luu luong nhap ho cha v luong dng chay nam bnh quan nhieu nam:
Q
dt
- luu luong dieu tiet v W
q
l luong nuc yeu cau o mc thiet ke.

1.3. Nguyn l iu tit dng chy bng h cha

ieu tiet dng chay bang ho cha thuc chat l lm thay doi dong thi cua dng
chay song ngi cho ph hop vi cc yeu cau ve nuc cua cc hoat dong kinh te cua con
ngui, bao gom su thay doi cua phan phoi dng chay theo thi gian v su thay doi the
nang hoac dong nang o nhng vi tr nhat dinh. Tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay thuc chat
l giai bi ton dong hoc (can bang luong, dong luong v nang luong), tm ra quan he
gia cc bien vo Q
v
(t), bien ra q
r
(t) v bien trang thi cua ho cha hoac he thong ho
cha [6].
Theo quan diem he thong, cc bien vo l cc qu trnh luu luong chay vo ho
cha o cc cua vo, bien ra cua ho cha l cc qu trnh luu luong ra khoi ho cha, bien
trang thi dac trung cho su thay doi trang thi cua ho cha duoc bieu thi boi qu trnh
thay doi muc nuc Z(t) hoac dung tch V(t) cua ho cha theo thi gian. Khi tnh ton
ngui ta thung khong xt den dung tch dong, coi muc nuc trong ho cha nam ngang
do d bien trang thi cua ho cha Z(t) hoac V(t) l ng vi muc nuc tinh trong ho cha.
e giai bi ton dieu tiet ho cha thung ng dung 2 phuong trnh co ban:
1. Phuong trnh can bang nuoc
ay l phuong trnh co ban dng de tnh ton dieu tiet ho cha:
( ) ( ) ( )
v r
Q t q t dt dV t - =

(1-6)
trong d:
Q
v
(t) - luu luong nuc chay vo ho cha trong thi khoang tnh ton dt:
q
r
(t) - luu luong nuc ra khoi ho cha trong thi khoang dt, bao gom luong cap nuc,
luong nuc xa v luong nuc ton that...
dV(t) - chenh lech dung tch ho cha trong thi khoang dt.

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2. Phuong trnh dong luc
Cc qu trnh chay vo hoac ra khoi ho cha tuan thu quy luat dong hoc cua qu
trnh chuyen dong cua nuc v duoc mo ta bang cc phuong trnh dong luc. Cua vo
hoac cua ra c the l mot doan kenh, mot cong trnh dap trn, cong ngam hoac lng
song tu nhien, tuong ng vi n s c cc phuong trnh dong luc mo ta qu trnh chuyen
nuc qua cc cua vo hoac ra:
( ) ( ) ( )
h
q t f C, Z t , Z t =

(1-7)
trong d:
C - dac trung cho thong so cong tc cua cc cua ra:
Z
h
(t) - qu trnh muc nuc o ha luu tuyen ra.

V du doi vi loai cua ra l cong trnh dap trn dinh rong c luu luong nuc cua
cong trnh duoc tnh gan dng bang cong thc:
( )
3
2
0
q t m Bh 2gH = e (1-8)
trong d:
m - he so luu luong:
e - he so co hep ben:
B - chieu rong dung trn:
H
0
- cot nuc tren dinh dap trn.

1.4. Mc bo m thit k - Tn sut thit k cc cng trnh
thy li

Khi thiet ke cc cong trnh thuy loi ngui ta phai xt mc do bao dam ve an ton
doi vi cong trnh v an ton doi vi che do cung cap san pham.
Mc do bao dam ve an ton cong trnh duoc xc dinh trong trung hop xay ra cc
hien tuong kh tuong thuy van dac biet ln gay ph hoai cong trnh nhu l lut, bo to...
Mc do an ton ve cung cap san pham duoc dnh gi trong dieu kien xay ra
nhng hien tuong kh tuong thuy van gay ra su ph hoai che do lm viec cua cong trnh
do d gay ra su ph hoai che do cung cap san pham (cap nuc, cap dien...).
Mc bao dam ni tren cua cong trnh thuy loi duoc dnh gi bang khi niem tan
suat. Hien nay trong tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay c ba cch dnh gi nhu sau:
1. Tan suat bao dam theo nam l ty so gia so nam m che do cung cap san pham
cua cong trnh khong bi ph hoai (m) vi tong so nam van hnh cong trnh (n),
khong xt ti thi gian bi ph hoai trong tng nam l bao nhieu, thung duoc xc
dinh theo cong thc:
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n

m
100%
n 1
=
+
(1-9)
2. Tan suat bao dam theo thi gian l ty so gia thi gian (so ngy hoac so thng)
m che do cung cap san pham cua cong trnh khong bi ph hoai (Tbd) so vi ton
bo thi gian van hnh cong trnh (T)

bd
T
100%
T
= (1-10)
3. Tan suat bao dam theo luong san pham l ty so gia luong san pham m cong
trnh d cung cap (tong luong nuc hoac tong luong dien...) W
cc
so vi tong luong
san pham yeu cau trong ton bo thi gian van hnh cong trnh (W
yc
)

cc
yc
W
100%
W
= (1-11)
Khi thiet ke cc cong trnh thuy loi ty theo tnh hnh cu the c the dng 1 trong
ba cong thc tren. O cc chuong sau s de cap cu the.

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Chuong 2

h cha cp n c

Ho cha cap nuc l chi ho cha c nhiem vu cap nuc cho cc ngnh kinh te
quoc dan nhu cap nuc cho sinh hoat, cong nghiep, nong nghiep..., khc vi ho cha chi
su dung nang luong cua nguon nuc nhu ho cha pht dien. Trong nhiem vu cap nuc
cua ho cha th luong nuc tui thung chiem ty trong ln, noi dung tnh ton dieu tiet
ho cha phuc vu tui cng bao trm cc van de cap nuc khc, v vay s tap trung thao
luan van de ny.
Khi tnh ton phuc vu tui phai lay muc tieu l nang cao san luong v duy tr san
luong on dinh cua san xuat nong nghiep, khi han phai tui, khi ng phai tieu, phai xt
den dieu kien tho nhung, kh hau, co cau cay trong v.v..., phai loi dung triet de nguon
nuc mat v nguon nuc ngam cua dia phuong, su dung hop l nguon nuc, biet ket hop
gia cc loai hnh cong trnh ln, va v nho, truc mat v lau di... de xc dinh nhiem
vu tui.
Khi quy mo khu tui ln, he thong cong trnh ln khong the xay dung mot lan
xong, phai chia thnh cc giai doan xay dung, xc dinh quy mo cc cong trnh xay dung
trong tng thi ky v luan chng r hieu ch cua tng thi ky.

2.1. Nhim v tnh ton v ti liu c bn dng tnh ton
2.1.1. Nhim v tnh ton
Nhiem vu tnh ton cc cong trnh cap nuc tui phu thuoc vo cc loai cong trnh:
1.Vi cong trnh ho cha can nghien cu quan he gia dung tch ho cha vi luong
cap nuc cua ho cha (hoac dien tch tui) vi tan suat bao dam. Trong giai doan
nghien cu kha thi can nghien cu van de dieu phoi ho cha, trong giai doan ban
v thi cong can xc dinh phuong n van hnh.
2. Vi cc cong trnh tui khong c dap (cc cong lay nuc ven song) can ch
trong phan tch su bien dong cua muc nuc v luu luong o doan song lay nuc,
xt den su dien bien cua lng song v van de boi lang..., nghien cu kch thuc
cong trnh, cao trnh cua lay nuc vi kha nang lay duoc luu luong tui v luong
nuc tui.
3. Vi dap dang khong c dung tch ho ngoi viec nghien cu phan phoi dng chay
cua doan song lay nuc cn can nghien cu dien tch tui c kha nang tang theo
cao trnh dap dang de lua chon dien tch tui v cao trnh dap dang hop l.
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4. Vi tui dong luc can nghien cu dac diem cua muc nuc v dng chay noi dat
tram bom, xc dinh luu luong tui (dien tch tui) v cot nuc bom de lua chon
my bom, cong suat my v so to my.

Chuong ny chu yeu nghien cu phuong php xc dinh luu luong dieu tiet cua ho
cha cap nuc lay nhiem vu tui l chnh.
Nhiem vu chnh cua tnh ton dieu tiet ho cha cap nuc phuc vu tui l biet ket
hop gia thiet ke khu tui, phan tch nguon nuc v dac diem su dung nuc tui, nghien
cu quan he gia dng chay vi viec cap nuc cua cong trnh de lua chon phuong thc
lay nuc, xc dinh dien tch tui, chon tan suat thiet ke tui v cc dac trung cong trnh
cung cap cho viec phan tch tnh ton v cc phuong n van hnh cong trnh.

2.1.2. Ti liu c bn
2.1.2.1. Tieu chuan thiet ke tuoi
Noi dung tnh ton yeu cau cap nuc cua cc ngnh kinh te quoc dan c the
tham khao cc phan lien quan, o day chi thao luan ve Iieu chuan thiet ke tuoi, n anh
huong ti viec xc dinh luong nuc tui v do d anh huong ti phuong php tnh cua
chuong ny.
Tieu chuan thiet ke tui (c the tnh theo mc bao dam thiet ke hoac so ngy
chong han) can can c vo dieu kien tho nhung cua khu tui, co cau cay trong v dieu
kien kh tuong thuy van, mc do dieu tiet dng chay v yeu cau cua quoc gia doi vi
san xuat nong nghiep cua dia phuong m chon lua.
Neu tan suat thiet ke tui tnh theo tan suat dam bao tui, thung lay bang 75%
[2], mc bao dam thiet ke l tnh theo phan tram cua nhng nam thoa mn tui (m) so
vi tong so nam (n), theo cong thc:

m
p 100%
n 1
=
+
(2-1)
Trong quy pham Tieu chuan xay dung Viet Nam [2] cho php c the nang mc
bao dam tui len tren 75% cho nhng vng c nguon nuc phong ph, vng chuyen
canh mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao khi c nhng luan chng tin cay v phai duoc co
quan phe duyet du n chap nhan. Chng ta c the tham khao tieu chuan thiet ke tui cua
Trung Quoc [4] nhu bang sau:

Bang 2-1. Bang tan suat thiet ke tui

q"- Qr1 ZO[: 1io 9s0%& \,% U-49 9":t9 Rt 9#6: u
/O3 PW-e 1io 1"v- "[% @_ J@
q"- Qr1 R"V "[% 9":t- %#61
Zw3 >W 1"]%" J_ K_
/O3 PW-e 1io 1"v- "[% J_ K_
q"- Qr1 %":H- %#61
Zw3 >W 1"]%" J@ `@
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Neu tan suat thiet ke tnh theo so ngy chong han: khu vuc cay trong can v mot
ma la l 30 50 ngy, khu vuc trong hai ma la l 50 70 ngy. O nhng noi c
dieu kien c the tang cao tieu chuan ny.
Vi nhng nam c han ln nam ngoi tieu chuan thiet ke, can phai tm cc nguon
nuc ngam, tiet kiem dng nuc, de xuat duoc mc do chap nhan ph hoai cho php.

2.1.2.2. Ti lieu dia hnh
ung cong muc nuc dung tch Z ~ V v dung cong muc nuc dien tch Z ~ F.

2.1.2.3. Ti lieu thuy van
1. Ti lieu dng chay bao gom luu luong bnh quan nhieu nam v cc tham so thong
ke dng chay nam (Q
0
, C
v
, C
s
) v dung tan suat.
2. han phoi dng trong chay nam. Ti lieu phan phoi dng chay trong nam cua ca
chuoi dng chay (theo nam Thuy van) vi chuoi so lieu khong nho hon 15 nam,
khi c t so lieu can duoc bo sung v ko di theo ti lieu mua v ti lieu dng
chay cua tram thuy van lan can. Trung hop khong c ti lieu c the muon dang
phan phoi dng chay cua luu vuc tuong tu, tnh phan phoi dng chay nam thiet ke.
3. Quan he H ~ Q ha luu dap. C the dng dung bnh quan nhieu nam cua quan he
H ~ Q tai tuyen ha luu dap.
4. Luong boc hoi mat nuc v luong ton that do boc hoi, thung phan phoi theo
thng cua dang phan phoi boc hoi trung bnh.

2.1.2.4. Cc ti lieu nguon nuoc khc
1. Ti lieu luong tr nuc trong mang song cua khu tui, cc ho cha nuc nho v
cc ho ao.
2. Ti lieu nuc ngam t noi khc chay den, nguon nuc gieng, nguon nuc o cc
khe trong khu tui v nguon nuc ngam c the su dung trong khu tui.
3. Ti lieu nuc hoi quy. Luong nuc hoi quy l chi luong nuc tro ve kenh dan do
tham thau qua cc tang tho nhung o cc ruong hoac luong nuc c the su dung
lai trong mang lui song.
Muc (1) v (2) duoc xc dinh theo ti lieu quan st, do dac, muc (3) duoc xc
dinh theo ti lieu thong ke. Khi tnh ton dieu tiet muc (1) c the nhap vo qu trnh
nuc den, muc (2) v (3) c the xt trong qu trnh dng nuc tui v cng c the xt
trong can bang nuc cua khu tui c nguon nuc ngoai lai.

2.1.2.5. Qu trnh luu luong cap nuoc
Qu trnh luu luong cap nuc phuc vu tui duoc xc dinh tren co so luong nuc
ton that trong cc thi ky sinh truong cua cay trong, luong mua hieu qua v luong ton
that kenh muong.
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Qu trnh luu luong nuc tui phu thuoc vo phuong php tnh ton v tnh hnh
khu vuc. Ni chung duoc xc dinh theo 1 hoac vi nam mua dien hnh (nam nhieu nuc,
nam nuc trung bnh, nam t nuc). Khi chon nam dien hnh phai chon nam c phan
phoi bat loi vi nhng thi ky tui khan truong. Su thay doi cua luu luong nuc tui
gia cc nam khong nhieu, c the su dung 1 tri so nhung phai xt ti su phan phoi
khong deu trong nam: vi nhng khu vuc thi tiet thay doi ln c the tnh luu luong
nuc tui cho ca chuoi nam c so lieu mua.

2.1.2.6. Mc thiet ke
Khi tnh ton thiet ke khu tui can phai can c vo quy mo khu tui v tng giai
doan pht trien kinh te de tnh ton luong nuc can tui cho tng giai doan hoac luong
nuc tui cuoi cng. Vi nhng khu tui thi gian ngan (khoang 10 nam) c the xc
dinh quy mo cong trnh theo luong nuc tui cuoi cng. Neu tnh theo tng giai doan
th quy mo cong trnh c the xc dinh theo luong nuc tui cua mot hoac vi mc nam
thiet ke.

2.1.3. Tnh ton tn tht h cha
Ton that ho cha bao gom: ton that boc hoi, ton that tham
Ton that boc hoi gia tang, su gia tang boc hoi khi phan luu vuc bien thnh mat
nuc sau khi ho cha hnh thnh, phuong php tnh tham khao phan A - Tnh ton
thuy van.
Ton that tham, gom ton that tham cua dy ho, than dap, chan dap v ton that tham
qua cong trnh khi cc moi gi nuc khong kn. Ton that loai ny phu thuoc vo dieu
kien dia chat cua ho cha v tuyen dap, loai dap. Khi khong c ti lieu c the tnh theo
dien tch mat ho ng vi muc nuc ho bnh quan nam v lp ton that tham.

2.2. Tnh ton dung tch hiu qu ca h cha iu tit
cp n- c
2.2.1 iu tit nm
Tnh ton dieu tiet nam thung dng phuong php lap bang. Nhng ho
cha c qu trnh nuc den v qu trnh yeu cau luu luong tui di (> 15 nam) c the su
dung phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi, neu so lieu thuc do khong du can bo sung ko
di. Neu tien hnh so snh nhieu phuong n hoac doi vi cong trnh va v nho c the
dng phuong php nam dien hnh hoac phuong php so ngy chong han de tnh.
Nguyen l co ban su dung trong tnh ton dieu tiet nam l nguyen l can bang
nuc nhu cong thc (1-8), can bang gia qu trnh dng chay den ho cha v qu trnh
cap nuc cua ho cha theo thi doan thng ( hoac tuan ), phuong trnh cu the trong
trung hop ny nhu sau:
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( )
i i
v r i i i 1
Q q t V V
-
- D = -

( )
i i
v r i i
Q q t V - D = D (2-2)
trong d:
V
i1
- dung tch ho cha o thi diem t
i1
, dau thi doan tnh, l tri so d biet:
V
i
- dung tch ho o thi diem t
i
, cuoi thi doan tnh, l tri so can tm:
Dt
i
- thi doan tnh ton can bang th i, Dt
i
= t
i
- t
i1
:
i
r
q - luu luong nuc chay t ho ra bnh quan trong thi doan Dt
i
, n bao gom luong
cap nuc yeu cau
( )
i
y
q , ton that boc hoi
( )
i
b
q , ton that do tham, r ri qua cong
trnh
( )
i
t
q v luong nuc xa tha
( )
i
x
q :

i i i i i
r y b t x
q q q q q = + + + (2-3)
Trong bieu thc (2-3) th:
i
y
q - dai luong d biet (theo ke hoach dng nuc):
i
b
q - phu thuoc vo lp nuc boc hoi gia tang DZ
i
v dien tch mat ho
( )
i
h
F , tuong
ng vi vi dung tch bnh quan
i
V

i 1 i
i
V V
V
2
-
+
= (2-4)
Do V
i
l tri so can tm nen viec xc dinh q
bi
phai qua tnh thu:
i
t
q - phu thuoc vo dia chat lng ho, hnh dang ho, loai cong trnh ngan nuc v
luong tr nuc o trong ho v.v... Xc dinh chnh xc
i
t
q l mot van de kh khan.
Theo de nghi cua M. V. otapop c the xc dinh gan dng theo phan tram luong
nuc cha bnh quan trong ho. Nhu vay, viec xc dinh
i
t
q cng phai qua tnh thu:

Bang 2-2. Mc tham trong h cha

Z#A%& 9"4P 9]%" 9"NO
B-%& 9]1" "0 cX%" x-i%
Z65 9"4P 9]%" 9"NO
B:;% 9]1" "0 cX%" x-i%
y:H- R:;% +v3 1"49
>=%& "0
LzP ûa \"8%& û a LzP ^Pa L&Wo +SP ^PP a
\I9 @ '_ _e@ ' m _e@ ' .
FX%" x-i% '_ ._ ' 'e@ _e@ ' . 7
{4- ._ 7_ 'e@ 7 ' . 7 <
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i
x
q - phu thuoc vo qu trnh nuc den, qu trnh cap nuc v phuong thc van hnh
ho cha (tr sm, tr muon hoac theo cc rng buoc ve yeu cau phng chong
l...):
i
v
Q - luu luong dng chay vo ho trung bnh trong thi doan Dt
i
, c the l qu trnh
1 nam thiet ke hoac ca chuoi so lieu, ty theo phuong php tnh ton.

2.2.1.1. Phuong php lap bang
Tnh ton dieu tiet nam thung dng phuong php lap bang.
1. Trung hop chua ke ton that, thung dng khi so snh phuong n, sau khi chon xong
phuong n mi tnh them ton that.
Co so cua phuong php lap bang l phuong trnh can bang nuc (2-2).
Neu Q
v
> q
r
tc l tha nuc DV > 0 (hay k hieu DV
+
). Nguoc lai Q
v
< q
r
l
thieu nuc DV < 0 (hay k hieu DV
).
huong php tnh ton cu the s trnh by nhu sau:
+ Trung hop ho cha su dung mot lan: Nghia l trong chu ky dieu tiet c mot
thi ky tha nuc v mot thi ky thieu nuc.
Qua bang (2-3) ta thay thi ky nuc tha lien tuc t thng VI den thng X, luong
nuc tha l V
+
= 243,43.10
6
m
3
.

Bang 2-3. Tnh ton dung tch diu tiet nam theo phuong php lap bang
(chua ke ton that - diu tiet 1 lan) [5]

Z#- >#A%& cX%" x-i% 9"8%& P
7
|U Z#A%& %#61 9"f3e 9":t- ^'_
E
P
7
a
\"8%&
L#61 +t% x
Q
L#61 145 x
s
D}
~

D}

} 7_e' '.e@ <@eE.
} <Ke_ '.e@ `@e_K
} <.eJ '.e@ K_eK`
{ ._e. '.e@ 'èÈ
{ '7e7 '.e@ 'eKK
{ è7 '<e. '.eJ_
{ EeJ '<e. ._e_`
@e. '<e. .<e''
@eJ '@e' ..eJ<
@eE '@e' .@e<<
} @e7 '@e' .@e<_
} Ee< '@e' .7e7_
!!%& .<7e<7 '@7eJK
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Thi ky thieu nuc lien tuc t thng XI den thng V luong nuc thieu l:
V

= 153,78.10
6
m
3
.
V V
< V
+
nen dung tch hieu qua cua ho cha
V
h
= V
= 153,78.10
6
m
3
.
Luong nuc tha tho xuong ha luu ho cha s l:
V
+
V

= 89,65.10
6
m
3
.
Trung hop V

> V
+
th phai c bien php khc bo sung nguon cap nuc hoac ha
thap yeu cau dng nuc.
+ Trung hop ho cha su dung hai lan l trung hop trong chu ky dieu tiet c hai
thi ky tha nuc, thieu nuc lien tiep nhau (hnh 2-1).

Hnh 2-1. H cha diu tiet 2 lan

Khi
1
V
+

1
V
-
v
2
V
+

2
V
-
goi l ho cha su dung hai lan doc lap, khi d dung
tch hieu qua bang luong thieu nuc ln nhat.

( ) h 1 2
V max V , V
- -
= (2-3)
Neu
1
V
+
>
1
V
-
v
2
V
+
<
2
V
-
, lan su dung th hai cua ho cha (t t
2
den t
4
), luong
nuc tha
2
V
+
khong du cung cap cho thi ky thieu nuc tiep sau d, (
2
V
+
<
2
V
-
) phai
lay them o lan truc
1
V
+
goi l ho cha su dung hai lan khong doc lap. Dung tch ho
cha s bang:

h 1 2 2
V V V V
- - +
= + - Neu
1 2
V V
- +
(2-4)

h 2
V V
-
=

Neu
1 2
V V
- +
< (2-5)
Trong bang 2-4 cot 2 ghi luu luong nuc den trung bnh thng cua nam thiet ke,
cot 3 ghi luu luong nuc dng trung bnh thng (hay luong nuc cap): hai cot 4, 5 ghi
luong nuc tha v luong nuc thieu trong tng thng l hieu tuong ng cua cot 2, 3
nhan vi Dt (Dt l so giay tng thng) t d ta biet duoc cc thi ky tha nuc, thieu
nuc lien tuc.
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Cong luong nuc tha, luong nuc thieu cua tng thi ky tha nuc, thieu nuc
lien tuc, ta c:

1
V
+
= 162,5.10
6
m
3

1
V
-
= 109,9.10
6
m
3

2
V
+
= 30,7.10
6
m
3

2
V
-
= 61,4.10
6
m
3

T tren ta thay,
1
V
+
>
1
V
-
v
2
V
+
<
2
V
-

tc l ho cha su dung hai lan khong doc
lap nhau, dong thi ta c
1
V
-
>
2
V
+
nen dung tch ho cha duoc xc dinh nhu sau:

( )
h 1 2 2
6 3 6 3
V V V V
109 61, 4 30, 7 10 m 140, 6.10 m
- - +
= + - =
= + - =

Trong bang 2-4 dua ra 2 phuong n van hnh ho cha:

Phuong an chua som:
- Thng IX tha nuc (q
v
> q
r
) bat dau cha vo ho.
- Thng IX cha ton bo luong nuc tha: 47,2.10
6
m
3
.
- Thng X cha ton bo luong nuc tha: 131.10
6
m
3
.
- Thng XI can cha 9,6.10
6
m
3
l day ho cha, cn tha phai xa W
x
= 18,4.10
6

m
3
. Cot 6 ghi luong nuc cha vo ho cha, cot 7 ghi luong nuc xa.
- Thng XII ho cha van day khong can cha them nen luong nuc xa bang
luong nuc tha ghi o cot 7.
- Thng I thieu nuc (q
v
< q
r
) phai lay trong ho cha luong nuc 30,5.10
6
m
3

luong nuc cha trong ho cha chi cn (140,6 30,5).10
6
m
3

= 110,1.10
6
m
3

ghi vo cot 6.
- Thng II IV thieu nuc, ho cap nuc cho ti thng V mi lai cha vo ho.
- Thng VII, thng VIII ho cha cap nuc cho ti cuoi thng VIII s dng het
nuc trong ho cha.

Phuong an chua muon:
Cha muon tc l cuoi ma tr nuc mi cha day ho, t bang (2-4) ta thay cuoi
thng XII mi day ho cha W
ch
= 140,6.10
6
m
3
nhung thng XII chi tha nuc l 3,5.10
6

m
3
, muon day ho cha th cuoi thng XI phai cha duoc 137,1.10
6
m
3
. Thng XI c
luong nuc tha l 28.10
6
m
3
nen cuoi thng X phai cha duoc 109,1.10
6
m
3
. Cuoi thng
IX chi can cha 25,3.10
6
m
3
l du cn tha xa xuong ha luu W
x
= 21,9.10
6
m
3
. Cch
tnh tuong tu nhu phuong n cha sm nen khong trnh by k.
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Bang 2-4. Tnh ton dung tch diu tiet nam theo phuong php lap bang
(chua ke ton that - diu tiet 2 lan)

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huong n cha sm c uu diem l viec cha nuc day ho cha duoc bao dam
chac hon, khi c ket hop pht dien c the loi dung duoc dau nuc cao trong mot thi
gian di, tang duoc luong pht dien nhung lai khong loi ve viec bao dam an ton cho
than dap, dat dai ven b ho cha sm bi ngap... Nguoc lai phuong n cha muon neu
khong c du bo th ho cha kh bao dam cha duoc day ho cha, nhung ve bao dam an
ton cho than dap, phng l cho ho cha v pha dui ho cha... c loi hon, bn ct boi
lang trong ho cha cng t hon.
Do chua xt den luong nuc ton that nen dung tch hieu qua cua ho cha tm duoc
o tren chi dng cho tnh ton thiet ke so bo. Nhung thuc te luong nuc ton that nhieu
khi kh ln, trong thiet ke k thuat ta khong the bo qua.
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2. Trung hop c xt ton that
Nhu d trnh by o phan dau muc 2.2.1 muon tnh luong ton that phai biet dung
tch ho (hoac dien tch mat nuc ho) nhung dung tch ho chua biet, do vay, phai dng
cch tnh gan dng hoac tnh thu dan.
Truc tien, gia thiet dung tch ho cha bang dung tch ho cha chua ke ton that.
Tren co so d tnh duoc dung tch ho cha trung bnh v luong nuc ton that trong cc
thi khoang tnh ton, sau d tm duoc dung tch hieu qua v qu trnh van hnh cua ho
cha d so bo xt den ton that. Muon chnh xc hon, gia thiet dung tch ho cha bang
dung tch va tnh v lap lai lan th hai.
Nguyen tac chung l nhu vay nhung phuong php tnh lai c nhieu cch khc
nhau, dui day gii thieu phuong php don gian thung dng.
Su dung ket qua tnh ton dung tch ho cha chua ke ton that d tnh o bang 2-4.
Cot 2, 3 bang 2-5 l luong nuc tha, thieu tng thng chua ke ton that.
Cot 4 l dung tch ho cha chua ke ton that (phuong n cha sm) l ket qua cot 6
bang 2-5 cong vi dung tch chet V
c
= 44,4.10
6
m
3
. Th du dung tch ho cha chua ke
ton that cua thng IX l V
9
= (44,4 + 47,2).10
6
m
3
= 91,6.10
6
m
3
. ay l dung tch ho
cha vo thi diem cuoi thng IX nen ta ghi vo gia hng thng IX v thng X cua cot
4. au thng IX dung tch ho cha bang dung tch chet v lc d l cuoi ma thieu
nuc, ho cha d dng can.
Cot 5 ghi dien tch mat nuc ho cha F ng vi cc so lieu ghi o cot 4 (theo quan
he Z ~ V, Z ~ F suy ra).
Cot 6, 7 ghi dung tch ho cha trung bnh V
tb
v dien tch ho cha trung bnh
(F
tb
gi tri trung bnh cua dau thng v cuoi thng).
Cot 8 ghi lp nuc ton that boc hoi trong tng thng.
Cot 9 ghi luong nuc ton that cua ho do boc hoi trong tng thng, (9) = (7) (8).
Do dieu kien dia chat lng ho thuoc loai tot nen ta lay ton that do tham bang 1% luong
nuc cha trong ho cha v vay cot (11) = (10) (6).
Cot 12 ghi luong nuc ton that cua ho cha tng thng (12) = (9) + (11).
C luong nuc ton that cua cc thng ta c the tm luong nuc tha, thieu tng
thng ghi vo cot 13 hoac 14. (13) = (2) (12): (14) = (12) + (3).
Dua vo so lieu cot 13 hoac 14 ta tnh duoc luong nuc tha, luong nuc thieu cua
thi ky tha v thieu nuc. Ta c:

1
V
+
= 156,43.10
6
m
3

1
V
-
= 115,36.10
6
m
3

2
V
+
= 28,60.10
6
m
3

2
V
-
= 63,19.10
6
m
3

Bang 2-5. Tnh ton diu tiet nam theo phuong php lap bang, c xt den ton that

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Bang 3-5. Bang tnh cong suat nam nuc kiet thiet ke theo phuong php luu luong khong doi

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Theo cong thc (2-4) tm duoc dung tch hieu qua cua kho:
( )
6 3 6 3
h
V 115, 36 63,19 28, 6 10 m 150.10 m = + -
So vi V
h
chua ke ton that tang 10
7
m
3
.
Ta c dung tch ho cha ng vi muc nuc dang bnh thung H
bt
:
( )
6 3 6 3
c h
V V V 44, 4 150 10 m 194, 4.10 m = + = + =
Dua vo cot 13 hoac 14 c the tnh phuong n van hnh ho cha cha sm, giong
nhu trung hop chua ke ton that. Cot 15 ghi dung tch ho theo phuong n cha sm.
Hng th nhat cua cot 15 l dung tch chet, cong dung tch chet vi DV
+
thng IX
(cot 13) duoc dung tch ho cha cuoi thng IX.
V
9
= (44,4 + 46,4)10
6
m
3
= 90,8.10
6
m
3

ghi vo hng 2 cot 15. Cc thng khc tnh tuong tu, ti thng XI l cha duoc day ho
cha v c luong nuc xa
W
x
= 4,9.10
6
m
3

Ti thng I bat dau thieu nuc, dung tch ho cha cuoi thng XII tr di luong
nuc thieu DV
(cot 14)
V
1
= (194,4 32,28).10
6
m
3

ghi vo hng 6 cot 15.
Tnh tuong tu nhu vay ti cuoi thng VIII l het nuc o phan dung tch hieu qua,
dung tch ho cha bang dung tch chet.
Ket qua tnh ton tren day l ket qua gan dng, de chnh xc hon c the tnh lai
lan th hai, lay ket qua cot 13, 14, 15 lan luot ghi vo cot 2, 3, 4 v tnh ton lai.
Thung thung tnh lai lan th hai l dat yeu cau.

2.2.1.2. Phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi
huong php dieu tiet ton chuoi l tnh ton can bang nuc tng thi khoang
(thng) theo qu trnh nuc den v qu trnh cap nuc tng nam mot cho ca chuoi so
lieu, c 2 phuong php tnh nhu sau:
2.2.1.2.1. Ph ng php ng tn sut dung tch h
Gia thiet c ti lieu nuc den v yeu cau cap nuc cua n nam, tien hnh tnh ton
dieu tiet tng nam nhu d trnh by ta duoc n dung tch ho cha, sap xep t nho den ln,
theo cong thc (1-9) de tnh ton tan suat v v dung tan suat dung tch ho cha [10].
Khi tnh ton c the gia dinh vi phuong n dien tch tui khc nhau (W), v
dung quan he gia dung tch dieu tiet ho cha vi tan suat, lay dien tch tui (W) lm
tham so nhu hnh 2-2. Tren hnh d neu tan suat thiet ke d biet, ta c the tm quan he
gia dien tch khu tui vi dung tch ho cha, neu dien tch tui v tan suat thiet ke d
biet ta xc dinh duoc dung tch ho cha thiet ke.
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Hien nay cng c kien cho rang dung tch ho cha khong phai l mot dai luong
ngau nhien v c su can thiep cua con ngui nen khong the v dung tan suat v vay
phuong php ny thieu luan c chac chan.

