IFC EHS General Guidelines VNese

Chng trnh T vn ca IFC ti ng - Thi Bnh Dng
Hng dn chung Mi trng - Sc khe - An ton (EHS)

Hp tc cng
Chng trnh T vn ca IFC ti ng Thi Bnh Dng
Hng dn chung Mi trng - Sc khe - An ton (EHS)
Ti liu lu hnh ni b
Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: GII THIU
LI M U
IFC ang n lc h tr Tng cc Mi trng thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng r sot v xy dng k hoch nm nm v xy dng v hon thin cc quy nh v tiu chun k thut v mi trng. Cun sch S tay Hng dn chung v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton ny nh du mt bc quan trng trong quan h hp tc ca B v IFC. Cun S tay ny nhm cung cp kp thi cc tiu chun k thut quc t gip Vit Nam xy dng v iu chnh cc tiu chun quc gia ca mnh ph hp vi cc tiu chun/thng l quc t. Chng ti cng hy vng cun sch s ng gp vo n lc chung ca Vit Nam hng ti s pht trin kinh t x hi bn vng. Cun sch ny c dch t cun Hng dn chung v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton ca IFC.
IFC has been supporting the Vietnam Environment Administration under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in reviewing the countrys environmental standards and in developing a 5-year roadmap for improving or revising national environmental technical standards. This Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines Handbook is an outcome of this cooperation and marks an important step forward in the long term partnership between the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and IFC. This Handbook provides timely international technical standards to help Vietnam integrate international best practices into its national environmental standards development and update. We hope that these efforts would contribute to Vietnams overall transformation to sustainable development. The Handbook is based on the IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHS) Guidelines.
IFC, l mt trong nhng t chc ti chnh pht trin ang n lc hot ng v s u t v pht trin bn vng cc nn kinh t ang pht trin, lun p dng cc tiu chun mi trng v x hi trong mi hot ng u t v tn dng ca mnh nhm gim thiu cc tc ng c hi n mi trng v cng ng dn c. Nhng tiu chun mi trng v x hi ny c c quy nh trong Khung Pht trin bn vng ca IFC, trong bao gm B Tiu chun hot ng v Mi trng v X hi v Hng dn Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton (EHS). Nhng tiu chun ny v ang c nh gi l chun mc bn vng i vi hot ng u t t nhn trn ton th gii. B Tiu chun hot ng Mi trng v X hi (The Performance Standards) quy nh vai tr v trch nhim ca khch hng khi xy dng v qun l nhng d n nhn c s h tr t IFC. B Tiu chun hot ng Mi trng v X hi l xc tc quy t cc tiu chun khc nhau ang c s dng trong ti tr t nhn v chnh s quy t ny to mt sn chi bnh ng cho cc t chc tn dng. Mt minh ho c th l cho n nay c 70 t chc ti chnh p dng Nguyn tc
Xch o (the Equator Principles) - mt b nguyn tc c xy dng da trn B Tiu chun hot ng Mi trng v X hi ca IFC, nhm m bo cc d n h ti tr c thc hin c trch nhim vi x hi v s dng cc bin php bo v mi trng ti u nht. Nguyn tc Xch o tr thnh chun mc ti tr d n ton cu. Nguyn tc ny lm thay i v cht phn ln hot ng ti tr d n trn th gii, chim khong 80% tng ti tr d n. Thm vo , 32 t chc tn dng xut khu thuc cc nc thnh vin OECD v 16 t chc ti chnh pht trin Chu u cng ang s dng B Tiu chun hot ng Mi trng v X hi ca IFC nh gi cc d n do t nhn u t. IFC hin ang ly kin rng ri r sot li vic thc hin B Tiu chun hot ng v Mi trng v X hi nhm ngy cng nng cao hiu qu p dng ca B tiu chun ny cng nh iu chnh cho ph hp vi nhng xu hng mi ca th trng th gii.
IFC, as the leading development financial institution promoting sustainable private sector investments in emerging markets, applies environmental and social standards to all of its lending activities to minimize and manage potential negative impacts on the environment and on affected communities. These environmental and social standards are embodied in IFCs Sustainability Framework, including the Performance Standards and the EHS Guidelines. They are acknowledged as a benchmark for sustainability in private sector investments globally. The Performance Standards define clients' roles and responsibilities for managing their projects and the requirements for receiving and retaining IFC support. The Performance Standards have catalyzed the convergence of standards for private sector financing and this convergence has leveled the playing field for financial institutions. As an example, to date, 70 financial institutions have adopted the Equator Principles, which are based on the Performance Standards, in order to ensure that the projects they finance are developed in a manner that is socially responsible and reflect sound environmental management practices. The Equator Principles have become the global standard for project finance. The Principles have transformed the funding of major projects around the world, representing 80 percent of global project finance. In addition, 32 export credit agencies of the OECD countries and 16 European Development Financial Institutions also benchmark private sector projects against the Performance Standards. IFC is currently reviewing its experience in implementing the Performance Standards with a broad stakeholder consultation. The review is expected to improve the effectiveness of the Performance Standards and capture new developments and trends in the marketplace.
B Hng dn EHS c Ngn hng th gii ban hnh ban u vi mc ch l cng c qun l nhim cho cc nh qun l mi trng cc nc ang pht trin. Theo thi gian, b hng dn ny ngy cng c s dng ph bin bi cc nh lp d n, cc chuyn gia mi trng - v sau ny c coi l b Hng dn c p dng nhiu nht bi tnh thc tin cao. Hin nay b Hng dn ny c s dng, vt ra ngoi phm vi cc d n ca Nhm Ngn hng Th gii, bi cc t chc thuc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh cc nh ch ti chnh quc t, cc nh lp chnh
sch, cc nh sn xut, nh nghin cu v c cc ngn hng thng mi, c bit l nhng ngn hng gia nhp Nguyn tc Xch o.
The EHS Guidelines were first published by the World Bank as a pollution management tool for environmental regulators in emerging markets. Over time, the various versions of the industrial sector Guidelines became popular with project developers and consultants, who today consider the Guidelines as de facto international standard. Their use extends well beyond World Bank Group operations to a diverse external community, such as other international financial institutions, regulators, industry, academics, and commercial banks, including the international banks that have adopted the Equator Principles.
Cho n nm 2007, IFC cp nht li B Hng dn EHS h tr cc khch hng (c ngn hng v doanh nghip) ca mnh thc thi B Tiu chun hot ng. Hng dn EHS mi l mt ti liu hng dn k thut h tr thc thi Tiu chun s 3 v Phng chng v gim thiu nhim. B Hng dn EHS gm mt hng dn chung v 63 hng dn ngnh. y l ti liu c thit k nhm cung cp n cc nh qun l v hoch nh chnh sch mt s thng tin c bn v tng ngnh sn xut v nhng vn k thut lin quan n qun l mi trng v x hi ca d n thuc tng ngnh. B Hng dn cng khuyn ngh mt s bin php nhm phng trnh, gim thiu v kim sot nhng tc ng n mi trng, sc khe v an ton trong sut qu trnh xy dng, vn hng v ngng hot ng ca mt d n hay mt c s sn xut.
In 2007, IFC updated the EHS Guidelines in order to assist partner banks and enterprises in implementing its (Environmental and Social) Performance Standards. The new EHS guidelines are technical documents to be applied consistent with Performance Standard 3 on Pollution Prevention and Abatement. The Guidelines include one general guideline plus 63 sector specific guidelines. They are designed to assist managers and decision makers with relevant industry background and technical information. This information supports actions aimed at avoiding, minimizing, and controlling environmental, health, and safety impacts during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phase of a project or facility.
Chng ti rt vui mng khi thy B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v ang n lc a cc thc tin tt ca quc t vo trong cc chnh sch v quy nh cng nh cng c qun l ri ro mi trng v x hi ca Vit Nam. Chng ti hy vng cun S tay ny cng vi cc hng dn chuyn ngnh s ng gp mt phn vo n lc chung v l mt ti liu tham kho hu ch trong qu trnh son tho v ban hnh cc quy nh hng dn v mi trng. Chng ti cng hy vng cun S tay ny cng hu ch cho tt c cc nh u t v doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc hin ang hot ng ti Vit Nam v l ti liu tham kho v cc chun mc quc t v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton x hi c s dng ph bin nht.
We are very pleased to see that MONRE is taking the lead to promote international best practices in environmental and social risk management and continue developing policy guidelines and tools for implementation. We hope this Handbook can contribute to these efforts and serve as a key reference document during the formulation of new environmental and sector specific technical standards. We also hope that the Handbook will prove useful for domestic and international investors and manufacturers operating in Vietnam and guide them on international standards in environmental, health and safety.
IFC s tip tc h tr B Ti nguyn v Mi trng bng kinh nghim, ngun lc, con ngi v hy vng trong thi gian ti, s c nhiu doanh nghip ti Vit Nam p dng cc chun mc quc t trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca h hng ti mt s pht trin thnh vng bn vng.
IFC will be here to provide ongoing support to MONREs efforts with our knowledge, resources and people and hope to see more and more businesses in Vietnam integrate these standards and principles into their operation towards a sustainable growth.
Karin Finkelston Gim c vng ng Thi Bnh Dng, T chc Ti chnh Quc t (IFC) Nhm Ngn hng th gii
LI NI U
Trong bi cnh bin i kh hu, Vit Nam c nhng cam kt mnh m cng vi cng ng th gii trong vic n lc thc hin nhng chng trnh hnh ng c th nhm gim thiu v ng ph vi tc ng ca bin i kh hu, ci thin cht lng mi trng, hng ti cc mc tiu v pht trin bn vng. IFC (International Finance Coporation), mt t chc thnh vin ca Ngn hng Th gii, khi xng v i u trong vic xut cc chnh sch, nhng tiu ch cn thit v mi trng v x hi i vi cc d n ti tr, nhm bo m li ch ca cc bn lin quan, coi trng vic thc hin cc mc tiu v an sinh x hi v bo v mi trng. Cun s tay Hng dn v Mi trng, An ton v Sc khe (Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines) do IFC ban hnh vi quy m p dng trn ton cu, gm cc ti liu k thut tham kho, cung cp cc thng tin ton din v khi nim, nguyn tc c bn i vi tng ngnh, tng lnh vc c th, nhm t c nhng tiu ch bn vng v mi trng v x hi. Cc hng dn ny i hi vic nh gi cc tc ng ca d n i vi cng ng, mi trng, ti nh c, a dng sinh hc v di sn vn ho trong qu trnh lp d n, nhn mnh n hot ng cng b thng tin, tham vn cng ng v khuyn khch s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh lp cc d n do Ngn hng Th gii ti tr. C th thy rng, vic p dng cc ni dung trong s tay Hng dn v Mi trng, An ton v Sc khe m IFC xut l mt hot ng quan trng, gip Vit Nam thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin bn vng trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t quc t v bin i kh hu ton cu. Mc d, thi im hin ti, mt s ch tiu xut tng i kht khe, c th gy kh khn khi p dng trong thc t ca Vit Nam, nhng y l tin Vit Nam thc hin tt hn na nhng mc tiu v tng trng kinh t bn vng, kt hp vi an sinh x hi v bo v mi trng. 7
Thay mt cho B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Ti xin gi li cm n ti t chc IFC cng nh tp th cn b, nhn vin, nhng ngi n lc lao ng v sng to c th cho ra i cun s tay ny. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng mong mun IFC s tip tc h tr cc hot ng hp tc vi cc n v trc thuc B, gp phn vo s nghip bo v mi trng Vit Nam ni ring v trn ton th gii ni chung. Bi Cch Tuyn Th trng B Ti nguyn Mi trng
HNG DN CHUNG V MI TRNG, SC KHE V AN TON
Gii thiu
Hng dn v mi trng, sc khe v an ton (EHS) l cc ti liu tham kho k thut vi cc v d chung v ca cc ngnh cng nghip c th v thc hnh cng nghip quc t tt (GIIP).1 Khi mt hoc nhiu thnh vin ca Nhm Ngn hng th gii tham gia vo mt d n, th cc hng dn EHS c p dng nh iu kin bt buc ca ngn hng th gii v chnh sch v tiu chun. Cc hng dn EHS chung c thit k ng s dng vi Hng dn EHS cho cc ngnh cng nghip lin quan, cung cp hng dn cho ngi s dng v cc vn EHS cc ngnh cng nghip c th. i vi d n phc hp, c th cn s dng cc hng dn cho khu vc cng nghip a ngnh. Danh mc y v hng dn cho cc ngnh cng nghip c th tm :
1 c nh ngha l phn thc hnh k nng chuyn nghip, chm ch, thn trng v d bo trc t cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim v lnh ngh tham gia vo cng mt loi hnh v thc hin di cng mt hon cnh trn ton cu. Cc hon cnh m cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim v lo luyn c th thy khi nh gi bin ca vic phng nga nhim v cc k thut kim sot sn c cho d n c th bao gm, nhng khng gii hn, cc cp a dng v thoi ho mi trng v nng lc ng ho mi trng cng nh cc cp v mc kh thi ti chnh v k thut.
www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/Envir onmentalGuidelines
Hng dn EHS bao gm mc tnh nng v cc bin php ni chung c coi l c th t c trong cc c s sn xut mi bng cng ngh hin c vi chi ph ph hp. Vic p dng cc hng dn EHS cho cc c s hin ti c th lin quan n vic thit lp cc mc tiu c th ti ch vi l trnh ph hp t c cc mc ny. Kh nng p dng cc hng dn EHS cn phi hon ton ph hp vi mi nguy v ri ro c thit lp cho tng d n da trn cc kt qu nh gi mi trng2 vi cc thay i tng lnh vc c th, nh hon cnh cc quc gia ti tr, kh nng ng ha ca mi trng v cc yu t d n khc u c tnh n. Kh nng p dng cc khuyn ngh k thut c th cn c da trn cc quan im ca cc chuyn gia c trnh v kinh nghim. Nu cc qui nh ca nc ti tr khc vi mc v bin php c nu trong hng dn EHS, th yu cu d n t c mc nghim ngt hn. Nu mc hoc bin php t nghim ngt hn so vi Hng dn EHS l ph hp, th trong cc trng hp d
i vi IFC, nh gi nh vy c tin hnh ph hp vi Tiu chun c tnh 1, v i vi Ngn hng th gii, ph hp vi Chnh sch vn hnh 4.01.
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n c th, cn c minh chng c th v chi tit v cc gii php thay th - nh mt phn ca nh gi mi trng cho tng vng c th. Nhng minh chng cn phi chng t c s la chn i vi mc tnh nng thay th l bo v sc khe con ngi v mi trng. Hng dn EHS chung c c cu nh sau:
1. Mi trng 1.1 Pht thi kh v cht lng khng kh xung quanh 1.2 Bo tn nng lng 1.3 Nc thi v Cht lng nc xung quanh 1.4 Bo tn nc 1.5 Qun l vt liu nguy hi 1.6 Qun l cht thi 1.7 Ting n 1.8 t nhim bn 2. An ton v sc khe ngh nghip (OHS) 2.1Thit k phng tin chung v thao tc 2.2 Truyn thng v o to 2.3 Mi nguy vt l 2.4 Mi nguy ha hc 2.5 Mi nguy sinh hc 2.6 Mi nguy phng x 2.7 Phng tin bo v c nhn(PPE) 2.8 Mi trng nguy him c bit 2.9 Gim st 3. Sc khe cng ng v an ton 3.1 Cht lng nc v tnh c sn 3.2 An ton xy dng ca c s h tng d n 3.3 An ton cuc sng v an ton chy 3.4 An ton giao thng 3.5 Vn chuyn cc vt liu nguy him 3.6 Phng nga Bnh tt 3.7 Chun b v ng ph khn cp 4. Xy dng v tho d 4.1 Mi trng 4.2 Sc khe ngh nghip v An ton 4.3 Sc khe cng ng v an ton Cc ngun ti liu tham kho v b sung 12 12 30 41 52 56 71 79 81 89 91 95 97 105 109 111 112 114 116 118 118 120 123 127 129 134 136 140 140 145 149 150
Phng php tip cn chung qun l cc vn EHS ti c s sn xut hoc d n

Qun l hiu qu cc vn v mi trng, sc kho v an ton (EHS) i hi vic xem xt EHS trong qui trnh hot ng cp c s v cp doanh nghip mt cch c t chc, phn cp bao gm cc bc sau: Phn bit, xc nh mi nguy3 d n v EHS v ri ro4 i km cng sm cng tt trong vic xy dng c s hoc chu trnh d n, k c vic hp nht cc xem xt EHS vo qu trnh la chn a im, qu trnh thit k sn phm, qu trnh lp k hoch k thut i vi cc yu cu v vn, yu cu v cng vic k thut, cp php sa i thit b hoc s b tr v k hoch thay i qu trnh. Mi cc chuyn gia v EHS, nhng ngi c kinh nghim, nng lc v c o to nh gi v qun l nh hng v ri ro EHS, tin hnh chc nng qun l mi trng c th k c chun b d n hoc ln k hoch hnh ng c th v
nh ngha l mi e da vi con ngi v nhng ci c gi tr (Kate, et al., 1985). 4 nh ngha l gii hn nh lng ca hu qu c hi, thng th hin nh xc sut c iu kin ca thit hi tri qua (Kate, et al., 1985).
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th tc m a cc khuyn ngh k thut c trnh by trong ti liu ny ph hp vi d n. Hiu r kh nng v mc ca ri ro EHS, da trn: o Bn cht ca cc hot ng d n, nh d n s pht thi lng nc thi hoc kh thi ng k, hoc s lin quan n cc vt liu hoc qu trnh nguy hi; o Cc hu qu vi ngi lao ng, cng ng hoc mi trng nu cc mi nguy khng c qun l y c th ph thuc vo nhng mc ln cn ca cc hot ng d n vi mi ngi hoc vi cc ngun mi trng m chng ph thuc vo. u tin chin lc qun l ri ro vi mc tiu tng th gim c ri ro i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng, tp trung vo phng nga cc tc ng khng thay i v/hoc ng k. ng h chin lc m loi tr c cc nguyn nhn ca mi nguy ti ngun, v d, bng cch la chn vt liu hoc qu trnh t nguy hi hn m c th trnh s cn thit kim sot EHS.
Nu khng th trnh c cc nh hng, th kt hp kim sot k thut v qun l gim hoc gim thiu kh nng v mc ca cc hu qu xu, v d p dng kim sot nhim gim mc nhim vi ngi lao ng hoc mi trng. Chun b cho ngi lao ng v cng ng ln cn phn ng vi cc tai nn, k c vic cung cp cc ngun ti chnh v k thut kim sot mt cch hiu qu v an ton cc s kin v phc hi mi trng lm vic v mi trng cng cng vi cc iu kin an ton v sc kho. Nng cao tnh nng EHS thng qua s kt hp gim st tnh nng v trch nhim hiu qu.
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Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG
1.0 Mi trng
1.1 S pht thi kh v cht lng khng kh xung quanh
Kh nng p dng v cch tip cn Cht lng khng kh xung quanh Phng php tip cn chung/tng qut D n c t trong cc vng c cht lng khng kh suy gim hoc h sinh thi nhy cm Ngun im Chiu cao ng khi Hng dn pht thi c s sn xut cng ngh t c nh Ngun nht thi/khng bn Hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC) B i Cht lm suy gim tng ozon Ngun di ng - Trn mt t Kh nh knh (GHG) Quan trc (Monitoring) Monitoring pht thi cc c s sn xut cng ngh t c nh 12 13 13 15 15 16 16 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 23
qun l cc ngun pht thi ng k, k c hng dn c th cho vic nh gi v theo di cc tc ng. Hng dn ny cng cung cp cc thng tin b sung v cch tip cn qun l mi trng pht thi trong cc d n c t trong cc vng c cht lng khng kh km, ni c th cn thit lp cc tiu chun pht thi cho tng d n c th. S pht thi cc cht nhim khng kh c th xy ra t nhiu hot ng trong cc pha xy dng, vn hnh, v tho d ca mt d n. Cc hot ng ny c th c phn loi da trn cc c tnh khng gian ca ngun k c ngun im, ngun nht thi v ngun di ng v hn na, bng cc qu trnh nh qu trnh t, qu trnh lu gi vt liu, hoc cc qu trnh ca cc ngnh cng nghip c th khc. Nu c th, cc nh my v d n cn phi trnh, gim thiu v kim sot nhng tc ng bt li ti sc kho con ngi, an ton v mi trng khi s pht thi vo khng kh. Nu khng th thc hin c, s pht thi ca bt k loi no cn phi c qun l thng qua s kt hp: S dng hiu qu nng lng 12
Kh nng p dng v cch tip cn

Hng dn ny p dng cho cc c s hoc d n pht thi vo khng kh bt c giai on no ca vng i ca d n. N b sung cho cc hng dn pht thi cc ngnh cng nghip c th c trnh by trong Hng dn v mi trng, sc kho v an ton i vi ngnh cng nghip bng cch cung cp thng tin v k thut thng thng qun l pht thi m c th p dng cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Hng dn ny cung cp cch tip cn
Ci tin qui trnh La chn nhin liu hoc vt liu khc, qu trnh m c th dn n gim s pht thi nhim p dng k thut kim sot pht thi.
ng ng k ti cht lng khng kh xung quanh, cn phi c phng nga hoc gim thiu cc tc ng ny bng cch m bo rng:
Bng 1.1.1 Hng dn Cht lng khng kh xung quanh ca WHO7 8 Thi gian trung bnh Sunfua dioxit (SO2) 24-gi Gi tr hng dn tnh bng g/m3 125 (mc tiu tm thi 1) 50 (mc tiu tm thi 2) 10 min Nit dioxit (NO2) Bi PM10 1 n m 1 gi 1 n m 20 (hng dn) 500 (hng dn) 40 (hng dn) 200 (hng dn) 70 (mc tiu tm thi 1) 50 (mc tiu tm thi 2) 30 (mc tiu tm thi 3) 20 (hng dn) 150 (mc tiu tm thi 1) 100 (mc tiu tm thi 2) 75 (mc tiu
Bin php phng nga v k thut kim sot la chn c th k c mt hay nhiu phng php x l tu thuc vo Yu cu qui nh Ngun c ngha V tr cc nh my pht thi ti cc ngun khc V tr vt tip nhn nhy cm Cht lng khng kh xung quanh hin c, v tim n i vi s suy gim cc vng kh t d n xut. Tnh kh thi k thut v tnh hiu qu chi ph ca cc la chn c sn phng nga, kim sot v pht thi.
24 gi
Cht lng khng kh xung quanh Phng php tip cn chung

D n vi cc ngun pht thi kh ng k5,6 v tim n cc tc
Pht thi ca ngun im v ngun nht thi ng k c xem nh ngun chung c th lm tng mt hoc nhiu thng s nhim sau trong vng khng kh nh: PM10: 50 tn/nm; NOx: 500 tn/nm; SO2: 500
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tn/nm, hoc c thit lp trong lut php quc gia; ngun t chy c nhit nng u vo tng ng 50 MWth hoc ln hn. S pht thi ng k ca cc cht nhim hu c v v c cn phi c thit lp da trn tng d n c th c tnh n c tnh c hc ca cc cht nhim. 6 C quan bo v mi trng Hoa K, Phng nga suy gim cht lng khng kh, 40 CFR Ch.1 P 52.21. Cc ti liu tham kho khc v thit lp pht thi ng k bao gm y ban Chu u, 2000. Guidance Document for EPER implementation. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ippc/eper/index.htm; v Chnh ph Australia. 2004. National Pollutant Inventory Guide. http://npi.gov.au/handbooks/pubs/npiguide.pdf 7 T chc Y t th gii (WHO). Gi tr PM trong 24 gi l gi tr th 99. 8 Mc tiu tm thi c cung cp trn c s s cn thit tip cn theo tng giai on t c hng dn khuyn ngh.
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tm thi 3) 50 (hng dn) 35 (mc tiu tm thi 1) 25 (mc tiu tm thi 2) 15 (mc tiu tm thi 3) 10 (hng dn) 75 (mc tiu tm thi 1) 50 (mc tiu tm thi 2) 37.5 (mc tiu tm thi 3) 25 (hng dn) 160 (mc tiu tm thi 1) 100 (hng dn)
Bi PM 2,5
1 n m
24 gi
S pht thi khng c ng gp mt phn ng k vo mc tiu ca hng dn hoc tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh ph hp. Nh mt nguyn tc chung, Hng dn ny cho rng 25 phn trm tiu chun cht lng khng kh c th p dng cho php s pht trin bn vng trong tng lai trong cng mt vng khng kh.12 cp c s sn xut, tc ng cn phi c c lng thng qua vic nh gi nh tnh v nh lng bng cch s dng nh gi cht lng khng kh c bn v m hnh pht tn kh quyn nh gi nng nn tim n. Cc d liu v kh quyn, kh hu v cht lng khng kh a phng cn phi c p dng khi dng cc m hnh pht tn, bo v khi tc ng ca ngun, cng trnh lin k13 v tng lai. M hnh pht tn c p dng cn phi c quc t tha nhn, hoc tng thch. V d c lng s pht thi c th chp nhn c v phng php tip cn m hnh pht tn i vi ngun im v ngun nht thi c nu trong Ph lc 1.1.1. Phng php tip cn ny bao gm m hnh cho vic nh gi ngun n l (SCREEN3 hoc AIRSCREEN), cng nh nhiu m hnh phc tp v cht lng hn (AERMOD hoc ADMS). La chn m hnh l ph thuc vo tnh phc
12 Gii hn phng nga suy gim ca US EPA c th p dng cho vng khng kh khng b suy gim. 13 Lin k ni chung c xem nh khu vc trong bn knh bng 20 ln chiu cao ng khi.
Ozon
8 gi hng ngy Ti a
S pht thi khng gy ra nng cc cht nhim t hoc vt qu hng dn v tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh9 bng cch p dng cc tiu chun quc gia, hoc trong trng hp khng c, p dng cc hng dn cht lng khng kh ca WHO10 hin hnh (xem bng 1.1.1), hoc cc ngun khc c quc t cng nhn.11
Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh l mc cht lng khng kh xung quanh c thit lp v ban hnh thng qua cc qu trnh lp php, v hng dn cht lng xung quanh tham kho n mc cht lng xung quanh s cp c xy dng da trn cc bng chng v lm sng, c hc sinh thi v dch t hc (nh cc hng dn do T chc Y t Th gii ban hnh). 10 C ti T chc Y t Th gii (WHO).http://www.who.int.en. 11 V d v Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh Hoa K (NAAQS) (http://epa.gov/air/criteria.html) v Thng t ca y ban Chu u (http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html) v cc vn bn khc (Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 / Council Directive 2002/3/EC of February 12 2002).
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tp v a l ca a im ca d n (v d vng ni, vng nng thn hoc th).
D n c t trong vng khng kh c cht lng suy gim hoc vng h sinh thi nhy cm
Cc nh my hoc d n nm trong vng14 c cht lng khng kh km, v nm trong hoc cnh khu vc c h sinh thi nhy cm (v d vn quc gia), cn phi m bo rng s gia tng mc nhim cng t cng tt, v c ngha l mt phn ca tiu chun hoc hng dn cht lng khng kh ngn hn v trung bnh hng nm c thit lp trong nh gi mi trng cho cc d n c th. Cc bin php di c ph hp cng c th bao gm c vic di chuyn ngun pht thi ng k ra ngoi vng khng kh c cht lng km, s dng nhin liu hoc cng ngh sch hn hoc p dng cc bin php kim sot nhim tng th, n b cc hot ng ti nhng ni lp t c kim sot bi cc nh bo tr d n hoc cc nh my khc trong cng vng khng kh, v gim mua pht thi trong cng mt vng khng kh. Nhng iu khon c th i vi vic gim thiu pht thi v cc tc
Vng kh c xem nh c cht lng khng kh km nu cc Hng dn cht lng khng kh ca WHO hoc tiu chun cht lng khng kh ca quc gia b vt qu mt cch ng k.
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ng ca chng trong vng khng kh c cht lng km hoc c h sinh thi nhy cm cn phi c thit lp da trn tng d n hoc ngnh cng nghip c th. Cc iu khon n b ngoi vic kim sot tc thi ca nh bo tr d n hoc vic gim mua cn phi c gim st v cng ch do c quan a phng chu trch nhim v cp php v gim st pht thi. Cc iu khon nh vy phi c t ra trc khi a vo hot ng nh my /d n.
Ngun im
Ngun im l ngun ri rc, tnh, c th phn nh c s pht thi cc cht nhim vo kh quyn. Cc ngun ny thng thy trong cc nh my ch to hoc sn xut. Trong phm vi mt ngun im, c th c mt vi im pht thi to nn ngun im 15. Ngun im c c trng bi s pht thi cht nhim khng kh in hnh lin quan n qu trnh t nhin liu ha thch, nh nit oxit (NOX), sunfua dioxit (SO2), cacbon monoxit (CO), v bi (PM) cng nh cc cht nhim khng kh khc k c hp cht hu c d
im pht thi y dng ch ng khi, l thot kh, hoc im thi nhim ri rc khc. Thut ng ny khng c nhm ln vi ngun im, m c phn bit qui nh t khu vc n ngun di chuyn. S m t c tnh ca ngun im vo trong im a pht thi l hu ch cho php bo co chi tit hn v cc thng tin pht thi.
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15
bay hi (VOC) v kim loi m c th lin quan n cc hot ng cng nghip. S pht thi t ngun im cn phi c trnh v kim sot theo thc hnh cng nghip quc t tt (GIIP) p dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip ph hp, ty thuc vo iu kin xung quanh, thng qua p dng kt hp ci tin quy trnh v kim sot pht thi, v d c nu trong Ph lc 1.1.2. Cc khuyn ngh thm v chiu cao ng khi v s pht thi t cc nh my c cng ngh t c nh c nu di y.
Hng dn pht thi cc c s sn xut t c nh Qu trnh t c nh l cc h thng c thit k cung cp cng sut in hoc c, hi, nhit hoc kt hp cc nng lng ny cho d s dng loi nhin liu no, c tng cng sut u vo nhit danh nh t 3 megawatt nhit (MWth) n 50 megawatt nhit. Hng dn pht thi trong bng 1.1.2 c th p dng cho h thng lp t qu trnh t c nh vn hnh qu 500 gi mi nm, v c cng sut hu dng hng nm trn 30 %. Cc nh my t hn hp nhin liu cn phi so snh vi c tnh pht thi theo cc hng dn ny da trn tng mc ng gp tng i ca tng loi nhin liu s dng17. C th p dng gi tr pht thi thp hn nu nh my/cng ngh xut c t trong vng c h sinh thi nhy cm, hoc c cht lng khng kh km nhm vo cc nh hng tch lu tim n t vic lp t nhiu nh my t c nh nh l mt phn ca d n pht in ri rc.
Chiu cao ng khi

Chiu cao ng khi i vi tt c cc ngun pht thi, ng k hay khng cn phi c thit k theo GIIP (xem Ph lc 1.1.3) trnh vt nng mc nn do tc ng lc xoy, v m bo s khuch tn gim thiu cc nh hng. i vi d n c nhiu ngun pht thi, chiu cao ng khi cn c thit lp vi s xem xt pht thi t tt c cc ngun ca d n khc, c ngun im v ngun nht thi. Cc ngun pht thi khng ng k/khng c ngha bao gm ngun c qu trnh t c nh16, cn phi s dng GIIP trong thit k ng khi.
16 Ngun t chy c nh l nhng ngun c tng cng sut u vo nhit danh nh l 50 MWth hoc thp hn.
Mc ng gp mt nhin liu l phn trm nhit u vo (LHV) c tnh bng nhin liu ny nhn vi gi tr gii hn ca n.
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16
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Ngun nht thi

Pht thi kh ca ngun nht thi ch pht thi c phn chia tng phn trn mt vng rng ln v khng b gii hn ti im pht thi c th. Cc ngun ny khi ngun t hot ng ni kh thi t cc ng c khng c thu gom v thi qua ng khi. S pht thi cc ngun nht thi tim n nhiu tc ng mc nn trn n v ln hn hn l s pht thi ngun tnh, v chng ti v phn tn gn vi b mt t. C hai loi pht thi nht thi l hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC) v bi. Cc cht nhim khc (NOX, SO2 v CO) lin quan ch yu n qu trnh t, nh m t trn. Cc d n c cc ngun nht thi tim n s pht thi ng k cn phi thit lp yu cu nh gi cht lng khng kh xung quanh v cc bin php gim st (monitoring). t cht thi rn h, d l cht thi nguy hi hay khng nguy hi, u khng c khuyn khch v cn phi trnh, v s pht thi ca cc cht nhim t loi ngun ny khng c kim sot hiu qu.
ng cng nghip nh sn xut, lu gi v s dng cc cht lng hoc kh c cha VOC, nu vt liu b nn, phi nhim ti p sut hi thp hn, hoc thay th t khong khng hp. Ngun in hnh bao gm r r thit b, van h v b trn, b lu gi, cc n v vn hnh/hot ng trong h thng x l nc thi, v cc gii phng kh do tai nn. R r thit b bao gm cc van, khp ni v ng gp khc c th r r di p sut. Bin php phng nga v k thut kim sot i vi s pht thi VOC lin quan n r r thit b bao gm: Ci tin thit b, v d c nu trong Ph lc 1.1.4; Thc hin chng trnh pht hin r r v sa cha (LDAR) m kim sot s pht thi nht thi bng vic gim st nh k pht hin r r, v thc hin sa cha trong khong thi gian nh18.
i vi nhng pht thi VOC lin quan n x l ho cht trong cc van h v qu trnh trn, bin php phng nga v k thut kim sot khuyn ngh bao gm: Thay th cc cht t bay hi nh dung mi nc Thu gom hi thng qua thit b chit kh v x l dng kh tip sau bng cch loi b VOC
Hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC)

Phn ln ngun pht thi VOC nht thi l lin quan n cc hot
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Thng tin thm, xem Leak Detection and Repair Program (LDAR) ti http://www.ldar.net
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bng cc thit b kim sot nh b ngng t hoc b hp th dng ccbon hot tnh. Thu gom hi thng qua b chit kh v x l tip sau c thit b kim sot ph hu nh: o L t xc tc: c s dng gim VOC t qu trnh thi kh c bung phun sn, cc l, v cc hot ng khc. o L t nhit: c s dng kim sot mc VOC trong dng kh bng cch cho i qua bung t, ti VOC c t trong khng kh ti nhit t 700oC n 1300oC. o Ngn la oxi ho: c s dng chuyn VOC thnh CO2 v H2O bng cch t trc tip. S dng mi trn ni trn b thu gom gim c hi bay hi do loi tr khong hi c trong b thu gom thng thng.
Cc bin php phng nga v kim sot cc ngun pht thi ny bao gm: S dng phng php kim sot bi, nh che ph, nn nc, hoc tng hm lng m i vi cc ng vt liu lu gi h, hoc kim sot, k c chit kh v x l bng ti hoc lm xoy i vi x l vt liu, nh bng ti hoc dng ti bt. S dng nn nc i vi kim sot vt liu b tht thot trn cc b mt ng c lt hoc cha lt. Du v cc sn phm du khng nn dng cho phng php ny kim sot bi ng. V d mt la chn kim sot bi i vi nhng ng s cha c lt k c nu trong Ph lc 1.1.5.
Cht ph hu tng zn (ODS)

