1

CHNG 1
CC KHI NIM C BN CA H
THNG IN T THNG TIN
1.1. CC THNH PHN CA H THNG IN T THNG TIN
1.1.1. S KHI CA H THNG IN T THNG TIN
Trong in t thng tin, thng tin c truyn t ni ny n ni khc bng thit
b in t thng qua mi trng truyn. S khi c bn ca h thng c biu
din nh hnh 1.1:

Hnh 1.1 S khi ca h thng in t thng tin
+ My pht: Tp hp cc linh kin v mch in t c thit k bin i tin
tc thnh tn hiu ph hp vi mi trng truyn.
+ Mi trng truyn: Phng tin truyn thng tin, c th l dy dn (gi l
hu tuyn nh cp ng trc, cp si quang) hoc l khong khng gian t ni pht
n ni thu (gi l v tuyn, nh trong thng tin vi ba s, thng tin v tinh)
+ My thu: Tp hp cc linh kin v mch in t c thit k nhn tn hiu
t mi trng truyn, x l v khi phc li tn hiu ban u.
+ Nhiu: Tn hiu ngu nhin khng momg mun, xen ln vo tn hiu hu ch,
lm sai dng tn hiu ban u. Nhiu c th xut hin trong c 3 qu trnh pht,
truyn dn v thu. Do vic trit nhiu l mt vn quan trng cn c quan
tm trong h thng in t thng tin nhm nng cao cht lng tn hiu truyn dn.
1.1.2. S KHI CA MY PHT
My thu thanh v my thu hnh dn dng thng c i tn 1 ln. My thu
thng tin chuyn dng c i tn 2 ln nhm tng chn lc v loi b nhiu
tn s nh.
Cc tn hiu ban u (nguyn thu) dng tng t hay s cha iu ch c gi
l tn hiu bng gc (Base Band Signals). Tn hiu bng gc c th c truyn trc
tip trong mi trng truyn nh in thoi ni b (Intercom), gia cc my tnh
trong mng LAN... hoc truyn gin tip bng k thut iu ch.
2

+ iu ch: l qu trnh bin i mt trong cc thng s ca sng mang cao tn
hnh sine (bin , tn s hoc pha) t l vi tn hiu bng gc. C ba loi iu ch
tng t c bn: iu bin AM, iu tn FM, iu pha PM v cc bin th ca nh
SSB, DSB, SAM... C ba loi iu ch s c bn: ASK, FSK, PSK v cc bin th
ca nh CPFSK, QPSK, M-PSK, M-QAM...

Hnh 1.2 S khi tng qut ca my pht
+ i tn: (Trn tn-Mixer) l qu trnh dch chuyn ph ca tn hiu iu ch
ln cao ( my pht) hoc xung thp ( my thu) m khng thay i cu trc ph
(dng tn hiu) ca n thun tin cho vic x l tn hiu.
+ Tng hp tn s: (Frequency Synthesizer) l b to nhiu tn s chun c
n nh cao t mt hoc vi tn s chun ca dao ng thch anh.
+ Khuch i cng sut cao tn: Khuch i tn hiu iu ch tn s no
n mc cng sut cn thit, lc, phi hp tr khng vi anten pht.
+ Anten pht: l phn t bin i nng lng in cao tn thnh sng in t bc
x vo khng gian.
1.1.3. S KHI CA MY THU










Hnh 1.3 S khi tng qut ca my thu

3


+ Anten thu: l phn t bin i nng lng sng in t thnh tn hiu cao tn
ng vo ca my thu, anten c tnh thun nghch.
+ B khuch i cao tn tn hiu nh: (RFAmp) thng l b khuch i nhiu
thp LNA (Low Noise Amplifier). N khuch i tn hiu thu c t anten n
mc cn thit i tn xung trung tn.
+ B khuch i trung tn: IF Amp (Intermediate Frequency Amplifier): B
khuch i c chn lc cao, h s khuch i ln tng in p tn hiu n
mc cn thit cho vic gii iu ch. nhiu my thu hin i, nhm tng cht
lng, vic i tn c thc hin 2 ln nh hnh v.
+ Gii iu ch: (Demodulation) l qu trnh khi phc li tn hiu ban u (tn
hiu a vo iu ch my pht) t tn hiu trung tn.
+ Mch in t thng tin lin quan n tn s cao: B tng hp tn s, B iu
khin s, ti chn lc tn s khng thun tr, phi hp tr khng, anten, mch x l
tn hiu...
Ngy nay, cng ngh hin i chun ho vi mch hu ht phn cao tn tn hiu
nh ca my thu v my pht.
1.2. PH TN S
Vic phn loi ph tn s ra nhiu di tn nng cao hiu qu s dng my
thu:
Tn di tn Tn s Bc sng
Tn s cc thp (ELF)
Extremly Low Frequency
(30 - 300) Hz
m
6 7
10 10