P

Hnh 2-2. Dung quan he giua dung tch h cha vi tan suat
(lay dien tch tui lm tham so)

2.2.1.2.2. Ph ng php tn sut bo m cp n c
- Gia thiet mot tri so dung tch hieu dung V
h
, can c vo luong nuc den v yeu cau
cap nuc tng thng tnh ton dieu tiet theo trnh tu thi gian, neu vi mot dung tch
no d c so nam khong bi ph hoai thoa mn yeu cau tan suat thiet ke th dung tch
d chnh l dung tch ho can tm.
Neu tan suat thiet ke cap nuc l
CN
, theo cong thc (1-9), th so nam bao dam
cap nuc m s l:

( )
CN
n 1
m
100
+
= (2-6)
trong d: n l so nam tnh ton, so nam bi ph hoai l n m.

huong php ny di hoi c chuoi so lieu luu luong nuc den v luong nuc yeu
cau cap du di. Tuy vay de don gian tnh ton c the chi yeu cau luong nuc can cap
cua mot nam dien hnh bat loi no d v dng de tnh vi chuoi dng chay n nam.
huong php ny can tnh ton that tng thng bang phuong php tnh thu hoac theo 2
buc nhu phuong php lap bang, buc 1 chua ke ton that, buc 2 xt den ton that.
Trung hop o thi doan no d dung tch ho cha nho hon dung tch chet th lay bang
dung tch chet v thi doan d duoc dnh dau l khong bao dam cap nuc. Trung hop
o thi doan no d dung tch ho cha ln hon tong dung tch th lay bang tong dung tch
v thi doan d c luong nuc xa tha. huong php ny c khoi luong tnh ton ln,
xong vi k thuat tin hoc ngy nay viec tnh ton cng rat nhanh.
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n
Ihi du:
Mot ho cha c ti lieu thuy van t nam 1969 2001, luu luong nuc v luong
nuc den tng thng ghi o cot 3, 5, yeu cau cap nuc tui v dan sinh ghi o cot 4, theo
ket qua tnh ton duoc dung tch chet V
c
= 0,785.10
6
m
3
ghi o hng dau cot 9.

- Luong ton that tham tnh bang 3% dung tch trung bnh thng, boc hoi gia tang cua
cc thng nhu sau:

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- Gia thiet dung tch hieu dung l V
h
= 2,715.10
6
m
3
, tong dung tch l V = 3,500.10
6
m
3
,
muc nuc dang bnh thung tuong ng H
bt
= 279,28 m.
- Bat dau tnh ton theo nam thuy loi th nhat, t cong thc (2-2) v (2-3) ta c:

i i
i i 1 v i r i
V V Q t q t
-
= + D - D

i i i i i
r y b r x
q q q q q = + + +
- Nhu trong bang (2-6) dau thng 5 muc nuc trong ho o muc nuc chet tuong ng vi
dung tch V
4
= 785.10
3
m
3
, dung tch cua ho cuoi thng 5 duoc tnh nhu sau:
+ Buc 1, chua tnh den ton that ta c :

5 5
5 4 v 5 y 5
3 3
V V Q t q t
785 2273, 8 281 2777, 8.10 m
= + D - D
= + - =

dung tch bnh quan cua thng 5 l:

5
3 3
tb
785 2777, 8
V 1781, 4.10 m
2
+
= =
t quan he dung tch dien tch ho suy ra dien tch mat ho tuong ng

5
tb
F 22, 9 ha =
+ Buc 2, ke den ton that:
Ton that boc hoi

5 5
3 3
b tb 5
W 10F Z 10 22, 9 28, 6 6, 55.10 m = D = =
trong d 10 l he so quy doi don vi.
Ton that tham lay bang 3% dung tch bnh quan

5
3 3
t
W 1781 0, 03 53, 44.10 m = =
Tong ton that bang

5
3 3
tt
W 6, 55 53, 44 59, 99.10 m = + =
ghi trong cot 6.
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n

Dung tch cuoi thng 5 c ke den ton that s l:

5 5 5
5 4 v 5 y 5 tt
3 3
V V Q t q t W
2777, 8 59, 99 2717, 8.10 m
= + D - D -
= - =

ghi vo cot 9.
- Khi tnh ton neu dung tch cuoi thng no d ln hon dung tch tong th lay bang
dung tch tong, ton that cng phai tnh tuong duong vi dung tch d v tnh luong
nuc xa tha ghi vo cot 11, nhu dung tch cuoi thng 7 nam 1969-1970.
- Khi tnh ton neu dung tch cuoi thng no d nho hon dung tch chet th lay bang
dung tch chet, ton that phai tnh tuong duong vi dung tch d v ghi vo cot 11
thieu nuc, nhu dung tch cuoi thng 7 nam 1987-1988.
- Can luu rang dieu tiet nam duoc tnh theo phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi nen
cuoi ma cap nuc bat dau ma tr nam sau muc nuc trong ho phai o vi tr muc
nuc chet, dung tch cuoi thng dau cua nam thuy loi th 2 (70-71) s l:

5 5
5 c v 5 y 5 5
3 3
V V Q t q t W
785 935, 8 281 38, 5 1401, 3.10 m
= + D - D -
= + - - =

- Tnh so nam bao dam cap nuc neu thoa mn cong thc (2-6) l dat yeu cau, neu
khong dat ty tnh hnh ta gia thiet lai dung tch V
h
cho ph hop, c the tnh ton
mot vi tri so V
h
vi so nam bao dam m, sau d noi suy.

Trong th du ny tan suat cap nuc
CN
= 75%, so nam tnh ton l 32 nam, ta c:

( ) 32 1
m 75 25
100
+
= =
v vay so nam bi ph hoai nho hon 32 25 = 7 nam l ph hop yeu cau nhung qua tnh
ton dieu tiet ton chuoi c 8 nam thieu nuc, mc bao dam chi dat 72,7%, do d lan
tnh thu tiep phai tang them dung tch mi dat mc thiet ke yeu cau.

Bang 2-6. Tnh ton diu tiet nam theo phuong php ton chuoi

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2.2.1.3. Phuong php so ngy chong han
huong php so ngy chong han thch hop cho cc cong trnh va v nho thieu ti
lieu, noi dung co ban nhu sau: tien hnh dieu tra v thong ke 'so ngy chong han,
chon mot so nam dien hnh c so ngy han (tc nhng ngy lien tuc khong mua) bang
hoac xap xi so ngy chong han quy dinh, tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet luong dng chay
nam v luong nuc dng cc nam dien hnh d, phuong php tnh nhu o muc 1. T
chuoi dung tch cua cc nam dien hnh ta chon dung tch ho cha c tri so ln lm dung
tch ho cha thiet ke.

2.2.2. Tnh ton iu tit nhiu nm
2.2.2.1. Phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi
Giong nhu dieu tiet nam ta cng c the p dung phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi
cho dieu tiet nhieu nam. Do dieu tiet nhieu nam l dieu tiet luong nuc cua nhm nam
nhieu nuc cho nhm nam t nuc nen di hoi so nam tnh ton nhieu hon v vay kh c
the su dung phuong php dung tan suat dung tch.
huong php tnh thu bang cch gia thiet mot dung tch ho cha, tien hnh dieu
tiet lien tuc, phuong php tnh ton giong nhu doi vi trung hop tiet nam theo phuong
php dieu tiet ton chuoi, khc o cho khi het nam thuy loi, bat dau ma tr nam ke tiep,
muc nuc ho khong bat dau tnh t muc nuc chet m bat dau t muc nuc cn lai trong
ho nam truc (dieu tiet lien tuc).
Neu tan suat tnh duoc bang tan suat thiet ke th dung tch gia thiet l dung tch
nhieu nam, neu khong bang ta lai gia thiet mot tri so dung tch khc v tnh lai. V
chuoi so lieu thuy van thung khong di nen viec tnh ton dieu tiet nhieu nam theo
phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi cn nhieu han che, do d de tnh ton dieu tiet nhieu
nam nen dng phuong php thong ke.
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2.2.2.2. Phuong php thong ke
Dung tch dieu tiet nhieu nam duoc chia thnh hai thnh phan: dung tch nhieu
nam (V
nn
) v dung tch nam (V
n
). ieu tiet dng chay gia cc nam do phan dung tch
nhieu nam dam nhan cn dieu tiet dng chay trong nam do phan dung tch nam dam
nhan, van de mau chot l lan luot xay dung duoc quan he gia dung tch nam vi luu
luong dieu tiet, gia dung tch nhieu nam vi luu luong dieu tiet sau d cong dung tch
dieu tiet nam vi dung tch dieu tiet nhieu nam cua cng mot luu luong dieu tiet lai vi
nhau ta s duoc quan he gia dung tch vi luu luong dieu tiet nhu bieu thi tren hnh 2-6.
1. Tr ng hp n c dng khng i
Khi khu tui l vng c cay trong can l chu yeu, luong nuc tui hng nam t
thay doi hoac khong doi, c the tm thnh phan dung tch dieu tiet nhieu nam theo bieu
do letskop, cn thnh phan dung tch dieu tiet nam tnh ton theo phuong php nam
dien hnh.
Bieu do letskop the hien quan he gia a ~ b ~ C
v
ng vi cc tan suat khc nhau
khi C
s
= 2C
v
. Th du biet thong so thong ke dng chay nam cua ho cha thiet ke l C
v
,
C
s
2C
v
, tan suat thiet ke = 95% c quan he a b nhu hnh 2-3. V Q
dt
= aQ
0
,
V
nn
= bW
0
nen ta duoc quan he gia V
nn
~ Q
dt
ng vi tan suat thiet ke p.

Hnh 2-3. Bieu d Pletskop khi C
s
= 2C
v
, g = 0

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Neu C
s
2C
v
ta c the su dung cong thc dui day tnh
'
v
C v a'

' v
v
0
C
C
1
=
- a
(2-7)

' 0
0
1
a - a
a =
-a
(2-8)

0
m 2
m
-
a = (2-9)
trong d:
s
v
C
m .
C
=
Gia thiet mot so gi tri a tnh duoc
'
v
C v a' tra bieu do letskop duoc b' v tm
duoc b theo cong thc sau:
( )
0
1 ' b = - a b (2-10)
Tnh ton thnh phan dung tch ho cha dieu tiet nam (V
n
):
Tnh thnh phan dung tch nam c the dng phuong php nam dai bieu. Viec tnh
ton V
n
c lien quan truc tiep vi tnh hnh cha nuc cua nam th nhat trong nhm
nam thieu nuc v tnh hnh dng nuc 1 nam dng truc nhm nam thieu nuc do d
khi chon nam dai bieu phai theo nguyen tac sau:
Nam d c luong nuc den khong nho hon luong nuc dng, v nho hon th nam
d thuoc nam nuc kiet s phai dng 1 phan dung tch nhieu nam de b lai. Luong nuc
den cng khong ln hon luong nuc dng, v nhu the nam d thuoc nam nhieu nuc, s
cho dung tch dieu tiet nam nho, khong an ton. V vay phai chon nam c luong nuc
den va bang luong nuc dng mi ph hop...
Dua vo dieu kien dieu tiet nam hon ton c the tnh V
n
theo cong thc sau:
n = (q Q
k
)T (2-11)
trong d: q - luu luong nuc dieu tiet:
Q
k
- luu luong nuc den ma kiet:
T - thi ky cap nuc.

Neu viet theo he so dung tch ta c:
( )
n
t m b = a - (2-12)
trong d: b
n
, a - he so dung tch nam v he so nuc dng:
t - ty so thi ky cap nuc so vi ca nam (thng),
T
t .
12
=

Khi so snh nhieu phuong n th dng cong thc ny tuong doi tien.
Neu thi ky cap nuc T thay doi, chon mot so nam luong dng chay nam bang
(hoac ln hon cht t) luong nuc dng nam, tnh ton dieu tiet nam, tm ra dung tch
ln hon de lm V
n
.
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2. Tr ng hp l ng n c dng thay i
Do luong mua tr di luong boc hoi (luong mua hieu qua) v cc nhan to khc
trong khu tui thay doi hng nam do d luong cap nuc tui cng thay doi hng nam.
V vay can chuyen doi t trung hop luong nuc dng thay doi thnh luong nuc dng
khong doi mi su dung duoc bieu do letskop [10].
Gia thiet luong mua nam hieu qua cua khu tui l R (bang tch so gia luong mua
hieu qua v dien tch khu tui), luong nuc tui l M. Khi R = 0 luong nuc can tui
dat tri ln nhat M
max
. Trong mot khu tui, vi mot dien tch tui nhat dinh, cng mot co
cau cay trong v dinh mc tui th luong nuc can tui ln nhat l co dinh, do d:
M
max
= M + R (2-13)
v M
max
= M R + (2-14)
Trong moi nam, M
max
duoc xc dinh boi luong mua hieu qua R v tong luong
dng chay nam W, khi tnh ton dieu tiet ta to hop tan suat gia dung tan suat mua
hieu qua vi dung tan suat dng chay nam, tc dung tan suat tong luong nuc den
Z = W + R
R rng neu lay dung tan suat tong luong nuc den lm dung tan suat nuc den cua
ho cha th ho cha hng nam cung cap duoc luong nuc tui ln nhat M
max
, nhu vay ta
d bien viec dieu tiet nhieu nam nuc dng thay doi thnh nuc dng khong doi.
1) V dung tan suat tong luong nuc den. Neu khu tui c ti lieu mua hieu qua
tuong doi di, c the v dung tan suat mua hieu qua v dung tan suat luong
nuc den cua ho cha, tnh cc tham so thong ke cua dung tan suat tong luong
nuc den nhu sau:

Tong
W W R = + (2-15)

2 2
w R RW w R Tong
2 s = s + s + g s s (2-16)

Tong
Tong
v
Tong
C
W
s
= (2-17)

W
Tong Tong
W
s
s v
v
C
C C
C
= (2-18)
trong d:
Tong Tong
v s Tong Tong
W , , C , C s - tri bnh quan, phuong sai, he so thien lech dung tan
suat tong luong nuc den:
W, R - tri bnh quan cua luong dng chay nam cua ho cha v luong mua hieu qua
nam cua khu tui:
2 2
W R
, s s - phuong sai cua luong dng chay nam v luong mua hieu qua cua khu tui:
W R
v s
C , C - he so bien doi C
v
v he so khong doi xng C
s
cua luong dng chay nam
cua ho cha:
g
RW
- he so tuong quan cua luong dng chay nam vi luong mua nam.
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T cc thong so thong ke
Tong Tong
v s Tong
W , C , C ta v duoc dung tan suat tong
luong nuc den.
2) Tm dung tch nhieu nam V
nn
. T he so dieu tiet
Tong
M
W
a = , tan suat thiet ke p
v
Tong
v
C tm duoc he so dung tch b theo phuong php v cong thc d trnh by
o muc 1, tm duoc V
nn
theo cong thc:

nn
V W = b (2-19)
3) Tnh ton dung tch nam V
n
. Tnh ton dung tch dieu tiet nam c the tnh theo
phuong php nam dien hnh nhu d trnh by o muc 2.2.1.1.
4) Dung tch dieu tiet cua ho cha l tong cua 2 thnh phan dung tch tren
V = V
nn
+ V
n
(2-20)
Viec xt den ton that ho cha trong dieu tiet nhieu nam, de don gian thung cong
luong ton that bnh quan nam (ton that boc hoi v tham) vi luong nuc tui de tnh
ton dieu tiet khi tnh ton thnh phan dung tch nhieu nam, cn khi tnh ton thnh
phan dung tch nam khong can xt na.

2.3. La chn c trng mc n- c ca h cha cp n- c
2.3.1. La chn dung tch cht v mc n c cht
Dung tch chet v muc nuc chet c nhng nhiem vu chnh sau day:
1) hai cha duoc het phan bn ct lang dong trong ho cha trong thi gian hoat
dong cua cong trnh, tc l:
V
c
V
bc
T (2-21)
trong d:
V
bc
- the tch boi lang hng nam cua bn ct:
T - so nam hoat dong cua cong trnh (tuoi tho cua cong trnh).

2) oi vi ho cha c nhiem vu tui tu chay, muc nuc chet khong duoc nho hon
cao trnh muc nuc toi thieu de c the dam bao duoc tui tu chay.
H
c
Z
min
(2-22)
Muc nuc chet cao hon Z
min
o do cao thch hop de bao dam c cot nuc on dinh
khi lay nuc tui.

3) oi vi cc nh my thuy dien, muc nuc chet v dung tch chet phai duoc lua
chon sao cho hoac l cong suat dam bao cua nh my l ln nhat hoac l dam bao
cot nuc toi thieu cho viec pht dien.
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4) oi vi giao thong thuy o thuong luu, muc nuc chet phai l muc nuc toi thieu
cho php tu b di lai bnh thung.
5) oi vi thuy san, dung tch chet v muc nuc chet phai dam bao dung tch can
thiet cho chan nuoi c v thuy san khc, ngoi ra mat thong cua nuc cng can
phai xem xt.
6) oi vi yeu cau ve du lich v bao ve moi trung, muc nuc chet v dung tch chet
dam bao yeu cau toi thieu cho du lich v yeu cau ve sinh thuong v ha luu ho cha.
Trong cc nhiem vu tren day, th nhiem vu dau tien l yeu cau tien quyet khi lua
chon dung tch chet. Trong trung hop c nhieu yeu cau can dp ng, viec lua chon
dung tch chet phai thong qua phan tch hieu qua kinh te, k thuat de chon cho hop l.

2.3.2. La chn dung tch hiu dng v mc n c dng bnh th ng
Muc nuc dang bnh thung v dung tch hieu dung duoc xc dinh bang phuong
php tnh ton dieu tiet ho cha. Dung tch hieu dung v muc nuc dang bnh thung
l dac trung quan trong cua ho cha thung phai thong qua phuong n so snh kinh te
ti chnh.
Khi lua chon muc nuc dang bnh thung cua ho cha cap nuc can xt ti cc
yeu to sau:
1) Cc dieu kien ve dia hnh dia chat v ngap lut.
2) Khoi luong cong trnh v dau tu cua cc cong trnh kenh dan.
3) Cc bien php tui khc c the thay the o cc khu tui xa cong trnh dau moi.
4) Cc chi tieu hieu ch tong hop.
5) Anh huong cua mc nam thiet ke v nien han xay dung cua khu tui.
Khi so snh kinh te cua tng phuong n thung dng phuong php d trnh by o
phan E. Hieu ch tui bang gi tri tang san cua nong nghiep tr di khau hao chi ph cong
trnh hng nam, cc chi ph trong nam chi cho tang san (nhu tang chi ph cho phan bn,
nong cu, nhan cong...). Khi tnh ton so bo neu c kh khan trong viec xc dinh cc chi
tieu tren ta c the lay don gi cua viec cap nuc de tnh so bo hieu ch cua tng phuong n.
Neu khu tui o gan nguon nuc c dieu kien tui dong luc ta cng c the chon
phuong n thay the bang tui dong luc cho ton bo hoac mot phan dien tch khu tui de
so snh kinh te.
2.4. Tnh ton iu tit dng chy cc cng trnh t- i khc
2.4.1. Cng ly n c
Khi muc nuc ma kiet v luong dng chay ma kiet o trong song c the thoa
mn tui tu chay cho khu tui th c the truc tiep xay cong o b song.
Tnh ton can bang nuc cho loai cong trnh ny phai dua tren co so dac diem
dng chay v muc nuc nhieu nam tai dia diem lay nuc. Tnh ton qu trnh muc nuc
thiet ke v qu trnh dng chay c the khai thc de c the xc dinh pham vi khai thc.
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Khi tai vi tr lay nuc c tren 20 nam ti lieu thuy van ta c the tnh can bang
nuc theo phuong php trnh tu thi gian, c the lay don vi thi gian l tuan de tm
dung tan suat dien tch tui v t tan suat thiet ke tm ra dien tch tui. Neu dien tch
d khong thoa mn yeu cau tui th phai ha thap mc bao dam hoac tm them nguon
nuc khc.
Khi tai vi tr lay nuc c t ti lieu thuy van hoac khi yeu cau tnh don gian c the
tnh can bang nuc theo phuong php nam dien hnh. Khi chon nam dien hnh nen ch
ti to hop bat loi gia nuc den v nuc dng, tc chon cc nam luong nuc den,
luong nuc dng c tan suat xap xi thiet ke, tnh ton can bang nuc v chon ket qua
thien ve an ton.
Neu luong nuc tui khong thay doi th phuong trnh can bang nuc chu yeu
quyet dinh boi qu trnh muc nuc v luu luong doan song lay nuc, tnh ton tan suat
luong dng chay tuan bnh quan nho nhat thi ky tui, t luong dng chay thiet ke tnh
ton muc nuc v luong nuc can tui v cng tm duoc dien tch tui tuong ng.
Kch thuc kenh tui phai can c vo muc nuc bnh quan tuan thap nhat v luu
luong tui yeu cau ln nhat cua nam thiet ke de xc dinh.
Ngoi ra cn can xc dinh cc van de sau:
1) Xc dinh muc nuc thap nhat tren kenh dan theo ti lieu thuc do v dieu tra thuy
van de kiem tra luu luong nho nhat qua kenh c bao dam khong?
2) Can xt den anh huong muc nuc giam thap khi lay nuc vo kenh.
3) Khi cua lay nuc khong c ti lieu thuy van, luu luong tnh theo ti lieu cua tram
tren tram dui cn muc nuc xc dinh theo ti lieu muc nuc v ti lieu dia hnh
bang cch v dung cong mat nuc doan song.

2.4.2. Cng trnh dng n c
Khi muc nuc song thien nhien tai doan song lay nuc khong dat yeu cau dan
nuc tu chay th phai xay dung them cua van tren song hoac dap dang de nang cao muc
nuc. Loai cong trnh ny khong c kha nang dieu tiet. Loai cua van khi ma l c the
mo mot phan hoac ton bo, khi ma kiet dng cua van de lay nuc.
Luu luong nuc tui cua cong trnh ny phu thuoc vo luong nuc den cua song
thien nhien, cao trnh lay nuc tui quyet dinh boi muc nuc dang cao khi dng cua van
hoac cao trnh dinh dap. hai v quan he gia dien tch tui vi cao trnh dang nuc,
qua so snh phan tch tong hop de xc dinh khau do cong, cao trnh dinh dap vi dien
tch tui. Khi xc dinh kch thuc cong v cao trnh dinh dap can ch cc van de sau:
1) Luu luong lay nuc ln nhat.
2) Bao dam an ton xa l.
3) Ton that ngap lut thuong luu.
4) Anh huong cua cong trnh den viec tieu ng, ngap lut v chua phn ha o thuong luu.
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Chuong 3

H cha pht in

3.1. Hnh thc khai thc thy nng v hnh thc iu tit
dng chy
3.1.1. Hnh thc khai thc thy nng
1. Nh my thuy dien (NMT) dap dang. ac diem cua hnh thc ny l dap dap
ngan song de tap trung cot nuc cua song thien nhien, hnh thnh ho cha o
thuong luu dap. Ty theo viec bo tr nh my, hnh thc khai thc ny cn c
dang nh my sau dap, nh my lng song (xem hnh 3-1), loai truc thch hop
cho dang dap cao v lng song hep, loai sau thch hop cho dang dap thap, lng
song rong. Kha nang v quy mo xay dap quyet dinh boi dia hnh, dieu kien dia
chat, tnh kinh te, ton that ngap lut v cc dieu kien han che khc v nhng anh
huong chnh tri.
2. NMT kenh dan. Nhu hnh 3-2 bieu thi, su dung chenh lech cot nuc thuong ha
luu de pht dien.
ieu kien de su dung hnh thc khai thc kenh dan pht dien l: do doc mat nuc
song thien nhien ln v kenh dan khong di. Neu do doc song thien nhien ln, khc
song lai cong hoac hai song gan nhau, chenh lech mat nuc ln v khoang cch theo
dung chim bay khong di c the su dung hnh thc kenh dan.
3. NMT hon hop. Nhu hnh 3-3 n c uu diem cua ca hnh thc 1 v 2, thch hop
cho trung hop va c the xay dap lm ho cha va c do doc song thien nhien
ln o ha luu dap, c the bo tr kenh dan loi dung cot nuc pht dien.
4. NMT tch nang. Loai ny dng my bom bom nuc t be nuc thap len be nuc
cao cua NMT tch nang de tr nuc, khi can lay nuc t be cao cho chay qua
tuoc bin de pht dien, nuc tro ve be dui. Ty theo phuong thc su dung c the
chia lm hai loai ln:
1) Loi dung lc phu tai thap cua he thong dien, dng dien du tha bom nuc tch
nang, doi khi phu tai cao bo sung cong suat khong du tai dinh phu tai, ph hop
cho lui dien m nhiet dien chiem ty trong ln.
2) Su dung dien nang ma l cua tram thuy dien bom nuc tch nang de bo sung
dien nang khong du trong ma kiet, ph hop cho lui dien m thuy dien chiem
ty trong ln. Hien nay d c xay dung tram thuy dien tch nang ln c cong
suat hng trieu kW tro len, my pht v tuoc bin deu su dung loai c the chay
hai chieu de tiet kiem dau tu.
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a) Nh my thuy dien sau dap

b) Nh my thuy dien lng song

Hnh 3-1. So d nh my thuy dien dap dang
1- thuong luu: 2- can cau: 3- my pht dien: 4- tuoc bin: 5- cau cong tc: 6- cua van:
7- dap: 8- dap trn be tong: 9- mo cua van: 10- cot nuc: 11- Nh my: 12- ha luu.

Hnh 3-2. So d nh my thuy dien kenh dan
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Hnh 3-3. So d nh my thuy dien hon hop

3.1.2. Hnh thc iu tit dng chy ca NMT
1. NMT dien dieu tiet ngy
Trong song thien nhien da so trung hop luu luong t thay doi trong ngy, cn phu
tai he thong dien trong mot ngy lai dao dong kh ln. Dng ho cha dieu tiet luu luong
trong mot ngy, phan phoi lai theo phu tai trong he thong tc l dieu tiet ngy cua nh
my thuy dien. V tnh linh hoat cua thuy dien, nhng tram thuy dien chay dinh trong
he thong c the nang hieu ch cong suat lap my gap may lan tri bnh quan, ta goi d l
hieu ch cong suat dieu tiet ngy. Ngoi ra, do tc dung dieu tiet ngy khien muc nuc
cua thuong ha luu ho cha dao dong gay ra ton that cot nuc bnh quan dan den ton that
nang luong goi l ton that dieu tiet ngy. Vi nhng nh my thuy dien cot nuc thap,
dieu tiet km th ton that dieu tiet ngy c the ti 3 5% dien nang ngy, vi nh my
thuy dien cot nuc cao, dieu tiet tot th nhng ton that ny c the bo qua. Ho cha dieu
tiet ngy yeu cau dung tch khong ln, thung nho hon luong nuc ngy cua ma kiet
nam nuc kiet thiet ke, vi nhng nh my thuy dien m thuy dien chiem ty trong nho
trong he thong th viec c dung tch dieu tiet ngy l rat c loi.

2. NMT dieu tiet tuan
Trong ma kiet luu luong trong song thay doi khong nhieu nhung trong mot tuan
phu tai bnh quan ngy cua ngy chu nhat thung nho hon phu tai bnh quan cua nhng
ngy khc, v vay c the tr luong nuc du tha ngy chu nhat de tang cong suat bnh
quan cho nhng ngy khc. Loai dieu tiet ny khong di hoi dung tch ln, hieu ch
cong suat cua nh my thuy dien cng khong ln v tr nuc du tha cua 1 ngy phai
chia cho 6 ngy dng nuc. O nuc ta, cc nh my x nghiep ln lai dng bien php
nghi luan luu nen dao dong phu tai trong tuan nho.
Trong thiet ke thung can c vo phu tai cua he thong dng mot he so nho hon 1
de phan nh hieu ch dieu tiet tuan.
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3. NMT dieu tiet nam (ma)
Luu luong nuc trong song thay doi theo ma rat ln, gi mot phan luong nuc
tha trong ma l hoac ton bo tr lai trong ho cha de cap nuc pht dien trong ma
kho, d l nh my thuy dien dieu tiet nam.
Ho cha dieu tiet nam chi gi duoc mot phan luong nuc tha trong ma l cua
nam nuc kiet thiet ke v cuoi ma kho th dng het goi l dieu tiet nam khong hon
ton. Neu dung tch thiet ke cua ho cha c the dieu tiet luong nuc nam kiet thiet ke
thnh luu luong pht dien deu trong nam th goi l dieu tiet nam hon ton.
Ho cha dieu tiet nam lm tang hieu ch dien nang v hieu ch cong suat trong
ma kiet, trong thi ky kiet lai c the dieu tiet tuan hoac dieu tiet ngy c the dat duoc
hieu ch cong suat cng cao. Nhng ho cha dieu tiet nam khong dieu tiet ngy trong
ma l m pht het cong suat de trnh xa tha.

4. NMT dieu tiet nhieu nam
Gi luong nuc tha cua nhng nam nhieu nuc hoac cua nhm nam nhieu
nuc trong ho cha de cap nuc cho nam kiet hoac mot so nam kiet sau d goi l dieu
tiet nhieu nam.
Ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam trong nhng nam bnh thung c the dieu tiet nam
hon ton, trong ma l thung dieu tiet ngy, cuoi ma kho hng nam ho cha khong
tho rong, chi c gap nhng nam kiet lien tiep mi xuong den muc nuc chet, nhng
nam nhieu nuc ho cha cha day mi xa tha.

3.2. Ti liu c bn v cn c thit k
3.2.1. Tn sut bo m thit k ca nh my thy in
Tan suat bao dam cua nh my thuy dien duoc xc dinh chu yeu dua vo quy mo
nh my thuy dien v cong suat lap my theo quy dinh tai ti lieu tham khao [2].
Tan suat bao dam tnh theo cong thc kinh nghiem sau:

m
100%
n 1
=
+
(3-3)
trong d: n, m lan luot l tong thi khoang thong ke cua he thong v thi khoang bao
dam cap dien.

Vi nh my thuy dien dieu tiet nhieu nam v dieu tiet nam, don vi cua thi
khoang thong ke l nam, vi nh my thuy dien dieu tiet ngy hoac khong dieu tiet, thi
khoang thong ke l ngy.
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3.2.2. Mc nm thit k ph ti
1) Xc dinh mc nam thiet ke cua nh my thuy dien c the lay nam th 5 10 sau
khi nh my hoat dong. Neu vng cap dien cua nh my thuy dien l vng c ti
nguyen nuc t, ty trong thuy dien khong ln v dau tu cho 1 don vi kW tuong doi
re th mc nam thiet ke c the lay xa hon. Vi nh my thuy dien c quy mo dac
biet ln v vien canh loi dung tong hop c bien doi nhieu th mc nam thiet ke
can c luan chng rieng.
2) Can can c vo ti nguyen dong luc cua khu vuc, quy hoach pht trien he thong
dien (phu tai, nguon dien v trang thi lui dien), quy mo nh my thuy dien v
tc dung cua n trong he thong dien de cng cc don vi hu quan luan chng xc
dinh pham vi cap dien cua nh my thuy dien.
3) Mc phu tai cua nam thiet ke phai theo mc phu tai cua quy pham hien hnh quy
dinh c xt den quy hoach v du bo toc do pht trien cua nen kinh te quoc dan.

3.2.3. Ti liu c bn
1. Ti lieu dng chay bao gom tong luong dng chay bnh quan nhieu nam, luu
luong bnh quan nhieu nam, cc tham so thong ke dng chay nam (C
v
, C
s
) v
dung tan suat.
2. han phoi dng chay nam. hu thuoc vo loai hnh dieu tiet cua NMT, ni
chung c the tham khao bang 3-2.

Bang 3-2. Ti lieu phan phoi dng chay nam cua NMTD

\:%" %z%& +:H- 9:t9 "0 1"23 'S- 1,- 1-%& 145 5"i% 5"I: B=%& 1"ho 9sO%& %zP
y:H- 9:t9 %":H- %zP !"-(: >#- >#A%& cX%" x-i% 9"8%&e %":H- %zP
y:H- 9:t9 %zP
^+:H- 9:t9 %zP R"V%& "OW% 9OW%a
!"-(: >#- >#A%& cX%" x-i% 9"8%&e %":H- %zP
!"-(: >#- >#A%& cX%" x-i% 181 9-,% Pj3 >?e %":H- %zP
!81 B[%& 5"i% 5"I: +:G% "X%" 2%& Q6: 9,% U-49
y:H- 9:t9 %&Woe R"V%& +:H- 9:t9
!"-(: >#- >#A%& cX%" x-i% %&Woe %":H- %zP
y#)%& B-o 9sX >#- >#A%& cX%" x-i% %&Wo

3. Quan he H ~ Q ha luu dap (hoac tuyen nh my). C the dng dung bnh quan
nhieu nam cua quan he H ~ Q tai tuyen cua ra cua nh my thuy dien truc khi
xay dap. Neu sau khi xay dung dap, lng song ha luu dap c xi boi manh phai
dng quan he H ~ Q tai tuyen cua ra cua nh my thuy dien sau boi xi.
4. ung cong muc nuc dung tch v dung cong muc nuc dien tch.
Ty le cc ban do dia hnh dng de tm quan he Z ~ V, Z ~ F nhu trnh by o
chuong 1.
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3.3. Tnh ton thy nng
3.3.1. Nguyn l tnh ton thy nng
Khi thiet ke nh my thuy dien truc tien phai biet c the khai thc bao nhieu
nang luong cua dng song. Cong do dng nuc sinh ra trong mot khoang thi gian goi
l thuy nang, trong mot don vi thi gian goi l cong suat, cong suat duoc tnh theo cong
thc sau:
N = 9,81hQH = KQH (kW) (3-4)
trong d:
Q - luu luong nuc dieu tiet:
H - cot nuc,
H = Z
T
Z
H
DH:
Z
T
- muc nuc thuong luu:
Z
H
- muc nuc ha luu tuong ng vi luu luong dieu tiet Q:
DH - ton that cot nuc:
h - hieu suat cua NMT,
h = h
M
h
TB

h
M
- hieu suat my pht dien, h
M
= 0,95 0,98 ty theo dang lm lanh :
h
TB
- hieu suat tuoc bin, phu thuoc vo dang tuoc bin, cot nuc cong tc, dung luong
to my v cong suat pht, c the dua vo cong suat v cot nuc bnh quan
thng tra tren dung dac tnh tuoc bin.
Khi dung dac tnh tuoc bin chua xc dinh c the chon theo kinh nghiem K = 7 8,5
ty theo quy mo to my.