Mt vi ho cht c phn loi l cht ph hu tng ozn (ODS) v c a vo k hoch/chng trnh loi b trong Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht ph hu tng zn19. Khng c h thng hoc qui
V d bao gm: clofluocacbon (CFCs); halon; halons; 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform); carbon tetrachloride; hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs); hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs); and methyl bromide. Chng hin c s dng
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Bi (PM)
Phn ln cc cht nhim thng thng lin quan n ngun pht thi nht thi l bi hoc cc ht rn. Bi ny c pht thi ra trong cc hot ng nh vn chuyn v lu gi h cc vt liu rn, v t cc b mt rn b phi nhim, k c cc ng s cha lt.
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trnh s dng CFC, halon, 1,1,1tricloetan, cacbon tetraclorua, metyl bromua hoc HBFC mi no c lp t. HCFC ch c coi nh l la chn tm thi/chuyn tip/giao thi do cc qui nh hoc cam kt ca nc ti tr xc nh20.
Ngi vn hnh cn phi c hng dn/o to v nhng ch li v thc hnh li xe tt gim c cc ri ro v tai nn v tiu th nhin liu, k c vic tng tc v li xe trong gii hn tc an ton. C s vn hnh t trn 120 xe hng nng (xe but v ti), hoc 540 hoc xe hng nh hn21 (xe con v ti hng nh) trong mt vng khng kh cn phi xem xt cch thc gim cc nh hng tim n bao gm: o Thay th cc xe c c la chn nhin liu hiu qu hn, mi hn o Chuyn giao cc xe c s dng nhiu sang nhin liu sch hn, nu ph hp o Lp t v bo dng cc thit b kim sot pht thi nh b chuyn i xc tc o Thc thi chng trnh sa cha v bo dng xe c thng xuyn.
Ngun di ng - trn t
Tng t vi qu trnh t chy khc, pht thi t phng tin giao thng ng b gm c CO, NOX, SO2, PM v VOC. S pht thi t cc phng tin giao thng c a vo lu thng cn phi ph hp vi cc chng trnh quc gia hoc khu vc. Nu khng c cc chng trnh ny, cc phng php tip cn sau cn phi c xem xt: Khng tnh n c hoc loi phng tin, ch phng tin/ngi vn hnh cn phi thc thi chng trnh bo dng ng c ca nh sn xut;
trong nhiu ng dng bao gm: lm lnh trong nh, thng mi, v cc qu trnh (CFCs v HCFCs); iu ha khng kh trong nh, thng mi v xe c (CFCs v HCFCs); dng cho sn phm bt xp (CFCs); cho cc ng dng lm sch dung mi (CFCs, HCFCs, metyl chloroform, v cacbon tetraclorua); lm cht n sol kh (CFCs); trong h thng phng chy (halon v HBFCs), v lm cht dit nm ma mng (metyl bromua).
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Kh nh knh (GHG)
Cc ngnh c th tim n pht thi ng k kh nh knh (GHG)22
Ngng la chn c coi l i din cho ngun pht thi tim n da trn tng xe c i c 100000 km/nm s dng h s pht thi trung bnh. 22 Su kh nh knh to thnh phn ca Ngh nh th Kyoto n Hip c khung ca Lin hip quc v Bin i kh hu bao gm cacbon dioxit (CO2); metan (CH4); nitr oxit (N2O);
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Thng tin b sung c trong website ca Ban Th k cng c/ngh nh th Montreal ti: http://ozone.unep.org
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gm cng nghip nng lng, giao thng, cng nghip nng (v d sn xut xi mng, st, thp, luyn nhm, cng nghip ho du, khai thc du m, sn xut phn bn), nng nghip, lm nghip v qun l cht thi. GHG c th pht thi trc tip t cc nh my trong hnh lang/hng ro ca d n v gin tip lin quan ti sn xut nng lng c d n s dng. Cc bin php gim v kim sot kh nh knh gm: Ti chnh Cacbon23/th trng cacbon Nng cao hiu sut nng lng (xem phn bo tn nng lng) Bo v v nng cao b cha v ngun cha kh nh knh Khuyn khch/y mnh cc hot ng nng nghip v lm nghip bn vng Khuyn khch, pht trin v s dng cc dng nng lng ti to. Cng ngh thu v lu gi cacbon24
Hn ch v/hoc gim s pht thi metan thng qua ti ch v s dng trong qun l cht thi, cng nh trong sn xut, vn chuyn v phn phi nng lng (than, du v kh).
Quan trc (Monitoring)

Chng trnh theo di pht thi v quan trc cht lng khng kh cung cp thng tin c th s dng nh gi tnh hiu qu ca chin lc qun l pht thi. Mt qu trnh lp k hoch theo h thng c khuyn ngh m bo rng d liu c thu thp l hon ton y cho cc mc ch nh (v trnh thu thp cc d liu khng cn thit). Qu trnh ny, i khi cn gi l qu trnh v mc tiu cht lng ca s liu, nh ra mc ch thu thp d liu, a ra cc quyt nh c da trn cc d liu v hu qu ca vic a ra cc quyt nh khng ng/chnh xc, ranh gii thi gian v a l, v cht lng d liu cn thit a ra quyt nh ng25. Chng trnh
v tr lu gi, v cch ly di hn khi kh quyn, v d trong cu to a cht, trong i dng, hoc trong cacbonat khong (phn ng ca CO2 vi oxit kim loi trong khong silicat to thnh cacbonat bn vng). N l i tng ca nhng nghin cu chuyn su trn ton th gii (Nhm lin chnh ph v Bin i kh hu (IPCC), Bo co c bit, thu v lu gi cacbon dioxit (2006) 25 V d, xem Hng dn v lp k hoch h thng s dng Mc tiu cht lng d liu, C
hydroflocacbon (HFCs); perflocacbon (PFCs) v sunfua hexalflorua (SF6) 23 Ti chnh cacbon l chin lc gim pht thi cacbon c th bao gm C ch sn xut sch ca Chnh ph hoc Cng hp tc ca Hip c khung ca Lin hip quc v Bin i kh hu. 24 Thu v lu gi cacbon (CCS) l mt qu trnh gm vic tch CO2 khi cc ngun lin quan n cng nghip v nng lng; vn chuyn n
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quan trc cht lng khng kh cn phi xem xt cc yu t sau: Thng s quan trc: Thng s quan trc c chn phi phn nh c cc cht nhim quan tm c lin quan n qu trnh ca d n. i vi cc qu trnh t chy, thng s ch th in hnh gm cht lng u vo nh hm lng lu hunh ca nhin liu. Tnh ton ngng: Trc khi mt d n c xy dng, monitoring cht lng khng kh ti v trong vng ln cn cn c tin hnh nh gi mc nn ca cc cht nhim chnh, phn bit gia iu kin xung quanh hin c v nh hng ca d n mang li. Kiu quan trc v tn sut: D liu v pht thi v cht lng khng kh xung quanh thu c t chng trnh quan trc cn phi i din cho s pht thi ca d n qua thi gian. V d v cc bin thay i theo thi gian trong qu trnh sn xut bao gm qu trnh sn xut theo m v thay i qu trnh theo ma. Pht thi t cc qu trnh nhiu bin i c th cn tn sut ly mu nhiu hn hoc thng qua phng php thnh phn. Tn sut monitoring pht
thi v khong thi gian cng c th t lin tc i vi mt s thng s hoc u vo (v d cht lng nhin liu) ca qu trnh t n tn sut t hn, th nghim ng khi hng thng, hng qu hoc hng nm. V tr quan trc: Quan trc cht lng khng kh xung quanh c th gm monitoring ngoi hoc ti hng ro do nh ti tr d n, c quan chnh ph nng lc hoc do phi hp c hai. V tr trm quan trc cht lng khng kh cn phi c thit lp da trn kt qu cc phng php khoa hc v m hnh ton hc c lng nh hng tim n ln vng khng kh nhn thi t ngun pht thi c tnh n cc kha cnh nh v tr ca cc cng ng b tc ng tim n v hng gi chnh. Phng php ly mu v phn tch: Chng trnh quan trc cn p dng cc phng php quc gia hoc quc t v ly mu v phn tch do T chc Tiu chun ho quc t26, U ban Chu u v tiu chun27, hoc C quan bo v mi
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quan Bo v mi trng Hoa K, EPA QA/G-4 EPA/240/B-06/001 Thng 2, 2006.
Catalog in t Tiu chun ISO lin quan n mi trng, bo v sc khe v an ton c ti: http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.C atalogueList?ICS1=13&ICS2=&ICS 3=&scopelist= 27 Catalog in t Tiu chun Chu u c ti: http://www.cen.eu/catweb/cwen.htm .
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trng Hoa K28 ban hnh. Ly mu cn c tin hnh bi, hoc di s gim st ca cc c nhn c o to. Phn tch cn c tin hnh bi cc c quan c cho php hoc c chng nhn. K hoch m bo cht lng/kim sot cht lng (QA/QC) ly mu v phn tch cn phi c p dng v ti liu ho m bo cht lng d liu l hon ton y cho vic s dng d liu nh (v d gii hn pht hin ca phng php phi di mc quan tm). Bo co monitoring cn bao gm ti liu v QA/QC.
nhn cht lng nhin liu nu khng dng thit b kim sot SO2. o Nu th nghim pht thi ca ng khi hng nm chng minh c kt qu lun khng i v tt hn ng k vi mc yu cu, th tn sut th nghim pht thi ng khi hng nm c th gim xung hai hoc 3 nm mt ln. o Monitoring pht thi: Khng.
Ni hi c dung tch t 20 MWth n <50 MWth

o Th kh ng khi hng nm: SO2, NOx v PM. i vi ni hi t nhin liu kh, ch NOX. SO2 c th c tnh ton da trn chng nhn cht lng nhin liu (nu khng dng thit b kim sot SO2). o Monitoring pht thi: SO2. Nh my c thit b kim sot SO2: Lin tc. NO: Quan trc lin tc pht thi NOX hoc Quan trc pht thi Nox theo ch nh dng cc thng s t. PM: Quan trc lin tc pht thi PM, tnh c, hoc pht thi PM theo ch nh dng cc thng s t/quan trc theo th gic. Phng php tip cn quan trc khuyn ngh cho tuabin:
Monitoring pht thi ca cc nh my c cng ngh t c nh

Phng php tip cn monitoring khuyn ngh cho ni hi:
Ni hi c dung tch t 3MWth n <20 MWth: o Th kh ng khi hng nm: SO2, NOX v PM. i vi ni hi t nhin liu kh, ch Nox. SO2 c th c tnh ton da trn chng
Ch s phng php mi trng quc gia cung cp ngn hng hi oi ca phng php v cc th tc ca Hoa K cho mc ch monitoring c qui nh v khng qui nh i vi nc, trm tch, khng kh v m t bo, v c ti http://www.nemi.gov
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o Th nghim pht thi ng khi hng nm: NOX v SO2 (NOX ch dnh cho tubin t nhin liu kh). o Nu kt qu th nghim pht thi ca ng khi hng nm cho thy khng i (3 nm lin tip) v tt hn ng k (v d t hn 75%) vi mc yu cu, th tn sut th nghim pht thi ng khi hng nm c th gim xung hai hoc 3 nm mt ln. o Quan trc pht thi: Quan trc lin tc pht thi NOX hoc quan trc pht thi NOX theo ch nh dng cc thng s t. SO2 quan trc lin tc nu thit b kim sot SO2 c s dng. Cc phng php tip cn quan trc cho ng c: o Th nghim pht thi kh ng khi hng nm: NOx, SO2 v PM (NOx ch dnh cho tubin t nhin liu kh). o Nu kt qu th nghim pht thi ca ng khi hng nm cho thy khng i (3 nm lin tip) v tt hn ng k (v d t hn 75%) vi mc yu cu, th tn sut th nghim pht thi ng khi hng nm c th gim xung t hng nm xung hai hoc 3 nm mt ln.
o Quan trc pht thi: NOx: Quan trc lin tc pht thi NOx hoc quan trc pht thi NOx theo ch nh dng cc thng s t. SO2 quan trc lin tc nu thit b kim sot SO2 c s dng. PM: Quan trc lin tc pht thi PM, hoc pht thi PM theo ch nh dng cc thng s vn hnh.
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Ph lc 1.1.1 - c lng pht thi kh v phng php m hnh pht tn Nhng ti liu sau y l mt phn ca bn danh sch ti liu dng c lng pht thi kh t cc qu trnh khc nhau v cc m hnh pht tn kh:
Australian Emission Estimation Technique Manuals http://www.npi.gov.au/handbooks/ Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, UN / ECE / EMEP and the European Environment Agency http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/T FEI/unece.htm Emission factors and emission estimation methods, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief Guidelines on Air Quality Models (Revised), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2005 http://www.epa.gov/scram001/guidance /guide/appw_05.pdf Frequently Asked Questions, Air Quality Modeling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU), UK Environment Agency http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/subjects/airquality/2360 92/?version=1&lang=_e OECD Database on Use and Release of Industrial Chemicals http://www.olis.oecd.org/ehs/urchem.n sf/
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Ph lc 1.1.3 - Thc hnh cng nghip quc t tt (GIIP) Chiu cao ng khi (Da trn CFR 40 phn 51.100(ii) Lut bo v mi trng Hoa k) HG = H + 1,5L Trong
HG: chiu cao ng khi GEP c o t cao nn ti chn ng khi H: Chiu cao ca cng trnh lin k trn chn ng khi L: kch thc nh hn, chiu cao (h) hoc chiu rng (w) ca cng trnh lin k Cng trnh lin k: Cc cng trnh trong phm vi bn knh 5L nhng nh hn 800 m.
Ph lc 1.1.4 - V d v kim sot pht thi VOC

Loi thit b Ci tin Hiu sut/hiu qu kim sot xp x (%) 10029 9030 100
B m
B nn
Thit b gim p Van Khp ni ng ng h cui
Thit k t hn H thng l ng Hn i c hc c thit b cn duy tr p sut cao hn vi kh b m H thng l ng Hn i c hc c thit b cn duy tr p sut cao hn vi kh b m H thng l kn a t ng b Thit k khng hn Thm Van mt chiu np, cht hoc van th cp Ly mu vng kn
90 100
Thay i31 100 100 100 100
ng khi
chiu rng d n
B ni ly mu
100
Ch thch: V d v cng ngh c cung cp ch dng cho mc ch minh ho. Tnh hu ch v kh nng p dng ca cng ngh c th s thay i tu thuc vo yu cu k thut ca nh sn xut.
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Ti a 5*L
Thit b khng hn c th l ngun pht thi ln trong trng hp hng thit b. 30 Hiu sut thc t ca h thng thng kh kn ph thuc vo phn trm hi thu c v hiu sut kim sot ca thit b thu hi. 31 Hiu sut thc t ca h thng thng kh kn lp trn thit b gim p c th thp hn h thng thng kh kn.
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Ph lc 1.1.5 - Kim pht thi bi ngun nht thi
Loi kim sot n nh bng ho cht Bitu/keo dnh mui ht m Cht hot ng b mt Hi lu m - phun nc Gim tc Gim giao thng Lt ph (aspha/b tng) Che ph Qut chn khng Ra nc/qut chi
Hiu sut kim sot 0 %- 98 % 60 %- 96 % 0 %- 68 % 12 %- 98 % 0% - 80 % Khng nh lng 85 %- 99 % 30 %- 50 % 0 %- 58 % 0 %- 96 %
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1.2 Bo tn nng lng

Kh nng p dng v cch tip cn Chng trnh qun l nng lng Hiu sut nng lng Qu trnh nhit Gim ti nhit H thng phn phi nhit Ci tin hiu qu H thng chuyn i nng lng Qu trnh lm lnh Gim ti Chuyn i nng lng Thit k h thng Gim thiu khc bit nhit Tng nhit bc hi Gim nhit ngng t Hiu sut nn cht lm lnh H thng lnh Ph tr H thng kh nn Gim ti Phn phi. 30 30 31 31 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 38 39 39 39 40
cc k thut thng thng bo tn nng lng m c th p dng cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Qun l nng lng mc nh my cn c xem xt m hnh tiu th tng th, k c nhng lin quan n qu trnh sn xut v s dng, cng nh cc nh hng chung v pht thi t cc ngun nng lng. Phn sau y a ra hng dn v qun l nng lng tp trung vo h thng tiu th thng thng i din cho cc c hi kh thi c v k thut v ti chnh ci thin bo tn nng lng. Tuy nhin, ngi vn hnh cn phi nh gi cc c hi bo tn nng lng mi t s ci tin qu trnh sn xut.
Kh nng p dng v phng php tip cn

Hng dn ny p dng cho cc nh my hoc d n tiu th nng lng trong qu trnh nhit v lm mt; qu trnh v h thng ph tr, nh mt, bm, v qut; h thng kh nn v lm nng, h thng thng kh v iu ho khng kh (HVAC); v h thng chiu sng. Cc hng dn ny b sung cho hng dn pht thi ngnh cng nghip c th c trnh by trong Hng dn v mi trng, sc kho v an ton cho ngnh cng nghip bng cch a thm cc thng tin v
Chng trnh qun l nng lng

Chng trnh qun l nng lng cn phi bao gm cc yu t sau: Phn bit, v o c thng xuyn v bo co dng nng lng ch yu trong phm vi nh my ti tng khu ca qu trnh. Chun b khi lng v cn bng nng lng. nh r v xem xt thng xuyn mc tiu tnh nng nng lng c th iu chnh tnh ton thay i cc nh hng chnh ln vic s dng nng lng. 30
So snh v quan trc thng xuyn cc dng nng lng vi cc mc tiu tnh nng phn bit r nu cn phi hnh ng gim s dng nng lng. Xem xt thng xuyn mc tiu c th bao gm c vic so snh s liu benchmark, xc nhn rng mc tiu t ra cp ph hp.
Qu trnh nhit
Qu trnh nhit l vn sng cn i vi nhiu qu trnh sn xut, k c qu trnh lm nng chy, nung, sy, x l nhit, luyn kim loi, nung chy, kt t, v to khun33. Trong h thng to nhit, cn cn/s cn bng h thng nhit v khi lng s cho thy nhit nng u vo ca h thng cho qu trnh sn xut nhit thc s, v lng nhin liu c dng p ng tht thot nng lng gy ra do qu ti, s phn phi, hoc tht thot chuyn i. Kim tra c hi tit kim cn phi trc tip s dng kt qu ca bng cn i/cn cn nhit v khi lng thng qua cc k thut sau l c gi tr v hiu qu chi ph.
Hiu sut nng lng

i vi h thng s dng nng lng, phn tch mang tnh h thng ca nhng ci tin hiu sut nng lng v c hi gim chi ph cn bao gm c hi kim tra phn cp : Qun l nhu cu/ti bng cch gim ti ln h thng nng lng Qun l ngun cung bng cch: o Gim tht thot trong phn phi nng lng; o Nng cao hiu qu chuyn i nng lng; o Khai thc c hi mua bn nng lng; o S dng nhin liu c hm lng cacbon thp. Cc c hi thng thng trong tng khu vc ny c tm tt di y32.
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Gim ti nhit
m bo c lp gim tht thot nhit qua cu trc l. Ly li/ti to nhit t qu trnh lm nng hoc dng hi thot ra gim ti h thng.
Hng dn b sung v hiu sut nng lng c th ly t cc ngun nh B Ti nguyn Canada (NRCAN http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/commercial/financialassistance/new-
buildings/mnecb.cfm?attr=20); Cng ng Chu u (EUROPA. http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/s15004.htm ), v B Nng lng Hoa K (US DOE, http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/ process.html 33 US DOE. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/ process.html
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Trong h thng nhit khng lin tc, xem xt vic s dng cch nhit t gim nng lng yu cu un nng cu trc h thng ti nhit vn hnh. Kim sot nhit qu trnh v cc thng s khc mt cch chnh xc trnh, v d qu nng hoc qu kh. Kim tra c hi s dng ti thp v/hoc sn phm mang khi nhit thp nh my sinh nhit, xe mang l nung,... Xem xt cc c hi lp k hoch cng vic hn ch cn thit cho qu trnh lm nng li gia cc giai on. Vn hnh l ti p sut tt v duy tr kn kh gim r r kh vo h thng lm nng, do vy gim nng lng yu cu lm nng kh khng cn thit ti nhit vn hnh h thng. Gim tht thot nhit im pht bng cch gn cc cu trc m v gi cc cng ng nu khng s dng. Nu c th, s dng h thng cho dng di gn vi hoc ti kh nng vn hnh. Xem xt s dng lp pht thi cao ca lp cch nhit cao v kt qu l gim nhit qu trnh Thit k v ti trng v loi nhit.
m bo cht lng vt liu u vo Chng trnh bo dng theo k hoch.
H thng phn phi nhit

Phn phi nhit trong ng dng qu trnh nhit c trng trong cc h thng hi, nc nng hoc h thng dng nhit. S tht thot c th c gim bng cc hnh ng sau: Sa cha kp thi r r h thng phn phi Trnh r r hi mc d c nhu cu cho hi qua tuabin. Mua bn in thng r hn, c bit nu chi ph x l nc cung cp cho tua bin-ni hi cng c bao gm trong . Nu t s nhit-nng ca qu trnh phn phi l nh hn so vi h thng nng lng, th cn phi xem xt cc c hi tng t s, v d, nn s dng hi nc c p sut thp chy h thng lm mt hp th hn l dng h thng nn hi chy in. Kim nh thng xuyn vn hnh by hi trong h thng hi nc, v m bo rng cc by khng b b qua. Do by hi c trng thng ch dng c 5 nm, nn 20% cn c thay th hoc sa cha hng nm. 32
C lp cc bnh h thng phn phi, nh bnh nng v bnh sc kh li, trong h thng hi v dng nhit hoc b cha nc nng. Cch ly ton b h thng ng dn dng nhit, nc nng, ngng t, hi h xung v vo trong ng ng ng knh 1 inch (25mm) kt hp vi cch ly ton b cc van v mp nng. Trong h thng hi, ngng t li ti ni hi ti s dng, v s ngng t hi nc cung cp cho ni hi l nc cht lng rt t ngoi nhit ca n. S dng h thng khi phc hi nc cc nhanh hn ch mt mt do hin tng bc hi khi ngng t p sut cao Nn dng m rng hi nc turbine i p sut hn l gim van trm. Loi tr mt mt ca h thng phn phi bng cch p dng h thng si tng im s dng.
Thng xuyn kim sot hm lng CO, O2 hoc CO2 ca kh t m bo h thng bung t s dng lng kh d thc t mc ti thiu Ch n bung t t ng s dng h thng kim sot kh oxy nn Hn ch s lng ni hi hoc thit b nung, s dng m bo ti. S dng 1 ni hi vi 90% cng sut th hiu qu hn hn vic s dng 2 ni vi cng sut ch c 45%. Hn ch ti mc thp nht s lng ni hi trong tnh trng d tr nng. S dng van iu tit kh loi tr mt mt ni hi trong giai on d tr. Gi mt truyn nhit sch s, ni hi kh t cn phi gi khng qu 20K so vi nhit h i Trong h thng ni hi, s dng cc thit b hm nng khi phc nhit t kh t lm nng s b cho h thng ni hi, nc ct hoc kh t. Ch hin tng thm thu ngc hoc x l thm tch in nc ct hn ch yu cu thi kh ni hi. p dng thi kh ni hi t ng (lin tc).
Ci tin hiu qu h thng chuyn i nng lng

Cn kim tra nng sut ca l sy, l gia nhit hoc cc h thng truyn nhit nh ni hi, thit b si lng:
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Khi phc nhit t h thng thi kh bng khi phc hi nc cc nhanh hoc lm nng s b nc ct. Khng cung cp qu lng hi cho bnh cha kh Vi thit b nung t, ch cc trng hp khi phc nhit cho kh t bng cch s dng h thng thu hi hoc ti sinh nhit. Vi cc h thng s dng trong mt giai on ko di (>6000 gi/nm), th s dng nng lng in ng pht sinh, nhit v/hoc lnh c th ti u ha chi ph. L t nhin liu oxy Tng cng/phun oxy S dng turbin cho ni hi Thit k kch thc v s dng cc ni hi cho cc mc ti khc nhau. Kim sot cht lng nhin liu/pha trn nhin liu
Gim ti
m bo cch ly ph hp gim nhit pht sinh t h thng lm lnh, gi di nhit xung quanh bnh cha v ng dn mi cht lnh. Kim sot nhit chnh xc, trnh qu lnh. Vn hnh hm lnh vi p sut dng nh v duy tr cc lp m kn khng kh ngn r kh vo trong h thng lm lnh, do s gim bt nng lng lm lnh cho lng kh khng cn thit ca h thng iu ha nhit . Kim tra vic lm lnh s b s dng khi phc nhit cho qu trnh sn xut yu cu gia nhit hoc bng s dng thit b lm lnh nhit cao hn. Trong cc kho lnh, hn ch ti a hp th nhit cho khng gian lm lnh bng cch s dng cc rm khng kh, ca vo cc snh hoc cc ca ng/m lin tc. Ti cc v tr bng chuyn vn chuyn sn phm vo khu lnh, cn hn ch din tch vn chuyn h, v d c th s dng cc rm sc. Lng t ha v hn ch cc i tng phi lm lnh ngu nhin, v d nh cc qut dn bay hi, cc my mc khc, h 34
Qu trnh lm lnh
Phng php lun chung trnh by phn trn c th p dng cho h thng lm lnh cng nghip. Cc bin php s dng thng thng cho hiu qu kinh t nng cao hiu qu lm lnh c trnh by nh sau:
thng r ng v chiu sng trong khoang lnh, qut thng kh trong cc hm lm lnh hoc bm mi cht lnh th cp (v d nc lnh, nc mui lm lnh, glycols). Khng s dng lm lnh cho cc nhim v lm lnh b sung, v d nh ct p u xylanh my nn hoc lm lnh du. Trong khi khng phi l mt ti nhit, m bo khng c b qua kh ca van m rng v c th to ti nn trong khi hiu qu lm mt rt thp. Trong trng hp s dng iu ha khng kh, cc k thut nng lng hiu qu bao gm: o t ca ht gi v cc iu ha khng kh ti nhng ch mt, hoc trong bng rm o Ci to b phn cch nhit ca cng trnh bao gm cc phn bt kn, l thng hi, ca s, v ca ra vo o Trng cy nh l l chn nhit xung quanh cc ta nh o Lp t gi v / hoc cm ng nhit v / hoc h thng kim sot da trn enthalpy o Lp t cc h thng thng gi thu hi nhit34
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Chuyn i nng lng

Hiu qu ca dch v in lnh thng thng c m t trong H s tnh nng ("COP"), l t l xc nh trn khi lng lm lnh trn nng lng u vo. COP c ti a ha bng vic thit k h thng lm lnh hiu qu v tng hiu sut nn cht lm lnh, cng nh gim thiu s khc bit nhit thng qua h thng hot ng v cng nh gim ti ph (tc l nhng b phn cn thm kh nn) trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng lm lnh. Thit k h thng Nu nhit qu trnh l cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh sut c, hoc mt phn trong nm, c th s dng h thng lm mt mi trng xung quanh, v d nh dng thp lm lnh hoc kh l thch hp, v nn thc hin lm lnh b sung trong iu kin ma h.
Thng tin b sung v hiu sut nng lng HVAC c th tm ti British Columbia Building
Corporation (Woolliams, 2002. http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/new_buildin gs/pdf_files/greenbuild_strategi es_guide.pdf), H ng d n n ng l ng c a NRCAN (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/equipment/english/index. cfm?PrintView=N&Text=N) v Chng trnh Ngi sao nng lng ca NRCAN (http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/energystar/english/consu mers/heating.cfm?text=N&pri ntview=N#AC), Chng trnh Ngi sao nng lng Hoa K (http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidel ines.download_guidelines).
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Hu ht cc h thng u l lm lnh ng c in-iu khin h thng nn hi bng cch s dng my nn loi dch chuyn hoc my nn ly tm. Phn cn li ca hng dn ny ch yu lin quan n cc h thng hi nn. Tuy nhin, nu c mt ngun nhit gi r hoc min ph (v d nh nhit thi t mt my pht in hi nc p sut thp ng c iu khin qua turbine i p), th c th s dng lm lnh. Khai thc khong nhit lm mt cao: Lm lnh s b bng mi trng xung quanh v/ hoc bng my lnh nhit cao trc khi lm lnh cui cng c th gim nhit cn lm lnh xung thp v gim chi ph hot ng. Nhit lm mt cao cng to c s cho i lu kh mt (tng), lm gim nhu cu dng mi cht lnh. Gi cht lng nng v lnh ring bit, v d khng trn ln hn hp nc sau khi lm lnh vi nc thu v t mch lm lnh. Trong cc h thng nhit thp, ni khng th trnh khi s khc bit nhit cao, ch p dng hai giai on hoc nn hp cht, hoc my nn trc vt kinh t, hn l dng nn mt giai on.
Gim thiu nhng khc bit nhit H thng lm lnh nn hi lm tng nhit ca mi cht lnh t mt nhit no di nhit thp nht ca qu trnh (nhit bc hi) cung cp cho qu trnh lm lnh, ti nhit no cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh (nhit ngng t), h tr cho qu trnh ta nhit vo khng kh hoc cc h thng nc lm mt. Tng nhit bc hi thng tng cng sut my nn kh lm mt m khng nh hng ln n tiu th in nng. Gim nhit ngng t tng cng sut lm mt bc hi v lm gim ng k in nng tiu th ca my nn. Tng nhit bc hi La chn khong bc hi ln cho php nhit khc bit gia quy trnh v nhit bc hi tng i thp. Bo m nng lng s dng ph (v d qut thi bc hi) khng vt qu mc tit kim. Trong ng dng lm mt khng kh, nhit thit k chnh lch gia nhit khng kh v nhit bc hi t 6-10 K l ph hp. Khi lm mt cc cht lng , c th t c mc chnh 2K gia nhit ri khi cht lng v nhit bay hi, tuy nhin
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mc chnh 4K thng ch cho mc bc hi rng ri. Gi gin bay hi sch s. Khi lm mt khng kh, m bo thc hin r ng ng. Trong cht lng lm mt, kim sot cht lm lnh/qu trnh s chnh lch nhit v so snh vi cc mc thit k phi cnh bo cho b hon nhit bn do s dng hoc do du. m bo thng xuyn lau du khi gin bay hi, v rng du b c thm bt hp l. Trnh vic s dng cc van i p. iu chnh van m rng gim thiu b qu nhit hi ht b cht, trnh khng cht lng sang ch my nn. m bo rng khi lng np mi cht lnh hin ti l ph hp. Gim nhit ngng t Xem xt la chn gia lm lnh bng khng kh c lm mt hoc bng bc hi (v d nh bay hi hoc lm mt bng nc ngng v thp lm mt). Gin bay hi lm mt bng khng kh thng c nhit ngng t cao hn, do s dng nng lng nn cao hn, v tiu th nng lng ph, c bit l vng kh hu m thp.
Nu mt h thng t c s dng, m bo x l ph hp ngn chn s pht trin ca vi khun Legionella. La chn bt k h thng c bn no cng cn phi chn mt bnh ngng tng i ln gim thiu s khc bit gia nhit ngng t v tn nhit. Nhit ngng t vi khng kh lm mt bng nc hoc bay hi ngng khng nn ln hn 10K so vi nhit thit k xung quanh, v mt khong chnh 4K trong bnh ngng lm mt bng cht lng l c th. Trnh tch tp trung cc cc loi kh khng th ngng t trong h thng bnh ngng. Xem xt vic lp t thit b x kh khng ngng ca gin lnh, c bit cho cc h thng hot ng di p sut kh quyn. Gi cc bnh ngng sch v sn c cc mc . Kim sot khc bit nhit gia mi cht lm lnh/mi trng xung quanh v so snh vi cc mc thit k phi cnh bo cho b hon nhit bn. Trnh d tr cht lng nhng khu vc cn hn ch truyn nhit trong bnh ngng. iu ny c th do li ci t nh cc gim p ng tm trong ng dn cht lng mi cht lm lnh nm ngang, hay ng dy 37
dn cht lng "pha trn v cao hn" t bnh ngng. Trong nhiu ng dng bnh ngng, dng mi cht lm lnh cht lng cn c kt ni qua xi phng vo dng chnh ca mi cht lm lnh cht lng m bo rng kh nng truyn cho tt c cc bnh ngng. Trnh kim sot p lc ct nc n mc c th. Kim sot p lc ct nc gi nhit ngng t ti, hoc gn mc thit k. Do n s ngn nga gim in nng tiu th my nn, dn ti gim nhit ngng t nh vic hn ch kh nng ngng t (thng l bng cch chuyn ra khi bnh ngng, hoc qut lm mt thp, hoc hn ch dng nc lm mt) trong iu kin thp hn ti thit k hoc iu kin nhit mi trng xung quanh. p lc ct nc thng c gi cao hn mc cn thit h tr vic r ng bng kh nng hoc vic lu thng mi cht lm lnh cht lng c ph hp. S dng van in t hn l van n nhit m rng, v bm mi cht lm lnh cht lng c th c php bm tun hon mi cht lm lnh ti mc gim nhit ngng t. Phi c khong cch hp l gia khu vc ngng t v thp lm mt ngn chn vic lu
chuyn ca khng kh nng vo li thp.
Hiu sut nn cht lm lnh