Tn s ting (VF)
Voice Frequency
(300 - 3000) Hz
m
5 6
10 10

Tn s rt thp (VLF)
Very Low Frequency
(3 - 30)KHz
m
4 5
10 10

Tn s thp (LF)
Low Frequency
(30 - 300)KHz
m
3 4
10 10

Tn s trung bnh (MF)
Medium Frequency
(300 - 3000)KHz
m
2 3
10 10

Tn s cao (HF)
High Frequency
(3 - 30)MHz
m
1 2
10 10

Tn s rt cao (VHF) (30 - 300)MHz
m 1 10

4

Very High Frequency
Tn s cc cao (UHF)
Ultra High Frequency
(300 - 3000)MHz
m
1
10 1

Tn s siu cao (SHF)
Super High Frequency
(3 - 30)GHz
m
2 1
10 10

Tn s siu cc cao (EHF)
Extremly High Frequency
(30 - 300)GHz
m
3 2
10 10

Vng nh sng Hng ngoi (IR)
Infrared
m 10 7 , 0

Vng nh sng thy c
The Visible Spectrum (Light)
m 8 , 0 4 , 0

Di tn Vi ba (Microwave) c tn s t 1GHz n 40GHz c chia lm nhiu
di nh:
L Band : (1 - 2) GHz
S Band : (2 - 4) GHz
C Band : (4 - 8) GHz
X Band : (8 - 12) GHz
Ku Band : (12 - 18) GHz
K Band : (18 - 27) GHz
Ka Band : (27 - 40) GHz
1.3. BNG THNG
Bng thng l hiu gia tn s ln nht v tn s nh nht ca tn hiu. l
khong tn s m ph tn hiu chim gi hoc l khong tn s tn hiu c truyn
t my pht n my thu. Khi tn hiu ban u c iu ch ln sng mang cao
tn, ph ca tn hiu cao tn iu ch chim gi mt bng thng quanh tn s
sng mang. Tu theo kiu iu ch m bng thng cao tn c rng khc nhau.

5

Cc k thut vin thng hng n vic gim bng thng tn hiu truyn, gim
nhiu, tit kim ph tn s.
1.4. CC NG DNG K THUT THNG TIN IN T
1.4.1. THNG TIN MT CHIU (SIMPLEX)
- Pht thanh qung b AM, FM
- Truyn hnh qung b
- Truyn hnh cp
- Nhn tin
- o xa, iu khin xa
1.4.2. THNG TIN HAI CHIU (DUPLEX)
- in thoi cng cng
- in thoi v tuyn di ng hoc c nh
- in thoi di ng t bo
- Truyn hnh tng tc
- Thng tin ca cc trm mt t thng qua v tinh
- Thng tin hng khng, thng tin vi ba s
- Thng tin s liu gia cc my vi tnh...

1.5. MT S KHI NIM C BN V CAO TN
1.5.1. BN DN CNG SUT CAO TN
c c cng sut ln tn s cao, BJT cng sut cao tn c ch to
bng cng ngh c bit, nhiu tip gip Emitter nhm tng chu vi dn dng in
cao tn, gim in tr cc Base v cc in dung k sinh.

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc BJT cng sut cao tn
S tip gip Emitter c th vi chc, vi trm hoc hn na.
r
bb
=r
b
l in tr ca bn thn cc base (ph thuc vo b dy ca base)
6



Hnh 1.5 Mch tng ng ng vo BJT cng sut cao tn
Bn cht BJT l lun lun tn ti cc in dung mi ni (
ce
c b e b
C C C , ,
, ,
) nh hng
n h s khuch i tn s cao, lm gii hn tn s hot ng ca BJT.
Thng thng, kiu khuch i cao tn mc E chung cho cng sut ra ln. Tuy
nhin tn s cao, hi tip m in p qua
c b
C
,
tng, lm gim h s khuch i. T
ny tc ng nh t Miller tng ng c gi tr ln ng vo:
) 1 (
,
V
c b
inMiller
A C C + = trong AV l h s khuch i in p ca mch. T , to
ra t tng ng ng vo ca BJT cng sut cao tn nh hnh 1.6, c gi tr
e b
inMiller in
C C C
,
+ =









Hnh 1.6 T tng ng ng vo BJT cng sut cao tn
Do , tr khng vo ca BJT (ZiQ), Av, h s khuch i dng Ai, h s
khuch i cng sut Ap, | u gim khi tn s tng. BJT th hin qun tnh, p
ng vo - ra khng tc thi. Gia dng Ic v Ib c s dch pha, bin dng ra Ic
gim.
B