3.3.2. Trnh t xc nh cc thng s c bn
Cc thong so co ban cua NMT gom: Muc nuc dang bnh thung, dung tch hu
ch V
hi
, cong suat bao dam N
bd
, cong suat lap my N
lm
v dien nang trung bnh nhieu
nam E.
Trnh tu xc dinh cc thong so co ban cua cc NMT c the tm tat nhu sau:
Truc het phai xc dinh muc nuc dang bnh thung (MNDBT), muc nuc chet
(MNC) v dung tch hu ch V
hi
cua ho cha. T d tnh ra cong suat bao dam v chon
cong suat lap my cua tram thuy dien. Sau khi c cong suat lap my s tnh dien luong
nam trung bnh nhieu nam v dien luong trong nhng nam dac trung khc can thiet cho
viec can bang dien cua he thong dien.
Nhung do viec chon MNDBT phai dua tren co so so snh kinh te v phan tch cc
yeu to anh huong khc, nen phai tnh cho nhieu phuong n MNDBT. Sau khi c ket qua
tnh ton cho cc phuong n, s phan tch so snh v chon ra phuong n hop l nhat.
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1. Xc dinh MNDBT
MNDBT l mot thong so quan trong cua NMT, l muc nuc tr cao nhat trong
ho ng vi cc dieu kien thuy van v che do lm viec bnh thung.
MNDBT c anh huong quyet dinh den dung tch ho cha, cot nuc, luu luong,
cong suat dam bao v dien luong hng nam cua NMT. Khi xem xt MNDBT can ch
den mot so nhan to anh huong quan trong sau:
a. MNDBT cng cao th kha nang pht dien v cung cap nuc cng ln nhung quy
mo cong trnh cng cng ln, mat khc vng ngap lut cng ln, thiet hai den b
cng nhieu. Trong pham vi ngap lut khong c cc vng mo qu, cc di tch lich su
hoac cc dung giao thong quan trong, doc dao khong thay the duoc.
b. Neu cong trnh xay dung tren mot dng song m ngoi n ra cn c mot vi cong
trnh no d d xay dung hoac du kien s xay dung o pha thuong luu th khi nang
MNDBT len c the s gay ra ngap chan cong trnh pha tren. Neu do ngap chan
d l dng ke s lm giam cot nuc pht dien, lm thay doi che do v dieu kien
lm viec cua cong trnh tren.
c. Do dieu kien dia hnh, khong the tang MNDBT qu cao v nhu vay chieu di v
chieu cao cua dap s tang. ong thi cng anh huong den kch thuc hng loat
dap phu o xung quanh ho. Ngoi ra cn can xt den dieu kien dia chat, nen, mng
v van de tham mat nuc v.v...
d. O mot so vng m luong boc hoi ln, chang han nhu o mot so tinh mien Trung
nuc ta, khi chon MNDBT cao mat ho s cng rong, luong nuc boc hoi mat ho
s ln. Do d tc dung tang luu luong ma kiet bi han che.
Trong thuc te khi thiet ke cong trnh ngui ta dinh ra mot so phuong n MNDBT
chenh nhau mot tri so DZ no d, sau d tnh ton so snh kinh te cc phuong n. Th
du bang 3-3 ta chon MNDBT l 240 m c hieu ch kinh te cao hon.

Bang 3-3. Thong so thuy nang kinh te so snh phuong n chon MNDBT

L) 9"Mo +:;% \
\\ /[%& PC1 y$% Qv
)L*F\ + .<_ )L*F\ + .<@ )L*F\ + .<J
' )L*F\ P .<_ .<@ .<J
. )L! P .7@ .7` .<'
7 *-%& 9]1" 9OW% c! P
7
'e.' 'eKE .e'E
< *-%& 9]1" ",- ]1" P
7
_e@ _eJE _eK7
@ *-%& 9]1" 1"t9 P
7
_eJ' 'e' 'e77
E )L/Z P K@eE K@eE K@eE
J n
+c
K@u P
7
|U Je7. Je7. Je7.
K n
9s-%& cX%"
5"89 +:;% P
7
|U .<e` .@ .<e7
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L) 9"Mo +:;% \
\\ /[%& PC1 y$% Qv
)L*F\ + .<_ )L*F\ + .<@ )L*F\ + .<J
` n
P3$
P
7
|U <Ee7 <J <<
'_ n
$h
P
7
|U E @e` EeE
'' /
P3$
P '@<eE '@è7 'E'e@
'. /
P:%
P '7@ '77 '<'e7
'7 /
\F
P '<Ee' '<K '@.eK
'< L
+c
K@u )# Ke@ KeJ è_
'@ L
9s-%& cX%"
)# .Ke@ .KeJ .è.
'E L
>-5 P8o
)# @_ @_ @_
'J . '_
E
R#" ..K .7. .7E
'K k:) U/ BC%& L
lP
" <@E_ <E<_ <J._
'` \D%& QI% +,- 9# 9"-,% '_
`
+ J`<e.K K.Je' KKKe7`
._ L"} '_
`
+ ._<e`J '`.e`` '@Je@'
.' F|! & 'e7' 'e.K 'e.'
.. .00 u '7e< '7e' '.e<

2. Xc dinh do sau cong tc c loi, MNC v V
hi

Khoang cch t MNDBT den MNC goi l do sau cong tc (h
ct
) cua NMT. oi
vi moi phuong n MNDBT van de dat ra l nen chon h
ct
bao nhieu l c loi nhat.

a. Xc dinh h
ct
c loi cua ho dieu tiet nam:
Gia thiet mot loat h
ct
, dua vo quan he Z ~ V xc dinh cc dung tch hu ch
tuong ng V
hi
.
Can c vo cc dung tch V
hi
cua moi h
ct
m tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet cho nam
nuc kiet thiet ke. huong php dieu tiet nhu sau:
- Gia thiet trong ma kiet NMT pht vi cong suat khong doi Q
dt
, khi d cong
suat ma kiet s l
N
K
= KQ
dt
H (3-6)
trong d:
Q
dt
theo ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet ho cha (xem th du bang 3-5):
H - cot nuc,
H = Z
T
Z
H
DH
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Z
T
- muc nuc trong ho cha tuong ng vi dung tch trung bnh V
C
+ 0,5V
hi
xc
dinh theo quan he muc nuc dung tch kho:
Z
H
- muc nuc ha luu tuong ng vi luu luong dieu tiet Q
dt
:
DH - ton that cot nuc.

T cong suat ma kiet tnh duoc dien luong ma kiet E
ma kiet
, v quan he gia do
sau cong tc vi dien luong ma kiet nhu hnh 3-4.

Hnh 3-4. Quan he giua do sau cong tc vi dien luong

Tri so h
ct
khi E
ma kiet
dat ti tri so ln nhat goi l do sau cong tc c loi nhat.
Tuy nhien, neu chi dua vo dien luong ma kiet de xc dinh do sau cong tc c
loi nhat th chua han d hop l m phai xem xt su dien bien cua dien luong nam.
Trong thi ky tr nuc do muc nuc trong ho thap nen kha nang pht dien bi han
che. Boi vay khi tang do sau cong tc cua ho, dien luong nam s tang khong dng ke so
vi do tang cua dien luong ma kiet (hnh 3-4). V vay, tri so dien luong nam ln nhat
s xuat hien khi h
ct
nho hon so vi h
ct
cho E
ma kiet
ln nhat. Vi NMT cot nuc cao,
su thay doi do sau cong tc c khi chi thay doi rat t ve dien nang so vi tong the.
Mat khc, neu dui ha luu c mot so NMT nam trong he thong bac thang th do
sau cong tc cua ho tren cng ln cng lm tang san luong dien o cc NMT dui. V
vay do sau cong tc c loi nhat cua ho dang thiet ke ng vi tri so dien luong ln nhat
cua ca bac thang s ln hon do sau cong tc c loi nhat ng vi dien luong ln nhat cua
rieng tram d (xem hnh 3-5).
Qua su phan tch tren day, ta thay khong phai chi c mot diem m l c ca mot
vng xc dinh do sau cong tc c loi nhat. V vay, tri so cuoi cng cua do sau cong tc
c loi phai duoc xc dinh tren co so tnh ton kinh te k thuat, trong d xt ti moi anh
huong cua su bien doi do sau cong tc o tram T thiet ke v cc tram T trong bac
thang. Trong tnh ton so bo, de giam khoi luong tnh ton, ngui ta thung xc dinh h
ct

c loi nhat ng vi E
ma kiet
ln nhat hoac cong suat dam bao ma kiet N
db
ln nhat.
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Hnh 3-5. DE
HT
- dien luong gia tang cua he thong

Trong trung hop dung quan he E = f(h
ct
) khong c diem cuc tri, nghia l do sau
cong tc cng tang cng c loi th viec quyet dinh nen dng h
ct
o mc no phai dua tren
yeu cau dam bao cho ho c dung tch chet du cha bn ct lang dong trong thi ky van
hnh, khai thc ph hop vi tuoi tho tnh ton cua ho cha: mat khc phai dam bao cot
nuc cong tc v khu vuc hieu suat cao, luu luong can thiet khong ko theo bn ct
v.v... cho tuoc bin lm viec.
Neu ho cha cua NMT l ho cha loi dung tong hop th viec xc dinh do sau
cong tc phai thong qua tnh ton can bang luu luong cap nuc cng nhu can doi muc
nuc toi thieu o thuong, ha luu cong trnh. Khi giai quyet van de ny, can luu cc yeu
cau sau:
- oi vi tui, mot mat phai dam bao luu luong nuc tui can thiet, nhat l vo dip
nga ai v lm dng, mat khc luu luong xa xuong ha luu phai dam bao cho muc
nuc ha luu c cao trnh ph hop vi yeu cau lay nuc cua cc cong trnh d c o
ha luu: c khi phai dam bao luu luong de han che nuc man xam nhap.
- oi vi giao thong van tai thuy o ha luu phai dam bao du chieu sau mm nuc
cua cc loai tu d duoc quy dinh cho tng tuyen dung thuy. Rieng pha thuong
luu muc nuc chet cng phai dam bao thuan tien cho giao thong thuy.
Khi tnh ton dieu tiet can bang nuc cua ho cha cho cc ngnh, neu c nhng
yeu cau m kha nang nguon nuc cng nhu dung tch ho khong the dam bao th phai cat
bt yeu cau cua mot vi ngnh tren co so tnh ton hieu ch kinh te v dam bao cc yeu
cau chnh tri x hoi.

b. Xc dinh do sau cong tc cho ho cha cua NMT dieu tiet ngy
So vi NMT khong dieu tiet th NMT dieu tiet ngy c nhieu uu diem noi troi,
trong nhng dieu kien thuy van cu the, tuy dieu tiet ngy cot nuc cong tc cua NMT
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s nho hon trung hop khong dieu tiet dan ti giam nho dien nang nhung b lai kha
nang phu dinh bieu do phu tai dien tang, cong suat lap my cua tram thuy dien de thay
the cho nhiet dien trong he thong cng tang, tao dieu kien cho tram nhiet dien lm viec
on dinh, giam bt nhien lieu tieu thu. Mat khc do cong suat lap my ln hon nen vo
ma nhieu nuc dien luong s tang. han dien luong tang them ny thung ln hon gap
nhieu lan so vi phan giam di do giam cot nuc cong tc.
Neu ho dieu tiet ngy cng ln th kha nang phu dinh bieu do phu tai cng cao.
Neu dieu kien dia hnh, dia chat thuan tien c the tien hnh dieu tiet ngy khong han che,
tham ch c the bo tr them dung tch de phng trung hop su co trong he thong dien.
Trong trung hop kha nang dieu tiet thuan loi nhu the th van de l chon do sau
cong tc nhu the no l hop l.
Trong trung hop kha nang dieu tiet ngy bi han che, do viec tao dung tch ln c
kh khan th van de l nen chon dung tch l bao nhieu th hop l?
Trong ca hai trung hop, khi tnh ton chon do sau cong tc v dung tch ho dieu
tiet ngy deu bat dau t viec xc dinh MNC, t d tnh ra muc nuc thuong luu cao nhat
trong dieu kien lm viec bnh thung, nhu vay s xc dinh duoc do sau cong tc. Kinh
nghiem thiet ke cho thay neu c dieu kien nen chon MNC v cao trnh cua lay nuc
thap. V nhu vay va tang duoc dung tch, va dam bao dap dang len khong cao lam.
Trong trung hop ho dieu tiet ngy c the xc dinh dung tch V
hi
theo cong thc:
( )
hi B
V T 3600 Q Q = - (m
3
) (3-7)
trong d:
T
- thi gian pht dien:

Q
- luu luong pht dien:

Q
B
- luu luong dam bao.

Do d do sau cong tc, dung tch ho dieu tiet ngy v cong suat lap my hon
ton phu thuoc lan nhau (trong so d khong c thong so no duoc xc dinh truc mot
cch doc lap) cho nen viec chon lua chng thung duoc xc dinh dong thi, qua nhieu
phuong n tnh thu v so snh kinh te...

3. Xc dinh cong suat bao dam
a. Tnh ton cong suat bao dam cua NMT khong dieu tiet, NMT dieu tiet ngy
thung dng 2 phuong php:
1) huong php nam dai bieu
e don gian viec tnh c the tnh theo mot vi nam dai bieu. Trong giai doan quy
hoach v giai doan tien kha thi c the chon 3 nam dai bieu, nam nhieu nuc, nam t
nuc v nam nuc trung bnh theo cc tan suat (Cc nam c tan suat 1 , 50%, ).
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Cch tnh c the lap nhu bang 3-4. Trong d:
- Q
net
l luu luong nuc den d khau tr ton that.
- Q
x
l luu luong xa tha khi Q
net
> Q
tbmax
, luu luong ln nhat khi cong suat dat
cong suat lap my.
- Q
fd
l luu luong pht dien
Q
fd
= Q
net
Q
x

- N
n
l cong suat ngy, tnh theo cong thc (3-4).
- H l cot nuc, bang chenh lech muc nuc thuong ha luu c xt den ton that cot
nuc DH
H = Z
tl
Z
hl
DH (3-8)
- Z
tl
l muc nuc thuong luu, neu khong c dieu tiet lay bang MNDBT cua ho
cha hoac cua be p luc, neu c dieu tiet ngy lay bang muc nuc bnh quan cho
ma kiet, lay bang MNDBT cho ma l khi luu luong nuc den ln hon Q
:
- Z
hl
l muc nuc ha luu, tra theo quan he H ~ Q ha luu tuong ng vi luu luong
xa xuong ha luu.

Bang 3-4. Ket qua tnh ton thuy nang diu tiet ngy
Thng 4 Nam dai bieu nhiu nuc
L&Wo n
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n
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n
1+
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@ Je<E Je<< @eE` 'eJE <7@e@_ .E.e__ J@__ 'K____
E JeJ' JeE` @eE` .e__ <7@e@_ .E.e__ J@__ 'K____
((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( (((

2) huong php dieu tiet ton chuoi
Khi tai vi tr xay dung cong trnh c ti lieu thuy van di, c tnh dai bieu cao c
the dng phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi. huong php ny tnh ton cong suat ngy
cua ton chuoi so lieu, roi v dung tan suat cong suat ngy (hnh 3-6), sau d t tan
suat thiet ke ta tm duoc cong suat bao dam, cch tnh van theo th du o bang (3-4)
nhung l tnh cho ton chuoi so lieu.
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Hnh 3-6. Dung tan suat cong suat NMTD diu tiet ngy

b. Tnh ton cong suat bao dam cua NMT dieu tiet nam
Viec bao dam pht dien bnh thung cua NMT dieu tiet nam phu thuoc vo viec
cap dien ma cap nuc, neu ma cap nuc cap dien duoc bao dam th s bao dam cap
dien ca nam. Do d, cong suat bao dam cua NMT dieu tiet nam l cong suat bnh
quan ma cap nuc (ma kiet) ng vi tan suat thiet ke. Khi muc nuc dang bnh
thung v muc nuc chet d xc dinh th phuong php tnh cong suat bao dam cua
NMT dieu tiet nam thung tnh theo 2 phuong php:
1) huong php nam dai bieu.
Su dung ti lieu luu luong nuc bnh quan thng cua nam kiet thiet ke, tnh ton
dieu tiet theo phuong php luu luong khong doi tm duoc luu luong bnh quan cua ma
cap nuc, cong suat cua tng thng trong ma cap nuc sau d tnh bnh quan ta duoc
cong suat bao dam. Luu luong bnh quan ma cap nuc c the tnh theo cong thc sau:

K hi tt th
dt
W V W W
Q
T
+ - -
= (3-9)
trong d:
Q
dt
- luu luong dieu tiet ma cap nuc cua nam kiet thiet ke, m
3
/s:
W
K
- tong luong nuc den ma kiet, m
3
:
V
hi
- dung tch hu ch, m
3
:
W
tt
- luong nuc ton that, m
3
:
W
th
- luong nuc su dung thuong luu, m
3
:
T - thi gian ko di ma kiet, s.

Neu khong xt den ton that v lay nuc o thuong luu, ta c cong thc gian ho:

K hi
dt
W V
Q
T
+
= (3-10)
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e hieu them cch tnh dieu tiet theo phuong php luu luong khong doi c the
xem th du sau:
Mot nh my thuy dien dieu tiet nam, tan suat thiet ke = 80%, dung tch hu ch
V
hi
= 3152.10
4
m
3
, dung tch chet V
c
= 1050.10
4
m
3
, khong lay nuc t lng ho, luu
luong bnh quan thng cua nam nuc kiet thiet ke ghi o cot 2 bang 3-5. Tm cong suat
bao dam cua NMT d.
Truc tien ta gia thiet ma cap nuc bat dau t thng I thng V (5 thng), luong
nuc den ma kiet l:
W
k
= (2,00 + 2,05 + 0,85 + 1,50 + 2,8) 30,4 86400 =
= 2416.10
4
m
3
(86400 l so giay trong 1 ngy).
e th du don gian ta su dung cong thc (3-10), vay luu luong dieu tiet l:

4 4
3
dt
2416.10 3152.10
Q 4, 24 m / s
5 30, 4 86400
+
= =

So vi luu luong den ta thay thng XII c luu luong nho hon Q
dt
, do d thng XII
cng nam trong thi ky cap nuc (6 thng), tnh lai ta c W
k
= 3309.10
4
m
3
, Q
dt
= 4,1 m
3
/s,
so vi luu luong den l hop l, ghi vo cot 3 cua bang t thng XII thng V.
Luu luong dieu tiet ma tr nuc tnh nhu sau:

L hi
dt
L
W V
Q
T
-
= =
=
( )
4
8, 00 7, 50 6, 50 13, 50 7, 50 7, 30 30, 4 86400 3152.10
6 30, 4 86400
+ + + + + -

= 6,38 m
3
/s
So vi luu luong nuc den cng hop l, ghi vo cot 3 t thng VI den thng IX luu
luong Q
dt
= 6,38 m
3
/s, thng X, XI de trnh xa tha pht dien vi luu luong 6,39 m
3
/s.
Cong suat bao dam tnh theo cong suat bnh quan ma kiet t thng XII den thng
V nam sau:

bd
956 936 895 821 746 677
N 838, 5 kW
6
+ + + + +
= =
Sau khi tm duoc luu luong nuc dieu tiet cng c the dng cong thc (3-6) de tm
cong suat bao dam, dung tch bnh quan

4 4 3
c hi
3152
V V 0, 5V 1050 .10 2626.10 m
2

= + = + =

tuong ng vi muc nuc thuong luu Z
th
= 30,90 m, muc nuc ha luu Z
ha
= 1,40 m, cot
nuc H = 30,9 1,4 = 29,5 m. Cong suat bao dam:
N
bd
= 7 4,10 29,5 = 846,7 kW
Hai ket qua khong chenh nhau nhieu.
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Bang 3-5 (bang ngang)

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2) huong php dieu tiet ton chuoi. huong php dieu tiet ton chuoi l su dung
ton bo chuoi so lieu thuy van qua tnh ton dieu tiet tnh ra cong suat bnh quan
ma cap nuc cho tng nam, sau d tnh ton tan suat chuoi cong suat d, roi t
tan suat thiet ke tra ra cong suat bao dam.
Ngoi ra, c the tm luu luong dieu tiet ma kiet Q
dt
cho tng nam (xem th du cua
phuong php nam dai bieu), tnh ton tan suat chuoi luu luong dieu tiet, tm luu luong
ng vi tan suat thiet ke Q
dtp
v su dung cong thc (3-6) tnh ra cong suat bao dam.

4. Xc dinh cong suat lap my [7]
Cong suat lap my l cong suat toi da m tram c the pht huy tren co so su dung
ton bo so to my c o tram thuy dien. o ln cua cong suat lap my phu thuoc vo
cong suat bao dam v vi tr cong tc cua NMT. Neu tram lm viec trong he thong dien
luc th viec su dung cong suat lap my cua tram c the dat ti mc toi da. Khi chon
cong suat lap my can dua vo mc phu tai hien tai cng nhu yeu cau cho 10 15 nam
sau, de phng yeu cau phu tai tang lai phai mo rong cong trnh s phc tap v ton km.
Xu hung chung hien nay l lap cong suat lap my ln. Truc kia, cc tram thuy dien
thung c so gi loi dung cong suat lap my l vo khoang 4000 5000 gi, hien nay
thung thiet ke vi so gi theo Quyet dinh so 709/Q - NLDK cua Bo Cong nghiep [3]:
- oi vi nh my thuy dien va v ln (N
lm
30 MW) so gi van hnh khong vuot
qu 4500 gi/nam.
- oi vi nh my thuy dien nho (N
lm
! 30 MW) so gi van hnh khong qu
4200 gi/ nam.

Dui day chng ta s xem xt cch xc dinh cong suat lap my cho NMT.
Khi NMT hoat dong trong he thong dien luc n s gp phan cai thien dieu kien
lm viec cua he thong dien luc v giam bt duoc mc tieu hao nhien lieu cua cc nh
my nhiet dien
Cong suat lap my cua NMT bao gom 2 thnh phan: Cong suat tat yeu (N
ty
) v
cong suat trng (N
trng
).
- Cong suat tat yeu l cong suat khong the thieu de bao dam NMT cap dien bnh
thung, cong suat tat yeu lai duoc chia thnh cong suat cong tc ln nhat (N
ct max
)
v cong suat du tr (N
d
). Cong suat du tr bao gom cong suat du tr phu tai
(N
dp
), cong suat du tr su co (N
ds
) v cong suat du tr sua cha (N
dsc
):
+ N
dp
: Cong suat du tr phu tai l cong suat can su dung trong trung hop phu tai
dao dong trong thi gian ngan v phu tai tang ngoi ke hoach.
+ N
ds
: Cong suat du tr su co l cong suat du tr nham bao dam cap dien bnh
thung trong trung hop cc thiet bi trong he thong gap su co.
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+ N
dsc
: Cong suat du tr sua cha l phan cong suat lap them neu khong c th
trong thi ky phu tai thap cua nam s khong the bo tr du de sua cha cc to
my theo ke hoach.
- Cong suat trng l cong suat lap them de san xuat them dien trong ma l.
Tren thuc te trong nhieu trung hop ngui ta khong xt ty mi tng thnh phan
cong suat nhu tren v de triet de loi dung nguon nuc, khi nhieu nuc tat ca cc cong
suat deu duoc su dung, khi d cong suat lap my duoc lua chon chung sau khi tnh ton
kinh te, ti chnh.

5. Xc dinh N
lm
cho NMT dieu tiet nam lm viec trong he thong dien luc
1) Xc nh cng sut cng tc ln nht N
ct max

Tri so N
ct max
hon ton phu thuoc vo vi tr cong tc cua NMT trong bieu do
phu tai. Trung hop nh my duoc giao nhiem vu tan dung het kha nang de phu dinh
bieu do phu tai den mc toi da th cch xc dinh N
ct max
nhu sau:
T cong suat bao dam ma kiet N
bd
tnh ra dien luong ngy bao dam
E
bd ngy
= 24N
bd

Do phu tai thay doi hng ngy, lc ln, lc nho, neu xc dinh N
ct
theo tri so bnh quan
E
bd ngy
c nghia l ngy c phu tai ln nhat mi dng het E
bd ngy
cn cc ngy khc
dien luong s tha, de tan dung khai thc dien luong khi xc dinh cong suat cong tc
ln nhat ngui ta dng dien luong ngy ng vi bieu do phu tai ngy cao nhat E
ngy max
,
thung lay E
ngy max
= (1,1 1,3) E
bd ngy
.
C tri so E
ngy max
v bieu do dung tch tch ly phu tai nhu hnh 3-7 s xc dinh
duoc tri so N
ct max
.

Hnh 3-7. So d xc dinh N
ct max

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Khi xc dinh cong suat cong tc ln nhat cua tram thuy dien dieu tiet nam thung
khong can tnh ton so snh kinh te v n xuat pht t yeu cau phu tai dien v kha nang
pht dien ng vi tri so N
bd
l tri so d duoc lua chon. Hon na, bao gi giao phan phu
tai dinh cho thuy dien dam nhan thung cng loi hon l giao cho cc tram nhiet dien.
Vi ho cha loi dung tong hop, NMT ngoi pht dien cn c nhiem vu cap nuc
cho cc ngnh khc (nhu tui, cap nuc, van tai thuy...), khi d NMT va lm viec o
phan goc va co gang tan dung phan nang luong cn lai de phu dinh bieu do phu tai th
cch xc dinh N
ct max
cua tram thuy dien s tnh theo cong thc:
N
ct max
= N
goc
+ N
dinh
(3-10)
trong d:
N
goc
- cong suat lm viec o phan goc cua bieu do phu tai, xc dinh t luu luong toi
thieu can cap nuc xuong ha luu Q
cn
,

goc cn
N = 9,81 Q H h
( H l cot nuc trung bnh ma kiet):
N
dinh
- cong suat cua tram lm viec o phan dinh cua bieu do phu tai, xc dinh theo
E
dinh
tren dung tch ly phu tai ngy ln nhat (hnh 3-8), E
dinh
duoc xc dinh
nhu sau:
E
dinh
= E
bd ngy
24N
goc
(3-12)

2) Xc nh cng sut d tr
- Cong suat du tr phu tai. Do kha nang thay doi cong suat rat linh hoat, t ton km
ve von dau tu v chi ph van hnh khi lap them cong suat du tr cua thuy dien nen
phan cong suat du tr phu tai thung duoc giao cho NMT dieu tiet nam. Cong
suat du tr phu tai cua he thong thung c tri so vo khoang 2 5% cong suat
cong tc toi da cua he thong.
Neu l tram thuy dien ln c the giao dam nhan ton bo N
dp
cua he thong. Nhung
neu xt thay khong loi ve mat kinh te, can chia cho vi ba nh my cng dam nhan.
- Cong suat du tr su co N
ds
. Cong suat du tr su co cua he thong thung vo
khoang 10 12% cong suat cong tc toi da cua he thong. Neu dat cong suat du
tr su co o tram thuy dien dieu tiet nam th ho cha phai dnh lai mot phan dung
tch lien tuc khoang 10 15 ngy l thi han can de c the sua cha hoac thay cc
thiet bi hu hong. Cong suat du tr su co t nhat phai bang cong suat cua mot to
my ln nhat trong he thong, c nhu vay khi to my ny hong, cong suat chung
mi dam bao.
Khi quyet dinh dat cong suat du tr su co o NMT phai tien hnh so snh cc
tnh nang k thuat v cc chi tieu kinh te cho viec lap, van hnh phan cong suat ny.
Hinh 3-8
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- Cong suat du tr sua cha N
dsc
. Cong suat du tr sua cha cua he thong duoc
quyet dinh dua tren co so bo tr lich sua cha cu the dinh ky cc to my pht dien
theo bieu do phu tai nam ln nhat.
Tong cong suat du tr cc loai dat o tram thuy dien thung bao gom:
N
d
= N
dp
+ N
ds
+ N
dsc
(3-13)
Nhu vay cong suat tat yeu cua NMT l:
N
ty
= N
ct max
+ N
d
(3-14)
Hau het cc tram thuy dien dieu tiet nam c cong suat lap my bang cong suat
tat yeu:
N
lm
= N
ty
= N
ct max
+ N
d
(3-15)

3) Xc nh cng sut trng (N
tr
)
Trong trung hop dung tch dieu tiet cua NMT qu nho, mc do loi dung nang
luong qu thap, lc d phai dat cong suat ma de loi dung mot phan nang luong ma l.
han cong suat ny d ln hay nho cng khong c tc dung thay the cho bat c phan
no cua cong suat lap my cua nh my nhiet dien, do d ngui ta thung goi cong suat
lap them de tan dung nang luong nuc ma l l cong suat trng.
Viec lap dat cong suat trng phai duoc xt k v xt rieng khong gp chung vo
phan luan chng cong suat lap my theo cong suat tat yeu d ni o tren v phai thong
qua luan chng kinh te.
Khi lap phan cong suat trng o tram thuy dien th von dau tu xay dung co ban v
chi ph van hnh nam s thay doi nhu sau:
Von dau tu xay dung co ban cua thuy dien cho lap dat cong suat trng l K
T trng

chu yeu l de tang them kch thuc nh my, thiet bi v dung day tai dien, cng c khi
kch thuc nh my khong tang m chi c cong suat my pht tang. Khi thiet ke, can c
vo tnh hnh thuc te m tnh ra K
0
. Trong khi d von dau tu vo cc NMT khc
khong giam v N
trng
khong thay the cho N
lm
.
Gia thiet cong suat trng DN hng nam c the san xuat mot luong dien thuong
pham DE. e c DN cong suat trng can phai dau tu ban dau K
0
v chi ph van hnh
C
vh
... Hng nam cong suat trng s mang lai loi ch b do bn dien hoac tiet kiem nhien
lieu cho 1 kWh tai cc nh my nhiet dien l g d/kWh. T day c the thiet lap cc moi
quan he sau:
1. Tong chi ph hien tai ha c lien quan den DN trong ca di song kinh te T nam
cua cong trnh:
( )
T t
0 vh
1
C K C 1 i
-
= + +
(t = 1, ..., T)
trong d: i l li suat chiet khau.
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2. Loi ch B do DN mang lai
( )
T t
0
1
B K Eg 1 i
-
= + D +

Hieu qua kinh te ti chnh cua cong suat trng DN phai thoa mn cc dieu kien:
B > C B/C > 1
B - C = NV > 0
Neu thay
DE = DN

h
vi: h l so gi su dung cong suat trng DN.
Ta s c quan he sau:

( )
( )
T t
0 vh
1
T t
1
K C 1 i
h
Ng 1 i
-
-
+ +
>
D +

at:

( )
( )
T t
0 vh
1
kt
T t
1
K C 1 i
h
Ng 1 i
-
-
+ +
=
D +

Nhu vay,
h > h
kt

th DN mi c hieu qua.
O tram thuy dien dieu tiet nam thung tan dung kha nang pht dien trong ma l
bang cch cho chay het cong suat tat yeu N
ty
ngay khi luu luong dau ma cho php.
han nuc tha mi tr dan lai trong ho cho den khi ho day mi xa nuc tha. Luu
luong nuc tha t thi diem ny tro di mi thuc su c the dng de chay cong suat
trng. e tm dung ra qu trnh tho nuc tha s xem xt k o phan sau.
Tren co so d c the xc dinh tri so cong suat trng (N
trng
) ng vi so gi loi
dung cong suat trng hop l theo cch tm tri so trung bnh:

i
n
trng
i 1
trng
h
h
n
=
=

trong d: n - so nam d tien hnh tnh ton de xc dinh che do tho nuc tha.