Mt s mi cht lm lnh v my nn lnh c hiu qu hn nhng loi khc khi dng cho cng mt mc ch. Trc khi mua sm, xc nh cc iu kin hot ng theo cc my nn hoc lm lnh c kh nng hot ng cho cc phn chnh ca chu k hng nm. Kim tra hiu qu hot ng vi nhng iu kin ny, v yu cu c tnh chi ph hot ng hng nm. Lu rng my lnh v cc h thng HVAC him khi chy trong thi gian di iu kin thit k c y n cc oan. Hiu qu hot ng theo iu kin xy ra ph bin nht ngoi thit k c kh nng l quan trng nht. My nn mt hiu qu khi khng c cht ti. Trnh cc hot ng ca nhiu my nn cng iu kin bn ti. Lu rng gi lnh c th t c h s tnh nng (COP) khi khng cht ti nh, v mt hiu qu my nn c th c gim nh do gim ngng t v tng bay hi. Tuy nhin, kh c th tit kim nng lng nu ch vn hnh mt my nn lnh 38
hot ng mc di 50% cng sut. Xem xt hiu qu ngng hot ng khi iu chnh my lnh. iu chnh tc hoc nhiu my nn lnh c th c hiu qu cao vi tng phn ti. S dng h thng tr nhit (v d nh kho ) c th trnh c s cn thit phi theo di cht ch ti v, do , c th trnh hot ng my nn bn ti.
bm c th c hiu qu, thng l t c khi p sut ngng t thp nht.
H thng kh nn
Nn khng kh l dch v tin ch ph bin nht trong cng nghip, nhng trong nhiu h thng khng kh nn, nng lng cha trong kh nn cung cp cho ngi s dng thng l 10% hoc t hn so vi nng lng c s dng trong khng kh nn. Bin php tit kim thng c th thc hin thng qua cc k thut sau y:
H thng lnh ph tr
Nhiu h thng lm lnh ph tr (v d nh qut gin bay hi v my bm nc lnh) ng gp vo ti ca h thng lm lnh, do vic gim s dng nng lng ca chng s cho li ch kp. K thut tit kim nng lng cho bm, qut c lit k trong phn k tip ca Hng dn ny, nn p dng cho cc thit b lm lnh ph tr. Ngoi ra, s dng thit b lnh ph tr c th trnh c vic vn hnh mt phn ti v vic la chn nh my (v d nh qut trc ngng bay hi thng s dng t nng lng hn so vi thp qut ly tm tng ng). Di iu kin khc nghit ngoi thit k, bin php gim mc hot ng ca h thng qut lm mt v
Gim ti
Kim tra mc s dng thc s ca tng i tng s dng kh nn xc nh lng kh cn thit v p lc cn vn chuyn. Khng dng trn ln lng ti cao p sut thp vi lng ti thp p sut cao vi nhau. Phn tch cc ng dng khi lng thp p sut cao hoc cung cp thit b p sut thp chuyn dng, v d s dng qut thay th kh nn. Xem xt cc kh nng gim s dng kh, v d: S dng vi phun khng kh khuch i thay cho tia kh nn ng m n gin.
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o Xem xt liu kh nn c cn thit hay khng. o Trng hp tia kh nn yu cu khng lin tc (v d nh y sn phm), xem xt iu tia kh nn thng qua van in t ch m ra khi cn khng kh. o iu khin van th cng hoc t ng phn tch kh cung cp tng khu hoc my ring l khng s dng lin tc. o Ci t cc h thng xc nh mt cch h thng v sa cha r r o Tt c im x phn ngng cn c lp xi phng. Khng c cc van x lin tc trng thi 'nt m' o o to cng nhn khng bao gi trc tip kh nn vo ngi hoc ph bi hoc lm lnh bn thn.
Phn phi
Gim st p lc mt trong cc b lc v thay th cho ph hp S dng ng ng phn phi c thit k vi kch thc ph hp gim thiu tn tht p lc.
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1.3 Nc thi v cht lng nc xung quanh

ng dng v cch tip cn Cht lng dch thi lng ni chung Thi ra nc b mt Thi ra h thng cng sinh hot Dch thi x l bn cho t H thng b t hoi Qun l nc thi Nc thi cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot Pht thi t cc hot ng x l nc thi Cn t cc hot ng x l nc thi Cc vn v an ton v bnh ngh nghip trong hot ng x l nc thi Quan trc 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 47 48 48 49 49
rng cc ngnh cng nghip. Hng dn ny c b sung bng cc hng dn cho nc thi cng nghip c th qui nh trong Hng dn v An ton, Sc khe v Mi trng cho tng ngnh cng nghip. Nhng d n c tim nng to ra nc thi sn xut, nc thi sinh hot hoc nc ma nhim cn a ra nhng phng cn thit nhm trnh, gim thiu v kim sot cc tc ng bt li cho sc khe con ngi, an ton v mi trng. Xt trong mt h thng qun l ESHS tng th, cc c s nn: Hiu v cht lng, s lng, tn sut v ngun nc thi trong h thng ca mnh. iu ny bao gm kin thc v v tr, ng i v tng hp cc h thng thot ni b v nhng im x thi Ln k hoch v tin hnh tch cc nc thi chnh nh nc thi cng nghip, c s sn xut, sinh hot v nc ma nhm mc ch gim ti a lng nc thi yu cu x l c bit. Tnh cht ca cc dng n l cng c th c s dng tch ngun. Nhn dng cc c hi ngn chn hoc gim nhim nc thi nh cc bin php nh ti ch/ti s dng ti c s, thay th u vo hoc thay i qui trnh (v d thay i cng ngh hoc iu kin/kiu vn hnh). 41
ng dng v cch tip cn

Hng dn ny p dng cho cc d n trc tip hoc gin tip thi nc thi sn xut, nc thi t hot ng ca cc c s hoc nc ma ra mi trng. Cc hng dn ny p dng cho thi nc thi cng nghip ra h thng cng sinh hot ri x thng ra mi trng khng qua x l. Nc thi sn xut c th bao gm nc thi nhim t hot ng ca cc c s, nc ma v nc thi sinh hot. Hng dn cung cp thng tin v cc cng ngh qun l nc thi, cng ngh bo tn nc v cng ngh ti s dng ph bin, p dng cho mt phm vi
nh gi vic tun th ca c s v x thi nc thi vi cc ng dng: i) tiu chun thi (nu nc thi cho thi vo vng nc b mt hoc cng), v ii) tiu chun cht lng nc thi cho mc ch ti s dng c th (v d nu nc thi c ti s dng cho thy li). Ngoi ra, vic to v x thi nc thi di bt c dng no cng phi c qun l thng qua phi hp ca: S dng nc hiu qu gim to nc thi iu chnh dy chuyn gm gim thiu cht thi v gim vic s dng cc vt liu nguy him gim ti cc cht gy nhim cn x l Nu cn, vic s dng cc k thut x l nc thi gim hn na vic ti cc cht gy nhim trc khi x thi, c tnh n nh hng c th ca vic chuyn cho cc cht nhim trong qu trnh x l (v d t nc vo khng kh hoc t) Khi qu trnh x l nc thi c yu cu trc khi x thi, mc x l nn da trn: Nc thi c x vo h thng cng sinh hot hay x ra nc b mt Cc tiu chun a phng v quc gia c phn nh trong
nhng yu cu v cho php v kh nng ca h thng cng trong vn chuyn v x l nc thi nu x thi ra cng sinh hot Kh nng tip nhn nc cho qu trnh ti cc cht nhim ca nc thi nu nc thi c x thi ra nc b mt D kin s dng ngun d tr nc (v d cc ngun nc ung, ngun nc phc v khu gii tr, ti tiu, hi qun hoc nhng ngun khc) S c mt cc ngun tip nhn nhy cm (v d cc loi ang b e da) hoc cc ni c tr Thc hnh cng nghip quc t tt (GIIP) cho cc ngnh cng nghip lin quan.
Cht lng dch thi lng ni chung Thi ra nc b mt

Vic x thi nc thi sn xut, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi t hot ng ca cc c s hoc nc ma ra nc b mt khng c c tc ng n vic hm lng cc cht nhim vt qu cc tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh hoc, trng hp khng c tiu chun a phng l cc tiu chun khc cho cht lng nc xung 42
quanh.35 Vic s dng nc tip nhn 36 v kh nng ng ha37 c xt n nhng ngun x thi khc ca nc tip nhn, cng c th nh hng n vic ti nhim chp nhn c v cht lng x thi nc thi. Nhng xem xt khc c th nm trong vic xy dng nhng mc thc hin d n c th vi dch thi nc thi bao gm:
Mt v d l cc tiu chun cht lng nc quc gia khuyn khch p dng ca EPA Hoa K: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/wqcriteri a.html 36 Cc v d v s dng nc tip nhn c th do cc c quan a phng ch nh bao gm: nc ung (vi mt vi mc x l), nc cho khu vui chi gii tr, thy sn, thy li, i sng di nc ni chung, sn xut trang sc v hi qun. V d cho gi tr hng dn trn c s sc khe ca nc tip nhn gm hng dn ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO) i vi s dng nc cho gii tr (http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_healt h/dwq/guidelines/en/index.html) 37 Kh nng ng ha ca cc ngun d tr nc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t bao gm, nhng khng gii hn bi, tng lng nc, tc dng chy, tc tia nc ca ngun d tr nc v vic ti cc cht nhim t nhng ngun nc thi khc trong vng hoc khu vc. C th cn s dng nh gi tnh trng ban u mang tnh i din ma v cht lng nc xung quanh cho vic s dng cc bin php khoa hc c kim chng v cc m hnh ton hc nhm c on nh hng c th c n ngun nc tip nhn t mt ngun nc thi.
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Tiu chun x l nc thi sn xut nht qun vi Hng dn EHS cho Ngnh cng nghip tng ng. Cc d n khng c c hng dn c th phi tham kho hng dn v cht lng nc x ca ngnh cng nghip c cc qui trnh sn xut tng ng v dch thi ph hp; Tun th cc tiu chun quc gia v a phng v x thi nc thi sinh hot hoc nu khng c tiu chun ny th cc gi tr hng dn ch th c th p dng cho x thi nc thi sinh hot trnh by bng 1.3.1 di y; Nhit ca nc thi trc khi x khng dn ti vic lm tng nhit xung quanh hn 3oC ti ra ca vng thit lp khoa hc c tnh n cht lng nc xung quanh, s dng nc tip nhn, v kh nng ng ha trong nhng xem xt khc.
Thi ra h thng cng sinh hot

Vic x thi nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi t hot ng ca cc c s hoc nc ma ra cc h thng x l nc thi cng cng hoc t nhn nn: p ng yu cu quan trc v tin x l ca h thng x l nc cng n ni m n x thi. 43
Khng can thip, trc tip hoc gin tip, n hot ng v vn hnh ca mt lot cc h thng x l, hoc to nguy c cho an ton v sc khe ca ngi lao ng hoc tc ng bt li n tnh cht ca cc cn b ca hot ng x l nc thi. c x thi vo cc h thng x l nc thi tp trung hoc ca cng ng c cng sut ph hp p ng cc yu cu ca a phng v x l nc thi ca cc d n. Vic tin x l nc thi nhm t c cc yu cu v qui nh trc khi x thi t d n c yu cu nu h thng x l nc thi tp trung hoc cng ng c ngun nc tip nhn t d n khng c cng sut ph hp duy tr s tun th v qui nh.
nghip.38 nh hng c th ti t, nc ngm, v nc b mt v phng din bo v, bo tn v s bn vng lu di ca cc ngun t v nc phi c nh gi khi s dng t l mt phn ca bt c h thng x l nc thi no.
H thng b t hoi
Cc h thng t hoi thng c s dng x l v pht tn cho h thng cng sinh hot nhng khu vc khng c h thng thu gom nc cng. H thng b t hoi ch nn s dng x l nc thi sinh hot m khng ph hp cho x l nc thi cng nghip. Khi cc h thng b t hoi l hnh thc c la chn thi b v x l nc thi th phi: c thit k v lp t ng theo cc qui nh v hng dn ca a phng nhm ngn nga mi him ha cho sc khe cng ng v nhim t, nc b mt v nc ngm.
Dch thi x l bn cho t

Cht lng nc thi sn xut qua x l, nc thi t hot ng ca cc c s hoc nc ma thi ra t, bao gm t t phi c thit lp trn c s cc yu cu qui nh a phng. Khi t c s dng l mt phn ca h thng x l v ni tip nhn cui cng l nc b mt th phi s dng hng dn cht lng nc i vi x thi ra nc b mt c th cho tngngnh cng
Hng dn b sung v s quan tm ti cht lng nc cho vic s dng t c trong Hng dn ca WHO cho s dng an ton nc thi. Phn v nc en. Tp 2: S dng nc thi trong nng nghip http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_h ealth/wastewater/gsuweg2/en/index.ht ml
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Bo dng tt cho php hot ng hiu qu. Xy dng cho nhng khu vc c qu trnh thm vo t hiu qu thit k vn tc ti nc thi. Xy dng cho nhng khu vc c t cng, gn ni thot nc v thot nc tt, thm tt, c cc ngn ring bit ngn gia vng ti v tng nc ngm hoc ngun nc tip nhn khc.
ng, ch, thy ngn, niken, km v.v), xianua, cc hp cht v c nguy him, vt liu du, v cc cht bay hi cng nh t cc tnh cht nhit ca vic x thi (v d nhit tng cao). Vic vn chuyn cc cht nhim sang nhng pha khc nh khng kh, t, b mt ph phi c gim thiu thng qua cc kim sot quy trnh v kim sot thi cng. Nc thi sn xut - Cc v d cho cch thc x l in hnh s dng trong x l nc thi cng nghip c tm tt trong Ph lc 1.3.1. Trong khi vic la chn cng ngh x l c nh hng bi tnh cht ca nc thi th thc t vic thc hnh cc cng ngh ph thuc nhiu vo s ph hp ca cng ngh, la chn thit b cng nh vn hnh v bo dng cc nh my xy dng. Yu cu v nhng ngun y vi cc vn hnh v bo dng ng ca c s x l. Qu trnh vn hnh ph thuc ch yu vo nng lc k thut v s o to cho cc nhn vin vn hnh. Mt hoc nhiu hn cc cng ngh x l c th c p dng nhm thu c cht lng x thi mong mun nhm duy tr s tun th vi cc yu cu qui nh. Thit k v vn hnh cc cng ngh x l nc thi c la chn phi trnh pht thi khng kim sot c cc cht ha hc d bay hi t nc thi. Hot ng x l cn ca nc thi cng nghip phi c th hin ph hp vi cc 45
Qun l nc thi
Qun l nc thi bao gm bo tn nc, x l nc thi, qun l nc ma v quan trc cht lng nc v nc thi.
Nc thi cng nghip

Nc thi cng nghip t cc hot ng cng nghip bao gm nc thi sn xut, nc thi t cc hot ng ca cc c s, nc thi t cc dy chuyn v cc khu vc vt liu qun s v cc hot ng hn hp khc bao gm nc thi t cc phng th nghim, ca hng sa cha thit b v.v Cht nhim trong thnh phn nc thi cng nghip c th gm cc axit hoc baz (biu hin gi tr pH cao hay thp), cc cht ha hc v c ha tan lm gim xy ha tan trong nc, cht rn l lng, dinh dng (pht pho, ni t), kim loi nng (v d catmi, crm,
qui nh ca a phng, trong trng hp khng c qui nh a phng th vic thi b phi ph hp vi an ton v bo v sc khe cng ng, bo tn v bn vng ngun t v nc. Nc thi t hot ng ca cc c s - Hot ng ca cc c s nh cc thp lm lnh v h thng kh khong c th dn ti tc tiu th nc cao cng nh to ra nc nng cha cc cht rn ha tan, cn bixit, cn ca cc tc nhn chng g cho h thng lm lnh khc v.v Cc chin lc qun l nc thi c khuyn co cho hot ng ca cc c s bao gm: Tip nhn cc c hi bo tn nc cho cc h thng lm lnh nh my nu trong phn Bo tn nc di y; S dng cc bin php hi phc nhit (nng cao hiu qu nng lng) hoc cc bin php lm mt khc nhm gim nhit ca nc nng trc khi x thi m bo nhit nc thi khng dn ti lm tng nhit xung quanh ln hn 3oC ti ra ca vng trn c khoa hc xc nhn c tnh n cht lng nc xung quanh, s dng nc tip nhn, ni tip nhn tim nng v kh nng ng ha trong nhng xem xt khc; Gim thiu vic s dng cc ha cht chng n mn v g st bng
cch m bo su ca nc ly vo ph hp v s dng mn chn. Nn s dng t nht cc cht thay th nguy him v phng din cht c, cht gy thi ra, dc phm, tch t cc cht. Liu s dng phi tun theo qui nh a phng v khuyn ngh ca nh sn xut; Vic th lng cn bixit v cc cht nhim khc ang quan tm phi c tin hnh nhm xc nh mc cn thit phi iu chnh liu s dng hoc cch x l nc lm lnh trc khi x thi. Qun l nc ma - Nc ma bao gm tt c cc nc chy v dng chy trn b mt t nc ma, tuyt chy, nc thot hoc cc ngun khc. V c bn nc thi t nc ma c cha cc lng cn l lng, kim loi, hydr cc bon du, hyr ccbon thm nhiu vng (PAHs), coliform v.v. Dng chy nc ma nhanh, thm ch khng nhim cng vn lm gim cht lng ca nc tip nhn thng qua xi mn lng chy v b sng. Nhm gim nhu cu phi x l nc ma, phi p dng cc qui tc sau: Cn tch nc ma khi nc thi sn xut v nc thi sinh hot gim lng nc thi phi x l trc khi x thi Ngn chn nc chy b mt khi cc khu vc sn xut hoc 46
nhng ngun c kh nng gy nhim Nu gii php trn khng thc hin c, phi tch nc chy t cc vng d tr hoc sn xut ra khi nhng ngun t gy nhim hn Phi gim thiu nc chy t cc khu vc t c ngun gy nhim (v d gim thiu cc khu vc c b mt khng thm nc) v phi gim tc x thi cao nht (v d thng qua cc m ly v cc h lu tr); Khi thy cn thit phi x l nc ma bo v cht lng ca ngun nc tip nhn, phi u tin qun l v x l dng chy nc ma u tin v n mang nhiu cht gy nhim tim nng; Nu t cc tiu chun v cht lng nc th nc ma phi c qun l ging nh ngun nc cho nc ngm hoc p ng nhu cu v nc ca cc c s; Phi lp t v duy tr cc cht tch du v by m ph hp ti cc c s tip nhin liu, ca hng, khu vc xe, khu vc kho v cha nhin liu; Bn t cc h thng thu gom nc ma c th cha mc cao cc cht nhim v phi c x l ph hp vi qui nh ca a phng. Trng hp khng c qui
nh th vic thi phi ph hp vi bo v an ton v sc khe cng ng, bo tn v bn vng cc ngun t v nc.
Nc thi sinh hot

Nc thi sinh hot t cc c s cng nghip c th gm cc dch thi t cc cng sinh hot, dch v n ung, cc c s git cho cng nhn. Nc thi hn tp t phng th nghim, bnh vin, lm mm nc v.v phi c x ra h thng x l nc thi sinh hot. Chin lc qun l nc thi sinh hot khuyn co gm: Tch cc dng nc thi nhm m bo s ph hp cho cc kh nng x l c la chn (v d h thng b t hoi ch s dng cho cng sinh hot); Tch v tin x l cc dch thi cha du v m (v d s dng cc by m) trc khi x thi ra cc h thng cng; Nu nc thi ca cc c s cng nghip x thi ra nc b mt, vic x l phi t c cc tiu chun ca quc gia v a phng dnh cho thi nc thi sinh hot hoc, trng hp khng c qui nh th hng dn ch nh c gi tr p dng cho x thi nc thi sinh hot nh trong bng 1.3.1; 47
Nu x thi nc cng t cc c s cng nghip ra h thng b t hoi hoc ra t c s dng trong h thng x l th yu cu vic x l phi t cc tiu chun ph hp ca quc gia hoc a phng cho x thi nc thi sinh hot. Bn ca cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot phi tun th cc qui nh ca a phng, trng hp khng c qui nh th vic x thi phi tng thch vi vic bo v an ton v sc khe cho cng ng, bo tn v bn vng cc ngun t v nc.
Bng 3.1.1 - Gi tr ch th cho x thi nc sinh hot qua x l Cht nhim n v Gi tr hng d n pH pH 6-9 BOD mg/l 30 COD mg/l 125 Tng ni t mg/l 10 Tng pht pho mg/l 2 Du v m mg/l 10 Tng cht rn l mg/l 50 lng Tng coliform MPNb/ 400a 100ml
Ghi ch: a Khng p dng cho cc h thng x l nc thi th tp trung cp trong Hng dn EHS cho nc v v sinh b MPN = S ln nht c th
Pht thi t cc hot ng x l nc thi

Pht thi kh t cc hot ng x l nc thi c th gm H2S, mtan, ozn (trong trng hp dng zn ty trng), cc hp cht v c bay hi (v d clorofom sinh ra t cc hot ng kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht v c d bay hi khc (VOC) t nc thi cng nghip), cc cht kh hoc cht d bay hi s dng trong cc qui trnh ty trng (v d clo v amnic) v cc bnh kh sinh hc. Mi t cc c s x l c th gy kh chu cho cng nhn v cng ng xung quanh. xut qun l cc pht thi c trnh by phn Pht thi kh v Cht lng kh xung quanh thuc ti liu ny v trong Hng dn EHS cho Nc v V sinh.
Cn t cc hot ng x l nc thi
Cn nh gi bn t cc nh my x l nc thi trn c s tng trng hp c th nhm thit lp c hay khng c s hnh thnh cht thi nguy him hay khng nguy him v phi qun l nh m t trong phn Qun l cht thi ca ti liu ny.
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Cc vn v an ton v bnh ngh nghip trong hot ng x l nc thi

Hot ng ca cc c s x l nc thi c th to ra nhng cht c sinh hc, ha hc v l hc ph thuc vo thit k ca cc c s v kiu qun l dch nc thi. V d cc cht nguy him c th di chuyn v ri vo cc bn cha, xm nhp khong khng gii hn i vi cng tc bo dng, xng cc hp cht d bay hi, bnh kh sinh hc v mtan, tip xc vi mm bnh v vct truyn bnh, v vic s dng cc hp cht tim nng gy c bao gm clo, natri, canxi, hyp clorit v amnic. Khuyn co chi tit cho vic qun l cc vn v sc khe v an ton lao ng c trnh by phn c lin quan ca ti liu ny. Cc hng dn c bit khc c p dng cho cc h thng x l nc thi c nu trong Hng dn EHS cho Nc v V sinh.
Thng s quan trc: Vic la chn cc thng s quan trc phi ch th c cc cht nhim quan tm ng thi nn thm cc thng s thuc cc yu cu tun th; Kiu v tn sut quan trc: Khi quan trc nc thi phi xt ti cc c tnh x thi ca qu trnh sn xut trong mi thi im. Quan trc vic x thi ca qu trnh sn xut theo ma v theo m phi tnh n s khc nhau v thi im x thi. V vy, vic quan trc ny phc tp hn quan trc x thi lin tc. Cn ly mu dch thi ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc xa nhau thng xuyn hn hoc bng phng php compozit. Cc mu xc hoc vi s gip ca cc thit b t ng, cc mu compozit c th cho php c ci nhn su hn v hm lng trung bnh cc cht nhim trong vng 24 gi. Cc mu compozit c th khng thch hp khi vic phn tch cc vn quan tm tn ti ngn (v d cc cht d phn gii hoc d bay hi). a im quan trc: Cn la chn a im quan trc theo mc tiu cung cp d liu quan trc mang tnh i din. Phi xc nh cc trm ly mu dch thi ti im x thi cui cng cng 49
Quan trc
Cn pht trin v thc hin chng trnh theo di cht lng nc c ngun nc y v gim st qun l nhm t cc mc tiu ca chng trnh theo di. Cn quan tm n cc thnh phn sau y ca chng trnh qun l cht lng nc v nc thi:
nh ti cc im pha trn mang tnh chin lc trc khi ha vo dng x thi khc. Khng nn ha ln cc dng x thi sn xut trc hoc sau khi x l vi mc tiu p ng vic x thi hoc tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh. Cht lng d liu: Cn p dng chng trnh quan trc s dng cc phng php ly mu, bo tn v phn tch c quc t cng nhn. Tin hnh ly mu vi hoc di s gim st ca cc c nhn c o to. Thc hin vic phn tch thng qua cc c quan c cho php hoc c giy php cho mc ch ny. Cn chun b v thc hin k hoch ly mu v kim sot cht lng/m bo cht lng (QA/QC) phn tch. Cc ti liu kim sot cht lng/m bo cht lng phi c nu trong cc bo co quan trc.
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Ph lc 1.3.1 V d v cc phng php x l nc thi cng nghip

Cht nhim/Thng s pH Du v m/TPH TSS - C th x l TSS - khng th x l BOD cao (>2 kg/m3) BOD thp (<2 kg/m3) COD khng b phn gii Kim loi - Phn t v Dung dch Cht v c/Phi kim La chn/Nguyn tc kim sot Ha cht, cn bng Tch pha Lng, loi theo c Ni, lc - truyn thng v tip tuyn Ym kh sinh hc Ho kh sinh hc, khng bt buc xy ha, hp ph, chn theo c Lm ng, kt bng, kt ta, chn theo c Lm ng, kt bng, kt ta, chn theo c, xy ha, hp ph Hiu kh, ym kh sinh hc, khng bt buc, hp ph, xy ha By ch ng v th ng; sinh vt, vt l, hp ph Loi b cc cht dinh dng sinh hc, ha hc, vt l, hp ph Hiu kh/ym kh sinh vt, khng bt buc, hp ph, xy ha Lm mt bng bay hi Nng , chn theo c Hp ph, xy ha, chn theo c, nng Hp ph, chn theo c, nng Ty trng, kh trng Hp ph, xy ha, chn theo c, nng Cng ngh kim sot cui ng thng dng Thm baz/axit, cn bng dng chy Ni kh ha tan, lc bng nhiu phng php, tch nc du, by m Chu lng, gn, ly tm, sng Th tri kh ha tan, lc bng nhiu phng php, lc ct, lc si, my siu lc, lc rt nh Pht trin l lng, pht trin km theo, lai Pht trin l lng, pht trin km theo, lai Oxy ha ha cht, xy ha nhit, than hot tnh, mng nh sng cng vi lng, lc truyn thng v tip tuyn nh sng cng vi lng, lc truyn thng v tip tuyn, xy ha ha cht, xy ha nhit, than hot tnh, s thm thu ngc, bay hi Sinh hc: pht trin l lng, pht trin km theo, lai; xy ha ha cht, xy ha nhit, than hot tnh Sinh hc: pht trin km theo, xy ha ha cht, xy ha nhit, than hot tnh X l sinh hc hiu kh/ym kh, stripping kh v thy phn ha hc, clo ha, trao i ion Hiu kh sinh hc, oxy ha ha hc, than hot tnh Cht hiu kh b mt, cn bng dng chy Bay hi, hnh thnh tinh th, thm thu ngc xy ha ha cht, xy ha nhit, than hot tnh, trao i ion, thm thu ngc, bay hi, hnh thnh tinh th Trao i ion, thm thu ngc, bay hi, hnh thnh tinh th Clo, zn, xy gi, UV, nhit xy ha ha cht, xy ha nhit, than hot tnh, bay hi, hnh thnh tinh th, thm thu ngc
Cht hu c - VOCs v SVOCs Pht thi - Mi v VOCs Dinh dng Mu Nhit TDS Hot cht/Cht gy nhim chnh Cht phng x Mm bnh Cht c
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1.4 Bo tn nc
ng dng v cch tip cn Qun l v quan trc nc Ti s dng v ti ch nc sn xut Vn hnh cc c s xy dng H thng lm mt H thng l nng 52 52 53 54 54 54
tun hon khp kn tp trung) ch p dng cho nng cp nc S dng cng ngh qui trnh kh v d nh ti kh Qun l p lc h thng nc sn xut Thit k d n c cc bin php thu nc y , h thng kim sot tht thot v trn nc.
ng dng v cch tip cn

Cn thc hin cc chng trnh bo tn nc tng xng vi tm quan trng v chi ph s dng nc. Nhng chng trnh ny phi tuyn truyn v s gim lin tc trong tiu th nc v t c vic tit kim trong bm nc, chi ph x l v x thi. Cc bin php bo tn nc bao gm k thut qun l/quan trc nc; qui trnh v ti sn xut, ti s dng nc lm mt/lm nng v nhng k thut khc; v cc k thut bo tn nc sinh hot khc. Cc khuyn ngh chung bao gm: Thu thp v s dng nc ma Thit k x thi 0/s dng nc thi x l c cp trong qu trnh thit k d n S dng cc h thng tun hon khp kn ti cc nh my/c s/ca hng (nh trong h thng
Qun l v quan trc nc

Cc yu t cn thit cho mt chng trnh qun l nc bao gm: Nhn dng, o c thng xuyn, v ghi li cc dng chy chnh trong mt c s; nh ngha v xem xt thng xuyn cc mc ch thc hin c iu chnh i din cho nhng thay i v cc yu t chnh c nh hng n s dng nc (v d nh tc sn xut cng nghip); Thng xuyn so snh dng chy vi cc mc tiu thc hin xc nh a im c hnh ng gim vic s dng nc. Vic o nc (o bng ng h) nn nhn mnh nhng khu vc s dng nhiu nc nht. Da trn cc d liu o c th xc nh nhng r
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r do ch s s dng kh gii thch chnh ti cc c s cng nghip.
Ti s dng v ti ch nc sn xut
C hi tit kim nc ti cc qui trnh sn xut cng nghip phi ty thuc vo tng ngnh c th. Tuy nhin cc k thut sau y c p dng thnh cng v cn c quan tm cng vi s pht trin ca h thng o miu t trn. My git: Nhiu loi my git s dng mt lng ln nc nng. S dng nc c th tng v vi tr nn rng hn do vic lau chi v/hoc s dng nhiu ln. Theo di vic s dng nc ca my, so snh vi c tnh v thay vi khi vic s dng nc v nhit chm ngng cnh bo. Ti s dng nc: p dng ti s dng nc bao gm vic gi ngc dng, v d nhng qui trnh git v gi nhiu giai on, hoc ti s dng nc thi t mt dy chuyn cho nhng nhu cu khng i hi cao v nc. V d s dng nc gi cht ty cho git vi, thm ch lau sn nh. Ngy cng c nhiu hn cc d n ti s dng phc to yu cu x l nc trc khi ti s dng. Vi/bnh phun nc: Nu qui trnh s dng vi hoc bnh phun
nc (v d nh lm sch cc my di chuyn hoc lm mt sn phm) phi xem xt s chnh xc ca hnh thc phun nhm ngn nga vic tht thot nc khng cn thit. Ti u ha kim sot lu lng: i khi cc qui trnh cng nghip yu cu phi s dng bn cha nhm lm y li phn nc s dng. Thng th c th gim tc cung cp nc cho nhng bn cha ny v i khi phi gim mc cha trong bn gim lng trn ra ngoi. Nu qui trnh yu cu bnh phun nc lm mt th c th gim lu lng trong khi vn thc hin vic lm mt. C th kim tra xc nh cn bng ti u. o Nu s dng vi trong lm sch th s dng kim sot lu lng hn ch lng nc lng ph o Cn nhc vic s dng p sut cao, h thng lm sch c th tch nh hn l s dng h thng phun ca h thng ng c vi c th tch ln o S dng thit b bm gi cho lu lng v hn ch cng tc kim sot nc o Thc hin lm sch ln cao thay cho dng ng phun xung 53
Vn hnh cc c s xy dng
Nc s dng cho v sinh v xy dng thng t hn nc s dng trong ch bin cng nghip. Tuy nhin vic tit kim vn thc s cn t ra nh cc cp di y: So snh s dng nc hng ngy ca tng nhn vin xem xt mc hin ti vi vic s dng ban u ti cc c s, cho nhu cu v sinh hay c cc hot ng khc nh tm hoc gii tr. Thng xuyn bo dng h thng ng nc v xc nh nhng r r phi sa cha. ng vi nc ti nhng khu vc khng s dng. Lp vi kha t ng, van kha t ng, vi phun, van gim p v cc thit b bo tn nc (v d nh cc vi hoa sen c lu lng thp, vi nc, nh vic sinh, bn tiu v cc vi cm ng hoc tit kim nc). Vn hnh my ra bt v my git ch ti y hoc ch khi cn. Lp thit b tit kim nc trong nh v sinh nh b x tit kim nc.
S dng h thng lm mt mch ng c thp lm mt thay cho vic s dng h thng lm mt thng sut. Hn ch bnh ngng t hoc thp lm mt thi xung ti mc thp nht ngn nga s tch t cht rn ha tan khng mong mun. S dng lm mt khng kh thay cho lm mt bng ngng t mc d vic ny c th gia tng tiu th in trong h thng lm mt. S dng nc thi qua x l cho thp lm mt. Ti s dng/ti ch thp lm mt thi xung.
H thng si
Nn ng nhng h thng si da vo s lu thng nc nng c p sut thp hoc trung bnh (qu trnh khng tiu tn nc). Nu h thng tiu th nc, phi thng xuyn bo dng kim tra r r. Tuy nhin, h thng hi nc s dng mt lng nc ln v c th gim s tiu th ny bng cc bin php sau: Sa ch r r ngng t hoc hi nc v sa tt c cc by hi nc b hng. Quay vng hi ngng t v nh un nc v s dng trao i nhit (vi quay vng ngng t) 54
H thng lm mt
Cc c hi tit kim nc trong h thng lm mt bao gm:
thay v bm hi nc trc tip vo cc dy chuyn cho php. Phc hi hi b trn. Gim thiu ni hi thi xung cng vi vic duy tr cc cht rn ha tan c nng thp mc cho php trong nc si. S dng bnh un thm thu ngc chiu gim ng k x l nc cho nhu cu ca bnh un thi xung. Gim thiu lm nng bng kh.
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1.5 Qun l cc vt liu nguy h i

ng dng v cch tip cn Qun l ni chung cc vt liu nguy hi nh gi nguy him Hnh ng qun l Ngn nga vic gii phng v K hoch kim sot An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip Kin thc v Lp ti liu qui trnh sn xut Cc bin php ngn nga Vn chuyn vt liu nguy hi Bo v vic trn Ngn nga phn ng, chy v n Bin php kim sot Ni cha (cht lng) th cp Kim tra r r ng ng v bn cha Bn cha lu gi ngm (UST) Qun l cc cht nguy him quan trng Hnh ng qun l Bin php phng nga S sn sng v phn ng khn cp Nhn thc v s tham gia ca cng ng 56 57 58 58 58 59 60 61 61 61 62 62 62 64 64 65 65 67 69 69
cht gy n, kh nn cha c t hoc kh d chy; cht lng d chy; cht rn d chy; hp cht xy ha; vt liu c hi; vt liu phng x v cc hp cht n mn. Hng dn vn chuyn cc vt liu nguy him c cp Phn 3 ca ti liu ny. Khi cc vt liu nguy him khng cn s dng c cho cc mc ch ban u v c k hoch thi b nhng vn mang nhng thuc tnh nguy him th phi coi chng l cc cht thi nguy himi (xem Phn 1.4). Hng dn ny c d nh p dng cng vi chng trnh truyn thng v an ton v sc khe ngh nghip v sn sng ng ph khn cp c cp trong mc 2.0 v An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip , v phn 3.7 v Sn sng ng ph khn cp. Hng dn v Vn chuyn cc Vt liu Nguy him c trnh by Phn 3.5. Phn ny c chia thnh hai phn nh: Qun l Tng qut Vt liu Nguy him: Hng dn p dng cho tt c cc c s hoc d n ang x l hoc lu gi mt lng bt k cc vt liu nguy him. Qun l cc Cht nguy him chnh: B sung hng dn cho cc d n hoc c s lu gi hoc x l vt liu nguy him ti hoc trn s 56
ng dng v cch tip cn