7

Mc B chung l gii php ti u ca khuch i cng sut cao tn, tuy h s
khuch i cng sut ca n nh hn so vi s mc E chung nhng phm vi tn
s hot ng cao hn, bng thng u v rng hn.
JFET v MOSFET c cu trc bn dn khc BJT, chng c tr khng vo ln,
in dung tip gip Cgs nh, hot ng tt tn s cao vi cng sut ln n nh
hn BJT. JFET v MOSFET cng sut cao tn ang c dng rt nhiu trong cc
h thng thng tin hin i nh trm gc BTS ca in thoi di ng t bo, pht
thanh, truyn hnh, vi ba, SSPA ( Solid State Power Amp), thng tin v tinh...
1.5.2. TRUYN CNG SUT LN NHT

Hnh 1.7 a/ Ngun cung cp cng sut cho ti ZL
b/ S ph thuc cng sut ti PRL theo RL

Cng sut trn ti:
L RL RL
R I I V P . .
2
= = (1.1)

L
S L S
RL
R
X X R R
E
P
2
2 2
) ( ) ( (
(

+ + +
=


2 2
2
) ( ) (
.
X X R R
R E
P
S L S
L
RL
+ + +
=
(1.2)
X
S
, X l phn khng ca ni tr ngun v ti.
Khi X
S
=-X th cng sut trn ti l
2
2
) (
.
L S
L
RL
R R
R E
P
+
=
Kho st s bin thin P
RL
theo R
L
bng cch ly o hm, cho bng zero.
0
) (
] 2 ) .[(
3
2
'
=
+
+
=
L S
L L S
RL
R R
R R R E
P
Suy ra R
S
=R
L
. Khi cng sut trn ti l cc i:
8


S L
RL
R
E
R
E
P
4 4
2 2
max
= =
th bin thin P
RL
theo R
L
cho hnh 1.7b.
Vy tr khng ngun bng tr khng ti R
S
+ jX
S
= R
L
- jX hay R
S
= R
L
v
X
S
=-X Ta ni c s truyn cng sut ln nht ra ti.
Nu yu cu truyn cng sut ln nht trong c mt di tn s th gi tr thch
hp cho phi hp tr khng khng phn x l Z
L
= Z
S
hay R
S
+ jX
S
= R
L
+ jX.
Tuy nhin hiu sut s nh hn so vi mt tn s. Vn ny lin qua n s
la chn truyn tn hiu trn dy truyn sng.
1.5.3. MCH IU HNG SONG SONG V NI TIP (PARALLEL
AND SERIAL TUNED CIRCUIT)
Mch iu hng song song:
Cho mch L, C song song, trong r - in tr tn hao ca cun dy. Tr
khng tng ng ca mch iu hng:

) (
) )( (
C L
C L
eq
X X j r
jX jX r
Z
+
+
=
(1.3)
X
L
=eL : Cm khng cun dy.
C
X
c
e
1
= : dung khng ca t in.

Hnh 1.8 Mch iu hng song song
Thng thng r << X
L
nn:

) (
C L
C L
mch
X X j r
X X
eq
Z
+
=
.
Ti tn s cng hng e=e
0
=
LC
1
c

e
e = = = = =
C
L
C
L X X
C L
0
0
1
(1.4)
9


- tr khng c tnh.
Thay th vo biu thc tnh tr khng:

) (
0 0
2
) (
e
e
e

e
eq R
C
Q
LQ Q
r r
X X
o
C L
o eq
mch
Z = = = = = =
(1.5)

C L mch
X
q
X
q
r
Q
) ( Re ) ( Re
0 0
e e
= = =
(1.6)
Q l h s phm cht ca mch cng hng song song.
Bng thng
Q
fo
B = ; e
0
=2tf
0
.

Hnh 1.9 p tuyn Zeq(e)
Ti tn s cng hng e=e
o
, tr khng ca mch cng hng song song coi
nh thun tr c Req(e
o
) ln. Ti tn s lch cng hng e=ne
o
(n = 2,3,..), tr
khng Zeq(ne
o
) coi nh thun khng rt nh Zeq(ne
o
)=-jn/(n2+1)<< Req(e
o
).
p tuyn ca Req(e
o
) c dng nh hnh 1.9
V d: hnh 1.8 c C = 10pF; Q = 200; f
0
= 10MHz. Tnh Req(e
o
) v r.
Gii: O = = =

k
C
Q
eq R
o
o
318
10 . 10 . 10 . 14 . 3 . 2
200
12 7
) ( e e

O = = = 96 , 7
200
10 . 318 ) ( Re
2
3
2
0
Q
q
r
e

1. Ghp mt phn in cm mch cng hng:
10


Hnh 1.10 Ghp mt phn in cm

( ) ( )
2
1
2
0
2
1 0
. |
.
|

\
|
= =
L
L
r
L
r
L
Z
e
e e
; ) ( Re ) ( Re . 0
0 0
2
e e q q P Z
e
s = s (1.7)
P = L
1
/L : h s ghp vo khung cng hng.
L = L
1
+L
2