Neu o tram thuy dien dieu tiet nam c lap cong suat trng th cong suat lap my
cua tram s l:
N
lm
= N
ct max
+ N
d
+ N
tr
(3-17)
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6. Xc dinh cong suat lap my cua NMT dieu tiet ngy lm viec trong he thong
dien luc
1) Xc nh cng sut cng tc ln nht N
ct max

Viec xc dinh cong suat cong tc ln nhat cua NMT dieu tiet ngy cng giong
nhu NMT dieu tiet nam, nhung do NMT dieu tiet ngy khong c kha nang tr lai
luong nuc tha trong nhng ngy tha nuc de dng trong nhng ngy thieu nuc, nen
khi xc dinh N
ct max
tren bieu do phu tai ngy cao nhat chi dng tri so dien luong ngy
bao dam E
bd ngy
= 24N
bd
.
Tuy nhien, khi xc dinh N
ct max
, phai xt xem dung tch ngy c du de dam nhan
N
ct max
d hay khong? Do d phai kiem tra tri so dung tch can thiet cua ho dieu tiet ngy.
Muon tm luong nuc can tr trong ho de dieu tiet ngy (W
tr
) phai tnh doi dien
nang can tr ra luong nuc can tr theo cong thc sau:

( )
3 tr
tr
E
W m
0, 00272 H
=
h
(3-18)
trong d:
W
tr
- luong nuc can tr, hay dung tch can thiet cua ho dieu tiet ngy (m
3
):
h - hieu suat cua tram thuy dien:
H - cot nuc trung bnh ng vi muc nuc thuong luu khi dung tch ho bang
V
C
+ 0,5V
hi
:
E
tr
- phan dien nang can tr, xc dinh tren bieu do phu tai ngy hoac dung ly tch
dien luong phu tai ngy ln nhat. Cch lm nhu sau:
- T E
bd ngy
ta xc dinh duoc N
ct max
nhu tren hnh (3-9), phan phu tai dinh gii
han boi dung AB s do tram thuy dien dieu tiet ngy phu trch.
- Dung dung nam ngang cch AB mot doan bang N
bd
s cat dung ly tch phu
tai ngy tai C v cho ta tri so E
tr
(hnh 3-9)
- Tren hnh 3-9, muon cho tram thuy dien phu duoc bieu do phu tai duoc giao th
phan nang luong tr duoc phai bang tong cc dien tch gach cho de b vo gi
cao diem mot luong dien bang tong so cc dien tch gach dng.
Sau khi xc dinh duoc W
tr
theo cong thc (3-18) neu thay ho cn kha nang cha
th coi nhu tram c kha nang dam nhan N
ct max
nhu d xc dinh. Tat nhien de di den ket
luan cuoi cng can phai tnh ton kinh te de quyet dinh quy mo cong trnh.
Trung hop dung tch ho c han, c the dua vo tri so dung tch d de tnh ra kha
nang phu dinh t cong thc (3-19)
E
dinh
= 0,00272
hi
HV h

(kWh) (3-19)
Sau d xc dinh phan cong suat dinh N
dinh
bang cch d biet.
Hinh 3 9
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Hnh 3-9

han dien luong cn lai (E
bd

ngy
E
dinh
), tram s lm viec o phan goc bieu do
phu tai vi cong suat l N
goc
.
( )
bdngy dinh
goc
E E
N kW
24
-
=
Trong trung hop ny, cong suat cong tc ln nhat cua tram thuy dien dieu tiet
ngy l:
N
ct max
= N
goc
+ N
dinh
Trung hop ngoi W
tr
cn c yeu cau dng nuc ha luu nhu tui, van tai thuy...
th bo tr mot phan cong suat lm viec o phan goc nhu hnh 3-8.
Trong trung hop can bo tr NMT lm viec o phan than bieu do phu tai th khi
xc dinh N
ct max
van dng cc bieu do phu tai nhu d trnh by, chi khc ve vi tr dat tri
so E
bd
tren dung ly tch phu tai. Lc d th cch xc dinh N
ct max
nhu sau:
Tren hnh 3-10 ta c: E
T1
v N
ct max 1
l dien luong ngy v cong suat cong tc
ln nhat cua tram thuy dien d c. ung AB l dung gii han phan bieu do phu tai
giao cho n. Neu dien luong ngy cua tram thiet ke l E
T2
th tren dung AB ve ben
tri ta lay 1 doan AC bang E
T2
, t C ha dung thang dng cat dung ly tch phu tai o
D. oan CD theo ty le cua truc tung, tren bieu do s cho ta cong suat cong tc ln nhat
can tm cho tram thuy dien dang thiet ke N
ct max 2
. han phu tai gach cho duoc gii han
boi dung AB v dung song song vi n t D s cho ta bieu do phu tai ngy m tram
thuy dien dang thiet ke phai phu trch.
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Hnh 3-10. NMTD lm viec than ph tai

2) Xc nh cng sut d tr N
d
ca NMT iu tit ngy lm vic trong
h thng
NMT dieu tiet ngy cng c the lap cong suat du tr phu tai v n khong di hoi
ho phai c them dung tch, nhung thung chi bo tr o cc NMT c cong suat cong tc
ln nhat:
( )
T HT
ct max max
N 15 20% N

Rat t khi giao cong suat du tr sua cha cho NMT dieu tiet ngy, tr trung
hop ho tuy khong c kha nang dieu tiet ma (nam) nhung du sc tr san mot luong
nuc cho phan cong suat du tr su co chay lien tuc khoang 10 15 ngy ngoi viec dam
nhan dieu tiet ngy.
Vi cc NMT dieu tiet ngy lm viec trong he thong thung khong bo tr cong
suat du tr su co v sua cha cho ban than nh my. O nhng NMT c cong suat
trng c the su dung cong suat d lm cong suat du tr sua cha cho mot to my no d
phai nghi viec de kiem tra tu sua.

3) Xc nh cng sut trng ca trm thy in iu tit ngy
O nhng NMT dieu tiet ngy m dng chay ve ma l kh ln v ko di th c
the lap cong suat trng (N
trng
). Cch xc dinh cong suat trng o NMT dieu tiet ngy
cng giong nhu cch xc dinh cong suat trng o NMT dieu tiet nam, diem khc l do
ho khong dieu tiet nam, nen khi xc dinh luong nuc tha hoac cong suat tha s lay
cong suat bnh quan thi khoang tr cong suat tat yeu l duoc.
Cong suat lap my cua NMT dieu tiet ngy khi c cong suat du tr v cong
suat trng:
N
lm
= N
ct max
+ N
d
+ N
tr
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7. Xc dinh cong suat lap my cua NMT khong dieu tiet lm viec trong he thong
dien luc
Trong nhng ngy nuc kiet thiet ke, NMT khong dieu tiet chi c the pht dien
vi luu luong bao dam do d vi tr lm viec tot nhat l o phan goc phu tai mi c the
khai thc triet de nguon nuc, do d cong suat cong tc ln nhat cua NMT khong dieu
tiet bang cong suat bao dam.
V khong c ho dieu tiet nen cng khong the bo tr cong suat du tr. e khai thc
triet de nguon nuc ma l v nhng nam nhieu nuc thung bo tr them cong suat
trng, xc dinh cong suat trng c the dng phuong php d trnh by.
8. Xc dinh dien luong nam trung bnh nhieu nam cua NMT
nam
E
Ty tnh chat dieu tiet cua NMT v tnh hnh ti lieu m c nhieu cch khc
nhau de xc dinh dien luong nam trung bnh nhieu nam.
oi vi NMT dieu tiet nam th cch xc dinh
nam
E chnh xc hon ca l dua vo
cong suat lap my N
lm
d chon, tnh ton thuy nang de xc dinh dien luong nam cho tat
ca cc nam c ti lieu thuy van roi lay trung bnh cong:

n
nam
i 1
nam
E
E
n
=
=

(kWh) (3-20)

Hnh 3-11. Dung tan suat cong suat

Neu so nam n qu di, de giam bt khoi luong tnh ton c the tnh chon m nam
nam trong thi ky tnh ton dai bieu v hieu chinh theo ty le gia tong luong dng chay
gia thi ky di v thi ky tnh ton. Khi d
nam
E s duoc tnh nhu sau:
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nam
E =
n
m
m
W
E
W
= (kWh) (3-21)
trong d:
n
W - tong luong dng chay nam trung bnh nhieu nam (n nam):
m
W - tong luong dng chay nam trung bnh cho thi ky tnh ton m nam:
m E - dien luong nam tnh trung bnh cho m nam.

Ket qua s km chnh xc hon neu tnh
nam
E theo bnh quan cho 3 nam dai bieu.
oi vi NMT dieu tiet ngy v khong dieu tiet khi xc dinh dien luong nam
trung bnh nhieu nam th cch tuong doi chnh xc hon ca l dng dung tan suat cong
suat bnh quan thi khoang. Noi dung phuong php nhu sau: tnh cong suat cua dng
nuc bnh quan thi khoang (1 ngy, 3 ngy, 5, 10 v.v...) cho chuoi so lieu thuy van
hoac chuoi nam dai bieu. T d v dung tan suat cong suat v doi truc honh thnh
so gi cua 1 nam vi nghia l so gi tuong ng vi mc dam bao 100% 8760 gi
(hnh 3-11).
Dien tch gii han boi dung nam ngang vi tung do l N
lm
duoc gach cho tren
hnh (3-11) l tri so dien luong nam trung bnh nhieu nam cua NMT dieu tiet ngy.
Cch xc dinh
nam
E cho tram thuy dien khong dieu tiet cng tuong tu.
Ngoi ra de xc dinh
nam
E cua NMT dieu tiet ngy v NMT khong dieu tiet
cng c the dng cch tnh nam E cho 3 nam dai bieu (nam t nuc, nam nuc trung
bnh v nam nhieu nuc) roi lay tri so trung bnh cua 3 nam d. Nhung cch ny cho tri
so nam E km chnh xc hon phuong php xc dinh nam E bang dung tan suat cong
suat dng nuc.
Trong th du o bang 3-4 khi tnh ton cong suat ngy, nhng ngy c cong suat
dng nuc ln hon cong suat lap my chi tnh bang cong suat lap my nen cng c the
tnh
nam
E theo cong thc:

nam
nam
E
E
n
=

Khi xc dinh cong suat lap my nen chuan bi mot so phuong n v tien hnh so
snh kinh te de lua chon phuong n thch hop.
Van lay th du o bang 3-3 sau khi chon MNDBT l 240 m ta so chon cong suat
lap my vi cc mc 46, 50, 54 MW, ta thay N
lm
= 50 c so gi su dung cong suat ph
hop, ket qua tnh ton cc chi tieu kinh te vi phuong n chon nhu sau:
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Bang 3-6 Thong so thuy nang cc phuong n chon cong suat l!p my

L"W P2o \"Mo +:;% \
\\ /[%& PC1 y$% Qv
L
>P
+ <E L
>P
+ @_ L
>P
+ @<
' )L*F\ P .<_ .<_ .<_
. )L! P .7@ .7@ .7@
7 *-%& 9]1" 9OW% c! P
7
'e.' 'e.' 'e.'
< *-%& 9]1" ",- ]1" P
7
_e@ _e@ _e@
@ *-%& 9]1" 1"t9 P
7
_eJ' _eJ' _eJ'
E )L/Z P K@eE K@eE K@eE
J n
+c
K@u P
7
|U Je7. Je7. Je7.
K n
9s-%& cX%"
5"89 +:;% P
7
|U .<e@ .<e@ .<e@
` n
P3$
P
7
|U <<eE <<eE <<eE
'_ n
$h
P
7
|U J E @e.
'' /
P3$
P '@<eE '@<eE '@<eE
'. /
P:%
P '7@ '7@ '7@
'7 /
\F
P '<Ee' '<Ee' '<Ee'
'< L
c+
K@u )# Ke@ Ke@ Ke@
'@ L
9s-%& cX%"
)# .Je7 .Ke@ .è7
'E L
>P
)# <E @_ @<
'J . '_
E
R#" .._ ..K .7@
'K k:) U/ BC%& L
>P
" <JK. <@E_ <7@.

Ket qua phan tch kinh te v ti chnh nhu sau:
Kinh te Ti chnh
EIRR (he so hon von): 13,4% 11,3%
Thv (thi gian hon von): 9,84 10,65
ENV (loi nhuan dng): 204 971.10
6
dong 140 058.10
6
dong
B/C (ty le loi ch v chi ph): 1,31 1,19

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Chuong 4

H cha phng l

4.1. Nguyn tc chung ca quy hoch phng l

Cc bien php phng l chu yeu c: gi dat gi nuc, de dieu, chinh tri lng song,
cong trnh phan cham l, ho cha, do kenh dan dng. e lm tot cong tc phng l
phai tien hnh quy hoach tong the phng l tren ton luu vuc, phoi hop van dung cc
bien php khc nhau de chon duoc phuong n phng l hop l t d xc dinh duoc
nhiem vu phng l cua cong trnh.
Can c vo tnh hnh cu the cua cc he thong song suoi nuc ta quy hoach tong
the phng l phai xu l chnh xc quan he gia thuong ha luu, xay dung phuong n tr
xa hop l, phuong n phan cham l khi can thiet, dong thi phai xt den quan he gia
tong the v cuc bo, gia nhu cau v kha nang, gia truc mat v lau di, gia song chnh
v song nhnh, gia thuong luu v ha luu, gia phng l v gay loi... Nghien cu phan
tch uu v nhuoc diem cua tng bien php phng l v hieu ch cua chng tien hnh quy
hoach tong the v ton dien vi cc nguyen tac cu the nhu sau:
1) Viec quan trong hng dau l phai lm tot cong tc gi dat gi nuc dau nguon,
pht huy day du tc dung phng l cua de dieu, phoi hop van dung hop l cc bien
php cong trnh nhu ho cha, cc khu phan cham l, chinh tri song... Vi cong
trnh phan cham l v ho cha can xt den toi da kha nang loi dung tong hop.
2) Ty theo tam quan trong cua doi tuong phng l lua chon cc tieu chuan phng l
khc nhau, vi cc song ln can chon tieu chuan phng l cho ca giai doan truc
mat v lau di.
3) Khi khoanh de cha l hay khai hoang can ch xt den anh huong gia muc
nuc song s dang cao v tieu ng.
4) Ngoi phuong n quy hoach doi vi nuc l thiet ke, de dam bao an ton cho doi
tuong phng l quan trong v sinh menh cua nhan dan khi can thiet can c bien
php doi ph vi l lich su ln nhat hoac l cuc han (l ln nhat kha nang).

4.2. Nhim v iu tit l bng h cha

ieu tiet nuc l l mot bien php cong trnh nham muc dch:
- Giam luu luong xa qua cong trnh khi xay ra l ln, nh d giam kch thuc v
gi thnh cong trnh xa.
- Giam luu luong xa xuong ha luu nham loai tr hay giam bt ton that o ha luu.
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Tuy cng l nhiem vu giam luu luong xa xuong ha luu song hai nhiem vu tren c
yeu cau v muc dch khc nhau v dieu kien tnh ton cng khc nhau.
ieu tiet nuc l cho ban than cong trnh duoc tien hnh trong trung hop xay ra
l thiet ke v kiem tra ng vi cap cong trnh nhu quy pham TCXDVN 285:2002 quy
dinh. ieu tiet nuc l cho ha du duoc tien hnh khi xay ra l c tan suat theo yeu cau
chong l ha du. Luu luong tho xuong ha luu trong trung hop chong l cho ban than
cong trnh thung ln hon luu luong han che theo yeu cau phng l ha du (luu luong
tho l an ton). V vay, tieu chuan thiet ke cua hai nhiem vu tren khc nhau, c the
tham khao muc 4.3.

4.3. Tiu chun phng l ca cng trnh v cc i t- ng

1) Tieu chuan chong l cua cong trnh ho cha duoc quyet dinh boi quy mo v tam
quan trong cua ho cha theo tieu chuan xay dung Viet Nam TCXDVN 285:2002 [2].
2) Tieu chuan phng l cua cc doi tuong o ha du, c the tham khao bang 4-1a v su
dung theo 4-1b, 4-1c.
Theo "Manual and Guidelines for comprehensive flood loss prevention and
management" 1-1991 cua Uy ban chuong trnh pht trien Chau v Thi Bnh Duong
cua Lien hop quoc, do lap lai cua l thiet ke p dung cho chinh tri song v phng l,
thiet ke de (bang 4-1a)

Bang 4-1a

L#61 \"#$%& P[: !V%& %&":;5 *i% 1# LV%& 9"V% LV%& %&":;5
1 @_ '__ @_ '__ @_ '__ @_ '__
F-%&3s: '__ @__ 7_ '__ @ '_
\s-%& n-I1 .__ '__
L"T9 '_ .__ '_ .__ '_ .__ '_ .__ '_ .__
)3>3oU:3 @ '__ @ '__ @ '__ @ '__ @ 7_
"":>:5:% '__ @_ J_
F3 Z3% '___ @__ '__ ._ '__
\"8: Z3% .@ '__ .@ '__ .@ '__ .@ '__ @_ .__
3%" '_ '__ '_ '__ '_ '__ ' '_
)4 .@ '__ .@ '__ .@ '__ @ .@
Z:S% {V ^1?a '___ '__ @_ '_

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Theo tieu chuan ngnh 14TCN 122 - 2002, tieu chuan phng, chong l ong
bang song Hong (bang 4-1b, c)

Bang 4-1b. M"c nuc thiet ke cho de he thong song Hng, song Thi Bnh

\:S- 1"-5% 1"I%& >?
yS /W L!:
^145 +b1 c:;9a
yS 145 e e
)r1 %#61 9":t9 Rt 1"O +S /W L!:e P '7e< '7e'
)r1 %#61 9":t9 Rt 1"O +S ""h Z[:e P Je.

Bang 4-1c. Tan suat phng, chong l# Dng b$ng song Hng

\:S- 1"-5% 1"I%& >? L!: \"W%" /W %!: !81 Qj%& R"81
'( k:3: +O[% ":;% 9[:e 1"I%& >? 9"8%& } & '`J'
& \,% U-49 chO +hP 1"I%& >?e u _eK _eK
& !"- R6 >b5 >[:e %zP p '.@ '.@
.( k:3: +O[% U3- R": 17 "0 \-oS% n-3%&
& \,% U-49 chO +hP 1"I%& >?e u _e< _eEJ
& !"- R6 >b5 >3:e %zPp .@_ '@_
7( k:3: +O[% U3- R": 17 "0 8$% Z3e \-oS% n-3%&
3a \s#)%& "A5 B-%& 9]1" 5"=%& >? 181 "0 $io Br%& 9sS% UV%& yW J 9g P
7
%#61
& \,% U-49 chO +hP 1"I%& >?e u _e. _e77
& !"- R6 >b5 >[:e %zP p @__ 7__
ca \s#)%& "A5 B-%& 9]1" 5"=%& >? 181 "0 $io Br%& 9sS% UV%& yW >6% "6% J 9g P
7
%#61
& \,% U-49 chO +hP 1"I%& >?e u m _e. m _e77
& !"- R6 >b5 >[:e %zP p d @__ d 7__

Chi chu:
Tan suat phng, chong l trong bang 4-1c duoc ke den cc bien php cong trnh
phng l nhu ho cha, phan cham l, de, thot l cua he thong song theo quy hoach
phng l.

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4.4. Ti liu c bn cn cho thit k phng l ca h cha
4.4.1. Ti liu v n c l thit k
1. oi vi ti lieu nuc l thiet ke ty theo kha nang dieu tiet nuc l cua ho cha
m c cc yeu cau khc nhau. Ni chung bao gom luu luong dinh l (tc thi hay
bnh quan), luong l ln nhat cua cc thi khoang v qu trnh l.
2. oi vi qu trnh nuc l thiet ke can nghien cu mot so dien hnh thuc do v thu
phng theo tieu chuan thiet ke. Sau khi tnh ton dieu tiet chon mot hoac hai dien
hnh bat loi doi vi phng l lm qu trnh thiet ke.
3. Can c vo nhiem vu cua ho cha khc nhau nuc l thiet ke can bao gom mot
phan hoac ton bo cc hang muc sau:
(1) Nuc l thiet ke v nuc l kiem tra theo tieu chuan phng l cua ho cha.
(2) Nuc l thiet ke ph hop vi tieu chuan phng l ha du.
(3) Nuc l thiet ke khu gia t tuyen cong trnh den khu phng l.
(4) To hop gap g nuc l thuong ha luu.
4. Vi cc ho cha c luong tr trong song thien nhien ln nen tnh nuc l thiet ke
tai tuyen nhap ho cha. Khi ti lieu khong du, c the su dung nuc l thiet ke tnh
den tuyen dap song can uc tnh anh huong do khong tnh duoc nuc l thiet ke
nhap ho cha de cn c the xem xt tnh hop l cua ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet l.

4.4.2. Ti liu v kh nng x l
1. Cc dac trung thiet ke cua cc cong trnh tho l nhu: cao trnh trn, chieu rong
trn, hnh thc trn, cc cong trnh xa sau..., dua vo d c the lap dung cong
kha nang xa l l dung cong bieu thi quan he gia kha nang cua cc cong trnh
xa l vi muc nuc ho cha. Vi nh my thuy dien khi l den van hoat dong th
cng tnh them luu luong qua tuoc bin, song khong xt luong nuc qua au thuyen,
lay nuc tui ruong.
2. Dua vo dieu kien cua doi tuong bao ve o ha du de xc dinh phuong thc xa, dong
thi cng can xt ti nhng dieu kien khc nhu su thay doi dot ngot luu luong xa
anh huong ti ha luu, anh huong cua viec chong ng ha du...

4.4.3. ng c tr ng dung tch kho
1. ung quan he muc nuc dung tch tinh Z = f(V) (xem chuong I).
2. ung quan he muc nuc dung tch dong l quan he gia muc nuc truc dap vi
dung tch dong tuong ng, lay luu luong nhap ho cha lm tham so V = f(Z, Q)
nhu the hien tren hnh 4-1. e tien tnh ton, dung tch dong chi tnh mot mat cat
no d o gan khu nuc denh.
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Hnh 4-1. Dung tch dong cua h cha

4.4.4. Kh nng tho l ca on sng h l u
1. Can c vo tnh hnh cu the cua doi tuong phng l ha du v muc nuc l cao nhat
cua l lich su de xc dinh muc nuc an ton v luu luong xa an ton cua doan
song ha luu.
2. Can c vo tnh chat cua doi tuong bao ve ha luu de xc dinh phuong thc xa l
v nghien cu yeu cau dac th cua n, th du nhu anh huong do luu luong xa dot
bien ti doi tuong phng l ha du, c tieu ng ha du khong?...

4.4.5. V ti liu d bo thy vn
oi vi ho cha c the loi dung ti lieu du bo thuy van can so bo xay dung
phuong n du bo, xc dinh thi gian du kien, do chnh xc v mc do cho php cua du
bo, tm hieu dac diem, thi gian truyen l cua nuc l khu gia t tuyen cong trnh den
khu vuc bao ve.
e tien hnh so snh cc phuong n cn phai thu thap them cc so lieu ve ton that
ngap lut, chi ph phng l, khoi luong cong trnh v von dau tu cong trnh v.v...

4.5. ni dung v Ph- ng php tnh ton iu tit l

Ty theo yeu cau thiet ke, noi dung tnh ton dieu tiet l bang ho cha c the bao
gom cc noi dung sau:
- Xc dinh dung qu trnh luu luong xa qua cong trnh xuong ha luu v dung tch
cat l khi biet kch thuc cong trnh xa.
- Xc dinh kch thuc cong trnh xa v luu luong xa ln nhat khi biet dung tch
dnh de cat l (biet MNTL v muc nuc cao nhat cho php).
- Xc dinh cc thong so hop l cua dung tch cat l (muc nuc ho truc v sau khi
cat l) v cua cc cong trnh xa.
- Xc dinh kha nang v mc do ket hop gia dung tch phng l vi dung tch gay
loi (dung tch dieu tiet dng chay ma can).
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Khi c nhiem vu phng l cho ha du, noi dung tnh ton nhu tren song o day luu
luong xa ln nhat qua cong trnh duoc thay bang luu luong xa an ton cho php o tuyen
phng l ha du.
Co so cua viec tnh ton dieu tiet l van l giai he phuong trnh (1-6), (1-7). T
phuong trnh (1-6) c the biet duoc su thay doi dung tch ho cha, nhung su thay doi
dung tch ho lai quyet dinh boi kha nang xa l cua cong trnh duoc tnh ton theo phuong
trnh (1-7) m kha nang xa ln nho lai phu thuoc vo do sau muc nuc tren dinh trn,
tc l dung tch ho quyet dinh, v vay phai c cch dac biet giai he phuong trnh tren.
Giai he phuong trnh (1-6), (1-7) cho trung hop dieu tiet l c the c nhieu
phuong php, cc phuong php thung dng:
- huong php do giai otapop.
- huong php So tay Thuy loi Trung Quoc.
- huong php phuong trnh sai phan.
- huong php tnh thu dan.

c nhng phan mem tnh ton dieu tiet l duoc xay dung, dui day gii thieu
phuong php So tay Thuy loi Trung Quoc.

4.5.1. Xc nh ng qu trnh l u l ng x qua cng trnh xung h l u v dung tch
ct l khi bit kch th c cng trnh x
Tnh ton dieu tiet l ho cha l phuong php tnh dng khong on dinh nhung
trong thiet ke thung dng phuong php do giai don gian giai gan dng he phuong trnh
dong luc v phuong trnh lien tuc bang phuong trnh can bang nuc (1-6) v dung cong
kha nang xa l cua cong trnh (1-7). Kha nang xa l cua cong trnh trong trung hop xa
l qua dap trn:
- Luu luong chay qua dap trn c mat cat thuc dung:

3
2
n
q mB 2gH = s e (4-1)
trong d:
B - tong chieu di trn,
B b =
(b chieu rong cc khoang)

s
n
- he so ngap (trung hop khong ngap s
n
= 1):
e - he so co hep ben:
m - he so luu luong:
H - cot nuc tren dinh dap trn.
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- Trung hop c cua van, khi khong mo het v nuc chay o dui cua van:
( ) q Ba 2g H a = me - a (4-2)
trong d:
a - he so co hep dng:
a - do mo cua:
cc he so m, a, e, m tham khao So tay thuy loi phan 2 [14].

Gia thiet trong thi khoang Dt luu luong vo ho cha l`Q, ra khoi ho cha l`q
v dung tch thay doi theo dung thang, t phuong trnh can bang nuc

( )
Q q t V - D = D
Bien doi phuong trnh tren bang cch cong, tr them V
1
v chuyen ve:

1
1 1
V Q t V q t
2 2
+ D = + D (4-3)
trong d:
Q, q, V - gi tri bnh quan trong thi khoang Dt:
V
1
- bieu thi dung tch dau thi khoang.

ong thi ta lap them dung cong bo tro t dung cong kha nang xa l cua cong
trnh l:
( )
1
q f V V q t
2

= = Y + D

(4-4)
Giai 2 phuong trnh tren
bang cc buc tm nghiem thong
qua th du sau:
Tnh ton dieu tiet l cho
ho cha Liet Son, d biet cong
trnh trn l dap trn dinh rong c
he so luu luong m = 0,36, he so
co hep ben e = 0,95, chieu rong
trn B = 30 m, cao trnh trn ngang
vi muc nuc dang bnh thung
H
tr
= 35,7 m.
Quan he muc nuc dung tch
nhu bang 4-2

Hnh 4-2. Dung cong bo tro
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Bang 4-2

%^Pa 'J 'K ._ .7 .@ 7_ 7@ <_ <@ @_ @@
} ^'_
7
P
7
a _ '. 'K< '_<_ .'@. J<_K '@@@. .@KE< 7K7.< @.JJJ EJ.7_

Qu trnh l ghi o cot 2 bang 4-4.
Buoc 1.
Xay dung dung cong bo tro theo cong thc (4-4) tai mau bang 4-3 nhu sau:
- Truc tien ta gia thiet cc muc nuc ho v ghi vo cot 2.
- T quan he muc nuc dung tch tra ra dung tch ho tuong ng, ghi vo cot 3.
- T phuong trnh (4-1) xc dinh duoc luu luong xa qua dap trn, ghi vo cot 4.
- T cot 3 cot 4 vi Dt = 3600 giay ta tnh duoc cot 5.

Bang 4-3

\\ % ^Pa } ^'_
7
P
7
a x ^P
7
|Ua
D
'
} ~ x 9
.
^'_
7
P
7
a
^'a ^.a ^7a ^<a ^@a
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. 7@eK_ 'Je._. 'e< 'Je._@
7 7@e`_ 'Je<_K <e' 'Je<'@
< 7Ee__ 'JeE'< Je@ 'JeE.K
@ 7Ee'_ 'JeK.' ''e@ 'JeK<'
E 7Ee._ 'Ke_.J 'Ee' 'Ke_@E
J 7Ee7_ 'Ke.77 .'e' 'Ke.J'
K 7Ee<_ 'Ke<7` .EeE 'Ke<KJ
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'. 7Je__ 'èEJJ EJe7 'èJ`K
'7 7Je._ ._e_K` K7e< ._e.7`
((( ((( ((( ((( (((
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.J <_e__ .@eKE< <_@e_ .Ee@`7
.K <_e._ .Ee7E. <77eE .Je'<7
.` <_e<_ .EeKE' <E.eK .JeE`<
7_ <_eE_ .Je7@` <`.eJ .Ke.<E

Neu ho cha c ket hop pht dien th luu luong xa q cn bao gom ca luu luong
qua tua bin.
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Buoc 2.
Tnh ton dieu tiet l theo cong thc 4-3, mau bang 4-4.

Bang 4-4

\
^&:)a
Z#- >#A%&
%#61 +t%
n ^P
7
|Ua
D
'
'
} ~ n 9
.

^'_
7
P
7
a
}
.

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Z#- >#A%& $h
cX%" x-i%
`x ^P
7
|Ua
Z#- >#A%& $h
x
.
^P
7
|Ua
)r1 %#61 "0
% ^Pa
^'a ^.a ^7a ^<a ^@a Êa ^Ja
_ _ 'E`È 'E`È _ _ 7@eJ_
' '.e` 'J_'` 'J_'` _e'E _e7. 7Je_@
. 'Je' 'J_J7 'J_J' _e@7 _eJ< 7@eJ'
7 ..e@ 'J'<. 'J'7K 'e_' 'e.K 7Je_E
< @.Je` 'K'.` 'K_E@ 'JeJK 7<e7 7@eJ7
@ K__e_ ._<@@ ._'.@ `'eK '<è< 7Je_E
E E@è' ..J@' .._@E '`7e_ .7EeE 7@eJ<
J E<è< .<<'. .7<_K .JKe` 7.'e. 7Je_E
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'< '7@e' .<'`K .7.7E .EJe7 .@.eK 7@eK.
'@ ''KeE .7E`7 ..K.J .<_e@ ..Ke. 7Je_K
'E '_Ke` .7.7E ..<@@ .'Je' ._Ee_ 7@eK<
'J 'K7eJ ..`K. ...<E ._<e7 ._.eE 7Je_K
'K ''@eJ ..JK@ .._K< '`<eE 'KEeE 7@eK@
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.. E7e' .'@.< .'_7@ '7Ee_ '.è< 7@eKK
.7 @è7 .'.@@ ._K_J '.<e< ''è< 7Je'_
.< @Ee` .'_'E ._E_< ''<e< '_è< 7@e`_
.@ @7e7 ._K_7 ._<.7 '_@eE '_'eK 7Je'_
.E <KeE ._E_E ._.@< `JeJ `7eE 7@e`'
.J <@e< ._<.7 .__`J `_eE KJeE 7Je''
.K <.e7 ._.@@ '``@7 K<e_ K_e< 7@e`.
.` <_e. ._'_' '`K'` JKe< JEe< 7Je''
7_ ((( ((( ((( ((( ((( (((
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1) T qu trnh l thiet ke v dieu kien ban dau V
1
, tnh duoc ve tri cua phuong
trnh (4-3). T bang 4-4 ta thay thi doan dau tien
V
1
= 16 996.10
3
m
3
, `Q = 6,45 m
3
/s ,
vay

1
1
V Q t
2
+ D = 16996 + 6,45 3,6 = 17019.10
3
m
3

ghi ket qua vo dng 3 cot (3). Nhu vay
1
V q t
2
+ D cng d biet.
2) T gi tri
1
V q t
2
+ D

tra tren dung quan he cua cong thc (4-4) d xay dung duoc
t bang (4-3) tra duoc`q = 0,16 m
3
/s, ghi vo dng 3 cot (5).
3) T d tm duoc dung tch ho cha cuoi thi khoang
( )
2 1
V V Q q t = + - D

ghi vo
dng 3 cot (4), sau d tnh luu luong xa cuoi thi khoang q
2
cot (6) v muc nuc
ho cha tuong ng cot (7).
4) Tiep tuc ta lay dung tch cuoi thi khoang truc lm dung tch dau thi khoang
sau lap lai cc buc tnh tuong tu ta c`q, V
2
, Z cua thi khoang sau cho den khi
tm duoc ton bo qu trnh xa v qu trnh muc nuc ho, nhu ket qua bang 4-4.
T ket qua tnh ton ta c:
Z
sc
= 37,06 m
V
sc
= 25240 - 16996 = 8244.10
3
m
3

q
xa max
= 415,2 m
3
/s.

4.5.2. Xc nh kch th c cng trnh x khi cho tr c dung tch dnh ct l
Khi khong che dung tch cat l, phai xc dinh kch thuc cong trnh xa, sao cho
viec dieu tiet l c hieu qua nhat.
huong php tnh ton van su dung phuong php co ban trnh by o 4.5.1 nhung
phai tnh ton vi nhieu phuong n kch thuc khc nhau cua cong trnh xa. V quan he
gia dung tch cat l vi kch thuc cong trnh xa (B trn) v tm duoc khau do trn ph
hop vi dung tch cat l cho php.

4.5.3. Xc nh cc thng s hp l ca dung tch ct l v ca cc cng trnh x
ay l trung hop tong qut nhat, dong thi phai chon cc thong so hop l ve
dung tch cng nhu ve kch thuc cong trnh xa. Trung hop ny cng giong nhu trung
hop tren phai tnh ton theo nhieu phuong n v luan chng kinh te de chon phuong n
hop l nhat.
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4.6. Ph- ng thc iu tit l ca h cha
4.6.1. Ph ng thc iu tit l khi khng c nhim v phng l h du
Khi khong c nhiem vu phng l ha du, ho cha chi dam nhan nhiem vu chong l
cho cong trnh vi l thiet ke v l kiem tra. Khi cong trnh xa l khong c cua van th
su dung phuong php d trnh by tm muc nuc l thiet ke v muc nuc l kiem tra vi
cc phuong n to hop khc nhau theo cc muc nuc khong che truc l v kha nang xa
l khc nhau (ty tnh hnh cu the chon 1 hoac nhieu kch thuc cong trnh xa l) de
lm so lieu so snh lua chon muc nuc l thiet ke v kch thuc cong trnh xa l. Trong
trung hop ny muc nuc khong che truc l thung bang cao trnh dinh dap trn. Neu
cong trnh xa l c cua van th phuong php tnh ton co ban giong nhau chi can quy
dinh quy trnh mo cua van. Ni chung do mo cua cua van can duy tr muc nuc trong
ho cha bang muc nuc khong che truc l sau d mo to dan ty theo luu luong nuc
den cho den khi mo het cua van. Khi mo het cua van ta tiep tuc tnh ton nhu phuong
php d trnh by o muc tren.