Hng dn ny p dng cho cc d n s dng, lu gi hoc gii quyt mt lng bt k cc vt liu nguy him (hazmat), c nh ngha l vt liu mang cc mi ri ro vi sc khe ca con ngi, ti sn hoc mi trng do cc tnh cht ha hc v vt l ca chng. C th phn loi hazmat theo cc
lng ngng 39, v do vy yu cu x l c bit ngn nga tai nn nh chy, n, r r hoc trn v sn sng v ng ph khn cp. Mc tiu tng qut ca vic qun l cc vt liu nguy him l trnh hoc, khi khng th trnh c, th gim thiu s gii phng cc vt liu nguy him hoc tai nn (gm n v chy) trong qu trnh sn xut, x l, lu gi v s dng. Mc tiu ny c th t c nh: Thit lp cc u tin qun l vt liu nguy him da vo nh gi mc nguy him v vn hnh ri ro c xc nh thng qua dnh gi mi trng v x hi; Khi thc hin, trnh hoc gim thiu s dng cc vt liu nguy him. V d ngi ta tm ra vt liu khng nguy him thay th cho aming trong vt liu xy dng, PCBs trong thit b in, cc cht nhim hu c bn (POPs) trong cng thc ca thuc tr su v cc hp cht suy gim zn trong h thng lm lnh;
Ngn chn s gii phng khng kim sot c cc vt liu nguy him ra mi trng hoc cc phn ng khng kim sot c th dn ti chy hoc n; S dng kim sot cng trnh (ni lu gi, bo ng v cc h thng tt t ng) tng xng vi bn cht ca cht nguy hi; Thc hin kim sot qun l (th tc, kim tra, lin lc, o to v luyn tp) gii quyt cc ri ro tn d cha b ngn chn hoc kim sot thng qua cc bin php cng trnh.
Qun l tng qut cc vt liu nguy hi

Cc d n sn xut, x l, s dng hoc lu gi vt liu nguy him cn thit lp chng trnh qun l tng xng vi s c mt ca cc ri ro tim tng. Mc tiu chnh ca d n lin quan n vt liu nguy him cn bo v lc lng lao ng v ngn nga, kim sot s gii phng hoc tai nn. Mc tiu ny c th gii quyt thng qua tng hp cc bin php kim sot v ngn nga, hnh ng qun l v cc th tc cho cc hot ng kinh doanh hng ngy. Cc phn ng dng tim nng ca chng trnh qun l bao gm: 57
V d, s lng ngng l s lng c thit lp cho nhng mc ch k hoch cp cu do C quan Bo v Mi trng M cung cp. Bo v Mi trng ( mc s lng ngng cp trong C quan Bo V Mi trng M. Bo v Mi trng ( mc 40 CFR cc phn 68, 112 v 355)
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nh gi nguy him
Phi thit lp mc ri ro thng qua qui trnh nh gi ang tin hnh v da trn: Loi v s lng cc vt liu nguy hi c mt d n. Thng tin ny phi c ghi li v bao gm bng tng kt vi nhng thng tin sau: o Tn v m t (v d thnh phn ca hn hp) cc cht nguy hi o Phn loi (v d m, lp hoc phn) ca cht nguy hi o S lng ngng qui nh bo co c quc t chp nhn hoc qui nh quc gia tng ng40 cho Hazmat o S lng Hazmat s dng hng thng o (Cc) thuc tnh khin cho Hazmat nguy him (v d d chy, c) Phn tch cc kch bn gii phng v trn c th, s dng cc phng php thng k cng nghip hin c v tai nn v trn Phn tch kh nng xy ra cc phn ng khng kim sot nh chy, n
S lng ngng do C quan bo v mi trng Hoa K cung cp. Bo v mi trng (Title 40 CFR Parts 68, 112, v 355)
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Phn tch hu qu c th da trn cc c im a vt l ca a im d n bao gm cc kha cnh nh khong cch ti ni , ngun nc v cc vng nhy cm mi trng khc nh gi nguy hi phi do chuyn gia thc hin mt cch chuyn nghip s dng cc phng php c quc t cng nhn nh Phn tch hot ng Nguy him (HAZOP), Kiu tht bi v Phn tch Hu qu (FMEA), v Xc nh nguy hi (HAZID).
Hnh ng qun l
Hnh ng qun l l mt phn ca K hoch Qun l Vt liu Nguy him v phi tng xng vi mc ri ro tim tng i cng vi sn xut, x l, lu gi v s dng vt liu nguy him. Ngn nga vic gii phng v K hoch kim sot Khi c ri ro v trn cc vt liu nguy him khng kim sot, cc c s phi chun b kim sot vic trn, ngn nga v k hoch bin php i ph nh l mt phn c th ca K hoch Sn sng v ng ph Khn cp (m t chi tit phn 3.7). K hoch phi thch hp vi cht nguy him ca d n, bao gm: 58
Tp hun v vn hnh cc ngn nga gii phng bao gm luyn tp thc t vi tng vt liu nguy him nh l mt phn ca tp hun sn sng ng ph khn cp Thc hin chng trnh iu tra nhm duy tr kh nng vn hnh v tng hp c kh cc ng ng p sut, bn cha, h thng ng, h thng van thng kh v gim p, c s h tng ni cha, h thng tt t ng, iu khin v bm, v cc thit b sn xut i km khc Chun b Th tc Vn hnh Tiu chun bng vn bn (SOP) cho vic np vo cc UST, AST hoc cc thng cha hoc thit b khc v cho thc hin vic vn chuyn do nhn vin c o to v vn chuyn an ton v np vt liu nguy him, ngn nga v ng ph s c trn SOP cho qun l cc cu trc bn lu gi th cp, c bit l khi ly i cc cht lng v d nh nc ma phi m bo rng mc ch ca h thng khng b lm hng khch quan hay ch quan. Xc nh a im c cc vt liu nguy him v c cc hot ng ng thi cho k hoch khn cp v bn v tr. Lp ti liu v vic c cc thit b bo v c nhn c th v o
to cn c ng ph vi tnh trng khn cp. Lp ti liu v s c sn cc thit b ng ph trn x l ti giai on u cho s c trn v danh sch cc ngun thit b v nhn lc bn ngoi, khi cn, s b sung cho cc ngun bn trong. M t cc hot ng ng ph vi s c trn, gii phng v cc khn cp ha hc khc bao gm: o Cc th tc nhn bit ni b v bn ngoi o Trch nhim c th ca cc c nhn v nhm o Qu trnh quyt nh nhm nh gi mc nghim trng ca s gii phng v xc nh cc hnh ng ph hp o L trnh s tn c s o Cc hot ng sau s c nh dn dp, thi b, iu tra s c, cho nhn vin vo v khi phc cc thit b ng ph trn. An ton v sc khe ngh nghip K hoch Qun l Vt liu nguy him phi cp p dng, cc phn cn thit vi qun l an ton v sc khe ngh nghip c miu t trong Phn 2.0 An ton v Sc khe ngh nghip, gm: 59
Phn tch an ton cng vic nhm xc nh cc nguy him ngh nghip tim tng c th v cc iu tra v v sinh cng nghip, nu ph hp s p dng cho vic theo di v xc nhn mc phi nhim ha hc v so snh vi cc tiu chun phi nhim ngh nghip c p dng41 Chng trnh truyn thng v nguy him v o to chun b cho cng nhn nhn bit v ng ph vi cc nguy him ha hc ti ni lm vic. Chng trnh bao gm nhn bit cc kha cnh nguy him, thc hnh lm vic an ton, cc th tc khn cp c bn, v cc nguy him c th cho cng vic ca ngi lao ng. Tp hun phi kt hp thng tin t cc bng D liu An ton Vt
Bao gm: Gi tr Gii hn ngng (LTV@) hng dn phi nhim ngh nghip v danh mc Phi nhim sinh hc (BELs@). Hi ngh Chnh ph v V sinh cng nghip M http://www.acgih.org/TLV/; U.S. National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/; Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp. show_document?p_table=STANDARD S&p_id=9992; Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Values, European Union, http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risk s/ds/oel/; v cc ngun tng ng khc
41
liu42 (MSDS) cho vt liu nguy him ang c x l. MSDS phi th hin bng ngn ng d hiu cho ngi lao ng. Xc nh v thc hin cc hot ng bo dng cho php v d nh cng vic nng hoc nhng khng gian hp Cung cp cc thit b bo h c nhn ph hp (PPE) (nh ng, mt n, qun o bo h v gng tay ph hp vi khu vc), dung dch ra mt khn cp v nh tm, h thng thng hi, thit b v sinh Hot ng theo di v ghi li d liu bao gm th tc kim ton c thit k nhm xc nhn v ghi li nh hng ca ngn chn v kim sot phi nhim nguy him ngh nghip v duy tr cc bo co iu tra v s c v tai nn, lu gi bo co theo giai on hoc t nht nm nm. Kin thc v lp ti liu qui trnh sn xut K hoch Qun l cc vt liu nguy him cn c kt hp v ph
MSDS do nh my son tho nhng cha chun b cho cc cht ha hc trung gian s dng trong thng mi. Trong nhng trng hp ny, ch lao ng phi cung cp cho ngi lm vic cc thng tin lin quan.
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60
hp vi nhng phn khc trong ES/OHS MS c s v gm: Cc thng s an ton trong qui trnh sn xut bng vn bn (v d nh c ca cc hp cht ha hc, c tnh an ton ca thit b, di vn hnh an ton ca thit b vi nhit , p sut v cc thng s p dng khc, nh gi hu qu ca vic b sai lch v.v) Th tc vn hnh bng vn bn Th tc kim ton s tun th.
b sung cc vt liu nguy him vo bn cha khng ng loi. S dng cc thit b vn chuyn tng thch v ph hp vi cc c tnh ca vt liu c vn chuyn v thit k nhm m bo vn chuyn an ton. Thng xuyn kim tra, bo tr v sa cha cc kt ni, ng ng v vi. Cung cp ca ni cha th cp, mng nh git hoc cc bin php cha nh git v chy trn nhm lu gi vt liu nguy him ti cc im kt ni hoc cc im chy trn c th khc. Bo v vic trn Nn ngn nga vic chy trn ca cc ngn v bn cha v n l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn thng dng nht lm nhim t v nc, v l mt trong nhng vic ngn nga n gin nht. Cc bin php bo v vic trn c khuyn co nh sau: Chun b cc th tc cho thc hin vn chuyn bao gm mt danh sch kim tra cc bin php tip theo trong sut qu trnh lm y v s dng cc hot ng lm y c o to trong th tc ny
Cc bin php ngn nga

Vn chuyn vt liu nguy him Vic gii phng khng kim sot cc vt liu nguy him c th xy ra t nhng tch t nh hoc t cc trng hp khng kt hp c vi nhng thit b quan trng hn v d nh vn chuyn bng tay hoc bng my gia cc h thng lu gi hoc thit b sn xut. Cc thc hnh ngn nga s gii phng cc vt liu nguy him c khuyn co bao gm: S dng cc kt ni, ng ng v vi chuyn dng v c th cho tng loi vt liu trong bn cha (v d s dng mt loi kt ni cho tt c cc axit v mt loi kt ni khc cho tt c cht n mn), v duy tr th tc ngn nga vic
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Lp t p k trn cc bn cha o th tch bn trong S dng kt ni vi khng nh git cho cc xe bn cha v c nh kt ni vi bn cha Cung cp cc van tt np t ng trn cc bn cha ngn nga vic trn S dng cc b lu gi xung quanh cc ng thu gi trn S dng cc ni ng c bo v trn t ng (van ni) Bm lng nh hn th tch thc ca bn cha vo cc b hoc phng thng qua yu cu vt liu t hn Cung cp l thng hi cho phn kh tha nhm cho php cc gii phng c kim sot ti cc im thu gom. Ngn nga phn ng chy, n Cc vt liu d chy, n, phn ng phi c qun l nhm trnh nhng phn ng hoc cc iu kin khng c kim sot gy ra chy hoc n. Thc hnh bin php ngn nga bao gm: Lu gi nhng vt liu k nhau (axit, baz, cht d chy, cht xi ha, cht ha hc phn ng) nhng ni ring bit v ti nhng vng lu gi vt liu ring
Cung cp lu gi cho vt liu c th cho nhng cht cc ng hoc vt liu phn ng S dng cc thit b cha chy trn l thng hi cho cc thng cha cht d chy Cung cp bo v nh sng v nn t cho cc ga vn chuyn, ni bn cha v nhng thit b dng x l vt liu d chy La chn vt liu xy dng tng thch vi sn phm d tr cho tt c cc b phn ca h thng giao v lu gi, trnh s dng cc bn cha cho nhng sn phm khc nhau m khng kim tra s tng thch ca vt liu Lu gi nhng vt liu nguy him mt khu vc tch hn khi khu vc sn xut chnh. Khi khng tch c v c ly th phi cung cp s phn tch vt l, s dng kt cu c thit k nhm ngn chn chy, n, trn v cc tnh hung khn cp khc t nhng hot ng gy tc ng ca c s Cm mi ngun gy tia la in khi cc khu vc gn cc bn cha vt liu d chy.
Bin php kim sot

Ni cha (cht lng) th cp Kha cnh quan trng ca vic kim sot s gii phng v tnh cc 62
vt liu nguy him dng lng trong qu trnh lu gi v vn chuyn l vic b tr ni cha th cp. Khng nht thit cc bin php ngn nga th cp phi t tng thch v vt liu trong thi gian di nh vi vic lu gi v ng ng ban u, nhng thit k v xy dng phi m bo lu gi hiu qu cc vt liu gii phng cho n khi kim tra v lp li c an ton. Kt cu ca ni cha th cp ph hp bao gm ho, p, tng c sc cha trn 110% bn cha ln nht hoc 25% th tch cc bn kt hp nhng vng c cc bn cha trn mt t vi tng sc cha bng hoc hn 1.000 lt, c lm bng cc vt liu chng chu ha hc v khng thm nc. Thit k ca ni cha th cp phi quan tm n cc phng tin ngn chn s tip xc gia cc vt liu k nhau mt khi b gii phng. Cc bin php ngn nga th cp khc c p dng da trn cc iu kin a bn c th, bao gm: Vn chuyn cc vt liu nguy him t xe bn cha n lu gi ti nhng khu vc c cc b mt chng thm hiu qu nhm trnh s tht thot ra mi trng v trn ra cc cu trc cha khng ni vi h thng thu gom nc thi/nc ma th Khi khng thc hin c vic cung cp cc kt cu cha chuyn
dng v khng thm cho cc hot ng vn chuyn th phi cung cp mt hoc nhiu hnh thc cha thay th nh cc bao dng ng xch tay (loi c th s dng cho hot ng bn), van kha t ng ti cc b nc ma hoc van ng cc mng hoc cng kt hp vi thit b tch du trong nc Lu gi nhng vt liu nguy him c tng lng bng hoc ln hn 1.000 lt trn mt din tch c b mt khng thm, c dc hoc ng ho cha c t nht 25% tng lng lu gi Cung cp ni cha th cp cho cc hp phn (b cha, ng ng) ca h thng lu gi cc vt liu nguy him ti mt mc kh thi Tin hnh iu ha theo nh k (v d ngy hay tun) cc cht trong b v kim tra t l quan st c cc b v ng ng b r r S dng cc h thng ng v lu gi c hai lp, compozit hoc c lp ph c bit, c bit trong trng hp s dng cc b lu gi chn ngm di t (UST) v h thng ng ngm. Nu s dng h thng c hai lp th phi cung cp cc phng tin kim tra vic r r gia hai lp. 63
Kim tra r r ng ng v bn cha C th s dng vic pht hin r r cng vi s lu gi th cp, c bit nhng ch c nguy c cao43. Vic pht hin r r c bit quan trng trong trng hp m vic ngn chn th cp khng kh thi hoc khng thc hin c v d nh ng ng chy di. Cc phng php pht hin r r bao gm: S dng cc thit b pht hin gim p sut t ng trn ng ng di hoc c p lc S dng cc phng php th tng hp c cp giy chng nhn hoc cho php vi h thng b v ng, ti nhng im cch u Xem xt vic s dng SCADA44 nu ti chnh cho php Bn cha lu gi ngm (UST)45 Mc d c rt nhiu u im v an ton v mi trng trong vic lu gi di t cc vt liu nguy him, bao gm gim nguy c chy
Nhng ch c nguy c cao l nhng ni c s gii phng cc sn phm t h thng lu gi c th dn ti s nhim ngun nc ung hoc nhng ngun c v tr trong khu vc bo v ngun nc do chnh quyn a phng ch nh. 44 Thu c S liu v Kim sot quan st c 45 Chi tit b sung v qun l UST c nu trong Hng dn EHS v Trm bn xng du.
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n, gim s tht thot do bay hi vo kh quyn, nhng s r r cc vt liu nguy him c th khng c pht hin trong thi gian di v vic gy nhim cho t v nc ngm. Cc v d v k thut qun l nhng ri ro ny bao gm: Trnh s dng cc b lu gi ngm lu gi nhng vt liu hu c c kh nng ha tan cao nh gi kh nng xi mn t a phng v lp t catt bo v (hoc bo v chng g tng ng) cho cc b thp i vi nhng b mi, cn lp lp lt khng thp hoc cc kt cu (v d cc van c nh) bn di v xung quanh b v nhng ng trc tip gy r r quan trc cc l tho nc ti nhng im trn ng hoc kt cu v tr thp nht Quan trc b mt pha trn ca tt c cc b cho thy c s xo trn t iu ha cc cht trong b bng cch o khi lng lu gi so snh vi khi lng mong c, cn c vo khi lng c lu gi ti im cui, v lng phn phi ti v rt ra khi b Phi hp php th bng my o khi lng, chn khng, m thanh, bi hoc cc phng tin khc trn tt c cc b ti nhng im cch u 64
Xem xt vic quan trc di t graing gim cht lng ca cc ni c nhiu b ngm c s dng nh gi ri ro ca cc b ngm trong nhng c s mi c chp nhn xc nh c phi nng cp cho cc b ngm tip tc s dng, bao gm vic thay th bng nhng h thng mi hoc ng vnh vin cc b ngm b cm. m bo rng cc b ngm mi c t xa cc ging, h cha nc v cc khu vc c ngun nc c bo v khc v cc ng bng do l to thnh, bo dng nhm ngn nga s xi mn.
y.47 Mc tiu ca hng dn ny l ngn nga v kim sot s gii phng ton b cc cht c, hot tnh, d chy n hoc nhng cht dn n nhng nguy him chy n.48
Hnh ng qun l
Qun l s thay i: Cc qui trnh ny phi cp: o C s k thut cho vic thay i v qui trnh v vn hnh o Tc ng ca nhng thay i v sc khe v an ton o iu chnh cc th tc vn hnh o Cc yu cu v quyn hn cho php o Tc ng n nhn vin o Nhu cu o to Kim ton s tun th: Kim ton s tun th l phng php nh gi s tun th vi cc yu cu v chng trnh ngn nga cho mi qui trnh sn xut. Kim
c hng dn v thng tin thm, vui lng tham kho Hng dn Qun l Ri ro Vt liu nguy him ca T chc Ti chnh Quc t (IFC). Wasshington D.C thng 12, 2000. 48 Bin php ny s dng cho qun l cc cht nguy him chnh v phn ln da vo phng php Qun l An ton Qui trnh do Vin K ngh Ha cht Hoa K bin son.
47
Qun l cc cht nguy him quan trng

Ngoi vic p dng cc hng dn tham kho ni trn v ngn nga v kim sot s tht thot cc vt liu nguy him, cc d n lin quan n sn xut, ng gi v lu gi cc vt liu nguy him ti hoc trn ngng cho php46 ni trn, phi chun b mt K hoch Qun l ri ro vt liu nguy him, xt ti tng th ES/OHS MS, trong c cc ni dung c trnh by di
46
S lng ngng nn c thit lp cho cc mc ch lp k hoch khn cp c C quan Bo v Mi trng M cung cp. Bo v mi trng (iu khon 40 CFR cc phn 300-399 v 700-789).
65
ton s tin hnh trn mi thnh phn ca bin php ngn chn (xem di y) v c tin hnh t nht 3 ln 1 nm v bao gm: o Chun b bo co v cc pht hin o Xc nh v lp ti liu v cch i ph vi tng pht hin o Lp ti liu v nhng thiu st c khc phc iu tra s vic: Cc s kin c th cung cp cc thng tin gi tr v cc cht c ti hin trng v cc bc cn thit nhm ngn chn s gii phng gy ti nn. C ch ca iu tra s vic bao gm cc th tc nhm: o Sng kin iu tra nhanh o Tm tt iu tra trong mt bo co o Gii quyt cc pht hin trong bo co v cc xut o Xem xt bo co vi nhn vin v nh thu S tham gia ca ngi lao ng: K hoch hnh ng thnh vn s m t chng trnh tham gia ca ngi lao ng mt cch tch cc ngn nga tai nn. Nh thu: C mt c ch nh thu kim sot nhng vn bao gm c vic yu cu nh thu
phi xy dng cc qui trnh qun l vt liu nguy him p ng cc yu cu nm trong k hoch qun l vt liu nguy him. Cc th tc phi tng ng vi hp ng m lc lng lao ng ca cng ty v nh thu u phi tri qua nhng o to ging nhau. Ngoi ra, cc th tc nn yu cu nh thu: o c cung cp cc th tc thc hin an ton v thng tin v cht nguy him v an ton o Gim st thc hnh an ton o Thc hin trch nhim o Tip cn o to ph hp cho nhn vin o m bo nhn vin bit v cc cht nguy him trong sn xut v cc hnh ng khn cp o Chun b v np bo co o to nhn vin cho ch thu o Thng bo cho nhn vin v nhng cht nguy him c mt trong cng vic ca h o nh gi xu hng vic lp li ca cc s c tng t o Xy dng v thc hin cc th tc nhm qun l vic lp li ca cc s c tng t o to: Nhn vin d n phi c qua o to v qun l cc 66
cht nguy him. Chng trnh o to bao gm: o Danh sch cc nhn vin c o to o Mc tiu o to c th o C ch t c mc tiu (v d hi tho thc hnh, phim v.v) o Cc phng tin xc nh chng trnh hiu qu o Cc bc o to cho nhn vin mi v o to nng cao cho nhn vin c.
o Lp ti liu cc quy cch k thut ca thit b, tiu chun v cch thc lin quan n vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh quy trnh. Th tc vn hnh: Phi chun b cc th tc vn hnh an ton cho tng bc ca ton b th tc hoc vn hng ca tng d n (v d xy dng ban u, vn hnh tm thi, tt khn cp, vn hnh khn cp, tt thng thng, v khi ng vic tt khn cp hoc tt thng thng hoc nhng thay i chnh). Nhng th tc vn hnh an ton ny phi bao gm cc quan tm c bit cho Mazmat c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut hoc vn hnh (v d kim sot nhit nhm ngn nga pht thi cc cht ha hc nguy him d bay hi; lm chch vic x thi kh ca cc cht nhim nguy him t qui trnh sn xut n mt b cha tm thi trong trng hp khn cp). Nhng th tc khc c xy dng bao gm nh hng ca vic b lch, cc bc trnh b lch, ngn nga pht l ha hc, bin php kim sot pht l v kim tra thit b. Phi hp c kh cc thit b ca qui trnh sn xut, ng ng v dng c: Cc th tc iu tra v duy tr phi c xy dng v lp ti liu nhm m bo s phi hp c kh cc thit b, ng ng v dng 67
Bin php phng nga

Mc ch ca cc bin php phng nga l nhm m bo cc kha cnh lin quan n an ton ca cc thit b v qui trnh sn xut c xt, nm r cc hn ch c t ra cho qui trnh sn xut, v tiu chun v m c chp nhn, ni p dng. Thng tin an ton v qui trnh sn xut: Phi chun b cc th tc cho tng vt liu nguy him, bao gm: o Chun b cc ti liu v d liu an ton vt liu (Material Safety Data Sheets MSDS) o Xc nh lu kho mi loi ti a v cc thng s an ton di trn v di
c v ngn nga s gii phng khng kim sot c cc vt liu nguy him t d n. Nhng th tc ny phi l mt phn trong Th tc Vn hnh an ton d n. Cc hp phn quan tm chnh ca chu trnh sn xut c th bao gm mch p sut v cc bn cha, h thng ng, h thng v thit b gim nh v thng hi, h thng tt khn cp, iu khin v bm. Ni dung ca cuc iu tra v chng trnh bo dng cn bao gm: o Xy dng cc th tc iu tra v bo dng o Thit lp k hoch bo m cht lng thit b, vt liu bo dng v cc ph tng thay th o Tin hnh tp hun cho nhn vin v th tc iu tra v bo dng o Tin hnh iu tra v bo dng thit b, ng ng v dng c o Xc nh v sa cha cc sai lch c pht hin o nh gi kt qu iu tra v bo dng v nu cn, cp nht th tc iu tra v bo dng o Bo co kt qu cho ban gim c. Giy php lm vic nng: Cc hot ng cng vic nng nh
hn kim loi, ct bng n x, mi - gn lin vi cc cht c c hi cho an ton v sc khe t khi, kh v tn la, kim loi nng v nng lng bc x sn sinh trong qu trnh thc hin cng vic. Giy php lm vic nng l yu cu cho bt c hot ng no lin quan n ngn la hoc sn sinh nhit v/hoc tia la. Phn cc th tc vn hnh an ton i vi vic nng phi bao gm trch nhim i vi cc thit b bo v c nhn (PPE), th tc lm vic nng, o to nhn s v ghi chp. R sot trc khi bt u: Phi chun b cc th tc tin hnh vic xem xt trc khi bt u khi cn c iu chnh thay i v thng tin an ton trong vic qun l th tc thay i. Cc th tc nn: o Khng nh vic xy dng mi hoc iu chnh p ng cc m t c th trong thit k o m bo th tc an ton, vn hnh, bo dng v khn cp l ph hp o B sung nh gi nguy him trong sn xut v gii php hoc khuyn ngh thc hin qui trnh sn xut mi
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o m bo vic o to c tin hnh cho tt c cc nhn vin c lin quan.
cc nhn vin c thng bo v s thay i ny Thit b cp cu: Phi chun b th tc cho vic s dng, iu tra, th nghim v bo dng cc thit b phn ng khn cp o to: Phi o to nhn vin v cc nh thu v th tc phn ng khn cp.
Sn sng ng ph khn cp
Khi x l cc vt liu nguy him phi xy dng cc th tc v thc hin cc phn ng hiu qu vi tai nn xy ra c th lm ngi b thng hoc hy hoi mi trng. S chun b sn sng cho tnh trng khn cp v K hoch phn ng, kt hp v ph hp vi ES/OHS MS tng th ca c s bao gm cc ni dung sau49: iu phi k hoch: Cc th tc phi c chun b : o Thng bo cho cng ng v cc c quan phn ng khn cp o Lp ti liu s cu v cc iu tr y t cp cu o C cc hnh ng phn ng khn cp o R sot v cp nht k hoch phn ng khn cp nhm phn nh s thay i v m bo
xy dng ton din k hoch ng ph khn cp kt hp vi cng ng, xin tham kho Hng dn v nhn thc v s chun b i vi tnh hung khn cp ti cp a phng (APELL) ti: http://www.uneptie.org/pc/apell/publication s/handbooks.html
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Nhn thc v s tham gia ca cng ng

Khi ang s dng vt liu nguy him vt qu s lng cho php, phi b sung vo k hoch qun l h thng cnh bo, tng cng nhn thc cng nh s tham gia cho cng ng tng xng vi cc nguy c tim n ca d n c xc inhk trong qu trnh nghin cu nh gi nguy him. H thng phi gm cc c ch chia s kt qu nghin cu nh gi nguy c v nguy him vi nhng cng ng b nh hng theo mt phng thc ng lc, d hiu v ph hp vi vn ha a phng - to knh cho vic phn hi t cng ng. Cc hot ng tham gia ca cng ng bao gm: C cc thng tin chung ti cng ng chu tc ng tim tng v bn cht v mc vn hnh ca d n, cc bin php ngn nga v kim sot ti ch nhm m 69
bo khng c bt k tc ng no n sc khe con ngi Nhng tc ng tim nng ngoi khu vc cng trng n sc khe con ngi hoc ti mi trng sau tai nn ti nhng c s c nguy him Thng tin kp thi v c th v cc hnh vi ph hp v cc bin php an ton c chp nhn trong mt tai nn bao gm khoan nhng ni c him ha cao hn Tip cn nhng thng tin cn thit hiu bn cht ca nhng hu qu c th ca mt tai nn v c hi ng gp hiu qu, khi no thch hp, n quyt nhlin quan n cc lp t cht nguy him v vic xy dng cc k hoch sn sng khn cp.
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1.6 Qun l cht thi

Kh nng ng dng v phng php tip cn Qun l chung cht thi Quy hoch qun l cht thi Ngn nga cht thi Ti ch v ti s dng X l v chn lp Qun l cht thi nguy hi Lu gi cht thi Giao thng vn ti X l v chn lp Cc nh thu x l rc thi t nhn hoc Chnh ph lng nh cht thi nguy hi Gim st
71 72 72 73 73 74 74 75 76 76 76 76 77
Cht thi l bt k vt cht dng rn, lng, hoc c cha kh ang c loi b bng cch x l, ti ch, t chy hoc nung. Cht thi c th l sn phm ph ca mt qu trnh sn xut hay mt sn phm thng mi li thi khng cn c th c s dng theo ng mc ch v cn loi b. Cht thi rn (khng nguy hi) cht thi ni chung bao gm bt k rc, vt i. V d v cc cht thi nh vy bao gm rc, cht thi ca h gia nh; kt cu xy dng / vt liu ph d; loi b, chng hn nh kim loi ph liu v container rng (tr nhng container s dng cha cc cht nguy hi m theo nguyn tc s c qun l nh cht thi nguy hi) v cht thi t cc hot ng cng nghip, nh l hi x, clinker, v tro bay. Cht thi nguy hi c cng thnh phn vi cc vt liu nguy hi (v d tnh d bt la, tnh n mn, hot tnh, hay c tnh), hoc cc c tnh vt l, ha hc, hoc sinh hc c th gy ra ri ro tim nng i vi sc khe con ngi hoc mi trng nu khng qun l ng cch. Cht thi cng c th c nh ngha l "nguy him" theo cc quy nh ca a phng hoc cng c quc t da trn ngun gc ca cht thi v cc thnh phn ca n thuc danh mc cht thi nguy hi, hoc da theo c tnh ca n. 71
Kh nng ng dng v phng php tip cn

Hng dn ny p dng cho cc d n sn sinh ra, lu gi, hoc x l bt k lng cht thi thuc cc lnh vc cng nghip. Hng dn ny khng phi l p dng cho cc d n hoc c s m lnh vc hot ng chnh l thu gom, vn chuyn, x l, hoc chn lp cht thi. Hng dn c th cho cc c s loi ny c trnh by trong Hng dn sc khe mi trng v an ton (EHS) cho cc c s qun l cht thi.
Bn t mt nh my x l cht thi, nh my x l nc, hoc c s kim sot nhim khng kh, v cc ph liu khc trng thi rn, lng, na rn, hoc cha cc thnh phn kh do hot ng cng nghip cn c nh gi theo tng trng hp c th xem l cht thi nguy hi hay nguy hi. C s sn xut sn sinh ra v lu gi cht thi nn tin hnh nh sau: Thit lp cc u tin qun l cht thi ti trc khi tin hnh cc hot ng trn c s hiu bit v cc ri ro v tc ng tim nng ti mi trng, sc khe, v an ton (EHS) ng thi xem xt vic pht sinh cht thi v hu qu ca chng. Thit lp mt h thng qun l cht thi phn cp t ngn nga, gim thiu, ti s dng, khi phc, ti ch, loi b v cui cng l loi b cht thi. Trnh hoc hn ch ti mc nh nht vic sn sinh ra cc cht thi vt liu. Trng hp khng trnh c vic sn sinh cht thi, hn ch ti thiu v tin hnh khi phc v ti s dng cht thi. Trng hp cht thi khng th phc hi hoc ti s dng cn x l, tiu hy, hi ha vi mi trng.
Qun l chung cht thi

Cc hng dn sau y p dng cho qun l cht thi nguy hi v khng nguy hi. Hng dn b sung ch yu p dng i vi cht thi nguy hi c trnh by di y. Qun l cht thi cn thc hin theo mt h thng qun l cht thi c gn kt cc vn gim thiu cht thi, sn sinh cht thi, vn chuyn, x l, v gim st
Quy hoch qun l cht thi

Cc c s to ra cht thi cn m t cht thi ca mnh theo thnh phn, ngun gc, cc loi cht thi sinh ra, mc pht thi, hoc theo yu cu quy nh ca a phng. Quy hoch hiu qu v thc hin chin lc qun l cht thi nn bao gm: nh gi cc ngun thi mi trong sut thi gian quy hoch, chn a im, v cc hot ng thit k, bao gm c thit b trong thi gian sa i v thay i quy trnh xc nh cht thi d kin s pht sinh, kh nng phng chng nhim, v x l cn thit, lu gi, h tng chn lp Thu thp d liu v thng tin v quy trnh v dng thi trong cc c s hin c, bao gm cc m t 72
ca cc loi dng thi, s lng, v s dng tim nng / b tr Thit lp cc u tin da trn phn tch ri ro c tnh n cc ri ro tim nng trong chu k cht thi v kh nng p ng ca c s h tng qun l cc cht thi ph hp vi mi trng. Xc nh cc kh nng gim ngun thi, cng nh ti s dng v ti ch Xc nh cc quy trnh v kim sot hot ng lu gi cht thi ti ch Xc nh cc la chn/ quy trnh/ kim sot hot ng cho x l chn lp cui cng
vn hnh, v qu trnh kim sot.50 T chc v luyn tp vn hnh tt h thng bn trong k c kim sot hng tn kho gim s lng cht thi pht sinh t cc vt liu b qu hn s dng, li k thut, b nhim, h hng, hoc vt qu nhu cu ca nh my. T chc gii php mua sm tm ra cc c hi hon nguyn vt liu c th s dng nh container v s hn ch vic mua vt liu qu nhiu. Gim thiu pht sinh cht thi nguy hi bng vic phn chia cht thi nghim ngt ngn cht thi khng nguy hi ln vo cht thi nguy hi phi c qun l.
Ngn nga cht thi