2. Ghp mt phn in dung mch cng hng:
) ( Re . .
1 1
0
2
2
1
2
0
2
1 0
e
e e
q P
C
C
r
C
r
C
Z
e
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= (1.8)
1 2 1
2 1
;
.
C
C
P
C C
C C
C =
+
= : h s ghp; ) ( Re 0
0
e q Ze s s

Hnh 1.11 Ghp mt phn in dung
Cc bin th cch ghp mch iu hng:

Hnh 1.12 a/ Ghp mt phn in dung ng vo, in cm ng ra
b/ Ghp mt phn in cm ng vo v ra
Mch iu hng in t: thay th t C trong mch iu hng song bi varicap.
11


Hnh 1.13 a/ K hiu Varicap. b/ c tuyn Varicap.c/ Mch iu hng in t
Mch iu hng song song v cc bin th dng lm mch tin chn lc ng
vo my thu, ti chn lc cao tn, b chn lc trung tn, dao ng, phi hp tr
khng v.v..
Mch iu hng ni tip:
Tr khng tng ng Zeq = r+jx = r+j(eL-1/eC) (1.9)
Tng tr:
2 2
x r Z
eq
+ = (1.10)
Gc pha: (Zeq) = arctg(x/r) (1.11)
Ti tn s cng hng ni tip e
0
c e
0
L = 1/(e
0
C) nn Zeq(e
0
) = r. Mch iu
hng ni tip thng c dng lm mch lc.
1.6. MCH PHI HP TR KHNG DNG BIN P
Bin p l mt trong nhng thnh phn phi hp tr khng thch hp nht. Bin
p li st dng tn s thp, d dng bin i tr khng theo yu cu tu vo t s
vng dy cun s cp v th cp.

2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s
p
L
i
n
n
Z
Z
hay
L
i
s
p
Z
Z
n
n
= (1.12)
n
p
, n
s
s vng cun dy s cp v th cp.
Bin p li khng kh dng tn s cao c hiu sut thp hn bin p li st
tn s thp. Mt li st t c bit hnh xuyn c ch to lm bin p phi hp
tr khng tn s cao. Kiu bin p t ngu li xuyn cng c dng phi hp
tr khng gia cc tng.

Hnh 1.14 Phi hp tr khng dng bin p t ngu
12

Bin p li Ferrite buc t trng to bi cun s cp tp trung vo li, nh
c mt s u im quan trng sau:
Th nht l li Ferrite khng bc x nng lng cao tn do khng cn bc
gip, trong khi li khng kh th ngc li v khng tp trung c t trng.
Phn mch my thu, my pht dng li khng kh phi bc kim trnh giao thoa tn
hiu vi phn mch khc.
Th hai l hu ht t trng to bi cun s cp u ct qua cun th cp
nn t s vng dy cun s cp - th cp, t s in p vo - ra hay t s tr khng
tng t nh bin p tn s thp.
Trong nhiu thit k mch to cao tn mi, bin p li xuyn c dng phi
hp tr khng gia cc tng. i khi cun s v th cp ca loi bin p ny c
dng lm in cm ca mch iu hng.
Cun cm li xuyn dng RF c u im hn li khng kh v t thm
cao ca li dn n in cm ln, c bit khi a thm li st vo th in cm
tng lt.
Vi ng dng trong cao tn, iu c ngha l gi tr in cm s tng nu
thm mt s t vng dy m kch thc cun cm vn nh. Vi vng dy c in tr
nh tc l h s phm cht Q ca cun dy ln hn so vi li khng kh.
Cun dy li xuyn t thc s thay th cun dy li khng kh trong cc my
pht hin i. ng dng nhiu nht ca n l gim thiu s vng dy m vn c gi
tr in cm ln. Bin p li xuyn t c th u ni cho php phi hp tr khng
di rng cao tn.
Du chm ch pha ca vng dy, t s vng dy bin p 1:1 cng l t s phi
hp tr khng.