4.6.2. Ph ng thc iu tit l khi c nhim v phng l h du
Khi ho cha c nhiem vu phng l ha du can dong thi xt ti van de chong l
cong trnh v phng l cua ha du. Ni chung dung tch chong l cong trnh v dung tch
phng l ha du c the chung nhau nhung tieu chuan phng l thung thap hon tieu
chuan chong l. Do d dieu tiet phng l can c tieu ch nhan dang nuc l xuat hien
vi cap tan suat no? d vuot tieu chuan phng l ha du chua de c bien php van hnh
v tnh ton dieu tiet l.
1. Tieu ch phn don chong l cua dap v tnh ton dieu tiet l. Neu ho cha ln c
nhiem vu cat l l chnh c the lay muc nuc ho cha (muc nuc chong l) lm
tieu ch phn don, neu ho cha c nhiem vu cham l l chnh c the lay luu
luong nhap ho cha (nhu luu luong dinh l tuong ng vi tieu chuan phng l ha
du) hoac muc nuc ho cha v cung suat nuc len trong ho cha lm tieu ch
phn don. Khi su dung mot dac trung lm tieu ch phn don khong dat c the
dng ca muc nuc trong ho cha v luu luong nuc den. Khi muc nuc trong ho
cha vuot qu muc nuc chong l cho ha du hoac luu luong nuc den ln hon luu
luong dinh l tuong ng vi tieu chuan phng l ha du, lc d de bao dam an ton
cho dap phai mo het cc cong trnh xa l, luu luong xa xuong ha luu bang luu
luong nuc den, dua vo phuong php d trnh by de tnh ton dieu tiet, xc dinh
muc nuc l thiet ke v muc nuc l kiem tra.
2. Tieu ch phn don phng l ha du v phuong thc dieu tiet
Khi muc nuc trong ho cha chua vuot qu muc nuc chong l cua ban than cong
trnh hoac luu luong nhap ho cha khong vuot qu tieu chuan phng l ha du th dieu
tiet l phai dam bao an ton cho ha luu. huong thc dieu tiet (tc phuong thc su dung
dung tch phng l) c may loai sau:
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1) Luu luong xa ln nhat khong doi. Ngui ta thung goi phuong php ny l
phuong php cat bang dau, thch hop cho trung hop dien tch khu gia ke t
dap den khu vuc bao ve o ha luu nho, su uy hiep cua nuc l vi doi tuong
phng l quyet dinh boi luong xa ln hay nho cua ho cha. Gia thiet luu luong
xa xuong ha luu q
1
, q
2
, q
3
,... ban dau khi luu luong l cn nho, l den bao
nhieu xa bay nhieu cho ti khi luu luong xa bang q
1
, q
2
, q
3
,... v gi khong doi.
Ket qua dieu tiet nhu the hien tren hnh 4-3. T d tm duoc quan he gia luu
luong xa ln nhat vi dung tch ho cha tuong ng V
1
, V
2
,... Can c vo kha
nang phng l cua ho cha v luu luong xa cho php o ha luu (q an ton), qua
so snh phuong n ta tm duoc luu luong xa cho php hop l v tm ra muc
nuc phng l cao nhat v dung tch phng l.

Hnh 4-3. Quan he giua luu luong xa ln nhat khong doi vi dung tch phng l #

2) Khong che luu luong xa phan cap. huong php ny thch hop cho trung hop
dien tch khu gia t dap den khu vuc bao ve nho nhung doi tuong phng l c
tieu chuan phng l khc nhau nhu hnh 4-4 (hnh v bieu thi phuong thc dieu
tiet l 3 cap lay luu luong vo ho cha lm tieu ch phn don). Nguyen tac xa
l cu the nhu sau:
Khi Q
vo
Q
vo 1
th luu luong xa q = Q
vo
Khi Q
vo 1
< Q
vo
Q
vo 2
th luu luong xa q = q
1

Khi Q
vo 2
< Q
vo
Q
vo 3
th luu luong xa q = q
2

Khi Q
vo
> Q
vo 3
mo het cc cua xa
trong d: Q
vo 1
, Q
vo 2
, Q
vo 3
l luu luong dinh l vo ho cha ng vi 3 tieu chuan
phng l ha du.
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Hnh 4-4. Qu trnh luu luong xa khi phan cap khong che luu luong xa

Luu luong vo ho cha c the l luu luong du bo hoac su dung muc nuc ho
cha v cung suat nuc len de tm duoc t cong thc (4-5)

t t
dV
Q q
dt
= + (4-5)
trong d:
Q
t
, q
t
- luu luong vo ho cha v luu luong xa tai thi gian t:
dV
dt
- cung suat thay doi dung tch ho l hm so cua cung suat muc nuc ho.
huong thc khong che nhieu cap lay muc nuc ho cha lm tieu ch phn don,
cng tuong tu nhu phuong php tren song chi lay muc nuc phng l cao nhat ng vi
cc tieu chuan phng l ha luu khc nhau lm tieu ch thay cho luu luong xa.
Neu dong thi lay muc nuc ho cha v luu luong nhap ho cha lm tieu ch phn
don th phuong thc dieu tiet l giong nhu truc nhung can quy dinh khi vuot mot
hoac ca 2 tieu ch th phai tang luu luong xa.

3) huong thc dieu tiet bo sung. Trung hop dien tch khu gia t dap den khu
phng l ln. Khi to hop l khu gia v l nhap ho cha phc tap, su dung cc
phuong thc dieu tiet l d neu tren m khong the dieu tiet phng l ha du c
hieu qua th phai su dung phuong php dieu tiet bo sung. Truc tien, xc dinh
muc nuc v luu luong xa an ton o tram dai bieu cho khu phng l ha du sau
d dua vo luu luong den khu gia m dieu tiet ho cha sao cho tong luu luong
khu gia v luu luong xa khong vuot qu luu luong an ton.
Khi xay dung phuong thc dieu tiet bo sung can phai c so lieu ve to hop l
gia thuong luu v ha luu, xa l cua ho cha v dac diem truyen l t khu gia den
tuyen phng l.
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3. ieu tiet bo sung theo luu luong (muc nuc) tram khong che v cung suat.
huong thc dieu tiet ny l dua vo luu luong l (muc nuc) v cung suat muc
nuc d xuat hien o tram khong che ha luu de dieu tiet bo sung. Ni chung luong
tr nuc tang theo luu luong (muc nuc) v cung suat muc nuc o tram khong
che ha luu. Hnh 4-5 l bieu do dieu phoi cua mot ho cha ln, tung do l luu
luong l o tram khong che l o ha luu, honh do l cung suat bnh quan cua thi
khoang truc (12 gi) khi nuc len cung suat lay dau duong, khi nuc xuong lay
dau am. Cc so trong o ben phai hnh l luong tr cua ho cha (m
3
/s/gi), o o ben
tri l luong xa cua ho cha. Luong tr trong ho cha tang theo luu luong v
cung suat tram khong che, khi cung suat l am th luong xa tang khi luu luong
tram khong che giam.
Uu diem cua phuong php dieu tiet ny l khi thi gian truyen l t dap den tuyen
phng l ln hon thi gian tap trung nuc cua khu gia van c the su dung. O th du
tren thi gian truyen l t dap den tuyen phng l l 2 ngy, thi gian tap trung l cua
khu gia khong den 24 gi, su dung hnh (4-5) khong che luong tr, luong xa vi to hop
cc tran l d xuat hien deu cho hieu qua dieu tiet dinh luong cat l dat tren 50% cua
dung tch phng l.

Hnh 4-5. Bieu d diu phoi phng l# cua h cha ln

4. ieu tiet bo sung theo ti lieu du bo thuy van l dua vo muc nuc v luu luong
cua tram khong che nhap ho cha v tram khong che phng l ha du de du bo
ngan han luu luong nhap ho cha v nuc l khu gia, t d quyet dinh luu luong
xa dam bao khong vuot qu luu luong v muc nuc cho php o ha luu.
Khi p dung phuong thc dieu tiet ny yeu cau thi gian du kien ln hon thi gian
truyen l t dap den tuyen bao ve phng l v trong pham vi do chnh xc cho php,
yeu cau mc dam bao cao 90 95% vi do chnh xc yeu cau dat 70 80%. Vi doi
tuong phng l dac biet quan trong can mc bao dam cao hon.
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Khi tnh ton luu luong xa neu ta du bo luu luong vo thien nho th tnh theo sai
so am cua du bo de dam bao ho cha c the tr du, neu luu luong khu gia du bo
thien ln th tnh theo sai so duong de bao dam an ton cho khu phng l. Khi xt luu
luong xa thuc te can xt tong hop ca hai nhan to d v hieu chinh sai so cho tng thi
khoang mot.
Neu tieu chuan phng l khong doi th dieu tiet l theo du bo thuy van c the
giam nho dung tch trong dnh cho phng l v neu dung tch phng l khong doi th
dieu tiet l theo du bo thuy van c the nang cao tieu chuan phng l. Nhung trong giai
doan thiet ke khi su dung ket qua d de lua chon thong so ho cha can c luan chng
day du dieu kien du bo v cng can phan tch day du v ton dien su to hop v gap g
cua nuc l de bao dam an ton.
5. Su dung nhieu lan dung tch phng l. Neu thi gian cua mot tran l rat di (nhu
ha luu song Hong mot lan l ko di khoang 15 ngy 1 thng) m luu luong
nhap ho cha cua ho cha dieu tiet bo sung c dang nhieu dinh th khi gap dinh
ho cha c the tr l, khi gap chan ho cha c the xa trong dung tch de dn con
l ke tiep, nhu vay dung tch ho cha duoc su dung nhieu lan.

4.7. La chn cc c trng phng l ca h cha

Cc dac trung phng l cua ho cha bao gom muc nuc phng l, dung tch
phng l, dung tch dieu tiet l v hnh thc xa l (nhu cao trnh, kch thuc trn...)
thung duoc xc dinh theo so snh phuong n. Khi chuan bi cc phuong n so snh can
xt cc nhan to sau:
1. Du kien mot so muc nuc khong che truc l.
2. Du kien mot so phuong n c the xa l v ch cc diem sau:
1) Neu dap chan l loai khong cho php trn nhu dap dat, dap d do... tr khi c
luan chng rieng cn ni chung nen c dung xa mat.
2) e tang cung tnh linh hoat khi van hnh ho cha nhat l ho cha c nhiem
vu phng l ha du nen thiet ke xa l tang sau hoac tang trung v nen ket hop
vi cong xa ct, cong tho can.
3) Khi chon hnh thc xa l can xt den tnh kinh te v k thuat tin cay, khi kh
bo tr ton bo cong trnh xa o pham vi lng song th c the bo tr ham xa l o
ben b neu xt thay hop l
4) Chon loai cua van v thiet bi dng mo phai thoa mn yeu cau dieu tiet l...
5) Can luan chng tnh tin cay cua cc cong trnh xa l tam khi gap l kiem tra.
3. Tnh ton dieu tiet l vi cc phuong n to hop cong trnh xa l vi cc muc nuc
khong che truc l khc nhau de tm muc nuc phng l v dung tch phng l
cua l thiet ke v l kiem tra.
4. Dua vo cc dac trung, quy mo dap, tnh hnh ngap lut, dieu kien van hnh v.v... de
so snh kinh te v phan tch tong hop cc phuong n de lua chon phuong n toi uu.
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4.8. Tc dng ca dung tch ng i vi iu tit l
ca h cha

Theo ket qua thuc nghiem t ti lieu thuc do cua ho cha ln th dieu tiet l theo
dung tch dong gan vi thuc te hon. V vay doi vi ho cha quan trong v nhat l ho
cha c duoi rong phan dung tch hnh nem chiem ty trong ln trong dung tch dieu tiet
l th dng dung tch dong de dieu tiet l, c khi cn phai phan tch tc dung cua dung
tch hnh nem gay ra bat loi doi vi dieu tiet l de bao dam an ton.

4.8.1. Tnh cht ch yu ca dung tch hnh nm
Dung tch hnh nem l hm so cua luu luong nhap ho cha v muc nuc truc dap
c the bieu thi bang cong thc sau:

V V
dV dQ dH
Q H

= +

(4-6)
Tnh chat chu yeu l: Vi cng mot muc nuc truc dap, luu luong on dinh cua ho
cha cng ln th hnh thnh nuc denh cng cao, dung tch hnh nem cng ln: vi cng
mot luu luong on dinh cua ho cha, muc nuc truc dap cng cao mat nuc denh cng
bang phang dung tch hnh nem cng nho. Khi luu luong trong ho khong on dinh, cng
mot muc nuc truc dap v luu luong vo ho cha, th luu luong xa cng ln dung tch
hnh nem cng ln: dung tch hnh nem tap trung chu yeu o phan duoi, khi phan duoi ho
cha cng rong do doc lng song thien nhien cng nho, dung tch hnh nem s ln.

4.8.2. Tc dng ca dung tch ng i vi iu tit l
Khi tnh ton dieu tiet l cho muc nuc phng l cao nhat, so snh phuong php
ho cha dong v phuong php ho cha tinh c lc cho ket qua cao c lc thap (khi cao
goi l tc dung tr, khi thap goi l tc dung cong) chu yeu quyet dinh boi chenh lech
dung tch hnh nem lc ket thc dieu tiet l (chi lc xuat hien muc nuc chong l cao
nhat) v lc bat dau (chi thi gian bat dau khi luu luong den cao hon luu luong xa) v
dac tnh xa l cua cc cong trnh xa, chenh lech dung tch cua 2 phuong php c the
bieu thi bang:

( )
t t
0
phng l dong dong
V V V Wq D = - - D (4-7)
trong d:
( )
t t
0
dong dong
V V - - chenh lech dung tch hnh nem lc ket thc v lc bat dau dieu
tiet l goi l chenh lech dung tch dong lc bat dau v ket thc:
DWq - chenh lech luu luong xa t t
0
den t khi dieu tiet l theo dung tch dong v
dung tch tinh.
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T d ta biet:
1) Tc dung cua dung tch dong doi vi dieu tiet l c quan he vi chenh lech dung
tch dong lc bat dau v ket thc, chenh lech ln tc dung dieu tiet l ln, cn
chenh lech cua luu luong xa gia 2 phuong thc tnh dieu tiet l giam nho tc
dung dieu tiet l bang dung tch dong.
2) Neu chenh lech dung tch dong lc bat dau v ket thc ln hoac gradien luu luong
xa (dq/dH) nho tc dung cong tr cua dung tch dong doi vi dieu tiet l dong
nhat vi chenh lech cong tr cua dung tch dong.
3) Neu chenh lech dung tch dong lc bat dau v ket thc nho, gradien kha nang xa
l ln th tc dung dieu tiet l cua ho cha dong c the bo qua.
nh gi mc do chenh lech dung tch dong ln hay nho quyet dinh boi ty trong
gia dung tch dong doi vi dung tch phng l, neu chenh lech khong qu 5% th c
the khong xt.
Khi uc tnh so bo tc dung cua dung tch dong doi vi dieu tiet l chenh lech
dung tch dong lc bat dau v ket thc c the uc tnh theo ket qua dieu tiet l theo
dung tch tinh v tnh ton nuc denh.

4.8.3. S l c v ph ng php tnh ton iu tit l theo dung tch ng
huong php tnh ton dieu tiet l theo dung tch dong c phuong php dien ton
tng doan v phuong php dien ton chung, phuong php dau thch hop vi trung hop
dia hnh lng ho bien doi ln (mat ho c dang noi tiep hoac song song) v c song
nhnh ln nhap vo, phuong php sau thch hop vi trung hop dia hnh lng ho don
nhat v khong c nhap luu ln nhap vo.
1. huong php dien ton tng doan. Dua vo dac diem thay doi dia hnh cua ho
cha v cc song nhnh nhap luu chia khu vuc ho thnh mot so doan tnh ton, su
dung phuong php dien ton l tnh ton cho tng doan t qu trnh l nhap ho
cha dien ton thnh qu trnh l o tuyen dap. Nguyen tac cua phuong php ny
giong nhu tnh ton dng khong on dinh trong song thien nhien (nhu phuong php
dung dac trung, phuong php trang thi tc thi, phuong php sai phan...), diem
khc biet o cho bien dui su dung dung cong xa l cua cong trnh xa (khi trn tu
do) hoac luong xa khong che theo muc nuc truc dap (khi su dung phuong php
khong che luu luong xa) v phai giai bang cch tnh thu.
2. huong php dien ton mot doan. huong php ny giong nhu phuong php tnh
ton dung tch tinh, luu luong nhap ho cha xt den tc dung tr l cua dung tch
dong, su dung phuong trnh can bang nuc truc tiep tm qu trnh xa t luu luong
nhap ho cha. Dui day gii thieu phuong php "chuyen doi luu luong".
Xuat pht diem cua phuong php ny l dung tch hnh nem hnh thnh do mot luu
luong nhap luu no d, bang dung tch hnh nem hnh thnh boi mot luu luong on dinh
Q
B
cua ho ng vi muc nuc no d truc dap, duoc xc dinh theo cong thc (4-8).
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( )
B xa 0 nhap xa
Q q x Q q = + - (4-8)
trong d: x
0
- he so chuyen doi luu luong dao dong t 0 0,5 c the xc dinh t ti lieu
thuc do.

Cc buc tnh ton nhu sau:
1) Su dung phuong php tm mat nuc ho cha, v quan he gia muc nuc truc dap
vi dung tch dong lay luu luong on dinh cua ho cha lm tham so nhu hnh (4-1).
2) V quan he muc nuc truc dap vi dung tch dong lay luu luong nhap ho cha
chuyen doi lm tham so, tnh theo cong thc (4-8).
3) Theo nguyen l dieu tiet l ho cha tinh v dung quan he

nhap
1
q f Q , V q t
2

= + D

lay luu luong nhap ho cha lm tham so.
4) huong php tnh ton dieu tiet l tuong tu nhu phuong php dieu tiet l ho cha
tinh, diem khc nhau l khi tnh ton luu luong xa lay luu luong nhap ho cha
tuong ng cua cc thi khoang lm tham so.

4.9. Xc nh cc cng trnh phng l khc
4.9.1. Cng trnh
1. Tieu chuan thiet ke de cua cc doi tuong phng l duoc xc dinh theo bang 4-1c
hoac tham khao bang 4-1a. Trung hop chi dua vo cong trnh de khong thoa mn
tieu chuan phng l th can phan tch tnh ton kha nang phng l cua de dong
thi van dung phoi hop vi cc bien php phng l khc.
Thiet ke de thung dua vo nuc l trong song ng vi thi ky xuat hien no d,
cng c the lay con l ln thuc do hoac con l lich su dieu tra duoc lm tieu chuan
thiet ke.
Neu doi tuong bao ve o hai b c tam quan trong khc xa nhau th tieu chuan
phng l cho de cua hai b c the khc nhau. Ty tnh hnh thuc te l kiem tra c the
dng con l d xay ra hoac con l c thi ky xuat hien lai cao hon so vi tieu chuan
thiet ke hoac cong them mot do cao an ton so vi l thiet ke.
2. Nguyen tac chon tuyen de. Lua chon tuyen de phai dua vo pham vi cua khu bao
ve, dia hnh dia vat, hung l chay, dia chat, dat chiem dung v quan he chieu cao
de v do rong co de de xc dinh. Bo tr tuyen de can lien ket vi thuong ha luu, b
phai b tri sao cho tuyen de thang co gang song song vi hung chay. o rong t
mp song den de co gang khong doi, do rong co de doc theo song khong thay doi
dot bien, cc doan cong deu, bien doi cham.
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3. Xc dinh cao trnh dinh de v do rong co de. Dua vo dia hnh dng song v dieu
kien dia chat xc dinh phuong n to hop cao trnh dinh de v do rong co de, ket
hop vi khoi luong cong trnh, von dau tu, dien tch dat chiem dung cua cc
phuong n so snh phan tch tong hop, xc dinh phuong n toi uu. C the tien
hnh theo cc buc nhu sau:
1) Tnh ton dung cong mat nuc doc song truc v sau khi len de theo tieu
chuan thiet ke v theo l kiem tra, vi nhng doan cong ln, doan thu hep can
tnh do doc ngang, do chenh muc nuc cuc bo.
2) Tnh ton chenh lech muc nuc sau khi len de so vi muc nuc tu nhien v toc
do cua mat cat khong che cua cc phuong n.
3) Tnh ton khoi luong, von dau tu, dien tch dat chiem dung... cua cc phuong n.
4) Vi cc song c luong bn ct ln khi xc dinh cao trnh de can xt den anh
huong boi lang trong khoang thi gian nhat dinh (10 20 nam).
5) So snh kinh te cc phuong n v phan tch tong hop de chon phuong n toi uu.

4.9.2. Cng trnh phn chm l
Doc theo song tai nhng noi thch hop bo tr cong phan l, kenh thot l, khu
cha l... dua nhng luu luong dinh l ln hon luu luong an ton vo khu phan l t d
dan l xuong vng ha luu hoac sang luu vuc khc hoac vo khu trng cha l nham
muc dch nang cao kha nang phng l cua khu bao ve l hai b. ay l mot trong cc
bien php phng l chu yeu cua vng dong bang ha luu cc song cua nuc ta. Cc buc
thiet ke chu yeu nhu sau:
1. Chon vi tr phan l, dung dan l, diem cha l v pham vi. Nhn chung cc nhan
to can xt nhu sau:
a. Cong trnh phan cham l nen gan khu vuc bao ve, cua phan l nen o thuong luu
khu bao ve de pht huy kha nang phng l ln nhat.
b. ung dan l v khu cha l can loi dung triet de cc dam ho, ao chuom, khu
trng de t chiem dung dat canh tc, trnh ton that ngap lut.
c. Cua phan l tot nhat l c cong trnh ket hop tr l v khai hoang. Vi tr cong
nen chon o b lm cua doan cong hoac doan thang, b song co ban on dinh,
dung truc cua van co gang dong thuan vi hung chay cua doan song dan l.
2. Tnh ton luu luong ln nhat, qu trnh dan l qua cua van, dung dan l v luong
tr l. Cc buc tnh ton nhu sau:
a. Lua chon tieu chuan phng l cho doi tuong bao ve, chon nuc l thiet ke v l
kiem tra.
b. Tnh ton kha nang phng l hien nay cua doan song, xc dinh muc nuc an
ton v luu luong xa an ton cua doan song ha luu cua phan l.
c. V tnh hnh khc nhau o ha luu vi mot muc nuc an ton luu luong xa c the
khc nhau, c the khong doi, n phu thuoc vo tnh hnh thot ha luu (xem c
chiu anh huong nuc vat khong). Xt trung hop luong xa co dinh tm luu
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luong phan l ln nhat, qu trnh phan l v tong luong phan l. Nhu hnh 4-6
bieu thi lay muc nuc an ton hoac luu luong xa cho php o doan song ha luu
q
an ton
lm dieu kien khong che de tnh luu luong phan l ln nhat, qu trnh
phan l v tong luong phan l (tc khong che do mo cua cua van sao cho luu
luong xa xuong ha luu khong vuot qu q
an ton
) (phan gach cho trong hnh).
d. Dung tch cha l cua khu tr l phai ln hon luong l thiet ke can phan, neu
khong duoc, phai nghien cu mo rong pham vi cha l hoac c bien php tang
cung cong trnh thot l cua khu cha l.
Khi tnh ton dung tch cha cua khu phan l can xt ti to hop bat loi cua muc
nuc trong khu phan l tuong ng vi luong tr l thiet ke, xt ti phan nuc dem trong
khu phan l de bao dam phan l an ton theo tieu chuan thiet ke.

Hnh 4-6. So d tnh ton luu luong phan l# (phuong php luu luong xa khong doi)

3. Nguyen tac xc dinh quy mo cua van phan l v cc dac trung cu the nhu sau:
a. Lua chon kch thuc cua van v cao trnh dy cong phai dua vo luu luong
phan l ln nhat v muc nuc thuong ha luu dap, so snh quan he gia cao
trnh dy cong khc nhau vi kch thuc cua van ket hop vi dia hnh, dia chat
v kch thuc cua van de xc dinh.
b. Khi tnh qu trnh luu luong qua cua van can dua vo muc nuc thuong ha luu
phn don trang thi chay, chon cong thc tnh v cc he so de tnh, neu tren
dng chnh ha luu muc nuc chiu anh huong cua nuc denh th can phai tnh
den, can c vo muc nuc an ton ha du v qu trnh luu luong thiet ke, tnh
ton luu luong xa cho php v luu luong phan l cua tng thi khoang.
c. Muc nuc thuong ha luu cua cua phan l duoc xc dinh t muc nuc an ton
tai mat cat khong che cua doan song c xt ti anh huong gc lech cua dng
nuc phan l, bo tr cua phan l...
Neu thuong luu dng chnh doan c cua phan l bi chia nhnh th can phai xt
den, sau khi phan l muc nuc giam thap dan den luu luong xa o song phan nhnh giam
nho anh huong ti luu luong o dng chnh v luu luong phan l. Neu luong l chia vo
khu phan l van nhap vo dng chnh o ha du th can xt ti muc nuc o dng chnh
dang cao lm anh huong ti luu luong phan l.
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4. Xc dinh muc nuc ha luu cua phan l bang cch tien hnh tnh ton dung cong
mat nuc cua kenh dan l dua theo ti lieu muc nuc dung tch khu phan l,
dung quan he muc nuc luu luong cua kenh dan l. Neu khu phan l hoac kenh
dan l gap nuc denh hoac anh huong cua boi lang can tm quan he muc nuc luu
luong cua ha luu cua phan l lay luu luong nuc denh lm tham so.

4.9.3. Chnh tr cc b on sng
huong php chinh tri cuc bo doan song v loai bo chung ngai, nan dng... tham
khao noi dung "Chinh tri song v b bien".

4.9.4. Th t vn hnh cc cng trnh phng l
Tren song c nhieu bien php phng l nhu ho cha, de, phan l, tr l... th tu
van hnh cc cong trnh d nhu sau:
1. Truc tien can tan dung kha nang thot l cua de, khi luu luong khong vuot qu
luu luong an ton cho php cua de, khong can su dung cc cong trnh phng l
khc v dua vo du bo thuy van xa bt luong nuc trong ho de dn l ln hon.
2. Dua vo quy trnh dieu tiet phng l de dieu tiet l.
3. Khi tai tram khong che ha luu vuot qu muc nuc an ton v luu luong xa cho
php mi su dung cong trnh phan l, tr l. e giam nho ton that o khu phan
cham l, cuoi cng mi su dung bien php ny.

4.10. Din ton n- c l
4.10.1. Mc ch tnh ton
1. Khi ho cha dieu tiet phng l cho ha du, can xc dinh qu trnh muc nuc v luu
luong o tram khong che de bao dam an ton phng l cho khu bao ve v lm r
duoc hieu ch phng l cua ho cha.
2. Khi tien hnh dieu tiet l thiet ke v l kiem tra cua ho cha, can xc dinh muc
nuc cao nhat v qu trnh luu luong doc song ha luu de uc luong pham vi ngap
lut v tham khao bien php phng ho.
3. Trong trung hop xau xay ra su co v dap can tm muc nuc v qu trnh luu
luong tai mot so mat cat dai bieu o ha luu dap v thi gian truyen l de uc tnh
ton that, cung cap so lieu tham khao cho viec bo tr khu cong nghiep quan trong,
quy hoach cc khu dan cu v chuan bi cc bien php ng ph can thiet.
4. Khi tram thuy dien tien hnh dieu tiet ngy, can xc dinh qu trnh muc nuc v
luu luong tai cc tram dai bieu trong pham vi anh huong phuc vu cho nghien cu
quy hoach van tai thuy ha luu v cc cong trnh lay nuc.
5. Cung cap so lieu muc nuc v luu luong phuc vu cho cong trnh de, phan cham l,
chinh tri song v.v...
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4.10.2. Nhng im cn ch trong tnh ton
1. Khi phan chia cc doan song tnh ton phai ch chenh lech cot nuc o mat cat
vo v mat cat ra khong qu ln, cc thong so thuy luc tuong doi dong deu, tai
cua song do vo song chnh hoac cua phan luu, tai doan song c mat cat thay doi
ln, tai cc thi tran quan trong v khu bao ve l nen bo tr cc mat cat tnh ton.
2. Chon doan song tnh ton can dua vo hnh dang dung qu trnh l, dac tnh
song ngi v yeu cau ve do chnh xc tnh ton. Trong thi khoang tnh khoang
cch truyen sng l phai ln hon hoac bang chieu di doan song, luu luong nhap
luu tuong doi deu v bien doi gan nhu tuyen tnh.
3. ieu kien ban dau phai l thi diem chay on dinh cua ton bo dung chay truc
gi xuat hien l.
4. ieu kien bien: Bien tren cua doan thuong luu thung l qu trnh luu luong cua
mat cat nhap luu, dieu kien bien cua doan cuoi ha luu duoc xc dinh ty theo dac
tnh song ngi hoac quy dinh dac biet, thung dng dung quan he H ~ Q on dinh
o ha luu hoac qu trnh muc nuc hoac muc nuc dac biet no d. Neu doan cuoi
ha luu khong c quan he H ~ Q on dinh cng c the dng quan he muc nuc luu
luong lay bien do nuc len, nuc xuong lm thong so.

4.10.3. Ph ng php c bn din ton n c l
C nhieu phuong php dien ton nuc l, phuong php tnh ton dng khong on
dinh thuoc pham tr thuy luc (xem phan D - Thuy luc co so"), o day chi gii thieu
phuong php gian ha thuoc "Thuy van hoc".
1. huong php quan he luu luong ra v luong tr don nhat. huong php ny thch
hop vi mat nuc l rong, do doc phu gia nho m tai mat cat cua ra doan ha luu
c quan he muc nuc luu luong on dinh. Cc buc tnh ton nhu sau:
a. V quan he luu luong ra v luong tr trong doan song q = f(W). Khi c nhieu
ti lieu do dac luu luong vo luu luong ra cua doan song truc tien ta chon con
l don v con l kp de phan tch thnh l don v luong gia nhap khu gia
nho, hieu chinh sao cho luong l thuong luu bang luong l ha luu sau d theo
phuong trnh lien tuc
Qv t q t W D - D = D
tnh ton chenh lech luong tr trong thi khoang tnh ton Dt. Khi bat dau tnh
c the gia thiet luong tr ban dau W
1
tuong ng vi luu luong ra q
1
th luong
tr cuoi thi khoang

1
2 1
W W W = + D
tuong ng vi luu luong ra q
2
. Nhu vay c the tm duoc quan he luu luong
ra v luong tr q = f(W) cua mot lan l. Cc quan he luu luong ra v luong
tr trong doan song cua cc lan l c the khc nhau, ni chung c the lay
bnh quan.
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Khi doan song tnh ton khong c ti lieu thuy van, c the chia doan song thnh
mot so doan nho, dua vo ban do dia hnh doan song hoac mat cat ngang song v dung
mat nuc thuc do hoac tnh ton, tnh duoc dung quan he mat nuc v luong tr trong
song cua tuyen mat cat cua ra Z
ha
= f
1
(W), dng phuong php thuy luc de tnh dung
quan he muc nuc luu luong tai mat cat cua ra Z
ha
= f
2
(Q) sau d hop hai dung lai ta
duoc quan he q = f(W).
b. huong php dien ton, theo (4-4) chuyen quan he q = f(W) thnh quan he
bo tro

1
q f W q t
2

= + D

sau d theo cong thc (4-3) v bang (4-4) ve phuong php dieu tiet l tien hnh
dien ton nuc l ta tm duoc qu trnh ra t qu trnh vo.

2. huong php tnh ton quan he luong tr v luu luong ra chiu anh huong luu
luong vo. huong php ny thch hop vi quan he muc nuc luu luong cua mat
cat vo v mat cat ra l don nhat, cn do rong mat cat ngang song tang nhanh khi
nuc l nhap luu tang, luong nuc chay vo c anh huong r ret vi luong tr
trong song v luong nuc chay ra.
huong php ny c dac diem chu yeu l: su dung ti lieu thuy van v dia hnh
thuc do v dung quan he luu luong ra vi luong tr lay luu luong vo lm tham so

( )
v
q f Q , W =
v chuyen thnh dung cong bo tro

v
1
q f Q , W q t
2

= + D

phuong php dien ton tuong tu chi khc lay luu luong vo lm tham so tra duoc luu
luong ra tuong ng q.

3. huong php tnh ton quan he luu luong ra vi luong tr chiu anh huong cua
nhap luu hoac phan luu o ha luu. O ha luu mat cat ra c nhap luu hoac phan luu,
c the tnh don gian theo phuong php ny. Khi quan he luu luong ra v luong tr
trong song c dang xap xi don nhat, phuong php tnh giong nhu phuong php
'2, diem khc biet o cho lay luu luong nhap luu c anh huong o ha luu hoac luu
luong phan luu Sq lm tham so thay luu luong vo, v quan he

( )
q f q, W =
v dung cong bo tro

1
q f q, W q t
2

= + D

khi tnh ton lay Sq lm tham so tm duoc q tuong ng cua cc thi khoang t
dung cong bo tro.
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Khi su thay doi luu luong vo anh huong ti quan he luong tr trong song v muc
nuc o mat cat ra th can xt den ca luu luong vo v nhap luu hoac phan luu o ha du.