Cc quy trnh cn c thit k v vn hnh ngn nga, hoc gim thiu, lng cht thi pht sinh v nhng mi nguy him gn vi cc cht thi pht sinh ph hp theo chin lc sau y: Thay th nguyn liu th hoc u vo vi cc vt liu t nguy hi, t c hi, hoc vi nhng vt liu m qu trnh sn xut to ra t cht thi. p dng quy trnh sn xut chuyn i vt liu c hiu qu, to sn lng sn phm u ra cao hn, bao gm c sa i thit k quy trnh sn xut, iu kin
Ti ch v ti s dng
Ngoi vic thc hin chin lc ngn nga cht thi, tng lng thi c th c gim ng k thng qua vic thc hin k hoch ti ch. Do cn ch cc yu t sau: nh gi qu trnh to cht thi v xc nh cc vt liu c kh nng ti ch. Xc nh v ti ch cc sn phm c th cho li vo
50
V d v cc chin lc ngn nga cht thi bao gm cc khi nim v Lean Manufacturing c th tm ti http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/mi nimize/lean.htm
73
dy truyn sn xut hoc cc hot ng cng nghip ti ch. iu tra cc th trng bn ngoi em ti ch ti cc dy chuyn sn xut cng nghip bn cnh hoc ti c s ca vng (v d, trao i cht thi) Thit lp cc mc tiu ti ch v theo di chnh thc mc pht sinh thi v t l ti ch T chc o to v thng cho ngi lao ng p ng cc mc tiu.
X l hoc chn lp ti cc c s c php c thit k c bit nhn thi. V d nh sn xut phn hu c cho cc cht thi khng nguy hi; bi rc hay l t c thit k ng, c php v vn hnh ng quy nh cho cc loi cht thi tng ng; hoc cc phng php khc c bit c hiu qu trong vic x l an ton cui cng, cc vt liu cht thi nh x l sinh hc.
Qun l cht thi nguy hi

Cht thi nguy hi cn lun c tch ring vi cht thi khng nguy hi. Nu khng th ngn chn c vic pht sinh cht thi nguy hi bng vic tin hnh cc bin php qun l chung cht thi ni trn, th vic qun l cht thi nguy hi cn tp trung vo cng tc phng chng nh hng n sc khe, an ton, v mi trng theo nguyn tc b sung sau y: Hiu bit v tc ng tim tng v ri ro lin quan n vic qun l ca bt k cht thi nguy hi pht sinh trong sut chu trnh khp kn ca n. m bo rng cc nh thu x l, v chn lp cht thi nguy hi c uy tn v l cc doanh nghip hp php, c giy php ca c quan qun l c lin quan v lm ng theo cch cc ngnh cng 74
X l v chn lp
Nu vt liu cht thi vn cn to ra sau khi thc hin cc cng tc phng nga thi ph hp th cn thc hin gim thi, ti s dng, khi phc v cc bin php ti ch. Vt liu cht thi cn c x l v chn lp theo cc bin php trnh gy ra nhng tc ng tim nng i vi sc khe con ngi v mi trng xung quanh. Phng php tip cn qun l c la chn phi nht qun vi cc c tnh ca cc cht thi v cc quy nh ca a phng, v c th bao gm mt hoc nhiu yu cu sau y: X l sinh hc, ha hc, hoc vt l cht thi ti ch hoc khng ti ch lm cho n khng nguy hi trc khi chn lp cui cng.
nghip quc t thc hin vi cht thi ang x l Bo m tun th cc quy nh p dng ti a phng v quc t51
ng v thch hp ngn nga thit hi cho mi trng. Ngn chn th cp c bt c ni no m cht thi lng c lu tr nhiu hn 220 lt. Th thch cha ca ngn chn th cp phi c t nht bng 110% so vi th tch container lu gi ln nht, hoc bng 25% tng dung lng lu tr (ty theo ci no cao hn) ti tng v tr c th. m bo thng hi y ti nhng ni cht thi d bay hi c lu gi. Hot ng lu gi cht thi nguy hi cng cn phi chu s qun l c bit do nhn vin c o to chuyn v x l v lu gi cht thi nguy hi thc hin: Cung cp thng tin c sn v cc ha cht tng thch cho nhn vin, dn nhn mi container xc nh cc cht cha trong Hn ch ch nhng nhn vin c o to thch hp mi c vo khu vc lu tr cht thi nguy hi Xc nh r (nhn) v phn nh ranh gii khu vc, bao gm ti liu hng dn v tr ca n trn bn thit b hay trong s hin trng Tin hnh kim tra nh k cc khu vc lu gi cht thi v lp ti liu kt qu 75
Lu gi cht thi
Cht thi nguy hi cn c lu gi ngn nga hoc kim sot cc pht thi ngu nhin ra khng kh, t, v ngun nc khu vc: Cht thi c lu gi ngn chn vic pha trn hoc tip xc gia cc cht thi khng tng thch, v cho php kim tra gia cc container gim st r r hoc trn. V d nh l mt khng gian i lp hoc cc ngn cch vt l nh tng hoc cc b cha Lu gi trong container kn khng c tip xc trc tip vi nh sng mt tri, gi v ma H thng ngn chn th cp cn c xy dng bng vt liu ph hp vi cc cht thi c cha
Yu cu quc t c th bao gm cam kt ca nc s ti theo Cng c Basel v kim sot vn chuyn v x l cht thi nguy hi xuyn bin gii (http://www.basel.int/) v Cng c Rotterdam v Th tc trc khi Thng bo S chp thun cho mt s ha cht nguy hi v Thuc bo v thc vt trong Thng mi Quc t (http://www.pic.int/)
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Chun b v thc hin phn ng trn v k hoch khn cp gii quyt trng hp x ngu nhin (b sung thng tin v k hoch khn cp trong hng dn ti mc 3 ca ti liu ny) Trnh cc b ngm v ng ng ngm ca cht thi nguy hi.
Trong trng hp khng c nh thu tiu hy cht thi t nhn hoc nh nc iu kin (c tnh n yu cu v tr v vn ti), cc c s to ra cht thi cn xem xt s dng: Nng lc k thut qun l cc cht thi theo hng gim tc ng trc v trong tng lai i vi mi trng C tt c cc giy php cn thit, cc chng ch, v ph duyt, ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn c bo m thng qua vic s dng cc tha thun mua sm chnh thc Trong trng hp khng c nh thu x l cht thi t nhn hoc chnh ph iu kin (c tnh n yu cu v tr v vn ti), cc nh ti tr d n nn xem xt s dng: Lp t x l cht thi, cc qu trnh ti ch ti ch Gii php cui cng l xy dng cc c s c kh nng lu gi lu di cht thi ph hp vi mi trng ti ch (nh m t cc mc trong Hng dn Tng quan EHS) hoc ti mt v tr thch hp cho n khi tm c nh thu x l bn ngoi.
Giao thng vn ti
Vn chuyn cht thi ti ch hoc i ch khc cn c tin hnh m bo ngn nga hoc gim thiu s c trn, x, v tip xc vi nhn vin v cng ng. Tt c cc thng cha cht thi dng vn chuyn i cn phi c bo qun v c dn nhn ghi cc thnh phn v mi nguy him lin quan, v phi c chuyn ln cc phng tin vn ti mt cch ph hp trc khi ri khi hin trng, v c km theo mt giy vn chuyn (danh mc vn chuyn) m t ti trng v cc mi nguy i km theo ng vi hng dn ti Phn 3.4 v vn chuyn vt liu nguy hi.
X l v chn lp
Ngoi cc khuyn ngh cho vic x l v chn lp i vi cht thi ni chung, cc vn c th sau v cht thi nguy hi cn c xem xt:
Lng nh cht thi nguy hi Nh thu X l cht thi ca t nhn hoc ca nh nc

Vt liu thi nguy hi thng c to ra vi s lng nh t 76
nhiu d n thng qua nhiu hot ng nh trang thit b v cc hot ng bo tr xy dng. V d v cc loi cht thi bao gm: cc dung mi s dng v gi dnh du, thng ht sn, thng cha ho cht; du bi trn s dng; pin s dng (nh cadmium-nickel hay axit ch); v thit b chiu sng, chng hn nh bng n hoc chn lu. Cc cht thi cn phi c qun l theo cc hng dn c trnh by trong cc phn trn.
b an ton trng thi ch khi khng s dng) Kim tra kh nng hot ng ca cc h thng khn cp Lp ti liu kt qu th nghim tnh ton vn, kh thi, hoc gim st cc trm (khng kh, t hi, hoc nc ngm) Lp ti liu bt k thay i no ca cc thit b lu gi, v bt k thay i ng k trong s lng vt liu trong kho. Thng xuyn kim nh phn cp v thu gom cht thi Theo di cc xu hng pht thi theo loi hnh v khi lng cht thi pht sinh, nn theo b phn thit b. Phn loi cht thi ngay t ngun thi ca dng cht thi mi, v nh k lp ti liu cc c tnh v bin php qun l cht thi ph hp, c bit l cht thi nguy hi Gi danh mc phn phi hoc h s ti liu khc c lng cht thi pht sinh v im n. nh k thanh tra dch v x l chn lp ca bn th ba, gm c ti s dng v cc c s ti ch khi bn th ba qun l mt lng ng k cht thi nguy hi. Bt c khi no c th, thanh tra phi bao gm kim tra hin trng, kho x l v bi chn lp. 77
Gim st
Gim st cc hot ng lin quan n vic qun l cht thi nguy hi, khng nguy hi bao gm: Thng xuyn kim tra bng mt ca tt c cc kho lu gi cht thi v cc khu vc lu gi pht hin x ngu nhin v m bo rng cht thi c dn nhn v lu gi. Khi s lng ng k cht thi nguy hi c to ra v c lu gi ti ch, hot ng theo di cn bao gm: Kim tra b cha xc nh bt k du hiu r r, r, hoc mt mt Xc nh cc vt nt, n mn, hoc h hng ca b, thit b bo h, hoc cc tng Kim tra kha, van khn cp, v cc thit b an ton khc m bo hot ng d dng (bi trn nu cn thit v kha v gi thit
Thng xuyn gim st cht lng nc di ngm trong cc trng hp lu gi v /hoc tin x l v chn lp cht thi nguy hi ti ch. Theo di h s thu gom, lu gi, hoc vn chuyn cht thi nguy gm: Tn v s hiu ca vt liu c cha cht thi nguy hi Trng thi vt l (tc l, rn, lng, kh hoc kt hp mt, hoc nhiu trng thi) S lng (v d, kg hoc lt, s lng container) Ti liu theo di l cht thi x l gm, s lng, chng loi, ngy gi, ngy vn chuyn v ngy nhn ghi chp thng tin ngun thi, ngun nhn thi v ngun vn chuyn. Phng php v ngy lu gi, ti ng gi, x l, hoc chn lp ti c s, i chiu tham kho s ti liu c th p dng i vi cht thi nguy hi V tr ca tng cht thi nguy hi trong phm vi c s, v s lng tng v tr
78
1.7 Ting n
Kh nng ng dng
Phn ny ch cp tc ng ca ting n vt ra ngoi ranh gii ti sn ca c s. Cng nhn phi nhim vi ting n c cp ti mc 2.0 v Ngh nghip Sc khe v An ton.
Phng php phng chng v kim sot cc ngun n pht ra ph thuc vo ngun pht v khong cch ti ngun tip nhn. La chn gim n cn c xem xt bao gm: La chn thit b c cng m tn thp Lp t b phn gim thanh cho qut Lp t thit b gim m ph hp cho ng c kh thi v linh kin my nn Lp t v bc ngn n cho v cc thit b bc x ting n Ci thin hiu sut m thanh ca cc ta nh xy dng, p dng cch m Lp t cc ro cn m thanh m khng c khong trng v vi mt mt b mt lin tc ti thiu l 10 kg/m2 gim thiu vic truyn ti m thanh qua ro cn. Hng ro phi c t cng gn ngun hoc cng gn v tr tip nhn t hiu qu. Lp t b phn gim chn vi thit b c kh Hn ch gi hot ng cho phn c th ca thit b hoc cc hot ng, c bit l cc ngun di ng hot ng ti cc khu dn c Ti nh v cc ngun n n cc khu vc t nhy cm tn dng li th v khong cch v che chn
Phng chng v Kim sot

Cc bin php phng chng v gim nh ting n cn c p dng cho nhng ni c d on hoc o thy tc ng ting n t c s d n hoc hot ng vt qu mc ting n hng dn p dng ti cc im nhy cm nht ca im tip nhn.52 Cc phng php hay dng cho vic kim sot ting n t cc ngun c nh l thc hin bin php kim sot ting n ti ngun.53
im tip nhn hoc th th c th c nh ngha l bt k im no c s m con ngi c th tip nhn ting n/ hoc rung ng. V d v cc v tr th th c th bao gm: nh thng tr hoc theo ma; khch sn/ nh ngh, trng hc v vn tr; bnh vin v nh dng lo, ni th cng, cc cng vin v khu cm tri. 53 giai on thit k ca d n, cc nh sn xut thit b cn cung cp cc chi tit k thut thit k hoc xy dng theo hnh thc "Tnh nng khng chen" cho b phn gim thanh, v "Tnh nng khng truyn dn" cho thng m thanh v nng cp cng trnh xy dng.
52
79
Chn a im cc c s thng tr cch xa cc khu dn c nu c th Li dng a hnh t nhin nh mt vng m n khi thit k c s Gim lu lng nh tuyn ca d n qua cc khu vc dn c n mc c th Lp k hoch tuyn bay, thi gian v cao cho phi c (my bay thng v my bay trc thng) bay qua cc khu vc dn cXy dng mt c ch ghi nhn v tr li cc khiu ni
Gim st
Gim st ting n56 c th c thc hin nhm mc ch thit lp cc cp ting n hin c mi trng xung quanh khu vc d nh xy dng hoc c c s hot ng, hoc xc minh mc n theo tng giai on hot ng. Chng trnh gim st ting n cn c chuyn gia c chuyn nghip thit k v thc hin. Thi gian gim st tiu biu cn cho phn tch thng k v c th tri qua 48 gi vi vic s dng cc my o n c kh nng ng nhp d liu lin tc trong khong thi gian ny hoc theo gi, hoc thng xuyn hn cho ph hp (hoc bao gm khong thi gian khc nhau trong mt vi ngy, bao gm c cc ngy bnh thng v ngy lm vic cui tun). Cc loi ch s m thanh ghi li ph thuc vo loi ting n ang c theo di, c chuyn gia v ting n xc nh. My o cn t khong 1,5m trn mt t v khng gn hn 3m vi bt k b mt phn x no (v d bc tng). Ni chung, gii hn cp ting n c c trng bi mc n mi trng xung quanh v mc nn m c th c khi tin hnh iu tra cc c s hay cc ngun n.
56
Hng dn mc n
Tc ng n khng c vt qu mc c trnh by trong Bng 1.7.1, hoc kt qu tng ti a mc nn 3 dB v tr tip nhn cch xa.
Bng 1.7.1- Hng dn mc n 1 gi Lacq (dBA) Ngun nhn Ban ngy Ban m
07:00-22.00 22:00-07:00 54
Nh dn, c quan, trng hc55 Cng nghip, thng mi
55 70
45 70
Ting n xm nhp ln, nh ting n t my bay v tu ha, khng nn cho vo khi thit lp mc n nn.
Nguyn tc gi tr c o cho mc ting n trong ca ra vo. Ngun: Hng dn v Ting n Cng ng, T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), nm 1999. 55 i vi cp ting n chp nhn c bn trong khu dn c, c s nghin cu, v gio dc tham kho WHO (1999).
54
Gim st ting n phi c thc hin bng cch s dng cp m thanh Loi 1 hoc 2 thch hp tiu chun IEC .
80
1.8 t nhim bn
Kh nng ng dng v phng php tipcn Phn loi ri ro Qun l ri ro tm thi nh gi ri ro chi tit Cc bin php gim ri ro vnh vin Xem xt Sc khe v An ton ngh nghip 81 82 83 84 86 88
nhim bn di mt t c cc cht d bay hi, hi t cng c th tr thnh phng tin chuyn ti v phi nhim, v to kh nng xm nhp ca cht gy nhim khng kh bn trong ca cc ta nh. t b nhim cn c quan tm v: Tim nng ri ro i vi sc khe con ngi v h sinh thi (v d nh nguy c ung th hoc nh hng sc khe con ngi khc, mt h sinh thi); Cc trch nhim c th t ra cho ngi gy nhim/ ch doanh nghip (v d, chi ph khc phc hu qu, thit hi v uy tn kinh doanh v/ hoc quan h doanh nghip v cng ng) hoc cc bn b nh hng (v d nh cng nhn ti hin trng, ch s hu ti sn gn ). nhim t cn trnh bng cch ngn nga hoc kim sot vic sn sinh cc vt liu nguy hi, cht thi nguy hi, hoc du n mi trng. Khi nghi ng t b nhim hoc xc nh c trong bt k giai on no ca d n, phi xc nh c nguyn nhn ca vic pht sinh khng kim sot v sa cha trnh lm pht sinh thm v lin kt cc tc ng xu. Vng t b nhim phi c qun l trnh nhng nguy c ri ro vi sc khe con ngi v cc 81

Phn ny cung cp mt bn tm tt cc phng php tip cn qun l v nhim t t cc vt liu nguy him do con ngi thi ra, cht thi, hoc du, gm cc cht xut hin t nhin. Cc cht thi ny c th l kt qu ca cc hot ng ti hin trng hin ti hoc trong lch s, khng gii hn c th gm, s c trong qu trnh x l v lu tr, hoc do qun l hoc do x l khng tt. t c coi l b nhim khi n c cha cht c hi hoc nng du trn mc nn hoc mc xut hin t nhin. Vng t b nhim c th bao gm cc loi t surfit hoc cc lp t bn di mt, qua lc v vn chuyn, c th nh hng n nc ngm, nc mt v cc khu vc ln cn. Trong trng hp ngun gy
ngun tip nhn sinh thi. Cc chin lc u tin cho kh t nhim l gim mc nhim ti hin tr ng, trong khi ngn chn vic tip xc ca con ngi vi nhim. xc nh xem cc hnh ng qun l r i ro c bo m khng, phng php nh gi sau y nn c p d ng thi t l p xem li u ba tc nhn ri ro "cht gy nhim, 'Th th', v 'qu trnh tip xc' cng tn t i, hoc c kh nng cng tn t i, t i hi n tr ng d n theo th c tr ng s d ng t hi n t i hoc trong tng lai: Cc ch t gy nhim: L s c mt c a cc v t li u nguy h i, ch t thi, hoc du trong b t k mi tr ng v i nng c kh nng gy nguy hi. Th th : Con ng i, ng v t hoang d, thc vt v cc t chc s ng khc ti p xc hoc d ng nh c ti p xc v i cc ch t gy nhim. Cc qu trnh tip xc: L tng h p c a cc con ng di chuy n c a cc ch t gy nhim t i m pht sinh (v d , r ng m vo n c ngm sinh hot) v cc ng ti p xc (v d qua n u ng, h p th qua bi u b da), khi n cc th th tr thnh i tng tip xc thc vi cc cht gy nhim.
Cht nhim bn Ri ro
Vt nhn
Con ng phi nhim
Hnh 1.8.1: Mi quan h qua li ca cc yu t ri ro gy nhim Khi ba yu t ri ro c coi l xut hin (mc d d liu b hn ch) trong iu kin hin ti hoc theo cc iu kin d bo tng lai, cn thc hin theo cc bc sau y (nh m t trong phn cn li ca phn ny): 1) Phn loi ri ro; 2) Qun l ri ro tm thi; 3) nh gi ri ro nh lng; v 4) Cc bin php gim ri ro vnh vin.
Phn loi ri ro
Bc ny cn c gi l "Xy dng nhim v" nh gi ri ro mi trng. Trng hp c bng chng v nguy c nhim ti hin trng, cc bc sau y c khuyn ngh: 82
Xc nh v tr b nghi ng nhim ca cp cao nht thng qua kt hp gia cc hnh nh v thng tin lch s; Ly mu v kim nghim cc thnh phn b nhim (t, nc) c tin hnh theo phng php k thut p dng cho cc loi nghi l cht gy nhim57,58; nh gi cc kt qu phn tch vi cc quy nh nhim ti ch ca a phng v quc gia. Trong trng hp khng c cc quy nh hoc tiu chun mi trng tng ng, cn tham kho cc hng dn v cc tiu chun da trn ngun ri ro c c tiu chun ton din cho kim tra phn loi cc cht nhim trong t.59
BC MOE. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/contam_sit es/guidance 58 Cc Mi trng Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/dep/cleanup 59 C th bao gm nng ri ro (RBCs) vng 3 theo quy nh ca EPA Hoa K. http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/inde x.htm. Nng RBC ny c coi l chp nhn cho s dng t c th v kch bn tip xc vi cht gy nhim nh do cc chnh ph tin hnh s dng cc k thut nh gi ri ro khc phc nhim hin trng. Cc nng ring ca PRGs c xc nh hoc chp nhn cho t, trm tch hay nc ngm, v thng c mt nng ring dnh cho t s dng (nh trnh by phn trc) v cn c thm hng dn nghim ngt cho s dng t nng nghip v dn c so vi t cho mc ch thng mi/ cng nghip. Bng RBC c cc liu
57
Xc nh cc th th tim nng con ngi v/ hoc h sinh thi v cc ng tip xc c lin quan ti hin trng Kt qu phn loi ri ro c th cho thy rng khng c chng cho gia ba yu t ri ro v cc nng cht gy nhim xc nh c l di ngng c th gy ri ro cho sc khe con ngi hoc mi trng. Ngoi ra, tm thi hoc vnh vin cc bin php gim nguy c c th cn phi c thc hin vi, hoc khng c, chi tit hn cc hot ng nh gi ri ro, nh c m t di y.
Qun l ri ro tm thi
Cc hnh ng qun l ri ro tm thi cn c thc hin bt k giai on no trong vng i d n nu nhim t gy ra nguy him tc thi", ngha l l mt nguy c nh hng tc khc ti sc khe
tham kho (RfDs) v yu t tng tc ung th (CSFs) cho khong 400 ha cht. Nhng cc yu t c tnh c kt hp vi "kch bn tip xc tiu chun" tnh ton nng RBC tng ng vi cc mc ri ro c nh (ngha l mt t l ri ro (HQ) ca 1, hoc ri ro ung th c i ca 1E-6, ty theo xy ra nng thp hn) trong nc, khng kh, m c, v t ai vi cc thnh phn ho hc ring l. Vic s dng RBC u tin l kim tra ha cht trong qu trnh nh gi ri ro c bn (xem hng dn EPA/903/R-93-001 EPA khu vc, "La chn ng phi nhim v cc cht nhim lin quan ti phn loi ri ro). Hng dn b sung v cht lng t cng c th c ly t Lijzen et al.2001
83
con ngi v mi trng nu nhim cn tip tc, thm ch trong mt thi gian ngn. V d v cc tnh hung c coi l mi nguy him tc thi bao gm, nhng khng hn ch ch c: Xut hin mi trng gy n do t b nhim gy ra Lng nhim c th tip cn v vt ngng m tip xc ngn hn v cc cht gy nhim c th gy ra ng c cp tnh, cc tc ng di hn khng th hi phc, gy nhy cm, hoc tch t sinh hc c cht dai dng Nng cc cht nhim cao hn nng ri ro (RBC60) hoc cc tiu chun nc ung trong nc sinh hot ti cc im x. Gim nguy c thch hp cn c thc hin cng sm cng tt loi b cc iu kin t ra nhng nguy him sp xy ra.
chin lc ri ro sc khe mc chp nhn c t c mc nhim ti ch thp. nh gi cc ri ro gy nhim cn phi c xem xt hin trng s dng t hin ti v tng lai, v cc kch bn pht trin (v d khu dn c, thng mi, cng nghip, v cng vin th, khu vc b hoang). nh gi ri ro nh lng chi tit c xy dng theo phn loi ri ro (Xy dng nhim v). u tin lin quan n vic iu tra chi tit hin trng xc nh phm vi ca nhim.61 iu tra hin trng nn p dng bin php m bo cht lng/ kim sot cht lng (QA/ QC) m bo cht lng d liu cn s dng c y (v d phng php pht hin gii hn di mc quan tm). Nn p dng iu tra hin trng tng ln xy dng m hnh khi nim hin trng c nhim u, nh th no, vic vn chuyn, v v tr tip xc vi cc t chc v con ngi. Cc tc nhn ri ro v m hnh khi nim hin trng to ra
nh gi ri ro chi tit
L thay th ph hp vi tiu chun s hoc cc mc tiu khc phc s b, v ty thuc vo yu cu quy nh ca a phng. nh gi ri ro mi trng tng a im c th c th dng xy dng
V d khu vc USEPA 3 ri ro theo nng (RBCs). http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/inde x.htm.
60
v d bao gm cc quy trnh c quy nh bi Hip hi th nghim v Vt liu Hoa K (ASTM) Giai on II Quy trnh ESA; British Columbia B Mi trng Canada (BC MOE) http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/ contam_sites / guidance); v Cc Mi trng Massachusetts http://www.mass.gov/dep/cleanup Massachusetts.
61
84
mt khung nh gi cc ri ro nhim. nh gi ri ro sinh thi hoc mi trng h tr cho cc quyt nh qun l ri ro ti cc a im b nhim. C th, mc tiu nh gi ri ro bao gm: Xc nh cc th th gm con ngi v h sinh thi c lin quan (v d tr em, ngi ln, c, ng vt hoang d) Xc nh nu cht gy nhim mc nghi ng c th gy tc ng ln sc kho con ngi v/ hoc h sinh thi (v d, trn mc tiu chun quy nh p dng khi xem xt ri ro sc khe hoc ri ro mi trng) Xc nh cc th th con ngi hoc h sinh thi tip xc nh th no vi cc cht gy nhim (v d n dnh t, tip xc vi da, ht th phi bi) Xc nh cc loi tc dng ph m c th c do tip xc vi cc cht gy nhim (v d tc ng ln c quan ch, ung th, suy yu h sinh trng hoc sinh sn) trong trng hp khng c tiu chun quy nh nh lng mc ri ro sc khe n cc th th con ngi v h sinh thi da trn mt phn tch nh lng ca cht gy nhim v c tnh (v d nh tnh ton nguy c ung th hoc cc t
l phi nhim vi c tnh so vi mc phi nhim an ton) Xc nh hin trng s dng t hin ti v tng lai nh hng nh th no n ri ro d on (v d nh chuyn i s dng t t cng nghip sang thnh khu dn c vi nhiu th th nhy cm nh tr em) nh lng cc nguy c mi trng v/ hoc cc ri ro sc khe con ngi do di chuyn cht gy nhim ti ni khc (v d xem xt nu c hin tng ngm vo ng chuyn nc ngm, hoc nc mt do tip xc ti cc vng t lin k/ th th) Xc nh nu ri ro l vn n nh, tng, hoc gim theo thi gian nu khng c cc bin php khc phc (v d xem xt nu cht gy nhim l c kh nng phn hy hp l v vn cn ti ch, hoc c vn chuyn n ni khc)62 Gii quyt nhng mc tiu ny to c s t chc v thc hin cc bin php gim thiu ri ro (v d, dn dp, kim sot ti ch) ti
62
V d phng php n gin ha nh lng nh gi ri ro l ASTM E1739-95 (2002) Hng dn tiu chun cho hot ng hiu chnh ri ro p dng cho khu vc thi du kh v ASTM E2081-00 (2004) e1 Hng dn tiu chun cho hot ng hiu chnh ri ro (ti im thi ho cht).
85
hin trng. Nu cn lm nhng vic ny th cn b sung cc mc tiu lin quan nh sau: Xc nh cch thc khi nim no, bin php gim nguy c cn c thc hin u Xc nh cc cng ngh a thch (bao gm c kim sot k thut) cn cho vic thc hin cc bin php gim thiu ri ro m hnh Xy dng mt k hoch gim st xc nh liu cc bin php gim thiu ri ro c hiu qu Xem xt tnh cp thit v ph hp ca kim sot th ch (v d vn bn gii hn, hn ch s dng t) nh mt phn ca mt phng php tip cn ton din.
hin trng. Bt c la chn cch thc qun l no th k hoch hnh ng cn phi c gim ngun cht gy nhim bt c khi no c th (tc l ci thin mng li hin trng). y l mt phn ca chin lc tng th qun l ri ro i vi sc khe ti khu vc nhim, v t bn thn n lm ci thin cht lng mi trng. Hnh 1.8.2 trnh by mt s quan h qua li ca cc yu t ri ro v v d cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro gy nhim nh hng ti sc khe bng cch sa i cc iu kin ca mt hay nhiu yu t ri ro cui cng lm gim cht gy nhim ti th th. Phng php tip cn c la chn cn xem xt tnh kh thi k thut v ti chnh (v d nh kh nng hot ng ca cng ngh c la chn vi chuyn gia k thut sn c ca a phng v trang thit b vi cc chi ph lin quan). V d v cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro cho ngun gy nhim v phi nhim bao gm: t, trm tch, v bn: o X l sinh hc ti ch (hiu kh hoc k kh) o X l vt l/ ha hc ti ch (v d x l phi nhim kh hi t, qu trnh oxy ha ha hc) 86
Cc bin php gim ri ro vnh vin

Cc yu t ri ro v m hnh khi nim trc tip trong cch tip cn ri ro nhim c m t cng to c s qun l v gim thiu ri ro sc khe nhim mi trng. Nguyn tc c bn l gim, loi b, hoc kim sot bt k hoc tt c ba yu t ri ro minh ha trong hnh 1.8.1. Danh sch cc v d v cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro c cung cp di y, tuy rng cc chin lc thc t cn xy dng da trn iu kin c th, v cc yu t ch yu chnh, cc hn ch khc ca
o X l nhit ti ch (v d, hi nc phun, lm nng theo su giai on) o X l sinh hc ti a im khc (v d o v phn) o X l vt l/ ha hc ti a im khc (v d o bi v n nh) o X l nhit ti a im khc (v d o, nhit kh hp th, thiu t) o Lu gi (v d nh chn lp) o Suy gim t nhin o Nc mt, nc ngm, dung dch lc: o X l sinh hc ti ch (hiu kh hoc k kh) o X l vt l/ ha hc ti ch (v d sc kh, hng ro phn ng thm ca zero-valent st) o X l sinh hc, vt l, v hoc iu tr ha cht (v d x l v khai thc nc ngm) o Lu gi (v d nh tng c hoc ro vn cc) o Suy gim t nhin o Cc quy trnh x l khc Xm nhp hi t: o Thc hin xng hi t gim ngun VOC gy nhim trong t
o Lp t mt h thng gim p ph ngn chn truyn hi t vo cng trnh o To iu kin p sut dng trong cc ta nh o Lp t (trong qu trnh xy dng cng trnh) li cn khng thm di cc cng trnh v/ hoc ng dn thay th cho hi t bn di nn mng xy dng (v d, h thng mng rng v thng gi chuyn hng hi ra khi cng trnh xy dng) V d v cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro vi th th bao gm: Hn ch hoc ngn chn cc th th tip xc cc cht gy nhim (cc hnh ng nhm vo cc th th c th bao gm bin bo ch dn, hng ro, hoc cc khu vc bo mt) a ra t vn sc khe hoc cm mt s hot ng nht nh dn n tip xc nh cu c, bt cua, thu nht ng vt c v Gio dc th th (con ngi) thay i hnh vi gim phi nhim (v d, ci tin thi quen cng vic, v s dng qun o v thit b bo h) V d v cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro cho tip xc ng dn bao gm:
87
Cung cp mt ngun nc thay th, v d, vi ging nc ngm b nhim cn phi lp ln lp t nhim lp t sch cao t nht 1m ngn nga tip xc ca con ngi, cng nh r cy hoc ng vt c v nh tip xc vo t b nhim Che ph ln t b nhim nh l mt bin php tm thi ngn ng tip xc trc tip hoc sinh ra hoc ht phi bi. S dng mt rnh chn v my bm, v cc cng ngh x l ngn nc ngm nhim x vo cc dng c Cc ti liu tham kho trn v cc bin php ngn chn nhim cn c xem xt cho thc hin ngay lp tc trong trng hp d tnh cc bin php gim ngun s mt thi gian.
nhim nh m t trong Phn 2 v An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip. Thm vo , cng nhn ti cng trng b nhim cn nhn c s o to an ton v sc khe c bit c th i vi cc hot ng ci to v iu tra hin trng b nhim.63
THNH PHN RI RO
CHT NHIM BN Loi Nng Phn b Thi ra
Cht nhim bn Ri ro Vt nhn
LA CHN QUN L RI RO Loi b X l
CON NG PHI NHIM Mi trng Di c
Ngn chn Thng bo Chnh sch

rng ri
Con ng phi nhim
VT LIU TIP NHN Loi Tnh nhy cm S dng t
Di chuyn Hn ch s
dng t
Xem xt An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip

Vic iu tra v ci to t b nhim i hi cng nhn quan tm n s tip xc ngh nghip c th xy ra khi cng vic i hi phi tip xc gn vi t nhim hoc cc mi trng khc (v d nc ngm, nc thi, cht kt ta v hi t). Vic phng nga an ton v sc khe ngh nghip cn phi c thc hin gim thiu s phi
S 1.8.2 Mi quan h qua li ca cc tc nhn gy nhim v cc la chn qun l
63
V d cc quy h ca c quan xem xt an ton sc kho ngh nghip Hoa K (OSHA) c th tm ti 40 CFR 1910.120. http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document ?p_table=STAN DARDS&p_id=9765
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Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: AN TON V SC KHE NGH NGHIP
2.0 An ton v Sc kho Ngh nghip (OHS)

Kh nng ng dng v Phng php tip cn 2.1 Thit k v Vn hnh Cng trnh chung Tnh ton vn ca Kt cu Ni lm vic Thi tit Khc nghit v Dng Cng trnh Ni lm vic v Li ra Phng nga Ha hon Nh v sinh v Nh tm Cung cp Nc Ung Khu vc n Sch Chiu Sng Tip cn An ton Cp cu Cung cp Khng kh Nhit Mi trng Lm vic 2.2 Truyn thng v o to o to OHS nh hng Khch thm o to Nh thu v Nhn vin Mi nhn Nhim v o to OHS C bn Bng ch dn Khu vc Nhn hiu ca Thit b M Nguy him Lin lc 2.3 Mi nguy Vt l Thit b Lun phin v Di chuyn m thanh rung in Nguy hi cho Mt Cng vic Hn/Nng Cng tc Li Xe Cng nghip v Giao thng ti Hin trng Nhit Mi trng Lm vic Sinh l lao ng, Vn ng Lin tc, X l th cng Lm vic cao Chiu Sng 2.4 Mi nguy Ha hc Cht lng Khng kh Chy v N Cht ha hc n mn, xi ha v phn ng Vt liu Cha Aming (ACM) 2.5 Mi nguy Sinh hc 2.6 Mi nguy Phng x 2.7 Thit b Bo v C nhn (PPE) 2.8 Mi trng Nguy him c bit 89 91 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 100 101 101 102 102 103 104 105 105 106 107 107 109 111 112 114 Khng gian Hn ch Cng nhn n c v B Cch ly 2.9 Gim st Gim st Bnh tt v Tai nn 114 115 116 117
Kh nng ng dng v Phng php tip cn