Hnh 1.15 Bin p Balun kt ni i xng hay bt i xng ti vi ngun cao tn.
13


Hnh 1.16 Bin p Balun phi hp tng v gim tr khng
Nhiu bin p balun khc c t s bin i tr khng 9:1; 16:1 c c bng
cch mc ni tip bin p balun c t s bin i ln. iu ch cc vng dy
khng c gy nn cng hng tn s lm vic di rng.
Bin p balun di rng hu ch cho thit k khuch i cng sut cao tn di
rng, khng cn phi iu chnh phc tp phn cng sut cao tn, tuy nhin lc hi
bc cao khng c tt. Mt gii php khc phc l thit k phn mc cng sut
nh dng mch iu hng loi hi bc cao, tng cng sut ra cao tn, di rng. B
khuch i cng sut ra cao tn c th hot ng ch A, B, C v D (ch
ng m).

Hnh 1.17 Khuch i cng sut cao tn ch A di rng dng bin p Balun phi
hp tr khng.

Trong nhiu trng hp, Anten nm trn ct cao p cch xa my pht, my thu.
V d Anten thu TV, anten my pht thanh - pht hnh, anten viba v.v. Dy truyn
sng ni gia anten pht vi ng ra my pht hoc ng vo my thu vi anten thu
c tr khng bng nhau th c cng sut ln nht. C hai loi dy truyn sng c
bn:
Dy cn bng (balance line) gm 2 dy dn song song cch in v cch nhau
mt khong xc nh cn gi l dy song hnh. Dng cao tn chy trn mi dy nh
nhau so vi t nhng ngc chiu nhau, khng dy no ni t.
14

Dy bt cn bng (unbalance line) gm 1 dy dn tn hiu cch in vi 1 dy
bc ni t, cn gi l cable ng trc.
V d: dy song hnh TV c tr khng 300O, c ni vi anten thu c tr
khng 300O. Cp ng trc 50O ni gia ng ra my pht vi anten pht bt i
xng c tr khng 50O.
Thng s cp ng trc:
Cable Tr
khng
O
Suy hao dB/100m
100MHz 200MHz 400MHz 600MHz 800MHz 1GHz
3CV2 75 19,5
5C2V 75 12,5
RG58V 50 12,3 17,8 26,1 30,1 34,7 43,3
RG58CV 50 15,8 23,5 34,8 38,7 44,6 57,7
RG59V 75 10,4 15,6 23,4 25,4 29,4 38,2
RG59B/V 75 10,7 16 23,6 26,2 30,2 38,6
PN150A 75 4,2 6,2 8,8 10,8 12,4 13,9

1.7. NG DNG VARICAP TRONG IN T THNG TIN
1.7.1. KHI NIM
Varicap l mt linh kin bn dn c in dung thay i theo in p t vo mi
ni p-n ca n. Varicap c ng dng nhiu trong cc b thu pht sng VHF v
UHF, dng thay i tn s trong cc b cng hng la chn cc knh sng,
nhn v chia tn s, t ng kim sot tn s, iu ch AM, FM hoc s dng
trong cc my o tn s cao v cc my o cng trng.
Varicap c k hiu nh sau:

Hnh 1.18 Cc k hiu thng dng ca Varicap




15














Mch tng ng Varicap:

Hnh 1.20
Ls: in cm do dy dn kt hp vi cu trc bn dn.
Rs: in tr ni tip.
Cj: in dung bn trong varicap, c gi tr thay i theo phn p t vo.
Rp: in tr thay i theo in p vo, c gi tr ln nht khi varicap phn cc
nghch v rt nh khi varicap phn cc thun.
Cc: in dung tip xc do dy dn.
Mch tng ng varicap thng c s dng:

Hnh 1.21 Mch tng ng ca n gin Varicap
Cng thc tiu biu tnh in dung theo in p phn cc:

) ( +
=
V
K
C
V
(1.13)
C
V
: in dung tng ng vi in th vo

Hnh 1.19 Cu trc bn trong tiu biu ca Varicap
[ngun: Wikipedia]

R
S
C
J
16

V: in p t ln varicap gm in p phn cc v in p tn hiu xoay
chiu

AC PC
V V V + =

: h s ph thuc vo vt liu =1/3...1/2
K: h s ph thuc cu trc bn dn
: hiu in th tip xc = 0,5 0,65

Hnh 1.22 Nguyn l hot ng ca Varicap
V d khi =1/2 th biu thc (1.13) tr thnh:
+
=
V
K
C
V
. T biu thc ny
ta thy CV t l nghch vi cn bc hai ca in p phn cc nghch (V) t vo
Varicap. Ngoi ra cng t hnh 4.1c ta thy khi in p phn cc nghch cho
Varicap cng tng ln th vng ngho cng rng, in dung ca varicap
d
S
C
V
0
cc

t l nghch vi rng ca ca vng ngho nn s cng gim.
c tuyn varicap tiu biu ca Varicap

Hnh 1.23 c tuyn ca Varicap
17

Ta nhn thy in dung varicap u thay i khi phn cc thun v phn cc
nghch thay i. Tuy nhin, khi phn cc thun th dng qua varicap l dng thun
s thay i rt ln v Rp c tr s nh, iu ny lm gim phm cht ca mch cng
hng. Trong iu kin phn cc nghch, dng qua varicap rt b, Rp rt ln,
varicap c xem nh khng tiu tn nng lng (Q|). Do varicap thng c
phn cc nghch lm vic. c tuyn c dng ty thuc vo s phn b tp cht
trong diode bin dung.
V d phn cc cho Varicap:

Tn : BA 163
in p ngc t 1V n 12V
Cng dng in thun cc i:
ILvmax = 12/33k = 0,4 mA

1.7.2. CC CH TIU K THUT CA VARICAP
1. in th lm vic cc i ca varicap: MWV (Maximum Working Voltage) l
in p lm vic cao nht DC v AC nh, qu in p ny varicap s hng. in
p ny bng in p phn cc, thay i ty tng loi varicap t -7V -200V
2. in p nh thng: BRV (Breakdown Voltage) l in p lm cho dng phn
cc gia tng nhanh gy h hng (nh thng).
3. Dng in ngc cc i: l dng in ng vi in th ngc lm vic cc
i, ty thuc vo loi v cch cu to varicap m dng in ny thay i t:
0,005A5A.
4. Cng sut tiu tn Pd l cng sut cc i m varicap c th tiu tn c. Ty
theo tng loi cng sut ny thng thay i t 200mW n 2,5W.
5. in dung nh mc C: l in dung danh nh ca varicap, n c xc nh
mt in p no v tn s xc nh, gi tr c th l vi pF n 2000pF. Cc
varicap c in dung nh mc thp thng c s dng trong cc my thu pht
viba.
Cc gi tr in dung nh mc nh sau:
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 ...... .9 1PF
3 4 5 6,5 6,6 7 8 8,2 10 12 PF
14 15 18 20 22 22,5 24 27 33 35PF
39 47 50 53 56 65 68 70 71 82PF
100 150 250 350 500 1000 2000PF
18

6. H s phm cht Q : l t s in khng v in tr ni tip
s
CR
Q
e
1
=
Q c ghi r tn s v in th nht nh, Q thng c gi tr t 3 n 100
7. in tr ni tip Rs: to ra ch yu do in tr mi ni bn dn, t cu trc
bn dn n u ra. Tuy n cng t l vi tn s f nhng khng ng k.
8. Tn s ct f
Co
: l f ti Q = 1, thng thng f
Co
= 50MHz n 500MHz
9. Tn s cng hng ring: l tn s bn thn varicap cng hng khng c
thnh phn bn ngoi. Thng do cc in cm v in dung trong varicap to nn.
Thng thng t 150MHz n 2GHz. i vi varicap hot ng tn s thp th
dng in thun I
f
l dng ca varicap cho php khi n ri vo iu kin phn cc
thun. Khi ip p ngc t vo diode cng ln th khong cch d ca tip gip
cng tng v Cv gim.

1.7.3. HOT NG CA VARICAP
1.7.3.1. VARICAP TRONG CC MCH LC

Hnh 1.24
Trong hai s trn ta chn: R
2
>>R
1
R
2
khng nh hng n cc thng s
mch lc.
19


Hnh 1.25Mch lc thng thp v lc thng cao
1.7.3.2. VARICAP DNG TRONG MCH LC NHIU

Hnh 1.26
1.7.3.3. GHP CC VARI CAP

Hnh 1.27
1.7.3.4. VARICAP TRONG MCH CNG HNG
a. Cng hng ni tip

Hnh 1.28
b. Cng hng song song
20


Hnh 1.29

1.7.3.5. VARICAP TRONG CC B NHN TN

Hnh 1.30
Varicap c s dng trong cc b nhn tn c u im l n gin hn cc
mch nhn tn dng BJT, FET v trong b nhn tn dng varicap hu nh khng
cn cung cp nng lng.
Tn hiu Vi qua b lc f
1
to ra dng in qua varicap. Do c tuyn khng
thng ca varicap nn s sinh ra cc hi bc cao ca f
1
. u ra ca b lc th hai
c fn = nf1 s cho ra tn hiu l nf1. Varicap c in tr ni tip rt b do cng
sut tiu th l do thnh phn khng l ch yu, s mt mt rt thp do dng
varicap c hiu sut rt cao, thng thng l 90% (so vi BJT hay FET hiu sut c
50%).
1.7.4. NG DNG VARICAP TRONG CC MY THU
Mi varicap c in dung danh nh khc nhau, vi in p phn cc thay
i s cho ta gi tr
min v
C
ax vm
C . Ty thuc vo h s trm bng ca mi bng
sng (K=fmax/fmin) ta chn varicap thch hp da vo cng thc sau y:
min
max
min
max
C
C
f
f
=