4. huong php luu luong chuyen doi - Muskingum. Khi can dien ton nuc l trong
trung hop thieu ti lieu thuc do dia hnh v ti lieu thuc do thuy van khong
nhieu, v nhap luu v phan luu phai chia thnh nhieu doan song tnh ton th p
dung phuong php ny.
1) Gia dinh trong doan song tnh ton luu luong chuyen doi Q
cd
cua thi diem
no d thoa mn dang thc sau:
( )
cd v
Q XQ 1 X q = + - (4-9)
( )
cd v
W KQ K XQ 1 X q = = + -

(4-10)
trong d:
X - trong so, lay bang hang so khi muc nuc thay doi khong ln o doan song nhat dinh:
K - do xien cua dung W = f(Q
cd
) lay bang hang so khi muc nuc thay doi khong ln.
Cc k hieu khc giong tren.

Theo nguyen l can bang nuc v cong thc (4-10) duoc:

2 1
2 0 v 1 v 2 1
q C Q C Q C q = + + (4-11)
trong d:
( )
0
1
t KX
2
C :
1
K 1 X t
2
D -
=
- + D

( )
1
1
t KX
2
C :
1
K 1 X t
2
D +
=
- + D

( )
( )
2
1
KX 1 X t
2
C .
1
K 1 X t
2
- - D
=
- + D

Neu K, X d biet th c the tm duoc C
0
, C
1
, C
2
neu biet luu luong vo v ra dau
thi khoang
1
v
Q , q
1
v luu luong vo cuoi thi khoang
2
v
Q s tm duoc luu luong ra q
2

tiep tuc nhu vay s tm duoc ca qu trnh luu luong ra.
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2) Xc dinh X v K c cc phuong php sau:
a. huong php thu dan. Gia thiet cc gi tri X khc nhau ta tm duoc quan he
W = f(Q
cd
) cua mot lan l, neu gia thiet X khong dng dung quan he d c
hnh vng day, neu gia thiet chnh xc dung d xap xi don nhat, K l do
xien cua dung W = f(Q
cd
).
b. huong php bnh phuong nho nhat

( )
( )
i
i
n
v i i
1
n
2
v i
1
Q q q
X
Q q
-
= -
-

trong d:
Q
v
, q - luu luong vo luu luong ra cua cng thi gian cua mot tran l:
K - xc dinh theo cong thc 4-9 v 4 -10.

c. Vi doan song c giao dong ln c the xc dinh tri so K v X cho phan
nuc cao, nuc thap, nuc trung bnh.
Khi dng phuong php ny cho doan song c nhap luu khu gia ln, truc tien
phai hieu chinh luu luong vo theo luu luong ra sau d tnh X v K: khi yeu cau do
chnh xc cao th sau khi lua chon X v K ta dien ton thu qu trnh l, neu c sai so ln
can hieu chinh X v K.

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Chuong 5

H cha li dng tng hp

5.1. Khi qut

Trong quy hoach thiet ke ho cha nuc can qun triet phuong cham loi dung tong
hop v chinh tri tong hop. Ho cha c the cng lc dam nhiem nhieu nhiem vu, nhu:
phng chong l, pht dien, tui nuc, van tai thuy, nuoi thuy san, cap nuc, du lich, ve
sinh, cai thien nguon nuc, rua man, khong che boi lang v.v...
Trong quy dinh ve nhiem vu khai thc ho cha nuc loi dung tong hop, ngoi viec
can c vo yeu cau cua cc don vi kinh te quoc dan, cn can can c vo dieu kien kinh
te, k thuat trong thiet ke ho cha, xuat pht t hieu ch ln nhat cua nen kinh te quoc
dan, xem xt ton dien, sap xep v xc dinh mot cch hop l nhiem vu loi dung tong
hop cua cong trnh v xc dinh duoc quan he chnh, phu cua n.
Trong cc nhiem vu khai thc ho cha, yeu cau dng nuc cua cc ngnh c mat
tuong dong nhung cng c mat mau thuan. e giai quyet mau thuan ni chung c may
loai giai php nhu sau:
1. Khi thiet ke cong trnh loi c nhiem vu phng chong l v loi dung tong hop, can
xu l mot cch chnh xc quan he gia phng chong l v loi dung tong hop, lua
chon mot cch hop l tieu chuan phng l o ha du v xc dinh luu luong xa xuong
ha du mot cch an ton, xay dung quy trnh van hnh hop l. Vi moi dieu kien
deu bao dam an ton cho dap, coi trong an ton phng chong l cho ha du v pht
huy day du hieu ch su dung.
2. Khi thiet ke ho cha nuc loi dung tong hop tui nuc, pht dien, cap nuc, van
tai thuy v.v..., ngoi viec uu tien thoa mn yeu cau cc ho dng nuc chnh, cn
can chieu co den yeu cau cua cc ho dng nuc phu. Th du khi thiet ke 1 ho cha
c nhiem vu tui l chnh th quy trnh van hnh cua n can ch : vo cc nam
bnh thung th su dung luong nuc tui de pht dien, vo cc nam v cc ma
nhieu nuc th tan dung luong nuc du tha de pht dien: nghia l truc tien thoa
mn yeu cau tui nuc, co gang tang them dien nang mang tnh ma vu. Mot v
du khc, khi thiet ke mot tram thuy dien trong he thong dien luc m ty trong nhiet
dien ln, th thuy dien co gang dam nhiem phu tai dinh cua he thong de pht huy
mot cch day du hieu ch cua n, nhung de thoa mn yeu cau dng nuc v van
tai thuy o ha luu thuy dien van phai dam nhiem mot phan phu tai goc: c the van
tai thuy cn c yeu cau cao hon th van nen xem xt tang phu tai goc mot cch
hop l v phan tch anh huong doi vi hieu ch cong suat cua tram thuy dien: neu
mau thuan gia hai mat tuong doi ln th nen nghien cu cc bien php thay the
khc de thoa mn yeu cau van chuyen.
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3. Do dieu tiet ngy cua tram thuy dien dan den muc nuc tren song o ha luu khong
on dinh hoac do lay nuc tui m do sau nuc van tai thuy o doan song ha luu ha
thap nhieu, v vay pht sinh mau thuan ln vi nhiem vu van tai thuy, lc ny can
nghien cu phuong php han che dieu tiet ngy hoac giam luong nuc dan tui.
4. Khi thiet ke tram thuy dien lay pht dien lm chnh, neu do dan nuc ho de tui
khien hieu ch pht dien giam nhieu th c the nghien cu tnh kinh te cua phuong
n bang cch lay luong nuc tui sau dap de cung cap nuc tui tu chay cho khu
tui thap, cn viec tui cho khu cao th c the dng cch tui dong luc hoac tm
nguon nuc tai cho khc.
5. Viec xc dinh dung tch ho v viec phan phoi nuc cua ho cha nuc loi dung
tong hop nen can c vo quan he chnh phu trong nhiem vu khai thc ho, trong
pham vi cho php dua vo yeu cau cua cc ngnh m de xuat mot so phuong n
de tien hnh tnh ton so snh. oi vi phuong n thap c the giam bt hoac bo
han yeu cau dng nuc cua ngnh dng nuc phu, vi phuong n cao nen ch
trong phan tch tnh hop l v tnh kha thi ve kinh te k thuat de xc dinh. Th du
vi phuong n dap thap o mot luu vuc no d chi c the dam nhiem pht dien v
tui nuc, vi phuong n cao s dem den ton that ngap ng khong cho php, vi
phuong n trung bnh c the chieu co nhiem vu phng chong l, viec ngap ng o
khu ho c the p dung bien php di chuyen ket hop phng ho de giai quyet, qua
phan tch so snh ta thay lua chon phuong n trung bnh l hop l. Mot v du
khc, o mot luu vuc ln no d lay phng chong l, pht dien lm chnh c xt
den tui ruong, vi phuong n cao thap hieu ch tui nuc chenh nhau den 10 lan,
xt den toc do pht trien cua khu tui ln, de giai quyet mau thuan nen xay dung
phuong n phan ky khai thc.
6. Neu yeu cau cua cc ho dng nuc vuot qu dieu kien cua ho cha d duoc duyet
xay dung, c the xt den phuong n mo rong khai thc nguon nuc nhu: dan nuc
vuot luu vuc, loi dung hop l nguon nuc ngam, cng c the xem xt xay dung ho
cha nuc bac thang, dan dan giai quyet yeu cau cua cc ho dng nuc. Th du:
Mot ho cha loi dung tong hop no d lay pht dien, phng chong l lm chnh,
neu chi xt den viec xay dung mot ho cha don le, c the lap my vi cong suat
tren dui 30 MW, nang luc phng chong l doi vi ha luu c the dat tieu chuan
2%: cn neu o thuong luu xay dung mot ho cha ln na, o ha luu xay dung mot
ho cha dieu tiet nguoc th cuoi cng cong suat lap my c the tren 50 MW van
c hieu qua, tieu chuan phng chong l o ha luu c the nang cao den mc 1%,
v the ta chon phuong n bac thang l hop l.
7. Trong thiet ke cong trnh loi dung tong hop, nen chu dong phoi hop vi cc co
quan hu quan, can c vo nguyen tac loi dung tong hop giai quyet mot cch hop
l cc van de van tai thuy, nuoi thuy san, cap nuc v bao ve nguon nuc v.v...,
chieu co mot cch hop l den cc yeu cau ve hoat dong cua loi c, trong cay v
ve sinh v.v... nhu yeu cau vi do sau nuc, dien tch mat nuc, bien do thay doi
muc nuc, luong v chat nuc v.v...
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5.2. Tnh ton iu tit h cha n- c li dng tng hp
5.2.1. X l quan h gia phng chng l v gy li
Ho cha nuc loi dung tong hop kiem nhiem vu phng chong l v gay loi chu
yeu l van de phan phoi dung tch ho hop l gia 2 nhiem vu d. Quan he dung tch ho
gia phng chong l v gay loi c the phan thnh 3 trung hop dui day:
1. Dung tch ho phng l v dung tch gay loi khong ket hop, hon ton tch nhau,
lc ny muc nuc gii han truc l v muc nuc dang bnh thung trng nhau, ca
nam deu duy tr mot dung tch phng l giong nhau nhu hnh 5-1a.
2. Dung tch phng l v dung tch gay loi ket hop mot phan. Lc ny muc nuc gii
han truc l o gia muc nuc dang bnh thung v muc nuc chet, chi vo ma l
mi de dung tch phng chong l mot cch day du, nhu hnh 5-1b.
3. Dung tch phng l v dung tch gay loi ket hop hon ton. Lc ny muc nuc
gii han truc l v muc nuc chet trng nhau, nhu hnh 5-1c. Trong ma l dung
tch ket hop ny dng de phng chong l, vo cuoi ma l mi tch nuc gay loi.

Hnh 5-1. So d phan chia dung tch h phng chong l# v gay loi
1- dung tch ho gay loi: 2- dung tch ho phng l: 3- dung tch ho dieu tiet l:
4- dung tch ho ket hop: MNC- muc nuc chet: MNDBT- muc nuc dang bnh thung.

Trung hop gia dung tch phng l v dung tch gay loi khong ket hop di hoi c
mot dung tch ho ln. Do phan phoi dng chay trong nam o nuc ta c dao dong ma
rat ln, nhu o mien Bac ma l phan ln bat dau t thng VI den thng IX hoac thng
X, mien Trung ma l bat dau t thng X den thng XII,..., v vay ma l chnh vu ho
cha nuc can dnh mot dung tch ho de phng chong l, cn sau ma l c the loi
dung mot phan hoac ton bo dung tch ho phng l de tch nuc, bo sung cho luong
dng chay thieu hut trong ma kiet, thoa mn yeu cau dng nuc ma kiet de dat duoc
muc dch mot ho cha c nhieu loi. V the hnh thc ket hop gia dung tch phng l v
gay loi nhu trung hop (2) v (3) thung duoc su dung. Chi nhng dieu kien dui day
mi su dung trung hop (1):
1. Cc dng song o mien ni c dien tch luu vuc tuong doi nho, c mua l c l,
thi gian xuat hien l khong on dinh.
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2. Ma l, ma kiet khong on dinh, vi mot so song sau l cn anh huong cua bo,
can dnh mot dung tch ket hop de cha l nhung neu gap nam khong c bo th
sau l lap tc l thi ky cap nuc, khien cho phan dung tch ket hop doi cha l s
khong the cha day, anh huong ti viec cap nuc bnh thung.
3. Mot so ho cha nuc loai va v nho cong trnh tho l khong c cua van.

Trong trung hop dung tch ho phng chong l v gay loi hon ton khong ket
hop, phuong php tnh ton dieu tiet tuong tu nhu doi vi ho cha nuc don muc tieu.
Dui day chi gii thieu phuong php tnh ton vi dung tch ket hop.
1. han phoi dung tch phng chong l v dung tch gay loi cua ho cha nuc dieu
tiet nam. Lay ho cha nuc phng chong l ket hop pht dien lm v du de trnh
by cc buc tnh ton phan phoi dung tch ho phng chong l v gay loi nhu sau:
1) Xc dinh thi ky l chnh vu v thi ky tch nuc trong van hnh ho cha. Thi
ky l chnh vu l thi gian gia lan xuat hien l sm nhat den lan xuat hien l
muon nhat, thi ky tch nuc tnh t khi xuat hien l den dau thi ky cap nuc.
2) Tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet pht dien. Can c vo cc phuong n muc nuc dang
bnh thung v muc nuc chet theo phuong php d neu, tien hnh tnh ton
dieu tiet, tm luu luong dieu tiet hoac cong suat bao dam cua cc phuong n.
3) Tm muc nuc khong che truc l. Su dung qu trnh nuc den cua mot vi
nam m luong dng chay nam xap xi mc tan suat thiet ke de v dung phng
ph hoai (xem chuong 6), muc nuc ho tren dung phng ph hoai tai cuoi thi
ky l chnh chnh l muc nuc khong che truc l, v n nam tren dung phng
ph hoai nen n thoa mn yeu cau tr nuc. Dung tch ho gia muc nuc
khong che truc l den muc nuc dang bnh thung cua cc phuong n chnh
l dung tch ket hop gia phng l v pht dien.
4) Tnh ton dung tch ho phng l v dung tch ho dieu tiet l. Can c vo muc
nuc khong che truc l cua cc phuong n, dng phuong php d neu trong
chuong 4 tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet l cho phng l ha du v chong l cho
dap, tm ra muc nuc phng l, muc nuc l thiet ke v muc nuc l kiem tra
cua cc phuong n, cng xc dinh duoc dung tch ho phng l v dung tch ho
dieu tiet l.
em ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet l cc phuong n tren ghi vo bang 5-1, d l cc
phuong n so snh phan phoi dung tch ho phng chong l v dung tch ho de pht dien.

Bang 5-1. Bang tnh ket qua hieu ch phng chong l# v gay loi (pht dien)
cua h cha nuc
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huong php phan phoi dung tch ho phng chong l v tui nuc, ve nguyen tac
giong phuong php neu tren.
Sau khi xc dinh phuong n, nen su dung phuong php tnh ton chi tiet d neu de
kiem tra mot cch chnh xc cc chi tieu cua cc phuong n d chon.

2. han phoi dung tch ho phng chong l v gay loi cua ho dieu tiet nhieu nam.
Thnh phan dung tch nhieu nam trong ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam ni chung
khong the su dung lm dung tch phng chong l, v the dung tch ket hop ln
nhat bang dung tch dieu tiet nam hon ton. Trong giai doan so snh phuong n
c the su dung phuong php nam dien hnh, tham khao phuong php ho dieu tiet
nam de tm muc nuc han che phng l thoa mn yeu cau phng chong l v gay
loi, dong thi xc dinh cc gi tri dac trung cua cc dung tch ho, sau mi dng
phuong php chi tiet de kiem tra cc chi tieu cua phuong n duoc lua chon.
3. Muc nuc khong che truc l cua cc phan ky, neu mc do l v tan suat pht
sinh l trong cc thi ky khc nhau nhieu, hoac luu luong xa l an ton o ha du
trong cc thi ky khc nhau c yeu cau khc nhau. Nghia l doi vi cng mot tieu
chuan phng chong l, dung tch phng chong l yeu cau o thi ky truc ln, cn
o thi ky sau th tuong doi nho... Neu d chon mot muc nuc phng l ha du v
muc nuc l thiet ke th viec xc dinh muc nuc khong che truc l cho 2 thi ky
khc nhau c the su dung phuong php bieu do dieu phoi phan ky o chuong 6.

5.2.2. iu tit h cha n c 2 mc tiu
ieu tiet 2 muc tieu l chi ho cha duoc xay dung nham gnh vc 2 nhiem vu gay
loi c tan suat bao dam thiet ke khc nhau. Lay trung hop pht dien ket hop tui lm v
du de trnh by, phuong php tnh ton nhu sau:
1. Trung hop ho cha lay pht dien lm chnh, luong nuc dng de tui tuong doi
nho. Neu lay nuc tui t trong lng ho c the dem luu luong nuc vo ho tr di
luu luong nuc tui, sau d tnh ton dieu tiet nhu ho cha nuc chi c nhiem vu
pht dien. Neu nuc tui lay t dui dap th c the tnh ton theo ho cha pht
dien, can c vo luong nuc do pht dien xa xuong de tnh ton hieu ch tui.
2. Trung hop ho cha duoc xay dung lay phuc vu tui lm chnh, pht dien l
nhiem vu th yeu. Truc tien can c vo ho cha chi phuc vu cho tui de tnh ton
quy mo tui v qu trnh luong nuc dng cho tui, sau d lai can c vo qu
trnh dng nuc de tnh ton hieu ch pht dien. Vi nam nhieu nuc ngoi thoa
mn day du yeu cau tui cn tnh ton hieu ch dien nang gia tang cho thi ky
tha nuc.
3. Vi ho cha nuc nhiem vu pht dien v tui ngang nhau, luong su dung nuc
cua hai nhiem vu chenh nhau khong ln th phuong php tnh ton nhu sau:
Doi voi ho dieu tiet nm:
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- huong php can bang luong nuc. Vi mot phuong n dung tch ho nhat dinh
bang phuong php can bang nuc cua nhng nam dien hnh ta tm luong nuc
v qu trnh dng nuc cho pht dien v tui theo cc tan suat d cho, noi dung
nhu sau:
Gia thiet dung tch ho dieu tiet l V, truc tien chon nam nuc den bang tan suat
thiet ke cho thuy dien (th du = 90%), tnh ton dieu tiet don muc tieu tm ra luong
nuc pht dien bnh quan a
90
Q
0
v qu trnh cap nuc cho pht dien: tuong tu, chon
nam nuc den bang tan suat thiet ke cho tui (th du = 75%), tm luong nuc tui bnh
quan a
75
Q
0
, sau d tm qu trnh cap nuc cho tui v pht dien theo phuong php can
bang nuc.
Viec tnh ton can bang nuc duoc the hien tren hnh 5-2 v 5-3.

- Tien hnh tnh ton can bang nuc vi nam nuc den = 75%, truc tien can
c vo yeu cau tui v pht dien, v dung qu trnh dng nuc tui v luu
luong pht dien tuong ng vi cong suat bao dam (hnh bac thang) (hnh 5-2),
de triet de khai thc nguon nuc yeu cau tong luong nuc dng bang tong
luong nuc den (dieu tiet hon ton) v vay v dung ngang bang a
75
Q
0,
phan
gach cho tren dung ngang a
75
Q
0
bang phan gach cho dui dung d, ta xc
dinh duoc qu trnh tui v pht dien.

Hnh 5-2. So d can b$ng
luong nuc nam (P = 75%)
Hnh 5-3. So d can b$ng
luong nuc nam (P = 90%)

- Tien hnh tnh ton can bang nuc vi nam nuc den c tan suat = 90%, lc
ny qu trnh luong nuc tui d giam nho so vi mc thiet ke (v du giam nho
20%), luu luong pht dien bang luu luong thiet ke, v dung nam ngang a
90
Q
0

v cng yeu cau phan gach cho tren dung ngang a
90
Q
0
bang phan gach cho
dui dung d, ta xc dinh duoc qu trnh tui v pht dien.
Neu qu trnh tui v pht dien tm duoc khong nhu du kien, th nen thay doi quy
mo tui hoac cong suat bao dam cho ti khi dat yeu cau.
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- huong php dieu tiet ton chuoi. Su dung phuong php can bang nuc (nam
dien hnh) de tien hnh tnh ton can bang luong nuc, thung p dung trong
giai doan so snh phuong n. Vi cong trnh loai ln nen su dung phuong php
dieu tiet ton chuoi de tien hnh tnh ton kiem tra v lua chon phuong n. Khi
tnh ton theo phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi ta tien hnh tnh ton can bang
luong nuc tng nam mot sau d tien hnh tnh ton tan suat dung tch ho cha
v xc dinh duoc dung tch ng vi tan suat thiet ke.

Doi voi ho chua nuoc dieu tiet nhieu nm.
ac diem tnh ton dieu tiet 2 muc tieu doi vi ho cha nuc dieu tiet nhieu nam
l vi nam nhieu nuc, sau khi d thoa mn luong nuc bao dam pht dien v bao dam
tui, luong nuc du tha duoc tr lai, thong qua dieu tiet dung tch ho nhieu nam de
tang them luong nuc tui cho nam t nuc nham dat duoc muc dch ln nhat ve luu
luong dieu tiet 2 muc tieu. Trong tnh ton dieu tiet ho cha nuc loai ln dieu tiet
nhieu nam ni chung su dung phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi, dieu tiet ton chuoi doi
vi ho dieu tiet nhieu nam can xt den cc nguyen tac dui day:
1) oi vi nhng nam nhieu nuc lien tuc tren nguyen tac bao dam luong nuc
tui v luong tr nuc cua ho cha can gia tang luu luong pht dien.
2) Vi nam nuc trung bnh th cap nuc tui bnh thung v pht dien vi cong
suat bao dam, sau d tnh ton luong nuc tr v tho cua ho cha.
3) oi vi nam nuc kiet, khi khong the dong thi thoa mn yeu cau tui v pht
dien th pht dien dua vi cong suat bao dam, cn giam bt phan no luong
nuc tui.
4) oi vi nam dac biet kiet th cho php ca tui v pht dien deu giam:
5) Lan luot tnh ton tan suat bao dam cho pht dien v tui, neu ca 2 loai deu
ph hop vi yeu cau thiet ke th phuong n d chon l hop l. Neu khong nen
dieu chinh luong nuc dng cho tui hoac cong suat bao dam pht dien, hoac
thay doi dung tch ho dieu tiet, lap lai cc buc tnh ton tren.

5.3. La chn mc n- c c trng ca h cha n- c
li dng tng hp
5.3.1. Xc nh mc n c khng ch tr c l
Khi tien hnh so snh muc nuc gii han l ngoi viec can thoa mn yeu cau ve
dung tch phng chong l trong ma l v cha day dung tch hu ch sau l nhu d
trnh by o tren cn can xt den anh huong cua cc nhan to dui day:
1) oi vi ho dieu tiet nam c cot nuc thap, luu luong ln nen tnh ton su sut giam
cong suat khi thay doi phuong n. Muc nuc khong che truc l qu thap c the
dan den ton that ln cho dien nang ma, c khi cn dan den ton that ve hieu suat
lm viec cua to my, neu cong suat ma l khong du khien cong suat sua cha
cua nhiet dien giam can phai tang cong suat du tr cua he thong.
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2) oi vi ho cha vng dong bang, muc nuc khong che truc l cao c the dan
den ton that ngap lut o khu ho tang len rat ln, hoac dan den tang them khoi luong
cong trnh phng ho cho doi tuong phng ho trong yeu trong khu ho.
3) oi vi nhng song c nhieu bn ct phai dac biet ch khi nang cao muc nuc
khong che truc l c the dan den tang them su boi lang ct trong khu ho, anh
huong den tuoi tho cong trnh v su boi lang o duoi ho ko di len tren m lm
tang anh huong cua su ngap ng v lay thut tren vng dat thuong luu.
oi vi song c hm luong ct khong ln, neu o duoi ho c doi tuong phng ho
quan trong th muc nuc khong che truc l cng nen thap hon cao trnh lng song
thien nhien o duoi ho de trnh hien tuong boi lang ln trong ma l m ngy mot tang
them gnh nang phng chong l cua ho.
4) oi vi nhng song van tai thuy chiem vi tr quan trong, viec lua chon muc nuc
khong che truc l cn can thoa mn yeu cau pht trien van tai thuy.

5.1.2. Chn cng sut lp my ca nh my thy in
1) Vi ho cha loi dung tong hop lay pht dien lm chnh, viec lua chon cong suat
lap my cua tram thuy dien giong nhu ho cha chi c pht dien.
2) oi vi ho cha loi dung tong hop m nhiem vu chnh khong phai l pht dien th
nen can c vo yeu cau cua ho dng nuc chnh m xay dung phuong thc van
hnh, t d tien hnh tnh ton hieu ch pht dien v xc dinh vi tr lm viec cua
tram thuy dien, chon cong suat lap my.
Vi ho cha lay phng chong l lm chnh nen dac biet ch do cot nuc thap
cong suat du kien trong ma l giam anh huong den viec lua chon cong suat lap my.
oi vi tram thuy dien m nhiem vu tui nuc l chnh, can dua vo tnh kinh te
cua cong suat trng m xc dinh cong suat lap my. oi vi nhng nam trong tan suat
bao dam thiet ke tui, nen nghien cu loi dung luong nuc tha ngoi tui de tang them
hieu ch pht dien.
oi vi ho cha lay cap nuc v van tai thuy l chnh c the dua vo luong cap
nuc tuong ng vi tan suat bao dam thiet ke cho cap nuc v van tai thuy de tnh ton
cong suat bao dam cua tram thuy dien, sau d lua chon hop l cong suat lap my.

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Chuong 6

biu iu phi h cha

Trong thi ky quan l van hnh ho cha, de su dung hop l nguon nuc v bao
dam an ton cho cong trnh, ta can can c vo tnh hnh nuc den, yeu cau dng nuc v
yeu cau phng l de tien hnh dieu khien viec tr nuc vo ho, cap nuc hop l cho cc
ho dng nuc v tho nuc bao dam an ton phng l cho cong trnh. Cong viec d goi
l dieu phoi ho cha.
ieu phoi ho cha trong giai doan quan l van hnh l khau cuoi cng thuc hien
muc dch cua quy hoach v thiet ke ho cha, n khong nhng c anh huong truc tiep
den viec thuc hien ke hoach san xuat cua cc ho dng nuc nhu tui, pht dien, giao
thong thuy... m cn lien quan den cong tc phng chong l bao ve cong trnh, bao ve
tnh mang v ti san cho nhan dan o ha luu.
e trnh hoac han che ti mc toi thieu cc ton that c the xay ra do thieu du bo
di han chnh xc gay nen, hien nay ngui ta thung can c vo yeu cau dng nuc, yeu
cau phng l v dng mot so qu trnh dng chay c tnh chat khong che d quan trac
duoc, tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet v dua theo mot quy tac van hnh ho cha nhat dinh
bien tap san mot loat cc dung chi dan (dung dieu phoi) de ho cha van hnh, bieu do
v cc dung d goi l bieu do dieu phoi.

6.1. Biu iu phi h cha v ng dng

Bieu do dieu phoi l mot bieu do c truc honh l thng hoac tuan (theo nam thuy
van), truc tung l muc nuc (hoac luong tr nuc trong kho), bao gom cc dung phng
ph hoai (1), dung han che cap nuc (2) v dung dieu phoi phng l (3) (hnh 6-1, 6-2).
- ung phng ph hoai (1), cn goi l dung bao dam cap nuc, c tc dung khi
nuc den trong pham vi tan suat thiet ke bao dam cap nuc bnh thung khong bi
ph hoai, cng c nghia l khi nuc den ln hon hoac bang nam thiet ke th viec
cap nuc duoc bao dam, cuoi ma cap nuc va van dng het luong nuc tr.
- ung han che cap nuc (2) c tc dung khi gap nam nuc dac biet t, khong the
bao dam viec cap nuc bnh thung v de trnh viec cap nuc bi gin doan gay ra
nhng ton that nghiem trong phai c ke hoach giam dan viec cap nuc.
- ung dieu phoi phng l (3) c tc dung bao dam tho l an ton khi gap nuc
l thiet ke de phng xay ra su co do van hnh khong thoa dng...
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Cc dung dieu phoi cng vi muc nuc dang bnh thung v muc nuc chet hnh
thnh cc vng dieu phoi (hnh 6-1, 6-2). Tc dung cua cc vng dieu phoi nhu sau:

Hnh 6-1. Bieu d diu phoi diu tiet nam

Hnh 6-2. Bieu d diu phoi diu tiet nhiu nam

\ng /: l khu cap nuc bnh thung. e phng ho cha bi tho can sm truc khi
den cuoi ma cap nuc. Khi muc nuc nam gia dung (1) v dung (2) cap
nuc theo ke hoach.
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\ng //: l khu han che cap nuc. Khi gap nhng nam dac biet t nuc, muc nuc
trong ho cha thap hon dung (2) can kip thi c ke hoach giam nho viec
cap nuc de giam thieu ton that do thieu nuc, c the giam nho 20%, 30%
luong nuc tui.
\ng ///: l vng cap nuc gia tang. Khi muc nuc trong ho cha nam tren dung
(1) c the gia tang cap nuc. O nhng nh my thuy dien ket hop tui c
the tang cong suat hoac c the gi lai trong ho cha nhung khong duoc
vuot qu dung phng l.
\ng /\: l vng phng l, nam gia dung muc nuc khong che truc l, dung
dieu phoi phng l v muc nuc l thiet ke. Khi muc nuc trong ho cha
vuot qu muc nuc khong che truc l phai tho l theo yeu cau phng l.
Dung tch nam gia dung han che truc l vi muc nuc dang bnh
thung l phan dung tch ket hop gia phng l v gay loi.

6.2. v biu iu phi h cha cp n- c
6.2.1. Ph ng php v biu iu phi iu tit nm
6.2.1.1. Phuong php nam dien hnh [10]
1. Chn nm tnh ton
Cch chon nam tnh ton giong nhu chon nam dien hnh trong tnh ton phan phoi
dng chay nam thiet ke, chon mot so nam c luong dng chay den xap xi vi dng chay
nam thiet ke, thu phng de bao dam cho luong dng chay nam nhng nam d bang
luong dng chay nam thiet ke.
2. V ng phng ph hoi v ng hn ch cp n c
Vi nam thiet ke viec cap nuc phai bao dam bnh thung v de tan dung nguon
nuc trong ho khong c nuc tha nen cuoi ma cap nuc, muc nuc ho xuong ti muc
nuc chet, theo nguyen tac d ta xay dung dung dieu phoi cho nam thiet ke nhu sau:
- T cuoi ma cap nuc, bat dau t muc nuc chet, tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet
nguoc thi gian, thieu th cong, tha th tr dung tch ho cha cuoi thng vi
chenh lech luong nuc trong thng ta c dung tch ho cha cuoi thng truc nhu
bang 6-1. Muc dch cua viec tnh dieu tiet nguoc l chi can ti dau ma cap nuc
ho cha phai tr du nuc bao dam viec cap nuc bnh thung, khong yeu cau tr
sm, nhu vay neu c tha nuc trong ma tr th khi d c the gia tang cap nuc.
Neu tnh ti cuoi thng truc duoc dung tch ho cha nho hon dung tch chet, dieu
d c nghia luong nuc can tr thng d nho hon luong nuc tha khi d phai lay
bang dung tch chet, cn lai xa tha, trong bang 6-1 dau thng VIII (cuoi thng
VII) c tri so tnh ton l 4029,4 5829,0 = -1799,6 do d lay bang dung tch
chet. T so lieu bang 6-1 ta v duoc dung dieu phoi cap nuc cho nam dien hnh
d chon (hnh 6-3).
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Bang 6-1. Bang tnh dung phng ph hoai

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Hnh 6-3
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- Tien hnh tnh ton cho mot so nam dai bieu d chon, v duoc mot nhm dung
dieu phoi, lay dung bao tren lm dung phng ph hoai v lay dung bao dui
lm dung han che cap nuc (hnh 6-4, 6-1).

Hnh 6-4

6.2.1.2. Phuong php ton chuoi
huong php ton chuoi, theo ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet ton chuoi v muc nuc
cng thng cua nhng nam trong pham vi tan suat bao dam len cng bieu do lay dung
bao tren lm dung bao dam cap nuc, dung bao dui lm dung han che cap nuc.