Cc ch lao ng v cc gim st lao ng buc phi thc hin tt c cc bin php phng nga hp l bo v sc kho v an ton ca cng nhn. Phn ny cung cp hng dn v v d ca cc bin php phng nga hp l thc hin trong vic qun l nhng nguy c c bn i vi an ton v sc kho ngh nghip. Mc d phn tp trung giai on vn hnh ca cc d n nhng phn nhiu ca hng dn ny cng p dng trong cc hot ng thi cng v ngng hot ng. Cc cng ty cn thu nh thu c kh nng k thut qun l cc vn an ton v sc kho ngh nghip cho nhn vin ca h, m rng vic p dng cc hot ng qun l s nguy him thng qua nhng tho thun mua sm chnh thc. Cc bin php phng nga v bo v nn c gii thiu theo th t u tin sau: Loi b mi nguy bng cch loi b hot ng t qu trnh lm vic. V d bao gm s thay th cc cht ho hc t nguy him 89
hn, s dng cc qu trnh sn xut khc, v.v; Kim sot mi nguy ti ngun thng qua vic s dng bin php kim sot k thut. V d bao gm phng php lm thng gi a phng, phng cch ly, bo v my mc, vt liu cch m, v.v; Gim thiu mi nguy thng qua thit k h thng cng vic an ton v cc bin php kim sot th ch v hnh chnh. V d bao gm s lun phin cng vic, o to quy trnh cng vic an ton, kha v dn nhn, gim st ni lm vic, gii hn mc l din hoc thi gian lm vic v.v Cung cp thit b bo v c nhn ph hp (PPE) ph hp vi o to, s dng v bo dng PPE. Vic p dng cc bin php phng nga v kim sot i vi cc mi nguy ngh nghip cn da trn an ton cng vic ton din hoc phn tch mi nguy ngh nghip. Kt qu ca nhng phn tch ny cn c u tin l mt phn ca k hoch hnh ng da trn kh nng xy ra v tnh khc nghit ca hu qu ca s l din trc nhng mi nguy xc nh. Mt v d v phn hng nguy c nh tnh hoc ma trn phn tch gip xc nh nhng u tin c m t trong Bng 2.1.1. 90
2.1 Thit k v Vn hnh Cng trnh Chung Tnh ton vn ca Kt cu Ni lm vic

Ni lm vic lu di v lp li cn c thit k v trang thit b bo v OHS: Nhng b mt, kt cu v lp t cn d lm sch v duy tr v khng cho php tch ly cc hp cht nguy him. Cc ta nh cn an ton v mt kt cu, c s bo v ph hp i vi kh hu v c nh sng v iu kin ting n chp nhn c. Cc vt liu hp th m thanh, chu la ti mt mc kh thi cn c s dng cho lp mt tng v trn nh. Sn nh cn c lm phng, nhn v chng trt. Thit b thay th hoc lun phin, lu ng cn c t trong cc ta nh dnh ring hoc cc khu cch bit v mt kt cu.
c khu vc tr n an ton nu ph hp. Quy trnh Vn hnh Tiu chun (SOPs) cn c pht trin cho vic ngng d n hoc ngng qu trnh bao gm k hoch s tn. Bi tp thc hnh quy trnh v k hoch cng nn c thc hin hng nm.
Bng 2.1.1. Bng Phn hng Nguy c Phn loi Kch bn Cng nhn da trn Kh nng xy ra v H qu
Kh nng xy ra Khng ng k 1 H qu Nh Trung 2 bnh 3 Ln 4 Trm trng 5
A. Gn nh chc chn B. C th xy ra C. C mc D. Khng th xy ra E. Him c
L L L
M M L
H H M
E E H
E E E
Thi tit Khc nghit v Dng Cng trnh

Kt cu ni lm vic cn c thit k v thi cng chu ng cc nhn t mong i trong vng v
Ghi ch E: cc k c nguy c; yu cu hnh ng ngay l p tc H: c nguy c cao; cn ch qun l cao cp M: c nguy c mc va phi; cn xc nh trch nhim qun l L: c nguy c thp; qun l bng cc quy trnh k hoch
Ni lm vic v Li ra
Khng gian dnh cho mi cng nhn, v trong tng s cn 91
thc hin an ton tt c cc hot ng bao gm vn chuyn v lu tr tm thi cc vt liu v sn phm. ng n ca thot him khn cp cn c thng sut ti mi thi im. Ca thot him cn c nh du r rng c th nhn thy c khi hon ton trong bng ti. S lng v cng sut ca ca thot him cn s tn an ton v trt t s ngi ln nht c mt ti bt k thi im no v nn c t nht hai ca thot him t bt c khu vc lm vic no. Cng trnh cng cn c thit k v xy dng c tnh n nhu cu ca nhng ngi khuyt tt.
hin c v s lng ngi ti a c mt. Cung cp thit b chng chy bng tay c th tip cn d dng v n gin khi s dng H thng bo ng khn cp v bo chy u phi nghe thy c v nhn thy c. Hng dn An ton Ha hon v Tnh mng ca IFC cn p dng cho cc ta nh m ca cho cng chng (Xem Phn 3.3).
Nh v sinh v Nh tm
Cc cng trnh nh v sinh y

(nh x v khu ra) cn c cung cp cho s ngi d kin lm vic trong cng trnh v cho php i vi cc cng trnh c tch ra hoc nhm ch ra liu l cng trnh nh v sinh l ang s dng hoc Cn trng. Cc cng trnh nh v sinh cng cn c cung cp y nc nng v lnh, x phng v thit b sy kh tay.
Phng nga Ha hon

Ni lm vic cn c thit k phng nga s bt la thng qua vic thc hin cc m chy p dng cho cc thit t cng nghip. Cc bin php ch yu khc bao gm: Trang thit b vi my d chy, h thng bo ng v thit b chng chy. Thit b cn c duy tr trong tnh trng lm vic tt v sn sng tip cn c. Cn phi cho mi kch thc v vic s dng ca cng trnh, thit b c lp t, ti sn vt cht v ha hc ca cc cht
Ni cng nhn c th b va chm vi cc cht c hi do nhim da v n ung, cc cng trnh phc v vic tm ra v thay i vo v ra khi ph v qun o lm vic cn c cung cp.
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Cung cp Nc Ung
Ngun cung y nc ung sch cn c cung cp t ngun nc vi vi phun hng ln hoc vi cc phng tin v sinh thu nc cho mc ch ung nc sch.Nc c cung cp cho khu vc chun b thc phm hoc cho mc ch v sinh c nhn (ra ry hoc tm ra) cn p ng tiu chun cht lng nc ung.
ng khi b mt ngun sng nhn to chnh m bo vic dng, s tn an ton, v.v.
Tip cn An ton
Li i dnh cho ngi i b v xe c trong v bn ngoi ta nh cn c tch bit v em li vic tip cn ph hp v d dng, an ton. Thit b v nhng lp t yu cu bo dng, gim st, v/hoc lm sch phi c li vo thng sut, khng b ngn cm v d dng tip cn. Thanh chn bo v tay, u gi v chn cn c lp t trn cu thang, thang c nh, nn, ca i vo sn nh vnh vin v tm thi, vng np, bi u v.v Ca vo cn c ng kn bng cng hoc dy xch tho lp c Lp bo v, nu kh thi, cn c lp t bo v nhng vt ri. Cc bin php nhm phng trnh vic tip cn khng c php n nhng khu vc nguy him cn phi c xp t.
Khu vc n Sch
Ni c tim nng va chm vi cc cht c hi do n ung th cn c nhng sp xp ph hp cho vic cung cp cc khu vc n sch ni cng nhn khng b va chm vi cc cht nguy him hoc c hi.
Chiu sng
Ni lm vic cn, mc kh thi, thu c nh sng t nhin v b sung nh sng nhn to m bo sc khe v an ton ca cng nhn v y mnh thit b hot ng an ton. C th yu cu thp sng c bit b sung ni i hi p ng yu cu nh sng c th. Chiu sng khn cp vi cng y cn c lp t v a vo hot ng mt cch t
Cp c u
Ch s dng lao ng cn m bo c th cung cp vic cp 93
cu tiu chun ti mi thi im. Trm y t c trang thit b mt cch ph hp cn d dng tip cn t cc ni lm vic Trm ra mt v/hoc tm khn cp cn c cung cp gn tt c trm lm vic, ra xt nc tc th l phng php cp cu c khuyn ngh. Ni phm vi cng vic hoc loi hnh hot ng ang thc hin khn cn th phi cung cp phng cp cu trang thit b ph hp v dnh ring. Trm v phng cp cu cn c trang b gng tay, o di v mt n nhm bo v chng li vic tip xc trc tip vi mu v cc vt th lng khc. Nhng a im xa xi ho lnh cn xp t nhng th tc cp cu bng vn bn v ng cng khai gii quyt nhng trng hp chn thng hoc m nng m vic chm sc bnh nhn c th c chuyn n trm y t ph hp.
dng v kh thi lin quan n qu trnh. H thng phn phi khng kh cn c thit k khng lm cng nhn b hng gi la. Cc h thng thng gi c hc cn c duy tr trong tnh trng lm vic tt. Cc h thng kh thi ngun im c yu cu cho vic duy tr mi trng xung quanh an ton nn c nhng ch s a phng ca chc nng ng n. S ti tun hon ca kh nhim l khng th chp nhn c. B lc kh vo cn c gi sch v khng bi v nm mc. Tng nhit, thng gi v iu ha khng kh (HVAC) v cc h thng lm mt bay hi cng nghip cn c trang thit b, bo dng v hot ng phng nga s tng trng v lan rng nhng mm bnh (v d Legionnella pneumophilia) hoc sinh si sinh vt truyn bnh (v d mui v rui) thuc mi quan tm y t cng cng.
Nhit Mi trng Lm vic

Nhit ti phng lm vic, phng v sinh v cc cng trnh phc li khc, trong gi dch v, cn phi c duy tr ti mc ph hp vi mc ch ca cng trnh.
Cung cp khng kh
Khng kh trong lnh y cn c cung cp cho khng gian lm vic trong nh hoc b gii hn. Nhng yu t xem xt trong thit k lm thng gi bao gm cc hot ng th cht, nhng cht ang s
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2.2 Truyn thng v o t o

o to OHS
Cn phi xy dng cc iu khon cung cp o to nh hng OHS cho tt c nhng nhn vin mi m bo rng h c thch v nhng ni quy hin trng c bn ti ni lm vic/ti hin trng v v vic bo v c nhn v phng nga thng tt cho ng nghip. Vic o to bao gm nhn thc mi nguy c bn, mi nguy hin trng c th, thc hnh lm vic an ton, cc th tc khn cp cho chy n, s tn v thm ha t nhin mt cch ph hp. Bt k mi nguy ti hin trng c th no hoc m mu s dng cn c r sot k lng l mt phn ca o to nh hng.
o to Nh thu v Nhn vin Mi nhn nhim v

Ch s dng cn m bo rng cng nhn v nh thu trc khi bt u nhim v mi phi c o to v cung cp thng tin y khin h hiu v mi nguy cng vic v bo v sc khe ca h khi nhng yu t xung quanh nguy him c th xy ra. Vic o to y cn bao gm:
o Kin thc v vt liu, thit b

v dng c
o Mi nguy cn phi bit trong

khi vn hnh v lm th no kim sot chng
o Nhng nguy c tim nng i

vi sc khe
o Ch phng nga l din o Yu cu v sinh o Mc v s dng qun o v

thit b bo v
o Phn hi ph hp vi cc cc
nh hng Khch thm
Nu khch n hin trng c th tip cn nhng khu vc c th c cc cht hoc iu kin nguy him th cn thit lp chng trnh kim sot v nh hng cho khch thm m bo ngi khch khng vo cc khu vc nguy him khng ai i cng. tr hot ng, bin c v tai nn.
o to OHS C bn
Chng trnh o to c bn v cc kha hc c bit cn c cung cp, khi cn thit, m bo rng cng nhn c nh hng i vi nhng mi nguy c th thuc nhim v cng vic do mnh m nhn. Nhn chung vic o to cn c cung cp cho cc nh 95
qun l, gim st vin, cng nhn v khch thm n nhng khu vc c nguy c v nguy him. Cng nhn c nhim v s cu v cu cha cn c o to ring khng lm tnh hnh trm trng mt cch v v mi nguy sc khe i vi bn thn h hoc ngi cng lm vi h.Vic o to cn bao gm nhng nguy c tr nn cc tc nhn nhim khun vi mu thng qua tip xc vi vt th lng v m. Thng qua gim st v c t hp ng ph hp, ch s dng lao ng cn m bo rng nh cung cp dch v cng nh nhn cng c hp ng v hp ng ph c o to y trc khi h thc hin nhim v.
hoc p sut ha hc hoc c hi cn c dn nhn v ni dung v mi nguy hoc c nh m mu mt cch ph hp. Tng t nh vy, h thng ng c cha cc cht nguy him cn c dn nhn vi hng dng chy v ni dung ca ng hoc c nh m mu bt k khi no ng a ngang qua tng hoc sn nh b gin on bi van hoc thit b khp ni.
M Nguy him Lin lc

Bn sao h thng m nguy him cn c trng bn ngoi cng trnh ti ca vo khn cp v h thng kt ni khn cp ha hon ni chng d gy s ch ca ngi lm dch v khn cp. Thng tin v cc loi vt liu nguy him c bo qun, x l v s dng ti cng trnh bao gm lng tn kho ti a in hnh v v tr lu tr cn c chia s cho cc nhn vin an ninh v dch v khn cp xc tin hnh ng ng ph khn cp khi cn. i din ca dch v an ninh v khn cp a phng cn c mi tham gia vo cc chng trnh nh hng thng k (hng nm) v gim st hin trng m bo quen vi s c mt ca mi nguy tim nng.
Bng ch dn Khu vc
Khu vc nguy him (nh in, phng my nn,v.v), vic lp t, vt liu, cc bin php an ton v ca thot khn cp cn c nh du ch dn mt cch ph hp. Bng ch dn phi ph hp vi tiu chun quc t cng nh c, khch thm, cng chng bit n v hiu mt cch d dng.
Nhn hiu ca Thit b

Tt c bnh c th cha cc cht nguy him do c tnh hoc nhit
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2.3 Mi nguy Vt l
Mi nguy vt l th hin kh nng dn n tai nn hoc b thng hoc bnh do tip xc thng xuyn vi cc hot ng c hc hoc hot ng khc. Mt ln tip xc vi cc mi nguy vt l c th dn n hng lot kh nng b thng cc mc khc nhau: t s cu n gin n thng tt trm trng v/hoc cht ngi. S va chm nhiu trong thi gian di c th dn n nhng thng tt vi hu qu li v cng nghim trng.
my mc hoc thit b c phn di chuyn l hoc im tht l c th nguy him i vi an ton ca bt k cng nhn no th my mc hoc thit b cn c trang b v bo v bi thit b bo v hoc cc thit b khc phng nga s tip cn i vi phn di chuyn hoc im tht. Thit b bo v cn c thit k v lp t ph hp vi cc tiu chun an ton my mc ph hp.64 Vic tt my, khng kt ni, cch ly v ct in (Kha v Dn nhn) my mc vi cc b phn di chuyn c bo v hoc l hoc ti my m nng lng c th c lu tr (v d kh nn, cc thnh phn in) trong qu trnh lm dch v hoc bo dng phi ph hp vi tiu chun nh CSA Z460 Kha hoc ISO tng ng hoc tiu chun ANSI Thit k v lp t thit b, khi iu kin kh thi, m bo dch v nh k nh bi trn m khng cn tho d cc thit b hoc c ch bo v.
Thit b lun phin v di chuyn

Thng tt hoc t vong c th xy ra khi b mc kt, b giamhoc b p bi cc b phn my mc do khi ng bt ng ca thit b hoc di chuyn khng ng trong khi vn hnh. Nhng bin php bo v khuyn ngh bao gm: Thit k my mc nhm loi b cc by nguy him v m bo rng gii hn c gi ngoi tm nguy him di nhng iu kin vn hnh bnh thng. V d v cc xem xt cn c trong khu thit k nh my vn hnh hai tay phng nga s ct ct hoc c sn ch dng khn cp dnh ring cho my v t ti nhng v tr chin lc. Khi
V d: CSA Z432.04 Bo v An ton My mc, CSA X434 An ton Robot, ISO 11161 An ton My mc H thng Sn xut Lng ghp hoc ISO 14121 An ton My mc - Nhng Nguyn tc Qun l Nguy c hoc tng ng tiu chun ANSI
64
97
m thanh
Gii hn m thanh cho cc mi trng lm vic khc nhau c cung cp trong Bng 2.3.1. Khng nhn vin no nn tip xc vi mc m thanh ln hn 85dB(A) trong thi gian hn 8 ting mt ngy m khng c s bo v tai nghe. Thm vo , tai khng c bo v khng c php va chm vi mc cng sut m thanh nh (tc thi) hn 140dB(C). Vic s dng thit b bo v tai nghe cn c tng cng mt cch tch cc khi mc m thanh tng ng hn 8 ting t 85dB(A), mc m thanh nh t 140dB(C) hoc mc m thanh ti a trung bnh t 110dB(A). Cc thit b bo v tai nghe c cung cp nn c th gim mc m thanh ti tai xung t nht l 85dB(A). Mc d thit b bo v tai nghe c a chung hn cho bt k thi gian tip xc vi m thanh vt qu 85dB(A) th cch thc bo v tng ng c th t c nhng qun l kh khn hn l gii hn thi gian tip xc vi m thanh. C mi 3dB(A) tng trong mc m thanh th thi gian tip xc cho
php hoc nn gim nh mc thi gian xung 50%.65 Trc khi a vo s dng thit b bo v tai nghe nh c ch kim sot cui cng th vic s dng cc vt liu cch m, cch ly ngun m thanh v kim sot k ngh khc cn c iu tra v thc hin khi kh thi Vic kim tra tai nghe y t thng k cn c thc hin trn cng nhn c tip xc vi cc mc m thanh cao.
rung
Vic va chm i vi dao ng cnh tay t thit b nh dng c cm tay v in hoc rung ton thn t cc b mt m ngi cng nhn ng hoc ngi trn cn c kim sot thng qua s la chn thit b, lp t cc thit b hoc bn m m rung v gii hn thi gian tip xc. Gii hn rung v gi tr hnh ng (v d mc phi nhim (l din) m cn c s cu h) c cung cp bi ACGIH66. Cc mc l din cn c kim tra trn c s thi gian tip xc hng ngy v d liu cung cp bi cc nh sn xut thit b.
65
Hi ngh M ca cc V sinh vin Cng nghip Chnh ph (ACGIH),2006 ACGIH,2005
66
98
i n
Cc thit b in b s c hoc l sng nh b ngt in, bng iu khin, dy cp, dy v dng c cm tay cng c th gy nguy him cho cng nhn. Cc dy in trn khng c th b tc nghn bi cc thit b kim loi nh ct in hoc thang v bi cc xe c c gi my kim loi. Xe c hoc nhng vt th kim loi tip t c a n gn vi dy in trn khng c th dn n s phng in gia dy in v vt th m khng c s tip xc tht. Nhng hnh ng khuyn ngh bao gm: nh du tt c cc thit b in v ng dy c in vi cc bin cnh bo Kha (ngng np in v m vi thit b kha c kim sot) v dn nhn (du hiu cnh bo t trn kha) cc thit b trong khi lm dch v hoc bo dng. Kim tra tt c cc dy in, cp in v cc thit b in cm tay xem dy c b tc hoc h in v theo nhng khuyn ngh ca nh sn xut v in p vn hnh cho php ti a ca cc dng c cm tay di ng. Cch in gp i tt c cc thit b in tip t c s dng trong mi trng hoc c th tr nn t; s dng thit b vi mch in bo v v b ngt in khi c s c r in (GFI)
Bo v dy in v dy m rng chng li h hng do giao thng bng cch bc chn v treo trn cc khu vc giao thng Dn nhn ph hp trn cc thit b in p cao ti cc phng dch v (nguy him in) v ca vo cn c kim sot hoc cm (cng xem Phn 3 v Lp k hoch, nh v v Thit k); Thit lp vng cm vo quanh hoc di ng dy in c in p cao ph hp vi Bng 2.3.2 My xy dng c lp cao su hoc cc loi xe c khc tip xc trc tip vi hoc phng in gia cc dy in in p cao nn cm vn hnh trong khong thi gian 48 ting v lp phi c thay th phng nga s c b phn bnh xe v lp gy tai ha, c th gy ra thng tt nghim trng hoc t vong; Tin hnh nhn dng chi tit v nh du tt c dy in chn ngm trc khi thc hin bt k cng vic o xi.
99
Bng 2.3.1. Gii hn m thanh cho cc Mi trng Lm vic Khc nhau V tr/hot ng Mc tng ng LAeq,8h 85 dB(A) Ti a LAmax, nhanh 110 dB(A)
Nguy hi cho mt
Ht rn t nhiu hot ng cng nghip v/hoc vic phun cht lng ha hc c th bn vo mt ca ngi cng nhn gy ra thng tt mt hoc m vnh vin. Nhng bin php khuyn ngh bao gm: S dng b phn bo v my mc hoc che chn khi bn ht v/hoc cc thit b bo v mt v mt nh knh an ton vi knh chn hai bn, knh bo h v/hoc tm chn ton mt. C th yu cu Quy trnh Vn hnh An ton C th (SOPs) cho vic s dng cc dng c mi ct v nghin vn v/hoc khi lm vic quanh cc cht lng ha hc. Thng xuyn kim tra cc loi thit b ny trc khi s dng m bo tnh trng nguyn vn c hc cng l mt kinh nghim tt. Vic bo v my mc v thit b cn ph hp vi tiu chun cng b ca cc t chc nh CSA, ANSI v ISO (cng xem Phn 2.3 v Thit b Di chuyn v Lun phin v 2.7 v Thit b Bo v C nhn). Cc khu vc di chuyn ni thi cc cht lng, mnh cht rn hoc x kh cn c d bo mt cch ph hp (v d phng tia la in t trm ct kim loi, van x p lc) ri xa nhng ni d on ang c cng nhn hoc khch ng hoc i qua. Ni 100
Cng nghip nng (khng c nhu cu giao tip bng ming) Cng nghip nh (nhu cu giao tip bng ming gim) Vn phng m, phng kim sot, quy dch v hoc tng ng Vn phng c nhn (khng ting n nhiu lon) Lp hc, ng Bnh vin ging
50-65 dB(A)
110 dB(A)
45-50 dB(A)
40-45 dB(A)
35-40 dB(A) 3035dB(A)
40 dB(A)
Bng 2.3.2. Cc Vng Khng c Vo i vi ng Dy in Cao p T l in p dy pha danh nh 750 vn hoc hn nhng khng qu 150.000 vn Hn 150.000 vn nhng khng qu 250.000 vn Hn 250.000 vn Khong cch ti thiu 3 mt
4.5 mt
6 mt
my mc hoc cc mnh vn cng vic c th to mi nguy cho cng nhn chuyn tip hoc khch qua ng th cn thc hin cc h thng gii hn ln cn hoc bo v khu d phng hoc yu cu PPE cho khch v ngi chuyn tip. D tr sn knh phng v cho nhng ngi phi eo knh thng qua vic s dng nhiu knh hoc knh thy tinh ti hu hiu.
chn nh sng hn khi nhng ci khc). Cc thit b tch hoc kh khi c ti ngun cng c th c yu cu. Nhng ch phng nga cng vic lm nng c bit v chng chy v Quy trnh Vn hnh Tiu chun (SOPs) cn c thc hin nu vic hn hoc ct nng c thc hin bn ngoi ti trm lm vic hn bao gm Giy php Cng tc lm Nng, bnh cu ha d phng, ng h bo chy d phng v duy tr ng h bo chy ln n mt ting sau khi hn hoc vic ct nng c kt thc. Quy trnh c bit c yu cu cho cng tc lm nng trn cc b hoc bnh cha cc cht d chy.
Cng vic Hn/Nng

Vic hn to ra nh sng cc k mnh v chi c th gy thng tt nghim trng cho th lc ca ngi cng nhn. Trong mt s trng hp cc k nghim trng c th b m. Ngoi ra, cng vic hn c th sn sinh ra nhng ln khi c hi m phi nhim lu di trc chng c th gy ra nhng bnh mn tnh nghim trng. Nhng bin php khuyn ngh bao gm: Cung cp bo v mt ng n nh knh bo h cho ngi hn v/hoc tm chn mt ton mt cho tt c nhng nhn cng c tham gia vo hoc h tr khi thc hin cng tc hn. Cc bin php b sung c th bao gm vic s dng li chn hn xung quanh trm lm vic c th (mt ming rn kim loi nh, vi bt hoc g dn c thit k
Cng tc Li Xe Cng nghip v Giao thng ti Hin trng

Nhng ngi li xe xe cng nghip thiu kinh nghim hoc c o to km lm tng nguy c tai nn vi cc xe khc, ngi i b v thit b. Cc xe c cng nghip v xe giao hng cng nh cc xe t nhn ti hin trng cng c th dn n nhng trng hp va chm. Vic li xe cng nghip v thc hnh an ton giao thng ti hin trng bao gm: o to v cp giy php vn hnh xe cng nghip trong vic 101
vn hnh an ton cc xe c bit nh my nng dng chc bao gm cht ti/d ti an ton, gii hn ti trng m bo rng ngi li xe chu gim st y t m bo rng thit b di chuyn c tm nhn pha sau b gii hn c trang b thit b pht tn hiubo li Thit lp hnh lang an ton, gii hn tc ti hin trng, yu cu kim tra xe c, ni quy v quy trnh vn hnh (v d cm vn hnh my nng dng chc vi v tr chc pha di) v kim sot mu hoc hng giao thng Hn ch lu thng xe ch hng v xe t nhn n nhng ng v khu vc nht nh, nn cho lu thng mt chiu nhng ni ph hp.
Nhng nhit cc bin trong mi trng lm vic thng xuyn cn c trnh bng vic thc hin cc kim sot k thut v lm thng gi. Ni no khng th thc hin c nh cng vic ngoi tri ngn hn th cn thc hin cc quy trnh qun l gim stress lin quan n nhit bao gm: Theo di d bo thi tit i vi cng vic ngoi tri cung cp cnh bo trc v thi tit cc cao v lp k hoch cng vic tng ng iu chnh cng vic v thi gian ngh theo quy trnh qun l gim cng thng bng nhit ca ACGIH67, ph thuc vo nhit v khi lng cng vic Cung cp lu tm bo v hoc s dng lm khu ngh ngi S dng qun o bo h Cung cp y nc cho c th nh ung nc thng hoc nc in gii v trnh s dng ung c cn.
Nhit Mi trng Lm vic

Phi nhim vi nhng iu kin lm vic nng hoc lnh trong cc mi trng trong nh hoc ngoi tri c th dn n thng tt lin quan n cng thng nhit hoc t vong. Vic s dng thit b bo v c nhn (PPE) bo v chng li nhng mi nguy ngh nghip khc c th gia tng v lm nng thm cc bnh lin quan n nhit.
Sinh l Lao ng, Vn ng Lin tip, X l Th cng

Thng tt do nhng yu t lao ng nh vn ng lin tip, c gng qu sc v x l bng tay c
67
ACGIH,2005
102
mc va chm ko di v lin tip pht trin v yu cu mt cch in hnh thi gian hng tun n hng thng phc hi. Nhng vn OHS ny cn c gim thiu hoc loi b duy tr ni lm vic sinh li. Mt s bin php kim sot bao gm: Thit k cng trnh v trm lm vic vi phn v th 5 n 95 cng nhn hot ng v bo dng trong tm tr S dng h tr c hc loi b hoc gim s gng qu sc cn nng vt liu, gi dng c v cc vt th v yu cu thang my cho nhiu ngi nu cn nng vt qu ngng La chn v thit k cc dng c gim nhng yu cu v lc v thi gian gi v ci thin dng ng Cung cp cho ngi s dng iu kin lm vic c th iu chnh c Phi hp ngh ngi v dn thi gian ngh vo qu trnh lm vic v thc hin lun phin cng vic Thc hin kim sot cht lng v chng trnh bo dng gim nhng lc v gng sc qu mc khng cn thit Xem xt nhng iu kin c bit b sung nh ngi thun tay tri.
Lm vic vi cao
Cc bin php bo v v phng nga b ri ng cn c thc hin bt k khi no ngi cng nhn b chm ti mi nguy b ng cao hn 2 mt; trong khi vn hnh my mc, khi tip xc vi nc hoc cc cht lng khc; cc cht nguy him; hoc thng qua khu b mt lm vic. Cc bin php bo v/phng nga b ng cng c th c m bo trn c s cc trng hp c th khi c nhng nguy c b ng t nhng cao nh hn. Vic phng nga b ng c th bao gm:
Lp t lan can bo him vi
nhng ray gia v vn chn ti l ca bt k khu vc nguy him d ng no.
S dng thang v gin gio ng cch bi nhng nhn vin c o to S dng cc thit b chng ng bao gm tht lng an ton v thit b gii hn i li, dy bo him phng nga vic tip cn ti nhng khu vc nguy him d ng hoc cc thit b bo v khi ng nh b dy treo ton thn c dng kt hp vi dy bo him trnh sc hoc thit b chn ri qun tnh t co rt gn vi tr neo c nh hoc dy bo him nm ngang o to ph hp v cch s dng, kh nng phc v v ch 103
li ca PPE cn thit bao gm cc k hoch cu cha v/hoc phc hi v thit b p ng vi cng nhn sau c ng b chn li.
kh thi thp nht cn c p dng gim thiu nguy c.

Bng 2.3.3. Gii hn Ti thiu cho Cng Chiu sng Ni Lm vic a im/Hot ng Cng nh sng 10 lx 20 lx 50 lx 100 lx
Chiu sng
Cng chiu sng khu vc lm vic cn phi cho mc ch chung ca v tr v loi hnh hot ng v cn b sung vi vic chiu sng trm lm vic dnh ring khi cn. Gii hn ti thiu cho cng chiu sng theo phm vi a im/hot ng nu trong Bng 2.3.3. Vic kim sot cn bao gm: S dng ngun sng nng lng vi s ta nhit ti thiu Thc hin cc bin php loi b chi/phn chiu v chp chn ca nh sng Ch phng nga gim thiu v kim sot nh sng bc x k c nh sng mt tri trc tip. L din trc bc x IR v bc x t ngoi UV cng cao v nh sng nhn thy c cng cao cng cn c kim sot Kim sot mi nguy laze ph hp vi tiu chun k thut thit b, chng nhn v tiu chun an ton c cng nhn. Laze loi
nh sng khn cp Khu khng lm vic ngoi tri Thm ving tm thi (kho cha my, gara, nh kho) Khng gian lm vic ch vi nhim v trc quan khng thng xuyn (hnh lang, cu thang, snh, thang my, phng hp, v.v) Cng vic chnh xc trung bnh (lp rp n gin, cng vic my mc th s, thao tc hn, ng gi, v.v) Cng vic chnh xc (c, lp rp kh mt cch va phi, phn loi, kim tra, bn my trung bnh v cng vic my mc, v.v), vn phng Cng vic chnh xc cao (lp rp kh, may, kim tra mu, phn loi chnh xc v.v)
200 lx
500 lx
1000 3000 lx
104
2.4 Mi nguy Ha hc
Mi nguy ha hc i din tim nng cho m au hoc thng tt do phi nhim tc thi hoc phi nhim thng xuyn vi cc cht c hi, n mn, gy cm ng hoc oxi ha. Chng cng i din cho nguy c phn ng khng kim sot c bao gm nguy c chy n nu cc cht ha hc khng tng thch b ha trn mt cch v . Mi nguy ha hc c th c phng nga mt cch hiu qu nht thng qua phng php tip cn phn cp bao gm: Thay th cht nguy him bng cht t nguy him hn Thc hin cc bin php kim sot hnh chnh v k ngh trnh hoc gim thiu vic gii phng cc cht nguy him vo mi trng lm vic gi cho mc tip xc di gii hn thit lp hoc c quc t cng nhn. Gi s lng nhn vin b tip xc hoc c kh nng tip xc mc thp nht Tuyn truyn v mi nguy ha hc vi cng nhn thng qua vic dn nhn v nh du theo nhng yu cu v tiu chun quc gia v quc t bao gm Th An ton Ha hc Quc t
(ICSC), Bng D liu An ton Vt liu (MSDS) hoc tng ng. Bt k phng tin giao tip bng vn bn no cng cn c vit bng th ngn ng d thy v d hiu i vi cng nhn b tip xc v ngi cp cu. o to cng nhn v vic s dng thng tin sn c (nh MSDS), k thut cng vic an ton v s dng PPE ph hp.
Cht lng Khng kh

Cht lng khng kh km do s thi cht nhim vo ni lm vic c th dn n kh nng b nhim ty ng h hp, tnh trng kh chu hoc m au cho cng nhn. Ch s dng lao ng cn thc hin nhng bin php ph hp duy tr cht lng khng kh khu vc lm vic. Nhng bin php ny bao gm: Duy tr cc mc bi, hi nc v kh b nhim trong mi trng lm vic ti nng di mc xut bi ACGIH68 nh TWATLV (gi tr gii hn ngng) nng m hu ht cng nhn c th b tip xc lin tc (8 ting/ngy, 40h/tun, tun ni tun) m khng duy tr nh hng sc khe tiu cc.
68
ACGIH,2005
105
Xy dng v thc hin k thut cng vic gim thiu vic gii phng cc cht gy nhim vo mi trng lm vic bao gm: o t ng dn trc tip cho cc vt liu kh v cht lng o Gim thiu vic x l cc vt liu bt kh; o Vn hnh khp kn o Thng gi ht cc b ti cc im thi/gii phng o Vn chuyn chn khng vt liu kh hn l chuyn ch c hc hoc bng kh nn o Lu tr an ton trong nh, thng cha ng kn hn l bo qun lng lo Ni khng kh xung quanh cha mt s cht liu c nhng nh hng tng t ln cng nhng b phn c th (hiu ng cng) th cn phi tnh n mc l din kt hp s dng tnh ton khuyn ngh bi ACGIH69 Khi ca lm vic vt qu tm (8) ting th cn tnh ton tiu ch tip xc ni lm vic c iu chnh theo khuyn ngh ca ACGIH70
69 70
Chy v N
Chy v n do s bt la ca nhng vt liu v kh d chy c th dn n tn tht v ti sn cng nh kh nng gy ra thng tt hoc t vong cho cng nhn lm d n. Cc chin lc phng nga v kim sot bao gm: Bo qun cc cht d chy cch xa ngun mi la v cc vt liu oxi ha. Thm vo , khu vc bo qun cc cht d chy cn: o Cch xa ca vo v ca ra ca ta nh o Cch xa ca vo hoc l thng gi ca cng trnh o C l phng n v thng gi cp sn v trn t nhin hoc th ng o S dng thit b chng chy o Trang b thit b cu ha v ca t ng v xy dng vt liu chu c s va chm vi la trong khong thi gian va phi. Cung cp s lin kt v tip t ca, v gia, thng cha v b phn thng gi cp sn c hc nu vt liu ang c, hoc c th b t ri rc khp ni trong khu vc lu tr. Ni vt liu d chy ch yu bao gm bi th cung cp dy tip t, chng chy v nu cn, h thng lm ngui 106
ACGIH,2005 ACGIH,2005
Xc nh v dn nhn khu vc nguy him ha hon cnh bo v nhng ni qui c bit (v d cm s dng vt liu c khi, in thoi di ng hoc thit b gy chy tim nng) Cung cp o to cng nhn c th trong vic x l cc vt liu d chy v trong vic phng chy hoc dp chy.
cc cht ha hc khc thuc loi khng tng thch (axit vi cht c bn; cht xi ha vi cht kh xi, cht nhy nc vi cht da nc v.v), c lu tr trong cc khu vc thng gi v trong thng cha vi cha th cp ph hp gim thiu vic trn ln trong sut thi gian trn ra. Cng nhn lm nhim v x l cc cht ha hc n mn, xi ha hoc phn ng cn c o to c bit v c trang b, v mc PPE ph hp (gng tay, tm chn, qun o bo h, tm chn mt hoc knh bo him, v.v). Ni c cc cht ha hc n mn, xi ha hoc phn ng c s dng, x l hoc bo qun th vic cp cu t tiu chun cn c m bo ti mi thi im. Trm cp cu c trang thit b ph hp cn c tip cn d dng t mi ni lm vic v trm ra mt v/hoc tm khn cp cn c cung cp gn tt c cc trm lm vic ni vic cp cu khuyn ngh l phun nc ra ngay lp tc.
Cht ha hc n mn, xi ha v phn ng