21

LC
f
t 2
1
=

ax m
f ng vi
min v
C v
min
f ng vi
ax vm
C
1.7.4.1. VARICAP MC Y KO (CNG HNG CN BNG)

Hnh 1.31
Thng thng chng ta dng mt varicap cng hng. Trong mt s trng
hp i vi tn hiu xoay chiu varicap s ri vo vng phn cc thun lm tng
dng phn cc, gim h s phm cht ca mch, ng thi lm quan h gia C
V
v
V khng cn tuyn tnh. khc phc nhfc im ny ngi ta dng hai varicap
mc y ko nh hnh v. Hai Varicap c phn cc ng thi nh in p phn
cc a vo mch qua in tr R. Khi tn hiu cao tn p vo 2 Varicap ging nhau,
n s li chng n nhng gi tr in dung cao thp lun phin nhau. Do in
dung tng ng ca mch gn nh khng i theo in p cao tn. Tuy nhin
mch c nhc im l lm gim gi tr C
Vt
, do phai chn varicap c in dung
danh nh ln hn.
1.7.4.2. VARI CAP DNG TRONG MCH CNG HNG N TNG.

Hnh 1.32 Varicap cng hng n
22


Hnh 1.33 Varicap y ko/ cn bng
R: tr phn cc
L
1
, C
V
: khung cng hng
R
V
: chnh In p phn cc cho Varicap
L
2
: cun cn cao tn, khng cho tn hiu cao tn t khung cng hng tr v gy
nhiu ngun cung cp. C
2
: t thot cao tn.
1.7.4.3. VARICAP DNG TRONG MCH CNG HNG NHIU TNG.

Hnh 1.34
23


Hnh 1.35

Hnh 1.36
24

1.7.4.4. MCH T NG KIM SOT TN S AFC (AUTOMATIC
FREQUENCY CONTROL)

Hnh 1.37









Thng dng cho cc my thu FM
Hnh 1.38. c tuyn ch S thun v hnh 1.39. c tuyn ch S ngc.
Mch hot ng theo nguyn l c tuyn ch S ngc. Mc ch ca mch
l gi n nh tn s f
0
; khng cho n thay i theo cc tc nhn bin i chm nh
nhit , gi ci ca thit b
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch c trnh by tm tt nh sau:
Gi s tc nhn bin i chm lm f
0
tng mt lng +Af thnh f
0
+Af, lm f
IF
=
f
0
+Af f
a
tng ln cng vi 1 lng +Af. Qua mch tch sng FM-c tuyn S
ngc (Detector: trong hnh 1.38) +Af bin thnh -Av
0
, ngha l v
0
gim 1 lng -
Av
0
; qua mch phn p R
p1
-R
p2
, qua mch lc thng thp R
2
C
2
, gim in p phn
p cho varicap lm C
V
tng ln; iu ny lm gim tn s dao ng f
0
ca mch dao
v
0
Af

A

B

v
0
Af

C

D

Hnh 1.38. c tuyn ch S thun.
Hnh 1.39. c tuyn ch S ngc
25

ng ni; ngha l lm f
0
gim tr v gi tr c nh (trc khi tng nh gi thit
trn).
Trng hp tc nhn bin i chm lm f
0
gim mt lng Af, ta l lun tng
t th s thy f
0
tng ln. Ngha l mch c tc dng n nh tn s dao ng. Ch
mch lc thng thp R
2
C
2
c tc dng ch hi tip i lng Av
0
gy ra do tc nhn
bin i chm, cn Av do tn hiu hu ch to ra th khng b hi tip m v c
a ra loa
1.7.4.5. MCH IU CH FM


Hnh 1.40
C
V
L
2
: Khung cng hng u ra ca 1 b dao ng, bin dao ng khung
ny c gi khng i.
T: Bin th lin lc (m tn). Vm, fm: in p v tn s m tn cn iu ch.
Vc, fc: in p v tn s sng mang cao tn, fc c hng trm MHz. Nu fm cao
(chng hn trong video) ngi ta thay bin th T bng OP-TRON.