6.2.2. Ph ng php v biu iu phi h cha iu tit nhiu nm
6.2.2.1. Phuong php nam dien hnh
Ve nguyen tac cng c the dng cc phuong php v bieu do dieu phoi ho cha
dieu tiet nam de v bieu do dieu phoi ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam, chi khc o cho khi v
dung phng ph hoai v dung han che cap nuc can xt den tnh hnh dng chay v
v yeu cau dng nuc trong ca chu ky dieu tiet, dung phng ph hoai cua ho cha dieu
tiet nhieu nam c nhiem vu chi dao dieu phoi bao dam tr nuc v cap nuc bnh
thung trong nam dau tien cua thi ky cap nuc, c nghia l trong nam ny bao dam tr
day phan dung tch ma vo cuoi ma l v cap nuc theo luu luong thiet ke q
p
cho den
cuoi ma kiet m khong dng ti luong nuc tr trong dung tch nhieu nam. Muon vay
can chon mot so nam dien hnh c tong luong nuc den xap xi bang tong luong nuc
dng, thu phng theo q
p
, tnh ton dieu tiet nguoc thi gian v ra dung qu trnh tr
nuc cua ho cha trong pham vi dung tch ma, v dung bao tren, dem tung do cua
dung bao tren cong vi dung tch nhieu nam duoc dung phng ph hoai cua ho cha
dieu tiet nhieu nam [8].
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huong php thu phng tnh theo cch sau:
Nhan luu luong cc thng trong ma l cua nam dien hnh vi K
l
, cc thng cn
lai K
kiet
. Trong d:

dh
l
l
l
W
K
W
= (6-1)

dh
kiet
kiet
kiet
W
K
W
= (6-2)
W
l
= T
1
q
p
+ V
n
(6-3)
W
kiet
= T
2
q
p
V
n
(6-4)
vi:
T
1
- thi gian ma l (s):
T
2
- thi gian ma kiet (s):
V
n
- thnh phan dung tch nam trong dieu tiet nhieu nam.

ung han che cap nuc cua ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam c nhiem vu chi dao dieu
phoi trong nam cuoi cng cua thi ky cap nuc, nham trnh tnh trang thieu nuc qu
tap trung sau khi dung tch nhieu nam d can v nuc den khong du dng. Cch chon
nam dien hnh v tnh ton giong nhu trung hop dung phng ph hoai chi khc l lay
dung bao dui lm dung han che cap nuc v nam tren muc nuc chet (Hnh 6-2, 6-5).

Hnh 6-5. Bieu d diu phoi diu tiet nhiu nam
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6.3. v Biu iu phi h cha pht in

Bieu do dieu phoi ho cha pht dien thung bao gom cc dung sau (hnh 6-7):
1- dung phng ph hoai:
2- dung han che cap nuc:
3- dung phng l:
4- dung phng xa tha:
V- khu cap nuc theo kha nang ln nhat cua nh my thuy dien.
nghia cua cc dung trong bieu do dieu phoi tuong tu nhu bieu do dieu phoi
cap nuc. e triet de loi dung nguon nuc cho pht dien cn xay dung them dung
phng xa tha, khi muc nuc trong ho cha nam gia dung phng ph hoai v dung
ny th nen tang dan luong cap nuc cho pht dien. Khi muc nuc trong ho cha vuot
qu dung d th c nghia l c kha nang xa tha, lc d can cap nuc theo kha nang
ln nhat qua tuoc bin de tan luong khong xa tha.

Hnh 6-6. Bieu d diu phoi h cha pht dien diu tiet nam

6.3.1. Ph ng php v biu iu phi iu tit nm
1. Ve dung phng ph hoai v dung han che cap nuoc
Chon mot so nam c luong dng chay nam (hoac ma cap nuc) xap xi dng chay
nam thiet ke (hoac ma cap nuc) v thu phng de luong dng chay nam (hoac ma cap
nuc) bang tri so thiet ke. Bat dau t muc nuc chet o cuoi thi ky cap nuc, su dung
phuong php luu luong khong doi hoac cong suat khong doi tnh nguoc theo chieu thi
gian tm ra muc nuc tng thng cho ti dau thi ky tr nuc, yeu cau sao cho dau thi
ky tr nuc muc nuc o tai muc nuc chet. Khi muc nuc trong ho cha dat ti muc
nuc dang bnh thung cua ho cha th luu luong cap nuc bang luu luong nuc den.
Lay dung bao tren cua muc nuc cc nam lm dung phng ph hoai, lay dung bao
dui lm dung han che cap nuc nhu dung 1, 2 trong hnh 6-7.
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Hnh 6-7. Bieu d diu phoi NMTD diu tiet nam

2. Ve dung phng xa tha
Chon qu trnh dien hnh m luong dng chay nam hoac ma l ng vi tan suat
(1 p), bat dau t muc nuc chet cuoi ma cap nuc tnh dieu tiet nguoc thi gian vi
luu luong chay my ln nhat (hoac chay cong suat lap my) cho ti muc nuc dang
bnh thung, roi t dau ma tr nuc tnh thuan thi gian ti muc nuc dang bnh
thung, noi cc diem muc nuc lai ta duoc dung phng tho tha.

6.3.2. Ph ng php v biu iu phi iu tit nhiu nm

Hnh 6-&. Bieu d diu phoi NMTD diu tiet nhiu nam

Bieu do dieu phoi ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam ve nguyen tac cng giong nhu bieu
do dieu phoi dieu tiet nam, nhu hnh 6-8. iem khc nhau o cho: dung phng ph hoai
v dung phng xa tha c thi gian bat dau v ket thc o muc nuc cch muc nuc
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dang bnh thung mot khoang bang bo phan dung tch nam cua ho cha dieu tiet nhieu
nam. Khi dng phuong php thong ke de tnh ton, dung tch nam duoc v boi V
nam
v
aQ
0
: khi tnh ton bang phuong php trnh tu thi gian dung tch nam l ket qua dieu
tiet hon ton cua nam dien hnh c luong dng chay nam bang luong dng chay nam
ng vi tan suat thiet ke. Khi v dung han che cap nuc ta tinh tien dung phng ph
hoai xuong dui sao cho muc nuc bat dau v ket thc va bang muc nuc chet.

6.4. V biu iu phi h cha li dng tng hp
6.4.1. V biu iu phi h cha li dng tng hp vi mt mc tiu chnh
Ho cha loi dung tong hop chi lay mot nhiem vu gay loi no d lm chnh cng
giong nhu cch v bieu do dieu phoi cua ho cha chi vi mot nhiem vu nhu phan truc
d trnh by, bieu do dieu phoi ho cha loi dung tong hop lay pht dien lm chnh giong
nhu phuong php v bieu do dieu phoi cua ho cha pht dien, bieu do dieu phoi cua ho
cha loi dung tong hop c nhiem vu tui v cap nuc l chnh ket hop pht dien th khu
cap nuc gia tang v them dung cong suat gia tang.
6.4.2. V biu iu phi h cha iu tit 2 mc tiu
6.4.2.1. Ho cha dieu tiet nam
Dua vo ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet 2 muc tieu (muc 5.2.2): Luong cap nuc thap
Q
1
v luong cap nuc cao Q
2
, lan luot tnh ton theo dieu tiet tng muc tieu tm duoc
dung tch ho V
1
tuong ng vi tan suat bao dam cao
1
v dung tch ho V
2
tuong ng
vi tan suat bao dam thap
2
. Neu V
1
> V
2
, dua theo hnh 6-9 de v bieu do dieu phoi:
neu V
2
> V
1
th dua theo hnh 6-10 de v bieu do dieu phoi.

Hnh 6-9. So d th nhat Hnh 6-10. So d th hai
1- khu bao dam cap nuc thap Q
1
: 2- khu bao dam cap nuc cao Q
2

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6.4.2.2. ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam
Bieu do dieu phoi dieu tiet 2 muc tieu cua ho cha nuc dieu tiet nhieu nam nhu
hnh 6-11 bieu thi, phuong php v nhu sau:

Hnh 6-11. Bieu d diu phoi diu tiet 2 mc tieu
cua h cha nuc diu tiet nhiu nam

1) ung cap nuc bao dam. Chon nam c tan suat luong dng chay nam bang
2

lm nam dien hnh, cap nuc theo Q
2
, tnh ton dieu tiet theo chieu nguoc thi
gian, yeu cau muc nuc o cuoi thi ky cap nuc v dau thi ky tr nuc bang
nhau, dau thi ky cap nuc o vo muc nuc dang bnh thung, noi muc nuc ho
tng thng cua nam dien hnh ta duoc dung cap nuc bao dam.
2) ung giam cap nuc: Chon nam c tan suat luong dng chay nam bang
1
lm
nam dien hnh, cap nuc theo Q
1
, tnh ton dieu tiet theo chieu nguoc thi gian,
yeu cau muc nuc o cuoi thi ky cap nuc v dau thi ky tr nuc deu o muc
nuc chet, noi muc nuc ho tng thng cua nam dien hnh ta duoc dung giam
cap nuc.
3) ung dieu phoi phan gii. Cap nuc theo Q
2
, tnh ton dieu tiet ton chuoi, dem
muc nuc ho cng thng trong cc nam tien hnh tnh ton tan suat, ta tm duoc
muc nuc cc thng tuong ng vi
2
, noi lai ta duoc dung dieu phoi phan gii.
V dung phan gii ny chi v tren co so dieu tiet 1 muc tieu, v vay nen hieu
chinh lai theo tnh ton dieu tiet 2 muc tieu, dong thi co gang lm cho dung
phan gii song song vi dung dieu phoi tren v dui.
Khi tnh ton tho, dung dieu phoi phan gii cng c the xc dinh theo phuong
php dui day:
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Truc tien tnh ton dung tch nhieu nam phan gii V
pg
theo cong thc sau: (xem
hnh 6-11)

1
pg nn
1 2
V
V V
V V
=
+
(6-5)
trong d:
V
1
- dung tch nhieu nam dieu tiet 1 cap theo Q
1
v
1
:
V
2
- dung tch nhieu nam dieu tiet 1 cap theo Q
2
v
2
:
V
nn
- dung tch ho nhieu nam dieu tiet 2 muc tieu.

Dung tch ho nhieu nam phan gii cua cc thng phan theo cng mot ty so gia
V
pg
v V
nn
cua dau thi ky tr nuc hoac noi suy theo muc nuc o dau thi ky tr nuc
gia 2 dung cap nuc bao dam v dung giam cap nuc.

6.4.2.3. Ve dung phng lu
6.4.2.3.1. V ng phng l khng phn k
Truc tien phai phan tch ti lieu l thuc do v l lich su, xc dinh thi gian can
de trong dung tch phng l, roi t t
q
diem cuoi cua thi gian d xc dinh diem Q tren
dung phng ph hoai, t diem Q v song song vi truc honh den thi diem bat dau
phng l t
r
s duoc dung muc nuc du phng l, muc nuc gii han truc l. Cuoi
cng can c vo dung qu trnh nuc l thiet ke v yeu cau phng l ha du cho php
xa xuong vi luu luong toi da q
at
tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet l. Tm duoc qu trnh
muc nuc cua cc thi khoang, bat dau t diem Q v dung dieu tiet l len bieu do hnh
6-12 s duoc dung RQE l dung dieu phoi phng l.

Hnh 6-12. Dung phng l#
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6.4.2.3.2. V ng phng l theo phn k l
a. Dua vo ti lieu l, phan tch nguyen nhan hnh thnh v quy luat pht sinh l cua
2 thi ky dau v thi ky sau m xc dinh thi gian can de trong dung tch ho de
phng chong l. Nhu hnh 6-13 thi ky dau vo thng 6 den thng 7, l thi ky
sau vo thng 8 den thng 9.
b. Lan luot tnh ton tham so thong ke cua l thi ky dau v thi ky sau, tm ra l
thiet ke phan ky. (xem phan A - Tnh ton Thuy van).
c. Can c vo yeu cau gay loi, vi tien de trong nam nuc kiet thiet ke bao dam ho cha
c the cha day den muc nuc cuoi l cua tng phan ky, theo phuong php d trnh
by o tren tm nguoc lai muc nuc khong che truc l cua tng phan ky, muc nuc
d dong thi cng thoa mn yeu cau gay loi nhu dung ab v cd trong hnh 6-13.
d. Can c vo tieu chuan phng l ha du v tieu chuan chong l cua dap, thi ky
truc bat dau t diem b, l thi ky sau bat dau t diem d lan luot tnh dieu tiet l
tm muc nuc phng, muc nuc l kiem tra cua tng thi ky. Neu muc nuc
phng l, muc nuc l thiet ke, muc nuc l kiem tra cua 2 thi ky khc nhau th
nen thiet ke theo muc nuc cao, dong thi hieu chinh lai muc nuc khong che
truc l cua thi ky c muc nuc thap. Su dung muc nuc khong che truc l
phan ky, c the lm cho viec phng chong l v gay loi ket hop chat ch hon,
dung tch ho cng duoc loi dung mot cch day du hon. Nhung van de mau chot l
l phan ky c nguyen nhan hnh thnh khc nhau v do ln chenh lech mot cch
r rng, neu khong ni chung khong nen phan ky de dam bao viec phng chong
l cho ho cha v ha du an ton. Khi phan ky ni chung phan lm hai thi ky
truc sau l thch hop. Neu nhu luu luong xa an ton cua ha du c dac diem thi
ky truc nho, thi ky sau ln hoac l phan ky cua cng mot tieu chuan thiet ke
cua thi ky truc v sau c do ln bang nhau, cng c the xc dinh muc nuc
khong che truc l theo phuong php neu tren.

Hnh 6-13. So d diu phoi phng chong l# phan k' cua h cha loi dng tong hop
1-2 - dung tch CL phan ky l dau: 3-4 - dung tch CL phan ky l sau:
a-b - MNTL phan ky l dau: c-d - MNTL phan ky l sau.
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6.5. Lp k hoch cp n- c cho h cha loi va v nh

e lap ke hoach cap nuc cho ho cha can c du bo qu trnh dng chay den ho
cha, yeu cau dng nuc cua nam d v xay dung dung qu trnh dieu phoi ho cha,
xong do ti lieu du bo kh tuong thuy van cn nhieu han che nen khong the thuc hien
duoc, dui day gii thieu mot so phuong php don gian:

6.5.1. Lp k hoch cp n c tng t
O nhng ho cha loai va v nho thung moi dot cap nuc ngui ta bien soan mot
ke hoach, phuong php cu the nhu sau:
Truc khi mo cong cap nuc can dieu tra tnh hnh kho han khu tui, phan tch
cc nguon nuc c the su dung nhu luong nuc cn trong ho cha v cc nguon nuc
khc nhu ao ho v.v... sau d quyet dinh luong cap nuc dot ny, luong nuc phan phoi
cho t khu ruong hoac tng thon x.
V so ngy cap nuc mot dot ngan nen tnh hnh nguon nuc, yeu cau cap nuc
cho tng khu ruong deu c the nam chac nen viec cap nuc v phan phoi cho tng o
ruong l chnh xc nen tiet kiem nuc, trnh lng ph.

6.5.2. Phn phi n c d kin
Mot so ho cha p dung phuong php phan phoi nuc du kien, moi nam truc
nhng ma cap nuc quan trong dua tren co so nguon nuc thuc te c trong ho cha,
dien tch can cap nuc cho moi ho dng nuc, du kien chi tieu phan phoi nuc cho tng
ho. Cc ho dng nuc lai c ke hoach dng nuc tiet kiem, vuot qu s phat. Thung
ngui ta du kien phan phoi nuc theo vu. Nhng cn bo c kinh nghiem s can c vo
tnh hnh kh tuong thuy van tng nam de du kien phan phoi nuc.

6.5.3. V biu kh nng chng hn
Muc dch cua cong viec v bieu do kha nang chong han l can c vo muc nuc
(luong tr nuc) trong ho cha, tnh ton luong nuc c the phuc vu tui, cng c the
xc dinh kha nang tui duoc bao nhieu ruong, chong han duoc bao nhieu ngy neu
khong c mua. Hnh 6-14 l mot dang cua bieu do kha nang chong han, bieu do don
gian, de hieu. Dua vo tnh hnh tr nuc cua ho cha v kha nang chong han de xem
xt khi no mo cong c loi, bay gi hay muon hon, mo nhieu hay mo t de chong troi
vi ci han ln hon, nhu vay s gip cho viec lap ke hoach cap nuc tot hon, neu dien
tch tui khong doi c the v bieu do kha nang chong han nhu bieu do 6-15. T
Ihi du:
Mot ho cha c MNDBT = 180,0 m, MNC = 160,0 m, quan he muc nuc dung
tch ghi trong cot 1, 2 bang 6-2, dien tch can tui l 1670 ha, theo yeu cau tui cho cay
la l 90 m
3
/ha.ngy tuong duong lp dng chay 9 mm. Hy xay dung bieu do chong
han cho ho cha d.
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Truc tien dua vo quan he muc nuc dung tch tnh ton luong tr nuc c ch
cho tng muc nuc, th du H = 120 m c dung tch l 1,43.10
6
m
3
, luong tr nuc c ch
V
hi
= 2,0 1,43 = 0,57.10
6
m
3
, ghi vo cot 3 trong bang.
Buc 2 ta tnh so ngy chong han, so ngy chong han c quan he vi dien tch
tui, he so tui, he so loi dung kenh muong..., tnh theo cong thc sau:
( )
( )
( )
6 3
3
Luong tr nuc c ch 10 m he so loi dung kenh muong
So ngy chong han =
Dien tch tui ha Luong nuc yeu cau tui m / ha. ngy

Trong th du ny, he so loi dung kenh muong h = 0,77, khi muc nuc l 162 m th
so ngy chong han l:
( )
chong han
0, 77
T 0, 57 3 ngy lay trn
1670 90
= =

ket qua ghi vo cot (5). T so lieu cot (1) v cot (5) v duoc bieu do kha nang chong
han (hnh 6-15).
Khi su dung, c the can c vo muc nuc trong ho cha c the tm duoc so ngy
chong han, th du o muc nuc 170,0 m tm duoc so ngy chong han l 18 ngy.

Bang 6-2. Bang tnh ton kha nang chong han cua h cha

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Hnh 6-14

Hnh 6-15. Bieu d kha nang chong han

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Chuong 7

H thng h cha

He thong ho cha bao gom cc ho cha noi tiep, song song v ho cha hon hop.
- He thong ho cha noi tiep l chi o tren cng 1 dng song c cc ho cha thuong
ha luu c lien he thuy luc vi nhau, cng thung goi l he thong ho cha bac thang.
- He thong ho cha song song l nhng ho cha phan biet xay dung o tren cc
nhnh song khc nhau, khong c lien he vi nhau ve thuy luc nhung cng dam
nhan nhiem vu phng chong l hoac cap nuc cho ha luu hoac mot so ho cha
khong c lien he g ve thuy luc nhung cng cap dien cho mot he thong...

7.1. tnh ton iu tit l cho h thng h cha
7.1.1. Xc nh tiu chun l thit k cho h cha bc thang
Tieu chuan l thiet ke cua ban than ho cha bac thang truc tien phu thuoc vo
qui mo v tam quan trong cua cc ho cha, dong thi cng phai nghien cu dieu ha
quan he gia l den thiet ke, bao ve an ton dap, l xa xuong ha luu anh hung ti ho
cha dui..., v vay cn can dua vo nhng nguyen tac dui day de xc dinh tieu chuan
l thiet ke v cc phuong n thiet ke. Viec xc dinh dung tch phng chong l cua cc
ho cha bac thang phai can c vo tieu chuan phng l cho ha du, su to hop vi l khu
gia v dieu kien cua cc ho cha.
1. Khi ha luu ho cha thiet ke c ho cha vi tieu chuan l thiet ke thap hon th viec
xc dinh cc dac trung phng l v phuong thc xa l cua ho tren can ch cc
bien php hop l de khi pht sinh l vuot tieu chuan l kiem tra cua ho cha ha
luu, co gang giam nhe anh huong bat loi doi vi su an ton cua ho cha ha luu.
Khi o ha luu ho cha thiet ke c ho cha vi tieu chuan l thiet ke cao hon, nen
xt den su anh huong doi vi ho cha ha luu khi ho cha nuc thiet ke c the pht sinh
su co, khi can thiet c the nang cao tieu chuan l thiet ke cua ho cha thiet ke.
2. Khi o thuong luu ho cha thiet ke c ho cha c tieu chuan l thiet ke cao hon th
nen su dung l c tieu chuan thiet ke ph hop vi ban than cong trnh de tnh ton
dieu tiet l, dung qu trnh l thiet ke nen xem xt 2 trung hop to hop dui day:
1) L khu gia cng tan suat cong them luu luong xa cua con l tuong ng cua ho
cha nuc thuong luu.
2) Luu luong xa cua ho cha nuc thuong luu vi l cng tan suat cong them
nuc l tuong ng cua khu gia.
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Khi o thuong luu ho cha thiet ke c ho cha vi tieu chuan thiet ke thap hon
trong bien php bao ve an ton dap nen xem xt anh huong cua ho cha nuc thuong
luu c the xay ra su co.
3. Trong quy hoach thiet ke ho cha bac thang nen co gang thiet ke mot hoac vi
cong trnh c kha nang khong che duoc l cuc han de trnh tao nen phan ng day
truyen sau khi dap ln cua ho cha nuc thuong luu pht sinh su co. Khi nhng
dieu kien ny khong the thoa mn, nen tang them nang luc xa l cua ho cha
nuc bac thang ha luu v trong bien php bao ve dap nen dnh dung tch de dat
duoc muc dch dieu do linh hoat, bao dam an ton.

7.1.2. Xc nh tiu chun l thit k ca h cha song song
Tieu chuan l thiet ke cua ho cha song song ni chung cng tuong tu nhu cc ho
van hnh doc lap, dung tch phng l duoc phan phoi cho cc ho cha phu thuoc vo
tieu chuan phng l ha du, su to hop l thiet ke v dieu kien cua cc ho cha nuc.

7.1.3. Tnh ton iu tit l ca h thng h cha
Trong he thong ho cha, viec tnh ton dieu tiet l bao dam an ton cho ban than
cc ho cha, ve nguyen tac c the su dung phuong php tnh cho mot ho cha doc lap.
Chi c dieu khc l trong tnh ton phng chong l cua ho cha bac thang, l thiet ke
cua ho cha ha luu can xt den luu luong xa ho cha bac tren vi su gap g khc nhau
cua l trong khu gia, chon dien hnh bat loi de tnh ton.
Khi he thong ho cha cng gnh vc mot nhiem vu phng chong l cho ha du,
can nghien cu mot phuong thc dieu do thong nhat, phan phoi hop l dung tch phng
l cho cc ho v thong nhat quy hoach cong trnh tho l v.v...
1. Phuong thc dieu tiet lu trong he thong ho cha
Ni chung nguyen tac lua chon phuong thc dieu tiet l cua he thong ho cha
cng giong ho cha don doc. Khi dien tch khu gia khong ln, c the su dung muc
nuc ho hoac luu luong vo ho de khong che luu luong xa xuong ha luu: khi dien tch
khu gia tuong doi ln v su to thnh l thuong ha luu phc tap, nen can c vo dac tnh
l khu gia de tien hnh dieu tiet bo sung. Dui day chu yeu trnh by mot so phuong
php thung dng trong tnh ton dieu tiet bo sung.
a. Chn ph ng php iu tit b sung u tin
Nhu hnh (7-1) bieu thi hai ho cha song song A, B cng gnh vc nhiem vu
phng chong l cho diem C o ha luu, neu l cua 2 ho c tnh dong bo nhat dinh, c the
chon ho cha nuc c tnh nang dieu tiet phng chong l tot v ty trong l ln (nhu ho
B) de lm ho cha dieu tiet bo sung. Lc ny ho cha nuc A c the can c vo yeu cau
dng nuc tong hop v nhiem vu chong l cua ban than cong trnh m xa nuc tm duoc
dung qu trnh xa nuc tuong doi deu Q
A
(t), xem xt them thi gian truyen l v anh
huong tr l cua doan song cong vi dung qu trnh l khu gia Q
C
(t), sau d dat
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nguoc lai dui dung thang bang luu luong xa an ton cho php o ha luu q
an ton
nhu
hnh (7-2) bieu thi. Sau d lai dem qu trnh l thiet ke vo ho cha Q
B
(t) cua ho cha
B, c xt den thi gian truyen l v anh huong tr l cua doan song, v len cng mot
bieu do, dien tch bao boc gia hai dung cong ny l dung tch ho phng l can thiet
cua ho cha B, dung qu trnh xa xuong cua n l q
an ton
(Q
A
+ Q
C
).
Neu hai ho A, B c dung tch bang nhau, ty trong l deu xap xi nhau, c cng
dam nhiem dieu tiet bo sung, c the can c vo dac tnh l khu gia v luu luong xa an
ton m quyet dinh qu trnh tong luu luong xa xuong cua 2 ho, sau d can c vo dung
tch cua 2 ho v ty trong nuc l m phan phoi luu luong xa xuong ha luu.
Neu dung tch ho B ln m ty trong l khong ln, c the xem xt ho B khong xa
l (hoac xa t), tien hnh dieu tiet bo sung cho ho A theo l khu gia.

Hnh 7-1. So d h cha song song Hnh 7-2. So d diu tiet bo sung uu tien

b. Ph ng thc iu tit b sung song song
Khi nuc l o 2 ho A, B chenh nhau khong ln nhung tnh dong bo tuong doi km
th nen su dung phuong php ny. iem mau chot cua phuong php l: Truc tien
khong xt den nuc l khu gia, dua vo luu luong xa an ton cho php o diem khong
che phng l ha du, tm ra qu trnh xa l co gang deu nhau o 2 ho v dung tch phng
l tuong ng: sau d mi xt sau hon ti dieu tiet bo sung theo l khu gia, tc l chia
deu hop l phan dieu tiet l khu gia, t d tm duoc dung phan phoi dung tch cho
tng ho v dung qu trnh xa l cua cc ho.
oi vi ho cha nuc bac thang nhu hnh 7-3, do ho tren xa l ho dui phai dieu
tiet nen phuong thc dieu tiet bo sung doi vi l khu gia cua ho cha bac thang khc
vi ho cha doc lap, n phu thuoc vo th tu cha v xa l cua ho tren ho dui.
Khi l cua song chnh song nhnh c tnh dong bo nhat dinh, de de dng khong
che l khu gia cua ho cha bac thang, ni chung ho tren tr l truc l c loi, de dn
con l den tiep phai xa l de trong dung tch ho cha th xa dui truc l hop l.
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A
B
C

Hnh 7-3. So d h cha bac thang

Khi nuc l o cc ho cha bac thang c tnh dong bo km th nen xuat pht t dac
diem to hop l khu vuc v phan phoi theo thi gian de quyet dinh th tu v phuong thc
tr, xa l cua cc ho.
Neu gia cc ho cn c yeu cau phng l th dieu tiet phng l cho he thong bac
thang cng phai xt den.

2. Phan phoi dung tch ho phng lu ha du cho he thong ho cha
Truc tien can c vo qu trnh l thiet ke Q
C
(t) tai diem C (hnh 7-1, 7-3) v luu
luong xa an ton cho php q
at
ta tm duoc tong dung tch ho phng l ha du nho nhat
pl
V ,
nhu phan gach cho trong hnh hnh 7-4 bieu thi, sau d tien hnh phan phoi
dung tch cho cc ho cha. Dui day lay 2 ho cha lm v du de gii thieu nguyen tac
v phuong php phan phoi ny.

Hnh 7-4. So d tnh ton dung tch phng l# nh( nhat
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a. Xc nh dung tch phng l ti thiu ca 2 h cha
oi vi ho cha song song (hnh 7-1): Neu dien tch khu gia t 2 ho den diem C
tuong doi ln, to hop l den 2 ho v l khu gia phc tap c the can c vo tieu chuan
phng l v luong xa an ton cho php tai diem C, chon l thiet ke tai diem C v l khu
gia AC cng tan suat (chi dien tch luu vuc t diem C tro len tr di dien tch luu vuc ho
cha A), gia thiet ho cha A khong xa l, tm dung tch thoa mn yeu cau phng l ha
du V
B
cua ho cha B, d chnh l dung tch phng l toi thieu cua ho B.
Cng vi phuong php tuong tu c the tm duoc dung tch phng l toi thieu cua
ho A phai dam nhan V
A
.
oi vi ho cha bac thang (hnh 7-3): Do luu luong xa l cua ho A ho B khong
che, nghia l ho cha A khong can c dung tch phng l th V
B
dung tch phng l cua
ho B duoc xc dinh theo l thiet ke cua ho B v l khu gia xuat hien cng tan suat.
Trung hop he thong c nhieu hon 2 ho cng c the p dung phuong php tren de
tm dung tch phng l can thiet cho tng ho.
b. Phn phi dung tch phng l m cc h cha n c cng m nhn
Do su to hop l tren cc ho v l khu gia phc tap neu chi bo tr dung tch phng
l toi thieu cho cc ho khong the thoa mn yeu cau phng chong l o ha luu m van can
bo tr dung tch phng l chung cua cc ho. Khi so bo xc dinh phuong n, c the gia
dinh dung tch phng l chung cua cc ho bang 10 30% dung tch tong
pl
V
v phan
phoi cho cc ho theo nguyen tac dui day:
1) han phoi theo he so dieu tiet bo sung cua cc ho. He so ny l ty le phan tram
lm giam luong l ha du do mot don vi luong cha l (nhu 100 trieu m
3
) cua ho
tao nen, duoc xc dinh theo phuong php dien ton l t ho den ha du... Nguyen
tac chung l doi vi ho c he so ln th nen gnh vc nhieu dung tch phng l.
Khi tnh ton cu the ni chung doi vi ho cha tren dng chnh, ho cha gan diem
phng l ha du, ho cha dui cua ho cha bac thang, ho cha c ty trong l ln
can dam nhan dung tch phng l chung ln hon.
2) han phoi theo tong hieu ch gay loi ln nhat hoac tong ton that gay loi nho nhat
cua cc ho cha. Cc ho cha nuc, ngoi nhiem vu phng chong l cn c nhiem
vu loi dung tong hop v the vi dieu kien thoa mn yeu cau phng l cho ha luu
nen chon ho c tong hieu ch gay loi ln nhat lm phuong n thiet ke, v du he
thong ho cha pht dien th lay tong cong suat bao dam ln nhat, vi he thong ho
cha phuc vu tui th lay tong dien tch tui ln nhat lm tieu chuan: viec tnh
ton hieu ch cc ho cha dua vo nguyen tac v phuong php d gii thieu o ho
cha loi dung tong hop. Khi so bo lua chon phuong n, truc tien su dung dung
tch ket hop phng l v gay loi lm dung tch phng l chung sau d vi ho cha
c tnh nang dieu tiet cao, yeu cau phng chong l cua ban than cong trnh cao,
nh my thuy dien c cot nuc thap th phan phoi dung tch phng l nhieu hon.
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3. Phan phoi theo tong tnh ton thu chi nho nhat
Su dung phuong php phan tch tong hop de xc dinh phuong n toi uu, phan phoi
dung tch phng l chung can xt den cc nhan to nhu dieu kien khai thc cua ho cha,
ton that do ngap lut v hieu ch loi dung tong hop v.v... Khi dieu kien khai thc ho cha
v ton that do ngap lut chenh nhau khong ln, vi dieu kien thoa mn yeu cau phng l
ha luu th c the dua vo nguyen tac tong thu chi nam nho nhat de xc dinh phuong n
toi uu, chenh lech gi tri gay loi cua cc phuong n dng phuong n dau tu thay the v
chiet khau chi ph van hnh.
Vi phuong n phan phoi dung tch duoc lua chon phai dieu tiet l theo phuong
php he thong ho cha d trnh by v dien ton l vi yeu cau phai thoa mn phng l
ha du, neu khong phai tnh ton dieu tiet l cho tng phuong n, sau d mi so snh lua
chon phuong n.

7.2. Tnh ton iu tit dng chy h thng h cha bc thang

Khi o thuong ha luu ho cha thiet ke d c ho cha bac thang hoac s xay dung
can tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay he thong ho cha bac thang nham xc dinh
quy mo thiet ke v tnh ton hieu ch kinh te cua ho cha. Lc ny doi vi quy mo ho o
thuong ha luu lay theo so lieu thiet ke quy hoach, khong nen thay doi nhieu, song viec
phan phoi dung tch phng l cho cc ho trong diem, khi can thiet phai nghien cu
them. huong php tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay trong van hnh he thong ho cha bac
thang nhu sau:
7.2.1. Ph ng php iu tit ton chui
Viec tnh ton dieu tiet dng chay he thong ho cha bac thang ni chung nen dng
phuong php dieu tiet ton chuoi lan luot t ho tren xuong ho dui, c the dng phuong
php lap bang v phuong php dung tch ly hieu so, cc buc tnh ton nhu sau:
1. au tien tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet ton chuoi vi ho tren cng, phuong php
giong trung hop van hnh mot ho.
2. Cong qu trnh dieu tiet cua ho tren vi qu trnh dng chay khu gia tuong ng
gia 2 ho ta duoc dung qu trnh chay vo cua ho 2, sau d tien hnh tnh ton
dieu tiet ton chuoi vi ho 2.
3. Tuong tu ta tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet ton chuoi vi cc ho tiep theo trong
bac thang.

Can c vo ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet ton chuoi cc ho cha bac thang, v dung
quan he cua ba yeu to l dung tch ho, luu luong dieu tiet v tan suat bao dam, de c co
so xc dinh quy mo, tri so dac trung v hieu ch cong trnh cua ho cha nuc bac thang.
Trong tnh ton dieu tiet nen ch may diem dui day.
- Gia hai bac neu c yeu cau dng nuc tong hop th khi dieu tiet ho tren phai xt
ti yeu cau d, neu l luong nuc mat di phai hieu chinh luong nuc den ho dui.
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- Cc ho tui hoac cc ho dng nuc trong vng neu c nuc hoi quy nen cong vo
dng chay tai dia diem nuc hoi quy chay vo.
- Neu nhu ho cha nuc bac thang cch nhau tuong doi xa, khi tnh ton dng chay
vo cua ho cha nuc cap dui th nen xem xt thi gian chay truyen cua luong xa
t ho cha bac tren v sau d lai cong vi luong chay khu gia.
Neu cc ho bac thang cng cap nuc cho cc ho dng nuc o ha luu (nhu khu tui
cuc ln), c the dng phuong php tnh can bang nuc. Bat dau t ho cha cap cuoi
cng gia thiet dung tch ho, t dung qu trnh cap nuc tnh nguoc duoc dung qu
trnh nuc vo ho dui: t dung qu trnh nuc yeu cau vo ho dui tr di dng chay
khu gia duoc dung qu trnh can cap cua ho tren v tiep tuc theo cng phuong php
tnh nguoc len ho tren na v.v... Vi ho cha bac tren cng ta lay qu trnh nuc yeu
cau vo ho dui tr di dng chay vo ho tren duoc dung tch ho tren cng. C the gia
thiet mot vi phuong n to hop cua dung tch cc ho cha, dui tien de thoa mn yeu
cau dng nuc ha luu c the tm duoc quy mo cong trnh, hieu ch v cc chi tieu tong
hop khc cua cc phuong n v t d so snh lua chon phuong n.