Cc cht ha hc n mn, xi ha v gy phn ng cng tim n nhng mi nguy tng t v cn c cc bin php kim sot tng t nh cc vt liu d chy. Tuy nhin mi nguy khc ca nhng cht ha hc ny l vic trn ln hoc ha trn v c th gy ra nhng phn ng tiu cc nghim trng. iu ny c th dn n s thi cc cht v kh c hi hoc d chy v c th dn n chy n mt cch trc tip. Nhng loi cht ny c mi nguy b sung gy ra thng tt c nhn nghim trng do tip xc trc tip bt k l vn trn ln no. Nhng bin php kim sot sau cn c quan st trong mi trng lm vic khi x l cc cht ha hc : Cc cht ha hc n mn, xi ha v phn ng cn c tch khi nhng vt liu d chy v
Vt liu cha aming (ACM)

Cn trnh s dng cc vt liu cha aming (ACM) trong cc ta nh mi hoc lm vt liu mi trong cc hot ng sa i hoc i mi. Cc cng trnh ang tn ti vi 107
ACM cn pht trin k hoch qun l aming xc nh r rng cc a im ni c mt ACM, iu kin ca n (v d liu l n c dng b ti vi tim nng to si), quy trnh gim st iu kin ca n, quy trnh tip cn cc a im ni ACM c mt trnh b ph hy v o to cho cn b ngi c th n tip xc vi vt liu mt cch tim nng trnh ph hy v phng nga vic tip xc. K hoch cn c sn cho tt c nhng ngi tham gia vo cc hot ng vn hnh v bo dng. Vic sa cha hoc loi b v x l ACM ang hin hu trong cc ta nh cn c thc hin bi nhng ngi c o to mt cch c bit71 theo nhng yu cu ca nc s ti, hoc nu khng c th theoth tc c quc t cng nhn.72
o to nhn s c bit v cc bin php bo dng v loi b c p dng cn tng ng vi nhng yu cu theo cc quy nh p dng c trong nc M v Chu u (v d ca cc tiu chun o to Bc M c sn ti trang web: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/asbestos/traini ng.html) 72 V d bao gm Hi Kim tra v Vt liu (ASTM) ca Hoa K v Chu u; E1368 Quy phm Tiu chun cho Kim tra Th gic ca D n Gim Aming; E2356 Quy phm Tiu chun cho Kho st Aming Xy dng Ton din; v E2394 Quy phm Tiu chun cho Bo dng, Ci cch v Sa cha Sn phm Ximng Aming Lp t.
71
108
2.5 Mi nguy sinh hc

Cc tc nhn sinh hc tim n nguy c m au hoc thng tt do tip xc mt ln hoc thng xuyn vi n. Mi nguy sinh hc c th c phng nga mt cch hiu qu nht bng vic thc hin cc bin php sau: Nu thc t cng vic cho php, nn trnh s dng bt k tc nhn sinh hc c hi no v nn thay th vi tc nhn, khng nguy him hoc t nguy him hn i vi cng nhn ti nhng iu kin s dng bnh thng. Nu khng th trnh s dng cc tc nhn c hi th cn phi c s phng nga duy tr nguy c tip xc cng thp cng tt v duy tr di gii hn l din c quc t cng nhn. Qa trnh lm vic, kim sot hnh chnh v k thut cn c thit k, duy tr v vn hnh trnh hoc gim thiu vic gii phng cc tc nhn sinh hc vo mi trng lm vic. S nhn vin b phi nhim nhiu hoc c kh nng b phi nhim cn phi gi mc ti thiu. Ch s dng lao ng cn r sot v nh gi s c mt hoc nghi ng c mt ca cc tc nhn sinh hc ti ni lm vic v thc hin
cc bin php an ton ph hp, gim st, o to v o to cc chng trnh kim tra. Cc bin php nhm loi b v kim sot mi nguy t cc tc nhn bit v nghi ng ti ni lm vic cn c thit k, thc hin v duy tr trong s hp tc cht ch vi cc nh chc trch y t a phng v theo tiu chun c quc t cng nhn. Cc tc nhn sinh hc nn c phn loi thnh bn nhm73: Nhm 1: Cc tc nhn sinh hc khng chc gy ra bnh tt cho con ngi v do ch yu cu kim sot tng t nh nhng yu cu cho cc cht ha hc phn ng hoc nguy him; Nhm 2: Cc tc nhn sinh hc c th gy ra bnh cho con ngi v do c kh nng yu cu kim sot b sung nhng khng chc lan truyn cho cng ng; Nhm 3: Cc tc nhn sinh hc c th gy ra bnh nghim trng cho con ngi, gy ra mi nguy nghim trng cho cng nhn v c th to thnh nguy c lan truyn ra cng ng th thng c bin php php phng bnh hoc iu tr hiu qu
T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) Phn loi ca Vi Sinh vt Ly nhim bi Nhm Nguy c (2004).
73
109
sn c v do c kh nng yu cu kim sot mnh b sung; Nhm 4: Cc tc nhn sinh hc c th gy ra bnh tt nghim trng cho con ngi, l mi nguy nghim trng i vi cng nhn v t nguy c cao lan truyn ra cng ng th thng khng c bin php iu tr hoc phng bnh v do cn yu cu nhng bin php kim sot mnh b sung. Ti mi thi im ngi ch s dng lao ng nn khuyn khch v tng cng bo v c nhn v mc v sinh cao nht nht l i vi cc hot ng c s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc ca Nhm 3 v 4 nu trn. Cng vic c cc tc nhn thuc Nhm 3 v 4 tham gia vo cn c hn ch ch i vi nhng ngi nhn s o to c th xc nhn c c th khi lm vic vi v kim sot nhng vt liu nh vy. Cc khu vc c s dng x l cc tc nhn sinh hc Nhm 3 v 4 cn c thit k thc y s c lp v phn chia hon ton ca chng trong cc hon cnh khn cp bao gm cc h thng thng gi c lp v kh trnh khi SOP yu cu kh trng tuyn v tit trng cc b mt lm vic. Cc h thng HVAC phc v cc khu vc x l cc tc nhn sinh hc Nhm 3 v 4 cn c trang thit b vi h thng lc Kh Ht Hiu sut
Cao (HEPA). Thit b cn sn sng thc y vic kh trng v tit trng v c duy tr v vn hnh phng nga s tng trng v lan rng cc tc nhn gy bnh, khuch i cc tc nhn sinh hc hoc sn sinh cn trng gy bnh nh mui v rui thuc mi quan tm y t cng cng.
110
2.6 Mi nguy phng x

Tip xc bc x c th dn n s kh chu tim nng, thng tt hoc m au nghim trng cho cng nhn. Cc chin lc phng nga v kim sot bao gm: Ni lm vic gm s tip xc ngh nghip v/hoc t nhin trc bc x ion ha cn c thit lp v vn hnh theo nhng hng dn v tiu chun an ton c quc t cng nhn.74 Gii hn nh lng hiu qu chp nhn c nu trong Bng 2.6.1. S phi nhim trc bc x khng ion ha (bao gm t trng tnh; t trng tn s v tuyn ph; in trng tnh; tn s v tuyn v bc x vi song; nh sng v bc x hng ngoi gn; v bc x t ngoi) cn c kim sot mc gii hn khuyn ngh quc t75. Trong trng hp c bc x ion ha v khng ion ha, bin php tt hn kim sot s phi nhiml tm chn v gii hn ngun bc x.
74
Thit b bo v c nhn ch l b sung hoc s dng khi khn cp. Thit b bo v c nhn cho bc x hng ngoi gn, nhn thy c v bc x t ngoi c th bao gm kem chng nng ph hp vi hoc khng c qun o che chn ph hp.
V d ACGIH (2005) v U ban Quc t cho Bc x Khng In ha (ICNIRP).
75
Tiu chun An ton C bn Quc t cho vic bo v chng Bc x In ha v An ton Ngun Bc x v ba Hng dn An ton lin quan ca n. IAEA http://wwwns.iaea.org/standards/documents/default.asp?sub =160
111
2.7. Thit b Bo v C nhn (PPE)

Thit b Bo v C nhn (PPE) cung cp s bo v b sung cho cng nhn l din trc mi nguy ni lm vic kt hp vi h thng kim sot v an ton cng trnh khc. PPE l xem l phng sch sau tt c nhng kim sot cng trnh khc v cung cp cho cng nhn mc bo v c nhn b sung. Bng 2.7.1 trnh by cc v d chung v mi nguy ngh nghip v cc loi PPE c sn cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc bin php khuyn ngh cho vic s dng PPE trong ni lm vic bao gm: S dng tch cc PPE nu cng ngh thay th, k hoch lm vic hoc quy trnh khng th loi b hoc gim mt cch y mi nguy hoc s l din Tm v cung cp PPE ph hp em li s bo v y cho cng nhn, ng s v khch vng lai m gim thiu c bt tin khng cn thit i vi mi c nhn Vic bo dng PPE ng cch bao gm lm sch khi bn v thay th khi b h hi hoc c nt. Vic s dng PPE ng cch
cn a vo chng trnh o to nh k cho nhn vin La chn PPE cn da trn xp hng mi nguy v nguy c c m t sm hn trong phn ny v c la chn da trn tiu ch v hot ng v th nghim c thit lp bi cc t chc c cng nhn76.
Bng 2.6.1. Gii hn nh lng Hiu qu Chp nhn c cho Mi nguy Bc x Ni lm vic S l din Cng nhn (t 19 tui tr ln) 20 mSv/nm Th hc ngh v sinh vin (16-18 tui)
Trung bnh nm nm lin tipnh lng hiu qu L din nm n l - nh lng hiu qu nh lng tng ng cho thy tinh th ca mt
50 mSv/nm
6 mSv/nm
150 mSv/nm
50 mSv/nm
nh lng tng ng cho

gii hn (tay, chn) hoc da
76
500 mSv/nm
150 mSv/nm
V d bao gm Vin Tiu chun Quc gia M (ANSI), http:www.ansi.org/; Vin Quc gia Sc khe v An ton Ngh nghip (NIOSH), http:www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html; Hip hi Tiu chun Canaa (CSA), http:www.csa.ca/Default.asp?language=En glish; Qun l Sc khe v An ton M (MSHA), http://www.msha.gov.
112
Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: AN TON V SC KHE NGH NGHIP Bng 2.7.1. Tm tt Thit b Bo v C nhn Khuyn ngh theo Mi nguy Mc tiu Mi nguy Ni PPE Gi Lm vic
Bo v mt v mt Ht bay, kim loi nng chy, cht ha hc lng, kh v hi, bc x nh sng Vt th ri, khong cch an ton khng v dy in trn khng m thanh, siu m thanh Vt th ri hoc cun, vt th nhn. Cht lng nng hoc n mn Knh Bo him c bao bc mt bn, np chp bo v,v.v M bo him bng nha vi b phn bo v nh v mt bn Dng c bo v tai nghe (dy nghe hoc ng nghe) Giy v ng an ton nhm bo v phng chng nhng vt th, cht lng v cht ha hc di chuyn v ri Gng tay lm bng cao su hoc cht liu nhn to (Cao su), da, thp, vt liu cch in, v.v Mt n vi b lc ph hp kh bi hoc lm sch kh (cht ha hc, sng m, hi v kh). B gim st c nhn n hoc a kh nu c sn. Khng kh c cung cp hoc di ng (ng dy c nh). Thit b cp cu ti hin trng Qun o cch in, qun o bo v ton thn,tm chn v.v lm bng vt liu ph hp
Bo v u
Bo v tai nghe Bo v bn chn
Bo v bn tay
Vt liu nguy him, vic ct cht hoc x rch, rung, nhit cc cao Bi, sng m, khi, bi m, kh, khi, hi
Bo v h hp
Thiu oxi
Bo v c th/chn
Nhit cc cao, vt liu nguy him, cc tc nhn sinh hc, ct cht v x rch
113
2.8. Mi trng him c bit
Nguy
gng cu ngi ra khi khng gian hn ch. Nhng bin php qun l khuyn ngh bao gm: Cc bin php k thut cn c thc hin loi b, mc kh thi nht, s tn ti v c tnh tiu cc ca khng gian hn ch. Khng gian hn ch khng phn s min vo cn c cung cp cc bin php an ton lu di thng gi, gim st v hot ng cu h n mc c th. Khu vc ni tip ng vo khng gian hn ch cn cung cp khu vc ring cho hot ng khn cp v cu h. Ca vo nn thch ng 90% s cng nhn vi s iu chnh cho dng c v qun o bo v. Nn tham kho tiu chun EN v ISO mi nht v cc c im k thut thit k; Trc khi vo khng gian hn ch ny: o Dy chuyn cng ngh hoc ng cp vo khng gian cn c ct in hoc ht kh v trng v kha o Thit b c hc trong khng gian cn c ngt in, gim nng, kha v gia c cho ph hp. o Bu kh quyn trong khng gian hn ch cn c kim tra m bo hm lng xi gia 19,5% v 23% v s c 114
Nhng mi trng nguy him c bit l nhng tnh hung cng vic ni tt c nhng mi nguy c m t trc y c th tn ti di nhng hon cnh nguy him c bit hoc c nht. V th i hi phi c s phng nga thm hoc cc phng php p dng phng nga.
Khng gian Hn ch
Khng gian hn ch c xc nh l ton b hoc mt phn khng gian khp kn khng c thit k dnh cho con ngi v bu khng kh nguy him c th c pht trin do nhng ni dung, a im hoc thi cng ca khng gian hn ch hoc do nhng cng vic c thc hin bn trong hoc xung quanh khng gian hn ch . Mt khng gian hn ch ch c vo nu c php cha nhng mi nguy vt l v kh quyn c th by hoc chn vi con ngi.77 Khng gian hn ch c th xy ra trong nhng a im hoc kt cu m hoc khp kn. Thng tt nghim trng hoc t vong c th l kt qu t vic thiu chun b khi vo khng gian hn ch hoc c
77
US OSHA CFR 1910.146
mt ca bt k kh hoc hi d chy no u khng c vt qu 25% Gii hn N Thp hn tng ng (LEL). o Nu nhng iu kin kh quyn khng c p ng, khng gian hn ch cn c thng gi cho n khi t c bu kh quyn an ton quy nh hoc ch c vo khi c trang b PPE b sung v ph hp. S phng nga an ton cn bao gm Thit b Mt n t Th (SCBA), dy an ton v cng nhn trc an ton lm vic bn ngoi khng gian hn ch phi trong tnh trng sn sng ng cu cng vi thit b cp cu sn c. Trc khi cng nhn b tip xc vi khng gian hn ch th cn phi c o to y v ph hp trong vic kim sot mi nguy ca khng gian hn ch, kim tra bu kh quyn, vic s dng PPE cn thit cng nh kim tra cc tnh nng v tnh trng ca PPE. Thm vo vic sn sang cc phng tin cp cu v/hoc cc k hoch v thit b phc hi cn c xp t trc khi cng nhn i vo khng gian hn ch.
Ngi cng nhn n c v c cch ly l ngi cng nhn lm vic cch khi tm lin lc vi li v quan st bng mt ca ngi gim st, cc cng nhn khc hoc nhng ngi c kh nng cung cp h tr v tr gip trong khong thi gian lin tc khng qu mt ting. Ngi cng nhn rt d gp nguy him nu xy ra thng tt hoc tai nn. Ni cng nhn c th c yu cu thc hin cng vic trong nhng hon cnh n c hoc b cch ly th cn xy dng Quy trnh Vn hnh Tiu chun (SOPs) m bo tt c PPE v cc bin php an ton c xp t trc khi ngi cng nhn bt u cng vic. SOPs cn thit lp, mc ti thiu, kim tra bng li vi ngi cng nhn t nht mt ln mi ting v m bo rng ngi cng nhn c kh nng gi cp cu. Nu ngi cng nhn c kh nng phi tip xc vi cc cht ha hc c hi v n mn th cc khu vc tm ra v ra mt khn cp cn c trang b my bo ng nghe v nhn c c th cp cu kp thi bt k khi no ngi cng nhn ng tm hoc ra mt m khng cn c s can thip ca chnh ngi cng nhn .
Cng nhn n c v b Cch ly
115
2.9 Gim st
Cc chng trnh gim st an ton v sc khe ngh nghip cn xc nh hiu qu ca cc chin lc phng nga v kim sot. Nhng ch s la chn cn i din cho nhng mi nguy an ton, sc khe ngh nghip c ngha nht v vic thc hin ca cc chin lc phng nga v kim sot. Chng trnh giam st an ton v sc khe ngh nghip cn bao gm: Kim tra an ton, th nghim v hiu chnh: iu ny cn bao gm vic kim tra v th nghim thng xuyn ca tt c cc c tnh an ton v cc bin php kim sot mi nguy tp trung vo cc c tnh bo v c nhn v k thut, quy trnh lm vic, a im lm vic, vic lp t, thit b v cc cng c c s dng. Vic kim tra cn xc nh rng PPE pht m bo bo v c v c mc theo ng quy nh. Tt c cc dng c c lp t hoc s dng nhm gim st v ghi li thng s mi trng lm vic cn c kim tra v hiu chnh u n v h s tng ng cn c duy tr. S gim st mi trng lm vic: Ch s dng lao ng cn kho chng s tun th s dng t hp ph hp ca cc dng c gim st v ly mu di ng v c
nh. Vic gim st v phn tch cn c tin hnh theo cc tiu chun v bin php c quc t cng nhn. Phng php lun gim st, a im, tn sut v thng s cn c thit lp mt cch ring l cho mi d n sau khi r sot cc mi nguy. Nhn chung, vic gim st cn c thc hin trong sut thi gian kim tra cng trnh hoc thit b v ti cui ca giai on bo hnh v mt khc cn c thc hin lp li theo k hoch gim st. S gim st sc khe cng nhn: Khi cc bin php bo v thm c yu cu (v d, chng li cc tc nhn sinh hc Nhm 3 v 4, v/hoc cc hp cht nguy him) th cng nhn cn nhn c cung cp s gim st sc khe tng ng v ph hp trc khi tip xc ln u v ti nhng khong dng u n sau . Vic gim st cn c tip tc sau khi kt thc cng vic nu thy cn thit. o to: Cc hot ng o to cho cng nhn v khch cn c gim st v kho chng mt cch y (chng trnh, thi gian v thnh phn tham gia). Cc hot ng khn cp bao gm luyn tp cu ha cn c kho chng mt cch y . Nhng nh cung cp dch v v nh thu cn c yu cu bng 116
hp ng np ti liu o to y cho ch thu trc khi bt u nhim v ca h.
trong an ton ngh nghip. Vic iu tra cn: o Thit lp s vic xy ra o Xc nh nguyn nhn ca s vic xy ra o Xc nh cc bin php cn thit phng nga s ti din Nhng bnh v tai nn ngh nghip cn, mc ti thiu, c phn loi theo Bng 2.10.1. Cn c s phn bit gia thng tt cht ngi v khng cht ngi. Hai hng mc chnh c chia thnh ba hng mc ph theo thi gian t vong hoc thi gian mt kh nng lm vic. Tng s gi lm vic trong mt khong thi gian bo co nht nh cn c bo co y cho c quan qun l tng ng.
Bng 2.9.1. Bo co Tai nn Ngh nghip
a. T vong (s lng) Thng tt khng cht ngi (s lng)78 b.1 t hn mt ngy b.2 n 3 ngy b.3 Hn 3 ngy Tng thi gian b mt Thng tt khng cht ngi (ngy)
Gim st Tai nn v Bnh tt

Ch thu cn thit lp quy trnh v h thng cho vic bo co v ghi chp: o Bnh v tai nn ngh nghip o Nhng s c v bin c nguy him Nhng h thng ny cn thc y cng nhn bo co ngay lp tc cho ngi gim st tc th ca h bt k tnh hung no h tin rng i din cho mi nguy nghim trng n cuc sng hoc sc khe. Cc h thng v ch lao ng cn thc y v khuyn khch cng nhn hn na bo co cho ban qun l tt c: o Kh nng b thng tt ngh nghip o Nhng trng hp nghi ng bnh ngh nghip o Nhng bin c v s c nguy him Tt c nhng tai nn ngh nghip, bnh ngh nghip, s c v bin c nguy him cng kh nng xy ra c bo co li cn c iu tra vi s h tr ca ngi c kin thc/nng lc
a.1 Tc th a.2 Trong vng mt thng a.3 Trong vng 1 nm
c.1 Hng mc b.2 c.2 Hng mc b.3
Ngy c s c xy ra khng nm trong mc b.2 v b.3
78
117
Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: AN TON V SC KHE CNG NG
3.0 An ton v Sc khe Cng ng

3.1 Cht lng Nc v S Sn c Cht lng Nc S Sn c Nc 3.2 An ton Kt cu ca C s H tng D n 3.3 An ton tnh mng v An ton Ha hon (L&FS) Tnh ng dng v Phng thc Tip cn Yu cu C th cho Ta nh Mi R sot K hoch Tng th L&FS v Ph duyt Yu cu C th cho Ta nh Hin hu Cc Mi nguy Khc 3.4 An ton Giao thng 3.5 Vn chuyn Vt liu Nguy him Mi nguy Vn chuyn Chnh 3.6 Phng nga Bnh Bnh Truyn nhim Bnh Truyn nhim t Sinh vt 3.7 Chun b v p ng Khn cp H thng Lin lc Ngun lc Khn cp o to v Cp nht Tip tc Hot ng v D phng Tnh ng dng v Phng php Tip cn 118 118 119 120 123 123 124 125 125 127 128 130 131 135 135 136 137 137 138 139 140 141
3.1 Cht lng Nc v S Sn c

Nc ngm v nc b mt l ngun nc ung v ti tiu thit yu ti cc nc ang pht trin c th l nhng khu vc nng thn ni ngun cung nc my c th b gii hn hoc khng c sn v ni cc ngun sn c c ngi tiu dng s dng m t hoc khng c x l. Cc hot ng d n bao gm thi nc thi, khai thc nc, chuyn dng hoc ngn dng cn phng nga cc tc ng tiu cc n cht lng v s sn c ca cc ngun nc ngm v nc b mt.
Cht lng Nc
Ngun nc ung d do nh nc hay t nhn cung cp u cn c bo v ti mi thi im chng p ng hoc vt qu cc tiu chun quc gia hoc trong trng hp khng c tiu chun quc gia th theo n bn mi nht v Hng dn WHO cho Cht lng Nc Ung. Kh thi, lung nc thi, du v cc cht nguy him v cht thi cn c qun l theo hng dn cung cp trong cc phn tng ng ca Hng dn EHS Chung vi mc tiu bo v cc ngun t v nc. 118
Phn ny b sung hng dn cung cp trong cc phn an ton v sc khe ngh nghip v mi trng phn trn cp n mt s kha cnh ca cc hot ng din ra ngoi khun kh d n truyn thng nhng tuy nhin vn lin quan n hot ng ca d n, c th p dng trn c s d n. Nhng vn ny c th xy ra bt k giai on no trong vng i d n v c th c tc ng vt qu vng i ca d n.
Ni d n bao gm phn phi nc n cng ng hoc n ngi s dng ca c s h tng cng trnh (nh ch khch sn v bnh nhn bnh vin), ni nc c th c s dng ung, nu n, ra v tm, cht lng nc cn ph hp vi tiu chun quc gia hoc trong trng hp khng c tiu chun quc gia th theo n bn mi nht v Hng dn WHO. Cht lng nc cho nhng nhu cu sinh hot nh nc s dng trong cc cng trnh y t hoc sn xut thc phm c th yu cu kht khe hn, cc tiu chun hoc hng dn cng nghip c th, p dng c. Bt k yu t no gn vi vic cung cp nc n cng ng a phng u cn c lp k hoch v qun l nhm m bo tnh bn vng ca vic cp nc bng cch khuyn khch cng ng tham gia qun l vic cung cp nc gim thiu s ph thuc trong thi gian di.
pht sinh v nhu cu trong khu vc d n. Cc hot ng d n khng nn tha hip tnh sn c ca nc m qun i nhu cu v sinh c nhn, cng nh nn tnh n nhu cu gia tng tim nng trong tng lai. Mc tiu chnh l phi m bo c t nht 100 lt mt u ngi mi ngy mc d cc mc thp hn c th c s dng p ng yu cu sc khe c bn.80 Nhng yu cu khi lng nc cho nhu cu lin quan n s khe mnh nh s dng nc trong cc cng trnh chm sc sc khe c th cn cao hn.
S Sn c Nc
nh hng tim nng ca vic thiu nc mt hoc nc ngm cho cc hot ng d n cn c nh gi mt cch ng n thng qua vic kt hp kim tra thc a v k thut theo mu, c tnh n s thay i theo ma v nhng thay i
T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) nh ngha 100 lt/ngi/ngy l lng yu cu p ng tt c nhu cu tiu th v v sinh. Thng tin b sung v cc mc dch v thp hn v tc ng tim nng v y t c m t trong Khi lng Nc ni a, Mc Dch v v Y t 2003.http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_healt h/diseases/wsh0302/en/index.html
80
119
3.2 An ton Kt cu ca C s h tng D n

Cc mi nguy t ra cho cng chng khi tip cn cc cng trnh d n c th bao gm: S chn thng gn vi s h hng ca kt cu ta nh Bng v ht khi t m chy Thng tt phi chu l hu qu ca vic b ri hoc va p vi thit b nng S c v h hp t bi, khi hoc mi c hi Phi nhim trc vt liu nguy him Vic gim cc mi nguy tim nng c x l tt nht ngay t giai on thit k khi vic chnh sa thit k cu trc, b cc v hin trng c th c thch nghi mt cch d dng hn. Nhng vn sau cn c xem xt v phi hp mt cch ph hp vo giai on lp k hoch, nh v v thit k ca d n: S dng di m hoc cc bin php cch ly vt l khc quanh hin trng d n bo v cng chng khi nhng mi nguy chnh gn vi cc s c vt liu nguy him hoc s c quy trnh cng nh nhng vn kh chu
lin quan n m thanh, mi hoc s pht tn khc Phi hp tiu ch k thut an ton v nh v phng nga h hng do nguy c t nhin nh ng t, sng thn, gi, lt li, l t v ha hon. V th, tt c kt cu d n cn c thit k ph hp vi tiu ch thit k v k thut b bt buc bi nhng nguy c hin trng c th bao gm nhng khng gii hn i vi hot ng a chn, tnh n nh ca taluy, ti trng gi v cc ti trng ng khc p dng nhng quy tc xy dng c quc t cng nhn hoc theo quy nh ca a phng m bo rng cc kt cu c thit k v thi cng theo quy trnh k thut v kin trc cht lng tt bao gm cc kha cnh phng nga v p ng ha hon82 Cc k s v kin trc s chu trch nhim thit k v thi cng cc cng trnh, ta nh, nh my v cc kt cu khc cn chng nhn kh nng ng dng v ph hp ca cc tiu ch cu trc s dng
ILOOSH,2001.http://ilo.org/public/English/prot ection/safework/cops/English/download/e0 00013.pdf
82
120
Cc quy phm quc t nh nhng quy phm ca Hi ng Quy phm Quc t (ICC)83 nhm quy nh vic thit k, thi cng v bo dng ca mi trng xy dng v bao gm hng dn chi tit v tt c cc mt ca an ton xy dng, phng php hon thin, k thut tt nht v tun th h s. Ty thuc vo bn cht ca d n m lm theo hng dn cung cp trong ICC hoc quy phm so snh c cho ph hp v nhng vn sau: Kt cu hin hu t v Mng San bng hin trng Thit k kt cu Yu cu c th da trn vic s dng v bao ph d kin Kh nng tip cn v phng tin thot Loi hnh thi cng Thit k v thi cng mi Kt cu chu la Kt cu chu l Vt liu thi cng Mi trng bn trong Cc h thng c hc, xy lp v in
83
Cc h thng thang my v vn chuyn Bo v khi thi cng Xm ln vo hnh lang an ton cng cng Mc d nhng thay i thit k chnh c th khng kh thi trong giai on vn hnh ca d n nhng cn tin hnh phn tch mi nguy xc nh cc c hi gim hu qu ca vic h hng hoc tai nn. Cc hnh ng qun l minh ha p dng c cho vic s dng v bo qun vt liu nguy him bao gm: Gim lng tn kho ca nhng vt liu nguy him thng qua qun l kho tr v nhng thay i quy trnh gim ng k hoc loi b hu qu ngoi hin trng tim nng ca vic pht thi Chnh sa quy trnh hoc iu kin bo qun gim nhng hu qu tim nng ca s pht thi ngoi hin trng khng ng c. Ci thin vic phi ngng hot ng cng nh tnh trng cha th cp gim lng vt liu thot khi cha v gim thi gian pht thi Gim kh nng vic pht thi s xy ra thng qua vic vn hnh v kim sot ti hin trng 121
ICC,2006
c ci thin v thng qua nhng ci thin trong vic thanh tra v bo dng. Gim cc tc ng ngoi hin trng ca s pht thi thng qua nhng bin php nhm chn chy v n, bo ng cng chng, cung cp bin php s tn cc khu vc xung quanh, thit lp vng an ton quanh hin trng v m bo vic cung cp dch v y t khn cp cho cng chng.
122
3.3 An ton tnh mng v An ton Ha hon (L&FS)

Kh nng ng dng v Phng php Tip cn
Tt c nhng ta nh cng cng xy mi cn c thit k, thi cng v vn hnh tun th hon ton vi lut xy dng a phng, nhng quy nh phng ha hon a phng, nhng yu cu bo him/php l a phng v ph hp vi tiu chun an ton ha hon v cuc sng chp nhn c trn bnh din quc t. Quy phm An ton Tnh mng84 cung cp ti liu chuyn bit v iu khon An ton Tnh mng v an ton ha hon, l mt v d v tiu chun c chp nhn trn bnh din quc t v c th c s dng lm ti liu ph hp vi nhng mc tiu an ton tnh mng v an ton ha hon ra trong nhng hng dn ny. Lin quan n nhng mc tiu ny: Cc k s t vn chuyn nghip v kin trc s ca nh ti tr d n cn chng t rng nhng ta nh p ng c nhng mc tiu an ton tnh mng v an ton ha hon.
84
Thit b v cc h thng an ton ha hon v an ton tnh mng cn c thit k v lp t s dng cc tiu chun ra ph hp v/hoc thit k da trn hiu qu hot ng v quy trnh k thut cht lng
Tiu ch thit k an ton ha hon v tnh mng cho tt c cc ta nh hin hu cn phi hp tt c lut xy dng a phng v quy nh phng ha hon. Nhng hng dn ny p dng cho cc ta nh c th tip cn n cng chng. V d v nhng ta nh ny bao gm: Cc cng trnh gio dc v y t Khch sn, trung tm hi ngh v cng trnh gii tr Cc cng trnh thng mi v bn l Sn bay, cc phng tin chuyn giao, nh ga cng cng khc.
Nhng Yu cu C th cho Ta nh Mi
Bn cht v quy m ca h thng an ton tnh mng v an ton ha hon c yu cu s ph thuc vo loi hnh ta nh, kt cu, thi cng, chim gi,v s l din. Cc nh ti tr cn chun b K hoch Tng th An ton Ha hon v Tnh mng xc nh nhng nguy c ha hon 123
US NFPA http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?c ategory%5Fname=&pid=10106&target%5 Fpid=10106&scr%5Fpid=&link%5Ftype=s earch
chnh, cc m ng dng, nhng tiu chun v quy nh v cc bin php gim thiu. K hoch Tng th cn c chun b bi nhng chuyn gia c trnh ph hp v bao hm y nhng khng gii hn ti cc vn c cp ngn gn trong nhng im sau. Chuyn gia c trnh ph hp c la chn chun b K hoch Tng th phi chu trch nhim din gii x l chi tit cc vn minh ha sau v tt c nhng vn yu cu khc.
s dng nh trong trng hp c ha hon hoc khn cp khc nh: ng thot t do, thng thong C li i ring cho ngi khuyt tt nh du v ch ng n thot him
H thng Pht hin Thng bo

Nhng h thng ny bao gm tt c cc bin php bao gm h a ch cng cng v lin lc cn pht hin ha hon v bo ng: Cn b ta nh Nhm p ng khn cp Ngi s dng ta nh Bo v dn s
Phng Chy
Vic phng chy cp n vic xc nh nhng nguy c chy v ngun bt la v bin php cn gii hn s chy nhanh v pht trin khi. Nhng vn ny bao gm: Np nhin liu v kim sot nhin liu Ngun bt la c tnh ngn la lan rng bn trong c tnh sn sinh khi bn trong Hot ng ca con ngi v bo dng thng xuyn
Ngn cch
Vic ngn cch bao gm tt c cc bin php nhm phng nga v lm chm s lan rng ca m chy v khi bao gm: Tch bit Tng la Sn nh Ca ra vo Tm chn H thng kim sot khi
Cc Phng tin Thot him

Cc Phng tin Thot him bao gm tt c nhng bin php thit k to iu kin cho vic s tn an ton bi ngi dn v/hoc nhng ngi
124
Dp La v Kim sot
Vic dp la v kim sot bao gm tt c s trang b bo v chng chy th cng v t ng nh H thng bnh phun dp la t ng Bnh cu ha cm tay Gung ng mm cha chy
R sot K hoch Tng th An ton Chy v Cuc sng v Ph duyt