Hnh 1.41
R
1
: in tr cch ly, C
2
: t ngn DC, L
1
: RFC, C
3
: t thot, C
1
: t thot cao tn
ngn nh hng cao tn v m tn.
* Khi Vm tng : p phn cc Varicap tng do C
V
gim lm f tng.
* Khi Vm gim: p phn cc Varicap gim nn C
V
gim lm f gim.
1.7.4.6. MCH IU CH AM
Khung cng hng ca b dao ng c tn s sng mang RF = fsc chun
c ghp sang (L
2
, C
V
) bng in cm. Mi khi tn hiu vm (m tn) thay i lm
26

thay i phn cc varicap v lm CV thay i L
2
, C
V
c tn s cng hng ring
V
CH
C L
f
2
2
1
t
= lch so vi fsc Bin pht x ra anten gim, ngha l tn hiu
pht ra c bin thay i theo vm. Ta c th iu ch theo dng AM, SSB, DSB,...
Trong mch v in tr varicap rt ln do tn hiu m tn a vo iu
ch khng cn c cng sut cao m chng ta c th thc hin t micro sau 2 tng
khuch i cng cho tn hiu cn iu ch.

Hnh 1.42
1.7.4.7. MY O SNG HP TH (GRID DIP METER)

Hnh 1.43

y l phng php o tn s o cc tn s rt ln (c >100MHz) Nu L
v Cv ng tn s khung L, C
V
cng hng mnh t C
2
c np in qua D
A ch gi tr cc i khi c L v C
V
th ta bit c tn s f
x
cn o.
Cch o v c: my o c nhiu tm o tng ng vi cc cun dy L, L,
L, L. Chng hn:
27

L tng ng: 10 MHz 20MHz
L tng ng: 20MHz 50MHz
Ltng ng: 50MHz 100MHz
L tung ng: 100MHz 300MHz
Khi chn mt trong cc cun dy th tng ng vi cc bng khc f c
khc ln bin tr R
V
ch tr s f cn o.
Gi s cn o mt tn s fx no , trc tin ta chn tm bng cch chn mt
trong cc cun dy L, L, L, L, sau chnh bin tr R
V
n lc tng ng vi
A ch gi tr cc i c c gi tr ca fx khc trn bng khc ca R
V
.
My o ny c khung cng hng L, C
V
c nhn nng lng t mt khung
cng hng khc nn gi l my o sng hp th.
1.7.4.8. MY O TRNG
My o cng trng, thng dng cho ngnh vin thng.

Hnh 1.44
Dng o cng in trng ti cc im thu xc nh vng c
cng trng bng nhau hoc mnh nht, phc v cho cng tc qui hoch hoc
kim tra.
Gi s sng ti c tn s f = 100MHz ti cc im khc nhau. Trc tin ta
chnh R
3
L, C
V
cng hng ng tn s ca sng ti f = 100MHz. Lc c
ch s ch cc i ca A k. Sau vn gi nguyn v tr chit p R
3
( gi f =
100MHz) v tin hnh o tng t cc im khc nhau cn o. Mi ln di chuyn
n mt v tr, ta ghi ch s c c trn A k. Lm nh th ta s thng k c
nhng v tr c cng in trng mnh nht.
Dy cp dng cch ly ni o vi ngi ang s dng my.
R
2
: dng iu chnh tm cho A k.
28

1.7.4.9. MY PHT SNG QUT: DNG CN CHNH CHO MY THU

Hnh 1.45
L, C
V
l khung cng hng ca 1 mch dao ng t kch.
Tn hiu dao ng qut c dng rng ca s cng vi V
DC
phn cc cho
varicap C
V
lm cho in p phn cc tng tuyn tnh. Do khung dao ng L, C
V

s to tn s t f0min n f0max. Sau nu ta a tn hiu V
Output
vo mch tch
sng FM v a vo mch dao ng k ta s c dng c tuyn ch S thun nh
hnh v vi iu kin di tn s f
0min
f
0max
c thit k trong khong trung tn
FM, AM ca my thu. My ny c th kt hp vi my nh du v dao ng k
lm xut hin dng sng ca p tuyn bng thng trung tn trong my thu hnh h
FCC. Thit b ny gi l my pht sng qut v nh du (sweep and marker).

Hnh 1.46
1.7.4.10. VOLK DC
Kha K dng chuyn tm 15V, 150V, 1500V.
29

T dao ng thch anh chun 27MHz ta ghp qua bin th cm ng L
1
, L
2
.
Thit k L
2
=23 H. nh chun sao cho tm ti a 15V, 150V, 1500V th L
2
, C
V
cng hng ng ti tn s f = 27MHz v khi A k ch gi tr cc i. Nu in
p DC cn o < 15V th tn s cng hng L C
V
by gi s lch gi tr 27MHz v
kim in k s ch gi tr b hn. Khi i tm o, ty thuc vo v tr 1, 2, 3 m cc
in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, R
4
hnh thnh cu phn p suy gim in p 150V v 1500V
xung cn ti a l 15V.

Hnh 1.47