7.2.2. Ph ng php nm in hnh
huong php nam dien hnh l chi lay mot nam dien hnh thay cho ton chuoi de
tien hnh tnh ton dieu tiet, thch hop cho giai doan so snh phuong n. huong php
tnh ton giong nhu d trnh by o tren. Dui day gii thieu cch lua chon nam dien hnh.
1. Khi moi ho trong bac thang c ho cap nuc doc lap, moi ho chon nam dien hnh
de tien hnh tnh ton, nam dien hnh cua ho cha nuc ha luu th theo trung hop
tan suat bao dam thiet ke cua ho cha nuc thuong luu bang tan suat bao dam
thiet ke cua ho cha nuc ha luu de chon.
Neu tan suat bao dam thiet ke cua ho tren cao hon hoac bang tan suat bao dam
cua ho dui th nam dien hnh cua ho tren van chon theo tan suat bao dam thiet ke cua
mnh, nhung nam dien hnh cua ho dui van can c vo tan suat bao dam thiet ke cua
ho dui cong luu luong xa cua ho tren cua nam dien hnh c cng tan suat thiet ke vi
ho dui.
Khi tan suat bao dam cua ho tren thap hon tan suat bao dam cua ho dui th ho
tren van thiet ke theo tan suat bao dam cua mnh, nhung tnh ton cho ho dui ca 2 ho
deu chon nam dien hnh theo tan suat thiet ke cua ho dui.
2. Qu trnh nuc den khu gia gia hai ho thuong ha luu c the tnh bang cch lay
qu trnh nuc den cua ho dui tr di qu trnh nuc den cua ho tren cua cng
mot nam dien hnh.
3. Vi ho dieu tiet nam th su dung nam nuc kiet de tnh ton luong cap nuc bao
dam v dung tch ho, su dung ba nam dien hnh nhieu nuc, nuc trung bnh v t
nuc de tnh hieu ch bnh quan nhieu nam (nhu luong pht dien bnh quan nhieu
nam cua ho cha bac thang pht dien). Vi ho cha dieu tiet nhieu nam nen su
dung nhm nam nuc kiet thiet ke de tnh luong cap nuc bao dam v dung tch,
su dung nhm nam nuc trung bnh de tnh hieu ch bnh quan nhieu nam.
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Chuong 8

N c dnh ca h cha

8.1. Mc ch tnh ton n- c dnh v ti liu s dng
8.1.1. Mc ch tnh ton n c dnh
Ho cha nuc sau khi duoc xay dung, muc nuc trong vng ho duoc nang cao,
luu toc cham lai, sc chuyen ct cua dng chay giam nho, su boi lang bn ct dan dan
tang len dong thi chuyen dan len thuong luu v truc dap, cng lm muc nuc trong ho
dang cao, v the can tien hnh tnh ton dung mat nuc nuc denh trong ho trong tnh
hnh boi lang, vi muc dch:
1. Cung cap muc nuc nuc denh trong ho vi tieu chuan ngap ng khc nhau v vi
tr diem cuoi cng cua nuc denh de xc dinh pham vi ngap ng v ton that do
ngap ng, xc dinh phuong n di dan ti dinh cu trong khu ho, cung cap ti lieu
cho phuong n bo tr ho cha bac thang o thuong luu.
2. Cung cap cao trnh muc nuc theo yeu cau van tai thuy, cap nuc, tui v.v... o
vng ho.
3. Tnh ton dung qu trnh muc nuc v thi gian ngap ng theo tieu chuan phng
chong l cho khu phng ho trong vng ho, tm bien php bao dam an ton cho
khu phng ho.

8.1.2. Ti liu s dng
1. Ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet l cua ho.
2. Ti lieu nuc l thiet ke tai vi tr dap v diem khong che vo ho.
3. Ti lieu nuc l thuc do o vi tr dap v cc tram thuy van doc song trong vng ho,
dung quan he muc nuc luu luong.
4. Ti lieu dieu tra nuc l lich su doc song tai dap v khu ho.
5. Ti lieu phan tch do nhm tai vi tr dap v tram thuy van khu ho.
6. Ban do dia hnh lng song khu ho (1 : 10.000 hoac 1 : 50.000).
7. Ban do trac doc lng song khu ho v ti lieu mat cat ngang ln thuc do.
8. Ti lieu boi lang bn ct khu ho sau xay dung ho mot so nam nhat dinh...

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8.2. Ph- ng php c bn tnh ton n- c dnh

Do chiu anh huong cua luu luong chay vo ho, luong tho khoi ho, muc nuc
truc dap v dia hnh khu ho v.v..., dng chay trong ho ni chung l dng khong
on dinh. huong php v dung cong mat nuc tham khao phan D - Thuy luc co so,
dui day chi gii thieu phuong php thung dng de tnh ton nuc denh trong thiet ke
cong trnh.
Khi tnh ton ta chia doan song thnh nhieu doan de v dung nuc denh, cong
thc co ban su dung l dng khong on dinh, bien doi cham khong deu, phuong trnh vi
phan c dang:
dz = dz
g
+ dz
u
+ dz
j
(8-1)
trong d:
dz - chenh lech cot nuc cua doan song tnh ton dl:
dz
g
- ton that ma st doc dung cua doan song dl:
dz
u
- chenh lech doc dung cot nuc van toc doan song dl:
dz
j
- ton that ma st cuc bo.

Neu lua chon mat cat thch hop th anh huong cua ma st cuc bo ni chung khong
ln, hon na thung bi han che ve ti lieu, v the thung khong tnh ton that ny. Dui
day gii thieu 2 loai phuong php do giai thung dng: khong xt den ton that cot nuc
van toc v c xt den ton that cot nuc van toc.

8.2.1. Ph ng php ng cong khng ch
Trong vng ho cot nuc van toc thung tuong doi nho, nghia l c the su dung
phuong php do giai khong tnh den ton that cot nuc van toc, dui day trnh by
phuong php dung cong khong che.
huong php ny chi xt den ton that doc dung doan song, dong thi gia dinh
quan he gia muc nuc bnh quan doan song vi
2
Q
Z D
c quan he hm so don, luu luong
doc dung thay doi theo dung thang, huong trnh co ban c dang :

( )
2 2
Q K
f Z
Z
= =
D D`
(8-2)
trong d:
Q - luu luong bnh quan doan song tnh ton:
DZ - chenh lech doan song tnh ton:
Dl - chieu di doan song tnh ton:
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K - tri so bnh quan mo duyn luu luong cua doan song tnh ton,

2 / 3
1
K AR
n
=
vi moi doan song, l hm so don cua muc nuc bnh quan Z , trong d n, A, R
lan luot l he so nhm bnh quan, dien tch mat cat ut v bn knh thuy luc cua
doan song tnh ton.

Cong thc bieu thi dung cong khong che c dang (8-3). Xem hnh (8-1).

( )
( )
2
Q f Z Z Z = D = F

(8-3)

Hnh &-1. So d dung cong khong che 1

1. Ve dung cong khong che
a. Theo ti lieu muc nuc, luu luong thuc do. Dng ti lieu thuc do muc nuc l tai
dap v cc tram thuy van doc song thuoc khu ho de v theo bang (8-1).

Bang &-1. Bang tnh ton dung cong khong che
(theo ti lieu thuy van th"c do)
yO[%
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^&:) 5"w9a
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^&:)e 5"w9a
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Chi chu:
Q
T
- luu luong nuc o thuong luu:
Q
H
- luu luong nuc o ha luu:
Z
T
- muc nuc thuong luu:
Z
H
- muc nuc ha luu.

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Trong bang cot (5), (6) l luu luong dong thi cua hai tram thuy van tren v dui
cua doan song tnh ton (yeu cau chenh lech khong ln), hai cot (8), (9) l muc nuc
thuc do dong thi tuong ng cua hai tram thuy van tren v dui, cot (7) l luu luong
nuc bnh quan cua doan song tnh ton, tnh theo cong thc

2
T H
Q Q Q =
em so lieu trong cot (7), (8), (9) cng thi gian v len cng 1 bieu do nhu hnh
8-1, noi cc diem thnh mot dung cong tron, ta duoc dung cong khong che can tm.
b. Theo quan he muc nuc, luu luong tram thuy van thuong, ha luu. Neu cc tram
thuy van doc song trong pham vi ho cha c dung quan he muc nuc, luu luong
tuong doi on dinh, c the su dung muc nuc cua tram thuy van thuong ha luu
tuong ng cng mot luu luong de cham v dung khong che, phuong php giong
nhu phan trnh by tren. e v duoc thuan loi, c the lay Z
H2
= Z
T1
, Z
H3
= Z
T2
,...
v v thnh dung cong tron, nhu hnh 8-2.

Hnh &-2. So d dung cong khong che 2

c. Theo ti lieu dia hnh. Neu trong khu ho khong c tram thuy van hoac cc tram
thuy van cch xa nhau, dia hnh lng song gia hai tram thay doi ln, nen loi
dung ti lieu dia hnh vng ho de v dung cong khong che
Z ~
( )
2
nQ

nhu hnh 8-3 bieu thi.

Cc buc tnh ton nhu sau:
Buoc 1:
V dung cong Z ~ K cua cc mat cat nhu bang 8-2. Cot (1) l muc nuc mat cat
tnh ton, cot (2), (3) l dien tch v chieu rong song tuong ng vi Z cua dng chnh tai
mat cat tnh ton (theo ti lieu dia hnh): (4) = A/B:
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Hnh &-3. So d dung cong khong che (th 3)

Khi lng song rong m nong, cot (5) = cot (4), neu khong nhu vay lay

A
R
B 2h
=
+

2
3
K AR =
Neu doan song tnh ton c bi tuong doi ln, nen lan luot tnh vi dng chnh, vi bi
song ghi vo cot (8) den cot (12), phuong php tnh ton giong nhu vi dng chnh.
l trong cot (13) l ty so gia he so nhm dng chnh v cua bi, can c vo tnh hnh
dng chnh v bi m chon. T bang tren ta v dung cong quan he Z ~ K cua cc mat
cat tnh ton.

Bang &-2. Bang tnh ton quan he Z ~ K cua dung cong khong che

Z=%& UV%& 1"]%" F2: UV%&
%
3 F " 0
.
7
0
q
1
3 F 0
.
7
0
q
c
l
1 c
'
q + q ~ q
' . 7 < @ E J K ` '_ '' '. '7

Buoc 2:
V dung cong khong che Z ~
( )
2
nQ
nhu bang (8-3).

Trong bang cot (1) den cot (4) tnh theo dung cong Z ~ K mat cat thuong ha cua
doan song:
( )
T H
1
K K K
2
= +

( )
2 2 Z
nQ K
D
=
Dl

T H
Z Z Z D = -
Dl l chieu di doan song tnh ton. T so lieu cot (1) v cot (8) v dung cong khong
che nhu hnh (8-3).
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Bang &-3. Bang tnh ton dung cong khong che (d)ng ti lieu dia hnh khu h)
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/
q
\
q
/

q
.
q
( )
.
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( )
.
%n
^'a ^.a ^7a ^<a ^@a Êa ^Ja ^Ka

Neu khu ho khong c ti lieu mat cat thuc do th c the dng ban do dia hnh
1:10.000, yeu cau mat cat ngang vuong gc vi hung dng chay, khoang cch cc mat
cat c the do theo dung chu luu, cch tnh ton giong nhu tren d trnh by.

2. o di dung cong khong che
Khi dng ti lieu thuy van de v dung cong khong che, thung phai ko di mot
phan nuc cao, phuong php nhu sau:
a. Ko di theo nhan to thuy luc: loi dung ti lieu mat cat cua cc tram thuy van de
tnh ton cc nhan to thuy luc nhu K, A, R, n, v.v... sau d dng ti lieu dia hnh
tien hnh ko di theo phuong php v dung cong khong che d trnh by.
b. Ko di theo cong thc kinh nghiem. Trong trung hop khong the c nhan to thuy
luc th dng cong thc kinh nghiem dui day de ko di. Gia thiet:
X = ay
n
(8-4)
trong d:
x, y - Truc honh v truc tung cua dung cong khong che:
n, a - He so, xc dinh theo phan nuc thap cua dung cong khong, nhu hnh (8-4)
bieu thi, lay hai diem tren dung cong khong che (x
1
, y
1
) v (x
2
, y
2
) th:

1 2
1 2
gx gx
n
gy gy
-
=
-
l l
l l

1
n
1
x
y
a = hoac
2
n
2
x
y
a =
Sau khi tm duoc n, a, ko di bo phan nuc cao theo cong thc (8-4).

Hnh &-4. So d k*o di dung cong khong che
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3. Phuong php tnh ton nuoc denh
Sau khi v duoc dung cong khong che cua cc doan song, can c vo muc nuc
cua mat cat dau, tri so Q v n cua cc doan song tm duoc muc nuc cua cc mat cat
theo th tu t dui len tren. huong php tnh duoc mo ta nhu hnh 8-5, neu dung cong
khong che duoc v t ti lieu thuy van th lay
2
Q de thay
( )
2
nQ trong hnh v.

Hnh &-5. So d phuong php d giai dung cong khong che

8.2.2. Ph ng php gii Askafu
C mot so ho cha de tm dung cong nuc denh can phai xem xt den anh huong
cua cot nuc van toc. Dui day gii thieu phuong php do giai Askafu c xt den cot
nuc van toc. Cong thc tnh ton nhu sau:

( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1 2
2 1 1 2
2
nQ nQ
V V
Z Z Z M M
2g 2g 2
K

D = - = D - - = +

l (8-5)
trong d:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
2
K K
K

= +

:
1
2 2 2
1 1
1
M
K gA n
D
= +
l
:
2
2 2 2
2 2
1
M
K gA n
D
= -
l
:
( )
nQ - tch cua luu luong bnh quan v do nhm bnh quan cua doan song can tm.
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huong php tnh duoc mo ta nhu hnh 8-6: au tien v dung cong quan he Z ~ M
cua cc mat cat tr mat cat cuoi cng, nhu cc dung ben tri truc Z trong hnh 8-6
v dung quan he Z ~ M
2
cua cc mat cat tr mat cat dau tien nhu cc dung ben phai
truc Z. Sau d di tm dung mat nuc, t muc nuc bat dau Z
1
v dung nam ngang cat
dung Z ~ M
1
cua mat cat 1 tai a`, qua diem a` v dung xien
( )
2
12
12
n
tg
21
q
q = cat dung
Z ~ M
2
cua mat cat 2 tai b, qua b v dung nam ngang cat dung Z ~ M
1
cua mat cat 2
tai b`, qua b` v dung xien
( )
2
23
23
n
tg
2
q
q = cat dung Z ~ M
2
cua mat cat 3 tai diem c,
c nhu the tiep tuc. Tung do cua cc diem a, b, c chnh l gi tri muc nuc cua cc mat
cat can tm.

Hnh &-6. So d phuong php d giai +ska,u

8.2.3. X l ti liu c bn
1. Nguyen tac phan chia doan song tnh ton
a. Chenh lech cot nuc DZ cua doan song tnh ton khong nen qu ln, ni chung
trong pham vi t 1 2 m, v the trong khu gan dap Dl c the chon ln mot cht,
cng tiep can vng duoi nuc denh, Dl nen nho mot cht.
b. Cc yeu to thuy luc cua 2 mat cat tren, dui cua doan song c the dai bieu cho
tnh hnh bnh quan cua ca doan song. Vi doan song mat cat c thay doi ln th
mat cat tnh ton nen bo tr dy hon, o doan song mo rong hoac thu hep mot cch
dot bien nen bo tr cc mat cat.
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c. O tren dui cua song nhap luu ln hoac gan cc thi tran ln, cc diem phng ho
trong yeu, ni chung deu nen bo tr mat cat tnh ton.
d. Neu su dung ti lieu thuy van de v dung cong khong che, 2 tram lan can cng
nen thoa mn cc nguyen tac tren, neu khong th bo sung them mat cat tnh ton
bang ti lieu dia hnh.

2. !eu cau doi voi mat cat tnh ton
Mat cat tnh ton ni chung nen l mat cat thuc do, doi vi ho cha nuc loai va
v nho hoac ho cha nuc loai ln trong giai doan thiet ke, v dieu kien han che, c the
can c vo ban do dia hnh 1:10.000 hoac 1:50.000 de v mat cat ngang v xc dinh cc
nhan to thuy luc cua n.
oi vi mat cat ngang c ho sau (phan gach cho cua hnh 8-7a) hoac lm ben
(phan gach cho cua hnh 8-7b), th bo qua khi tnh ton cc nhan to thuy luc.

Hnh &-7. So d mat c!t ngang hnh ho sau (a) v hnh l-m ben (b)

3. Xc dinh he so nhm n cua doan song tnh ton
Khi su dung ti lieu dia hnh de tnh dung mat nuc, can phan tch mot cch chi
tiet v lua chon he so nhm n cua doan song de dam bao ket qua tnh ton. Khi ko di
dung khong che v t ti lieu thuy van, cng can phan tch quy luat thay doi cua he so
nhm n.
au tien c the can c vo ket qua phan tch he so nhm cua dap v cua tram thuy
van trong khu ho, so bo xc dinh he so nhm n, sau d lai dng tri so n d de kiem
nghiem dung mat nuc l thuc do hoac cua l dieu tra, nghia l yeu cau ket qua tnh
ph hop vi ket qua thuc do cua tram khong che trong khu ho, t d hieu chinh he so
nhm n, su dung he so nhm hieu chinh de tnh dung mat nuc.
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Trong giai doan thiet ke so bo, kien nghi tm nguoc he so nhm n theo cong thc
(8-2) t ti lieu l ln thuc do hoac ti lieu dieu tra l lich su v su dung de tnh ton
dung nuc denh.

4. Phan phoi luu luong d"c song
Tai diem cuoi ho su dung luu luong nuc den, tai diem truc dap th dng luong
xa xuong cua ho, gia hai diem c the dng phuong php noi suy. Neu chieu rong mat
ho thay doi doc song khong ln, c the can c vo khoang cch t mat cat tnh ton den
dap m phan phoi luu luong doc song theo phuong php noi suy dung thang, neu chieu
rong mat ho thay doi tuong doi ln th nen can c vo ty le dien tch mat ho cha m
phan phoi luu luong doc dung, neu luong tr cua ho doc song thay doi tuong doi ln
c the can c vo ty le dung tch ho phan hnh nem m phan phoi luu luong, tai diem c
dng chay nhap luu ln nen can c vo ti lieu thuy van thuc do hoac dien tch luu vuc
khong che m phan phoi luu luong doan tren, doan dui n.

8.3. Tnh ton - ng n- c dnh trong trng hp
ch- a bi lng cho mt s trng hp
8.3.1. Tnh ton mc n c dnh dc sng ca l vi cc tn sut khc nhau
Muc nuc denh doc song cua l vi cc tan suat khc nhau l chi muc nuc denh
cao nhat doc song vng ho khi l xay ra vi cc tan suat thiet ke. Ni chung nen can c
vo ket qua dieu tiet l vi cc tan suat de xc dinh dung cong nuc denh bang phuong
php d trnh by trong nhng tnh huong dui day, sau d lay dung bao ngoi.
1. ung mat nuc khi muc nuc truc dap cao nhat. Tnh ton dung mat nuc cho
trung hop xuat hien l thiet ke, tai mat cat dau tien muc nuc l muc nuc truc
dap cao nhat, luu luong l luu luong xa ln nhat, luu luong vo ho l luu luong l
thiet ke tuong ng vi muc nuc truc dap cao nhat, luu luong bnh quan cua cc
doan song trong khu vuc ho noi suy theo phuong php d trnh by.
2. ung mat nuc khi luu luong vo ho ln nhat. Luu luong mat cat vo ho l luu
luong dinh l thiet ke, muc nuc v luu luong tai mat cat dau l muc nuc truc
dap v luu luong xa l tuong ng vi luu luong dinh l o cua vo.
3. ung mat nuc dong thi cua l ng vi tan suat thiet ke o cuoi ma l. Luu
luong tai mat cat vo ho l luu luong dinh l thiet ke vo cuoi ma l, muc nuc
v luu luong tai mat cat dau l muc nuc dang bnh thung v luu luong dinh l.
Khi tnh ton dung mat nuc denh cao nhat gia 2 dap cua ho cha bac thang,
luu luong vo ho nen l luu luong xa xuong tuong ng cua ho cha thuong luu, theo ket
qua tnh ton dieu tiet l cua ho cha bac thang.
Khi trong vng ho c dng nhap luu ln, th can tnh dung cong nuc denh cho 2
trung hop:
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a) Dng chay chnh xay ra l cng tan suat cn dng nhap luu xay ra l tuong ng.
b) Dng nhap luu xay ra l cng tan suat cn dng chnh xay ra l tuong ng.
Trung hop a l dung nuc denh dng cho dng chnh, trung hop b l dung
nuc denh dng cho dng nhnh.

8.3.2. Tnh ton ng qu trnh mc n c v thi gian ng ca khu phng h
1. V dung quan he muc nuc mat cat dai bieu tai khu phng ho v muc nuc
truc dap.
Can c vo tieu chuan phng chong l khu phng ho, gia thiet mot loat muc nuc
truc dap v luu luong chay vo ho, tnh ton muc nuc l tai mat cat dai bieu khu
phng ho, v dung quan he muc nuc tai khu phng ho vi muc nuc truc dap lay luu
luong chay vo ho lm tham so (hnh 8-8).

2. Tnh ton dung qu trnh muc nuc l tai khu phng ho.
Can c vo tieu chuan phng l cua khu phng ho, t ket qua tnh ton dieu tiet l
vi l thiet ke, chon vi to hop luu luong chay vo ho v muc nuc truc dap cng thi
gian, t hnh 8-8 tra duoc muc nuc cua mat cat dai bieu tai khu phng ho tuong ng
vi luu luong vo ho v muc nuc truc dap cua cc to hop d chon v t cc so lieu d
v duoc dung qu trnh muc nuc l cua khu phng ho (hnh 8-9).

3. Tnh ton thi gian ngap ng tai khu phng ho.
Tnh ton thi gian ngap ng tai cc cao trnh khc nhau o khu phng ho vi cc
tan suat xuat hien khc nhau theo hnh 8-9.
Nhng ket qua tren, ni chung c the lay lm can c thiet ke cho cong trnh de
dieu khu phng ho c cao trnh mat dat cao hon muc nuc dang bnh thung hoac cho
cong trnh thiet ke thi cong tieu nuc... Neu mat dat khu phng ho thap hon muc nuc
dang bnh thung, c the phai tieu nuc quanh nam, pham vi luu luong vo ho trong
hnh (8-8) phai mo rong den luu luong nuc kiet.

Hnh &-&. Quan he Z
phng
= ,(Q
vo
, Z)
Hnh &-9. Qu trnh l# khu phng l#
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8.3.3. Tnh ton ng duy tr mc n c dc sng
Truc tien xay dung dung quan he luu luong chay vo ho, muc nuc truc dap,
muc nuc tai mat cat tnh ton, hnh thc nhu hnh 8-8, sau d dieu tiet theo bieu do
dieu phoi cho mot so nam dai bieu (bao gom nam nhieu nuc, nam nuc trung bnh v
nam nuc kiet) duoc dung qu trnh duy tr muc nuc truc dap, t so lieu d ket hop
vi luu luong nuc den (cua cc nam dai bieu) tm duoc dung qu trnh muc nuc tai
mat cat tnh ton v suy ra dung duy tr muc nuc tai d.
1. oi vi van tai thuy, chi can tnh dung duy tr muc nuc tai mat cat c tnh dai
bieu doi vi doan nuc denh, can c vo tan suat dam bao thiet ke xc dinh duoc
muc nuc v do sau van tai thuy.
2. oi vi tui v cap nuc ngoi viec tm muc nuc thap ng vi tan suat thiet ke
tai cua lay nuc, cn phai xc dinh muc nuc l thiet ke theo phuong php tren.

8.4. Tnh ton n- c dnh dc sng trong vng h
sau bi lng

Cc hang muc tnh ton nuc denh doc song trong khu ho trong trung hop sau
boi lang giong nhu trung hop chua boi lang, khi tnh ton chi can xem xt them su anh
huong cua boi lang sau khi xay dung cong trnh. Thi khoang de tnh boi lang sau khi
xay dung cong trnh nen can c vo tam quan trong cua doi tuong ngap ng v doi
tuong phng ho trong vng ho v cuoi vng ho m phan tch xc dinh, ni chung c the
l 10 20 nam sau khi cong trnh dua vo van hnh. Neu o duoi ho c thnh thi quan
trong, dung giao thong chnh, dat canh tc nhieu... th thi khoang de tnh boi lang nen
nghien cu ph hop vi cc doi tuong. oi vi ho cha c dung tch boi lang tuong doi
nho so vi luong chuyen tai ct, nen xt trung hop boi lang d can bang.
huong php thong thung de tnh nuc denh sau boi lang l: Can c vo tnh
ton boi lang de biet dien tch boi lang tai cc mat cat trong khu ho, tnh ton lai cc
nhan to thuy luc cua cc mat cat, dua theo phuong php d trnh by trong trung hop
chua boi lang de tnh. Hnh thc boi lang cua cc mat cat thung xt trung hop boi
lang deu (hnh 8-10), abcde l dien tch truc boi lang, abde l dien tch sau boi lang.
Trong dieu kien mat cat boi lang so vi mat cat dng chay chiem ty trong khong ln c
the tnh ton theo phuong php don gian sau:

Hnh &-10. Mat c!t bi l!ng h cha
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8.4.1. Ph ng php n gin tnh ton cc nhn t thy lc sau bi lng
Gia thiet truc v sau boi lang quan he mo duyn luu luong cua mat cat tnh ton
c dang:
K
boi lang
= CK
chua boi lang
(8-6)
khi
A
R
B
=

5
3
A
C 1
A
D
= -

trong d:
DA - dien tch boi lang cua mat cat:
A - dien tch mat cat truc boi lang.

Vi thi khoang tnh ton boi lang xc dinh, DA coi nhu d biet v c the tnh he
so C tuong ng v tm duoc he so hieu chinh K, sau d v duoc dung cong khong che
sau khi boi lang v tien hnh tnh ton dung nuc denh nhu phuong php d trnh by.

8.4.2. Dng ng cong khng ch ch a bi lng tnh ton n c dnh bi lng
e trnh by phuong php tnh ton, lay mot doan song lm th du:
1. Theo hnh (8-11) tien hnh tnh ton nhu sau:

T
T
T
A
Z
B
D
D =

H
ha
H
A
Z
B
D
D =
( )
T H
1
Z Z Z
2
D = D + D

Hnh &-11. So d tnh chuyen mat c!t bi l!ng khu nuc dnh
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2. Dua theo dung cong khong che truc boi lang cua doan song tnh ton (hnh 8-12),
d biet muc nuc mat cat dui Z
H
, luu luong bnh quan doan song Q v he so nhm
n , tm muc nuc mat cat thuong luu sau boi lang Z
T
.

huong php tnh nhu sau: t Z
H
v dung nam ngang cat dung khong che
tai a, dem tung do cua diem a dich xuong 1 doan DZ duoc diem b, lay ngang ra 1 doan
( )
2
bc nQ = , v dung cd song song vi truc tung duoc diem d, t diem d dich len 1
doan DZ, th duoc muc nuc mat cat tren Z
T
can tm, doi vi ho cha c lng song rong,
nong, su dung phuong php ny cho do chnh xc tnh ton cao.

Hnh &-12. So d tnh ton nuc dnh sau bi l!ng

3. Su bien dong do nhm sau boi lang cua lng song.
Su bien dong do nhm cua lng song sau boi lang c quan he den mot loat nhan
to nhu thi gian boi lang, hnh thc boi lang, luong hm ct, cap phoi bn ct... kh c
the tnh ton mot cch chnh xc m trong giai doan thiet ke lai khong the nghiem chng
bang thuc do. e xem xt 1 cch an ton, kien nghi doan song o gan cuoi ho su dung he
so nhm truc boi lang, o vng ho c the lay nho hon mot cht so vi truc khi boi lang,
khoang 10 20%.

8.5 Phn tch kt qu tnh ton n- c dnh

Trong giai doan thiet ke, do thieu ti lieu thuc te de kiem chng ket qua tnh ton
nuc denh, ni chung c the dng dung mat nuc l thuc do hoac l dieu tra de so
snh tnh hop l cua ti lieu su dung v phuong php tnh ton trong trung hop chua
xay dap, dong thi can c vo ket qua d de tnh ton nuc denh, v dung mat nuc
vi cc dieu kien to hop cc loai muc nuc truc dap v luu luong vo ho khc nhau cho
trung hop sau khi xay dap, quy luat chung nhu sau:
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1. Sau khi xay dung ho, muc nuc denh o vng ho len cao hon muc nuc cng luu
luong trong trung hop tu nhien, do doc mat nuc th nho hon.
2. Cng mot muc nuc truc dap, luu luong vng ho nho th dung mat nuc
thap hon luu luong vng ho ln: Luu luong cng ln, do doc cng ln, diem cuoi
nuc denh cng gan: Luu luong cng nho, do doc cng nho, diem cuoi nuc denh
cng xa.
3. Cng mot luu luong vng ho, muc nuc truc dap thap th dung mat nuc thap
hon: Muc nuc truc dap cng cao, do doc mat nuc cng nho, diem cuoi nuc
denh cng xa.
4. Tai cng mot mat cat trong vng ho, neu so snh vi 2 luu luong khc nhau th
khi muc nuc truc dap cao, chenh lech muc nuc gia 2 luu luong nho, muc
nuc truc dap thap chenh lech muc nuc ln hon. Tai 2 mat cat khc nhau trong
vng ho, neu luu luong nhu nhau th khi muc nuc truc dap thay doi, chenh lech
muc nuc tai mat cat tren nho hon chenh lech muc nuc tai mat cat dui.
5. Cng mot muc nuc v luu luong truc dap, ni chung dung mat nuc denh cch
dap cng gan th cng bang phang, cng xa cng doc.

Trong thuc tien thiet ke, ni chung lay diem c do chenh gia dung cong nuc
denh v dung mat nuc thien nhien bang 0,2 0,5 m lm diem cuoi nuc denh. Vi
cng mot muc nuc truc dap, khi luu luong bang 0 th diem cuoi nuc denh xa nhat o
vo cho cao trnh dy song bang muc nuc truc dap. Trung hop boi lang vng ho, do
su thay doi ve hnh dang mat cat lng song v doc lng song o khu cuoi, diem cuoi
nuc denh s chuyen dich len tren.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Bo Thuy loi - So tay k thuat thuy loi, tap III - Chu bien Nguyen Van Cung - NXB.
Nong nghiep, thng 8 nam 1982.
2. Bo Xay dung - Tieu chuan xay dung Viet Nam TCXDVN 285:2002 - Cong trnh
thuy loi, cc quy dinh chu yeu ve thiet ke - H Noi 2002.
3. Bo Cong nghiep - Quyet dinh so 709/Q-NLDK ngy 03-04-2004 cua Bo truong Bo
Cong nghiep ve viec hung dan tam thi noi dung phan tch kinh te, ti chnh dau tu
v khung gi mua bn dien cc du n nguon dien.
4. Handbook of Hydraulic Structure Design - tap 2, ia chat, Thuy van, Vat lieu xay
dung - ban tieng Trung - Thuy loi dien luc xuat ban x, 1984.
5. Ngo nh Tuan, o Cao m - Tnh ton thuy van cho cc cong trnh thuy loi va
v nho - NXB. Nong nghiep 1986.
6. o Cao m v nnk. - Thuy van cong trnh - NXB. Nong nghiep 1993.
7. Bo mon Thuy dien - Trung ai hoc Thuy Loi - Gio trnh Thuy nang - NXB. Nong
thon 1975.
8. Bo mon Thuy van cong trnh - Trung ai hoc Thuy loi - Gio trnh thuy van cong
trnh - NXB. Nong thon 1974.
9. .!."#$&'(* +$-.#01(*350$ 1$65(-( 79('3 :0;1(<$9$(0=;39 >$505-13;
1975.
10. Diep Thu Trach v nnk. - Thuy van thuy loi ke ton - Thuy loi dien luc xuat ban x
1992.
11. Hoc vien Thuy Loi Hoa ong - Thuy loi ke ton cap quy hoach - Trung Quoc Cong
nghiep xuat ban x 1964.
12. Trung tam Thuy dien Vien Khoa hoc Thuy loi - Thuyet minh thuy nang kinh te
nang luong - Du n Thuy dien T Thng - Ngi Bo, H Noi 06-2004.
13. La Cao Vinh - So tay tnh ton thuy nang thuy dien nho NXB - Thuy loi thuy dien
Trung Quoc 1996.
14. GS. TS. Nguyen huong Mau - So tay k thuat thuy loi - phan 2 - tap 2 - Cong
trnh thuy loi - NXB. Nong nghiep 2004.

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- thi gian pht dien:

- luu luong pht dien:

(b chieu rong cc khoang)

nhu bang (8-3).

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