Chuyn gia c trnh ph hp bin son v trnh K hoch Tng th An ton Ha hon v tnh mng (L&FS) bao gm bn v s b v c im k thut v chng nhn rng thit k t yu cu ca nhng hng dn L&FS. Kt qu v nhng khuyn ngh ca vic r sot sau c s dng thit lp nhng iu kin ca K hoch Hnh ng Sa cha v khung thi gian cho vic thc hin nhng thay i. Chuyn gia c trnh ph hp tin hnh r sot l mt phn ca kim tra hon thnh d n ti thi im kim tra v vn hnh h thng an ton ha hon v tnh mng v chng nhn rng vic thi cng nhng h thng ny c thc hin ph hp vi thit k chp nhn c. Nhng kt qu v khuyn ngh cho vic r sot c s dng lm c s cho vic thit lp hon thnh d n hoc thit lp nhng iu kin ca K hoch Hnh ng Sa sai Tin Hon thnh v khung thi gian cho vic thc hin nhng thay i.
K hoch ng ph Khn cp
Mt k hoch ng ph Khn cp l mt b quy trnh kch bn h tr cn b v nhm ng ph khn cp khi trong s c khn cp xy ra tht v trong bi tp o to. Phn ny ca K hoch Tng th An ton Cuc sng v Ha hon cn bao gm vic nh gi kh nng phng chy v dp chy a phng.
Vn hnh v Bo dng
Vn hnh v Bo dng bao gm chun b lch trnh cho vic bo dng thng xuyn bt buc v kim tra an ton tnh mng v c im an ton chy m bo rng cc h thng v cu trc dn s, in, c hc ti mi thi im u ph hp vi i sng v tiu ch thit k an ton phng chy v s sn sng vn hnh theo yu cu.
Nhng Yu cu C th cho Ta nh Hin hu

Tt c nhng yu cu hng dn an ton ha hon v tnh mng cho 125
cc ta nh mi p dng cho cc ta nh hin hu c lp chng trnh cho s i mi. Chuyn gia c trnh ph hp tin hnh r sot an ton ha hon v tnh mng y ca nhng ta nh hin hu d kin cho s i mi. Nhng kt qu v khuyn ngh ca vic r sot c s dng lm c s thit lp phm vi cng vic ca K hoch Hnh ng Sa sai v khung thi gian cho vic thc hin nhng thay i. Nu n tr thnh r rng rng nhng iu kin an ton ha hon v tnh mng l thiu ht trong ta nh hin hu m cha nm trong d n hoc khng c lp chng trnh cho s i mi th vic r sot an ton phng chy v cuc sng c th c tin hnh bi chuyn gia c trnh ph hp. Kt qu v nhng khuyn ngh ca r sot c s dng lm c s thit lp phm vi cng vic ca K hoch Hnh ng Sa sai v khung thi gian cho vic thc thi nhng thay i.
buc bi tnh hung, kh hu, v a cht,nhng nguy c a im c th (v d hot ng a chn, ti trng gi v cc ti ng khc). K s kt cu v kin trc s chu trch nhim cho cng trnh, ta nh, nh my v kt cu cn c chng nhn kh nng ng dng v tnh ph hp ca tiu chun thit k c thu. Nhng quy nh xy dng trong vng v quc gia bao gm mt cch in hnh tiu chun85 v quy tc an ton phng chy hoc nhng tiu chun c tm thy trong Lut Phng chy.86,87 Nhn chung, nhng tiu chun v quy nh nh vy kt hp thm vi nhng yu cu tun th v phng php lun, thc hnh, kim tra v cc quy tc v tiu chun khc.88 Nhng ti liu tham kho phm vi quc gia to thnh tiu chun an ton sng v phng chy chp nhn c.
Nhng Mi nguy Khc

Cng trnh, ta nh, nh my v kt cu cn c nh v gim thiu nguy c tim nng t cc lc ca t nhin (v d ng t, sng thn, l lt, bo gi v ha hon t cc khu vc xung quanh). Tt c cc cu trc cn c thit k ph hp vi tiu ch bt
V d, Australia, Canaa, Nam Phi, Vng quc Anh

86 87 88
85
Reglmntation Incendie (des ERP) USA NFPA,2006
Chun b bi Cc nh chc trch v Vin Quc gia nh Hi Kim tra v Vt liu Hoa K (ASTM), Tiu chun Anh (BS), Vin Tiu chun c (DIN) v Tiu chun Php (NF)
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3.4 An ton Giao thng

Tai nn giao thng tr thnh mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ng k nht ca thng tt v t vong.An ton giao thng cn c t ln hng u i vi mi i tng lin quan n d n, xc tin bi tt c nhn s d n trong qu trnh di chuyn n v t ni lm vic v trong khi vn hnh thit b d n trn ng cng hoc t. Vic phng nga v kim sot giao thng lin quan n thng tt v t vong cn bao gm p dng cc bin php an ton bo v ngi cng nhn d n v nhng ngi tham gia giao thng bao gm nhng ai d b tn thng nht i vi tai nn giao thng trn ng.89 Cc sng kin an ton ng b t l vi phm vi v bn cht cc hot ng d n cn bao gm: p dng cch thc an ton giao thng tt nht i vi tt c cc mt hot ng d n vi mc ch phng nga tai nn giao thng v gim thiu thng tt cho cng chng v cn b d n. Cc bin php bao gm:
o Nhn mnh cc kha cnh an ton vi cc li xe o Nng cao k nng li xe v yu cu phi c giy php li xe o p dng gii hn v thi gian cho mt chuyn i v sp xp phn cng li xe trnh vic mt qu sc. o Trnh nhng tuyn ng v thi gian nguy him trong ngy gim thiu nguy c xy ra tai nn o S dng cc thit b kim sot tc (b iu tc) v xe ti v gim st t xa cc hnh ng li xe Bo dng thng xuyn cc xe c v s dng cc ph tng c nh sn xut khuyn ngh gim thiu cc tai nn nghim trng c th gy ra bi s c thit b hoc s hng hc qu nhanh. Khi d n c th ng gp vo vic gia tng ng k lng giao thng dc cc ng hin hu hoc khi giao thng ng b l mt thnh phn quan trng ca d n th nhng bin php xut sau bao gm: Gim thiu tng tc gia ngi i b vi xe c thi cng Phi hp vi cng ng a phng v cc nh chc trch c 127
Thng tin b sung v ngi s dng ng cng cng d b tn thng trong cc nc ang pht trin c cung cp bi Peden et al., 2004.
89
trch nhim ci thin h thng bin bo, kh nng nhn thy c v an ton ton din ca ng c th l dc cc di t gn trng hc hoc cc a im khc ni c th c mt tr em. Phi hp vi cng ng a phng trong vic gio dc v an ton khch b hnh v giao thng (v d chin dch gio dc trng hc)90 Phi hp vi nhng ngi ng ph khn cp m bo cung cp vic cp cu ph hp khi c tai nn S dng cc vt liu ngun a phng, bt k khi no c th, gim thiu khong cch vn chuyn. t cc cng trnh gn lin nh tri ngh cng nhn gn vi v tr d n v sp xp vn chuyn xe but cho cng nhn gim thiu giao thng bn ngoi Thc hin cc bin php kim sot giao thng an ton bao gm bin bo hiu ng b v ngi cm c cnh bo nhng iu kin nguy him
Ngun thng tin b sung cho vic thc hin cc bin php an ton ng b c sn ti WHO, 1989, Ross et al., 1991, Tsunokawa v Hoban, 1997, v OECD,1999
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3.5 Vn chuyn cc Vt liu Nguy him

Vn chuyn cc Vt liu Nguy him Chung
Cc d n cn c quy trnh xp t m bo tnh tun th nhng yu cu quc t v lut trong nc p dng i vi vic vn chuyn cc vt liu nguy him bao gm: o IATA yu cu91 cho vn chuyn ng hng khng o Quy tc IMDG cho vn chuyn ng bin o Quy nh Mu ca cc tiu chun quc t khc93 cng nh nhng yu cu a phng cho vn chuyn ng b o Cam kt ca nc s ti trong Hi ngh Basel v Kim sot Di chuyn qua Bin gii Cht thi Nguy him v vic x l chng v Hi ngh Rotterdam v Th tc cung cp thng tin
IATA, 2005.www.iata.org IMO.www.imo.org/safety 93 Lin hip quc. Vn chuyn Hng ha Nguy him Quy nh Mu. n bn Sa i14th. Geneva 2005. http:www.unece.org/trans/danger/public/un rec/rev14/14files_e.html
92
91
trc i vi mt s Cht ha hc v Thuc tr su Nguy him nht nh trong Thng mi Quc t nu p dng cho cc hot ng d n Quy trnh vn chuyn cc cht nguy him (Hazmats) cn bao gm o Dn nhn ng cc thng cha bao gm nhn dng v khi lng ca ni dung, mi nguy v thng tin lin lc ca n v vn chuyn o Cung cp ti liu vn chuyn (danh mc vn chuyn) miu t ni dung ti trng v mi nguy gn vi n ngoi vic dn nhn thng cha. Ti liu vn chuyn cn thit lp mt chui cng vic s dng nhiu bn sao k cho thy rng cht thi c ng gi, vn chuyn v giao nhn mt cch ng n bi phng tin x l hoc ti s dng o m bo rng khi lng, bn cht, tnh nguyn vn v vic bo v cc gi hng v thng cha s dng cho vic vn chuyn l ph hp vi loi hnh v khi lng ca vt liu nguy him v loi hnh giao thng tham gia.
92
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o m bo cung cp c tnh k thut ca phng tin vn chuyn y o o to nhn vin tham gia vo vic vn chuyn vt liu nguy him v quy trnh vn chuyn ng v quy trnh khn cp o S dng vic dn nhn v dn p phch (bin bo bn ngoi v xe c vn chuyn) theo yu cu o Cung cp phng tin cn thit p ng khn cp cuc gi 24/24.
Vn chuyn Vt liu Nguy him bao gm tt c nhng nhn t di y95.
nh gi Mi nguy
nh gi mi nguy cn xc nh mi nguy tim nng trong vic vn chuyn cc vt liu nguy him bng cch r sot: Cc c tnh mi nguy ca cc cht c xc nh trong giai on r sot Lch s tai nn, bi c cng ty v nh thu, lin quan n vic vn chuyn vt liu nguy him Tiu ch hin hu cho vic vn chuyn an ton vt liu nguy him bao gm cc h thng qun l mi trng c s dng bi cng ty v nh thu. Vic r sot ny cn bao hm nhng hot ng qun l, cc bin php phng nga v quy trnh ng ph khn cp c miu t di y. nh gi mi nguy gip xc nh yu cu ca cc bin php b sung hon thnh k hoch.
Mi nguy Vn chuyn Chnh

Vic hng dn lin quan n cc mi nguy vn chuyn chnh cn c thc hin ngoi cc bin php trnh by trong phn trc phng nga v gim thiu hu qu ca vic pht tn gy tai ha ca nhng vt liu nguy him c th dn n cht c, ha hon, n hoc nhng mi nguy khc trong khi vn chuyn. Ngoi nhng quy trnh nu ny, cc d n vn chuyn vt liu nguy him ti hoc trn khi lng ngng94 cn chun b K hoch
Khi lng ngng cho vn chuyn cc vt liu nguy him c tm thy UN Vn chuyn Hng ha Nguy him Quy nh Mu trch trn.
94
bit thm thng tin v hng dn, ngh tham kho Hng dn Vn chuyn Vt liu Nguy him ca IFC. Washington, D.C. Thng 12 2000.
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Hnh ng Qun l
Qun l Thay i: Nhng quy trnh ny cn cp n: o C s k thut cho nhng thay i trong vt liu nguy him c a vo vn chuyn, tuyn ng v/hoc quy trnh o Tc ng tim nng ca nhng thay i i vi sc khe y t v an ton o Chnh sa yu cu cho quy trnh vn hnh o Nhng yu cu cho php o Nhn vin b nh hng o Nhu cu o to Kim tra Tnh tun th: Kim tra tnh tun th nh gi vic tun th nhng yu cu phng nga cho mi tuyn vn chuyn hoc mi nguyn vt liu nguy him cho ph hp. Vic kim tra tnh tun th s bao phmi kha cnh ca cc bin php phng nga (xem di y) cn c tin hnh t nht 3 nm mt ln. Chng trnh kim tra bao gm: o Chun b bo co kt qu o Quyt nh v lp h s phn hi ph hp cho mi kt qu o Lp h s bt k s thiu ht no cng c sa
iu tra s c: S c c th cung cp thng tin qu gi v nhng mi nguy vn chuyn v cc bc cn lm phng nga tai nn lan rng. Vic thc hin cc quy trnh iu tra bin c cn m bo rng: o Vic iu tra c thc hin mt cch ng n o Tm tt iu tra c bao gm trong bo co o Kt qu bo co v nhng xut c cp o Bo co c r sot vi nhn vin v nh thu S tham gia ca Nhn vin: Cn c k hoch hnh ng bng vn bn v vic tham gia tch cc ca nhn vin trong cng tc phng nga tai nn. Nh thu: K hoch cn bao gm cc quy trnh m bo rng: o Nh thu c cung cp quy trnh thc hin an ton v thng tin v mi nguy v an ton o Nh thu quan st cc hun luyn an ton o Xc nh rng nh thu hnh ng mt cch c trch nhim K hoch cng nn bao gm quy trnh b sung m bo nh thu s: 131
o m bo o to ph hp cho nhn vin ca h o m bo nhn vin ca h bit x l mi nguy v hnh ng khn cp p dng c o Chun b v trnh h s o to o Thng bo cho nhn vin v mi nguy i vi cng vic ca h o to: Chng trnh o to tt v quy trnh vn hnh s cung cp cho nhn vin thng tin cn thit hiu cch vn hnh an ton v ti sao li cn vn hnh an ton. Chng trnh o to cn bao gm: o Danh sch nhn vin c o to o Mc tiu o to c th o C ch t c mc tiu (v d hi tho thc hnh, vio, v.v) o Cc phng tin xc nh hiu qu ca chng trnh o to o Quy trnh o to cho nhn vin mi v cc chng trnh b tc
nguy him dnh cho vic vn chuyn bao gm: Phn loi v tch cc vt liu nguy him trong kho cha v n v vn chuyn o ng gi v kim tra ng gi o nh du v dn nhn cc gi hng cha vt liu nguy him o X l v bo m an ton cc gi hng cha vt liu nguy him trong cc n v vn chuyn o nh du v dn p phch ca cc n v vn ti o Lp h s (v d vn n) o p dng nhng iu khon c bit cho ph hp
Chun b v p ng Khn c p
xy dng quy trnh v thc tin tt cho vic x l cc vt liu nguy him l rt quan trng, cho php ng ph nhanh v hiu qu i vi tai nn c th dn n thng tt hoc ph hoi mi trng. Nh ti tr cn chun b K hoch Chun b v p ng Khn cp bao gm: Phi hp Lp k hoch: Phn ny bao gm quy trnh cho: o Thng bo cho cng chng v cc c quan ng ph khn cp 132
Cc bin php phng nga

K hoch cn bao gm cc quy trnh thc hin cc bin php phng nga c th i vi mi vt liu
o Lp h s cp cu v iu tr y t khn cp o Thc hin cc hnh ng ng ph khn cp o R sot v cp nht k hoch ng ph khn cp phn nh nhng thay i v m bo rng nhn vin cng c thng bo v nhng thay i Thit b Khn cp: K hoch cn bao gm quy trnh cho s dng, thanh tra, kim tra v bo dng thit b ng ph khn cp. o to: Nhn vin cng cn c o to theo bt c quy trnh ph hp no
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3.6 Phng nga Bnh tt

Cc bnh truyn nhim
Cc bnh truyn nhim t mi e da ln ln sc khe cng ng trn ton th gii. Mi nguy v sc khe gn thng xut hin cc d n pht trin ln l nhng vn lin quan n v sinh km v iu kin sng thp, bnh truyn nhim theo ng tnh dc v bnh truyn nhim do sinh vt. Cc bnh truyn nhim c quan tm nht trong giai on thi cng do di chuyn lao ng l cc bnh truyn nhim qua ng tnh dc (STDs) nh HIV/AIDS. Cng nhn rng khng c bin php n l no c hiu qu trong thi gian di, cc sng kin thnh cng bao gi cng cn c s kt hp ca cc iu chnh v mi trng v hnh vi. Bin php khuyn ngh ti cp d n bao gm96: Cung cp vic gim st v r sot tch cc v iu tr cng nhn Phng nga m au cho cng nhn ti cng ng a phng bng cch:
Thc hin sng kin gio dc v nhn thc y t, v d bng cch thc hin chin lc truyn thng tng cng t vn ngi vi ngi cp n cc yu t h thng c th nh hng n hnh vi c nhn cng nh thc y bo v c nhn v bo v nhng ngi khc khi b ly nhim bng cch khuyn khch s dng bao cao su.
o o to nhn vin y t cch thc iu tr bnh o Tin hnh cc chng trnh min dch ha cho cng nhn trong cng ng a phng nng cao sc khe v bo v chng ly nhim o Cung cp dch v y t Cung cp iu tr thng qua qun l cc ca chun ti hin trng hoc cc c s y t cng ng. m bo cng nhn c th d dng tip cn vi vic iu tr y t, chm sc ph hp v bo mt, nht l i vi cng nhn t ni khc n Hp tc vi cc nh chc trch a phng gia nh cng nhn v cng ng c nhiu c hi v la chn i vi cc dch v y t cng cng v thc y chng trnh dch t
Ngun thng tin b sung v phng bnh bao gm IFC, 2006; UNDP, 2000, 2003; Walley et al., 2000; Kindhauser, 2003; Heymann, 2004.
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Bnh Truyn nhim t Sinh vt

t c tt nht vic gim tc ng ca bnh truyn nhim t sinh vt trn sc khe lu di ca cng nhn l thng qua vic thc hin nhng can thip a dng nhm loi b nhng yu t dn n bnh. Nh ti tr d n kt hp cht ch vi cc nh chc trch y t cng ng c th thc hin chin lc kim sot lng ghp cho cc bnh sinh ra t mui v tit tc khc c th bao gm: Phng nga u trng v truyn cho ngi ln thng ci thin v sinh v loi b trng sinh sn gn ni con ngi lan qua mi ca
phi hp vi quan chc y t cng cng gip loi b bnh Gim st v iu tr dn c di tr v lun chuyn phng vic lan ta bnh Phi hp v trao i cc dch v cng loi vi cc chng trnh kim sot khc trong khu vc d n ti a ha cc nh hng ch li Gio dc nhn s d n v dn c trong vng v nguy c, cch phng nga v iu tr sn c Gim st cng ng trong ma c nguy c cao phng nga v iu tr bnh Phn pht cc ti liu gio dc ph hp Lm theo hng dn an ton v bo qun, vn chuyn v phn phi thuc tr su gim thiu kh nng lm dng, trn hoc l din ca con ngi ngu nhin
Loi b nc tch t khng s dng c Tng tc nc trong cc knh nhn to v t nhin Xem xt vic p dng thuc tr su cn d vo cc tng phng ng Thc hin chng trnh kim sot sinh vt lng ghp Thc y vic s dng khng thm nc, qun o, li v cc ro chn khc phng nga b cn trng cn S dng thuc phng bnh bi cng nhn khng min dch v
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3.7 Chun b v ng ph Khn c p

Tnh trng khn cp l mt s kin ngoi k hoch khi hot ng d n mt kim sot, hoc c th mt kim sot ca mt tnh hung c th dn n nguy c cho sc khe con ngi, ti sn hoc mi trng hoc trong cng trnh hoc trong cng ng a phng. Cc trng hp khn cp thng khng bao gm hun luyn cng vic an ton cho nhng rc ri thng xuyn hoc cc s kin thuc an ton v sc khe ngh nghip. Tt c cc d n cn c K hoch Chun b v ng ph khn cp ng vi nhng nguy c ca cng trnh v bao gm nhng nhn t c bn sau: Hnh chnh (chnh sch, mc ch, phn phi, nh ngha, v.v) T chc khu vc khn cp (trung tm iu hnh, trm y t, v.v) Vai tr v trch nhim H thng lin lc Quy trnh ng ph khn cp Ngun khn cp o to v cp nht Danh mc (vai tr v danh mc hnh ng v danh mc thit b)
m bo cng vic c v D phng Thng tin b sung cho cc thnh phn chnh ca k hoch khn cp c cung cp di y
H thng Lin lc Thng bo v thng tin lin lc cng nhn

Chung bo ng, tn hiu bo ng hoc cc dng lin lc khc cn c s dng bo cho cng nhn mt cch chc chn v trng hp khn cp. Nhng bin php lin quan bao gm: Kim tra h thng cnh bo t nht mt nm mt ln (kim tra h thng bo chy hng thng) v thng xuyn hn nu a phng quy nh, kim tra thit b v nhng xem xt khc Lp t h thng d phng cho vic thng tin lin lc ti hin trng vi cc ngun bn ngoi nh b phn phng chy trong trng hp cc bin php lin lc thng thng c th khng hot ng khi c tnh trng khn cp
Thng bo Cng ng
Nu cng ng a phng c nguy c b nh hng t tnh trng khn cp trong cng trnh, cng ty 136
cn thc hin cc bin php lin lc bo ng cho cng ng nh ng h bo ng nhn c nh chung bo chy hoc ci ci M rng danh mc gi in thoi Loa gn vi xe c Thng tin chi tit v tnh trng khn cp La chn cc bin php bo v lin lc (s tn, kim dch) Cung cp li khuyn v la chn bin php bo v ph hp
Ngun khn cp Qy Khn cp v Ti chnh

C ch cn c cung cp cho vic ti tr cc hot ng khn cp
Dch v Phng Chy

Cng ty cn xem xt mc nng lc chng chy a phng v kh nng sn c s dng thit b ti cng trnh trong trng hp khn cp chnh hoc thm ha thin tai. Nu nng lc sn c khng th kh nng chng chy cn t c c th bao gm my bm, cp nc, xe ti v o to cho nhn s.
Cc Quan h C quan v Phng tin Truyn thng i chng

Thng tin khn cp cn c lin lc vi phng tin truyn thng i chng thng qua: Ngi pht ngn a phng c o to c th tip xc vi cc bn lin quan v hng dn cho cng ty cung cp thng tin cho phng tin truyn thng i chng, chnh ph v cc c quan khc Thng co bo ch v tnh trng khn cp mt cch c th v chnh xc nht c th
Dch v Y t
Cng ty cn cung cp ngi phc v cp cu cho cng trnh cng nh thit b y t ph hp cho nhn s, loi hnh phu thut v mc s cu cn thit trc khi a n bnh vin.
S sn c ca Ngun lc
Bin php ph hp qun l tnh sn c ca ngun lc trong trng hp khn cp bao gm: Duy tr danh sch thit b bn ngoi, nhn s, cng trnh, ti 137
tr, kin thc chuyn gia v ti liu c th c yu cu ng ph khn cp. Danh sch cn bao gm nhn s chuyn nghip c bit cho vic dn sch s trn, kim sot l, k thut, x l nc, khoa hc mi trng v.v hoc bt k chc nng no c yu cu p ng y s khn cp xc nh Cung cp nhn s ph trch huy ng cc ngun lc khi cn Theo di v qun l chi ph gn vi cc ngun khn cp Xem xt khi lng, thi gian p ng, kh nng, nhng hn ch v chi ph ca nhng ngun lc ny cho c trng hp cp cu ti hin trng c th v cng ng hoc cp cu trong vng Xem xt nu cc ngun bn ngoi c tnh trng khn cp khng th cung cp nng lc khi cp cu trong vng v liu rng cc ngun lc b sung c cn c duy tr ti hin trng d n.
Khi ph hp, tha thun h tr tng h cn c duy tr vi cc t chc khc cho php chia s nhn s v thit b c bit.
Danh sch lin h

Cng ty cn xy dng mt danh sch thng tin lin h cho tt c cc ngun lc v nhn s bn trong v bn ngoi. Danh sch cn bao gm tn, v tr, a im v chi tit lin h (s in thoi, a ch th in t email) cho mi ngun lc v cn c duy tr hng nm.
o to v Cp nht
Cc phng tin chun b khn cp v cc k hoch ng ph khn cp i hi phi c s bo dng, r sot v cp nht tnh n nhng thay i v thit b, nhn s v cng trnh. Chng trnh o to v thc hnh cung cp cho h thng kim tra vic m bo mt mc chun b cp cu y . Cc chng trnh cn: Xc nh nhu cu o to da trn vai tr v trch nhim, nng lc v nhng yu cu ca nhn s trong trng hp khn cp Xy dng k hoch o to cp n nhu cu, c th l chng 138
H tr Tng h
Tha thun h tr tng h gim s nhm ln hnh chnh v cung cp c s r rng cho vic ng ph hiu qu bi cc nh cung cp h tr ln nhau
chy, p ng s trn v s tn Tin hnh o to t nht mt nm mt ln, , v c l o to thng xuyn hn khi vic ng ph khn cp lin quan n thit b c bit, quy trnh, hoc nhng mi nguy hoc khi bt buc. Cung cp cc bi tp o to cho php nhn s c c hi kim tra vic chun b khn cp bao gm: o Bi tp ti vn phng vi mt s t ngi kim tra danh sch lin h v nh gi cc cng trnh v phng tin thng tin lin lc o Bi tp ng ph, in hnh l cc bi tp cho php kim tra thit b v hu cn o Phng vn khi hon thnh bi tp o to nh gi vic g lm tt v nhng mt no cn cn ci thin o Cp nht k hoch theo yu cu sau mi bi tp. Cc chi tit ca k hoch thay i ng k (nh danh sch lin h) cn c thay mi o Lu h s cc hot ng o to v kt qu ca vic o to
m bo Cng vic c din ra lin tc v D phng

Cc bin php cp n vic tip tc cng vic v d phng bao gm: Xc nh ngun cung hoc cc phng tin thay th cho php tip tc cng vic sau khi xy ra trng hp khn cp. V d ngun thay th nc, in v nhin liu thng c tm kim S dng h thng cung cp nhn i hoc d tha l mt phn ca vn hnh cng trnh tng kh nng tip tc cng vic Duy tr d phng thng tin quan trng ti cc v tr m bo xc tin nhanh vic tr li hot ng bnh thng sau khi c trng hp khn cp.
139
Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: THI CNG V NGNG HOT NG
4.0 Thi cng v Ngng Hot ng

4.1 Mi trng m thanh v Rung Xi mn t Cht lng Khng kh Cht thi Rn Vt liu Nguy him X Nc thi t b nhim 4.2 An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip 4.3 An ton v Sc khe Cng ng Mi nguy Hin trng Chung Phng nga Bnh tt An ton Giao thng 140 140 140 142 142 143 144 144 145 149 149 149 149
v di chuyn mt t, my trn b tng, cn cu v vic vn chuyn thit b, vt liu v ngi. Mt s chin lc kim sot v gim m thanh khuyn ngh xem xt trong khu vc gn khu vc dn c bao gm: Cc hot ng tham vn vi dn c a phng nhng hot ng c th to ra ting n ln cn c thc hin trong khong thi gian nht nh trong ngy c t nh hng tiu cc n ngi dn. S dng thit b kim sot m thanh nh ro chn m thanh tm thi v b lm lch cho cc hot ng n v va p, v thit b gim thanh x kh cho ng c chy. Trnh hoc gim thiu vic vn chuyn d n qua cc khu vc cng ng

Phn ny cung cp hng dn c th, b sung cho vic phng nga v kim sot cc tc ng an ton v sc khe cng ng c th xy ra trong thi gian pht trin d n mi, cui chu k d n hoc do vic m rng hoc chnh sa cc cng trnh d n hin hu. S c nhiu tham kho cho n cc phn khc nhau ca Hng dn Chung EHS.
Xi mn t
Xi mn t c th b gy ra bi s phi b mt t di tri ma v gi trong cc hot ng gii phng mt bng, di chuyn t v o xi. Vic di ng v vn chuyn cc mnh t c th, ln lt, dn n s kt ta b mt mng li thot nc c th dn n nhng nh 140
4.1 Mi trng m thanh v rung

Trong cc hot ng xy dng v ngng vn hnh, m thanh v rung c th b gy ra bi hot ng ca my ng cc, thit b o xi
hng i vi cht lng ca h thng nc t nhin v cui cng l h thng sinh hc s dng nhng ngun nc ny. Cc phng php qun l h thng nc v xi mn t khuyn ngh bao gm:
ng trong thi gian ma cc to v gi cc ln thc t nht.
Qun l dng chy sch

Tch hoc chuyn hng dng nc sch phng nga vic n ha trn vi nc cha hm lng cht rn cao gim thiu lng nc cn x l trc khi x.
Vn chuyn v huy ng cht k t t a

Gim hoc phng nga xi mn bng cch: o Lp k hoch thc t nht trnh cc giai on ma ln (v d trong ma kh) n phm vi thc tin o Gim thiu chiu di v dc ca taluy o Che ph n nh cc vng l thin o Trng li cy cc vng mt cch ng n o Thit k knh v mng cho cc dng chy sau thi cng o To ng cho knh dc v sn dc (v d s dng li si ay) Gim hoc phng nga vn chuyn cht kt ta bn ngoi thng qua s dng h lng, hng ro lng bn, v x l nc v iu chnh hoc ngng cc hot
Thit k ng b
Gii hn dc ng vo gim xi mn gy ra bi dng chy Cung cp cng ng y da trn chiu rng ca ng, vt liu b mt, nn v bo dng
Nhiu lon i vi khi nc

Ph thuc vo tim nng ca cc tc ng tiu cc, lp t kt cu vi khong cch t do (v d cu nhp n) cho ng giao qua dng nc Hn ch khong thi gian v nh thi cho cc hot ng dng chy vo gim thi gian dng chy v trnh giai on quan trng i vi chu k sinh hc ca h ng thc vt c gi tr (v d di c, sinh sn v.v) 141
i vi cng vic dng chy vo, s dng cc k thut cch ly nh b ngn hoc chuyn hng trong khi thi cng gii hn s xm nhp ca cc cht kt ta vo dng nc chy Xem xt vic s dng cng ngh o rnh cho tuyn ng ng giao nhau (v d ng ni kiu treo) hoc lp t bng cch khoan nh hng
cht thi rn ti hin trng. Nhng k thut cn xem xt gim v kim sot kh thi t hin trng thi cng v ngng hot ng bao gm: Gim thiu bi t ngun x l vt liu nh thit b vn chuyn v thng ng bng cch s dng np v/hoc thit b kim sot (kh nc, lp rp bao b, hoc my ht bi) Gim thiu bi t ngun khu vc m bao gm kho xp ng, bng cch s dng cc bin php kim sot nh lp t np v v bc v tng m K thut ngn bi cn c thc hin nh p dng nc hoc cht ha hc khng c gim thiu bi t vic di chuyn xe c Loi b mt cch chn lc cc cht nhim khng kh nguy him tim nng nh aming t c s h tng hin hu trc khi ph hy Qun l kh x t ngun di ng theo Phn 1.1 Trnh t chy cht rn m (tham kho hng dn qun l cht thi rn trong Phn 1.6)
S n nh kt cu ( dc)
Cung cp cc bin php ngn hn hiu qu cho vic n nh dc, kim sot cht lng v kim sot ln n cc bin php di hn cho giai on vn hnh c th c thc hin Cung cp h thng thot nc y gim thiu v kim sot vic ngm nc
Cht lng Khng kh

Cc hot ng thi cng v ngng hot ng c th sn sinh ra kh bi m gy ra bi vic kt hp o xi ti hin trng v di chuyn cc vt liu t, tip xc ca my thi cng vi t trn v tc ng ca gi n t trn v ct t. Ngun kh x th cp c th bao gm kh thi t ng c diesel ca thit b i t cng nh t vic t chy m cc
Cht thi Rn
Cht thi rn khng nguy him c sn sinh ra ti cng trng thi cng v ngng vn hnh bao gm 142
vt liu p qu mc t cc hot ng o xi v san t, kim loi v g ph liu v mu v b tng nh. Nhng cht thi rn khng nguy him khc bao gm cht thi vn phng, bp v phng ng khi nhng loi hot ng ny l phn ca cc hot ng d n xy dng. Cht thi rn nguy him bao gm t b nhim c th gp ti hin trng do cc hot ng s dng t trc y hoc lng nh vt liu bo dng my mc nh gi du, b lc du qua s dng, du qua s dng cng vt liu dn sch s trn t du v trn nhin liu. Cc k thut phng nga v kim sot cht thi rn ti cng trng xy dng nguy him v khng nguy him bao gm nhng iu tho lun trong Phn 1.6.
Cung cp thng cha th cp y cho b cha nhin liu v vic lu tr tm thi cc dung dch khc nh du bi trn v dung dch thy lc, S dng b mt khng thm nc cho khu vc np nhin liu v cc khu vc vn chuyn dung dch khc o to cng nhn v vic vn chuyn v x l ng n cc nhin liu v cht ha hc v p ng i vi du trn Cung cp thng cha du trn di ng v thit b dn sch ti hin trng v o to vic trin khai thit b nh gi ni dung ca vt liu nguy him v sn phm t du trong h thng xy dng (v d thit b in cha PCB, vt liu xy dng cha aming) v x l thit b v loi b chng trc khi bt u cc hot ng ngng vn hnh v qun l vic x l v loi b theo Phn 1.5 v Vt liu Nguy him v Phn 1.6 v Qun l Cht thi Nguy him nh gi s c mt ca cc cht nguy him trong hoc trn vt liu xy dng (v d polychlorinated biphenyls, sn hoc vt cch ly cha aming) v kh trng hoc qun l ng n cc vt liu xy dng b nhim 143
Vt liu Nguy him

Cc hot ng xy dng v ngng hot ng c th gy ra pht tn cc sn phm xng du nh du bi trn, dung dch thy lc hoc nhin liu trong qu trnh lu tr, vn chuyn hoc s dng chng trong thit b. Nhng vt liu ny cng c th b bt gp trong cc hot ng ngng vn hnh trong cc phn ta nh hoc thit b x l cng nghip. Cc k thut phng nga, gim thiu v kim sot cc tc ng ny bao gm:
Lu lng Nc thi
Cc hot ng xy dng v ngng vn hnh c th bao gm vic sn sinh lu lng nc thi v sinh vi khi lng khc nhau ph thuc vo s cng nhn tham gia vo. Cc cng trnh v sinh lu di hoc di ng y phc v tt c cng nhn cn c cung cp ti tt c cng trng xy dng. Nc thi v sinh trong xy dng v cc cng trng khc cn c qun l nh m t trong Phn 1.3.
dng hoc sau khi ngng hot ng C thng tin v vic s dng lch s ca t lin quan n s c mt tim nng ca cc vt liu nguy him v du trc khi khi u cc hot ng xy dng hoc ngng vn hnh Chun b cc k hoch v quy trnh p ng vic pht hin mi trng b nhim gim thiu hoc gim nguy c i vi sc khe, an ton v mi trng thng nht vi phng php tip cn ca t nhim trong Phn 1.6 Chun b k hoch qun l qun l vt liu nguy him, b b hoang, qu hn hoc du thng nht vi phng php tip cn vi vic qun l cht thi nguy him c m t trong Phn 1.6. Vic thc hin thnh cng bt k chin lc qun l no c th yu cu nhn dng v hp tc vi bt k ai c trch nhim v ng tin cy i vi s nhim.
t nhim
C th bt gp s nhim t ti cc cng trng khi thi cng hoc ngng hot ng do vic pht tn lch s bit hoc cha bit ca cc vt liu nguy him hoc du, hoc do s c mt ca c s h tng b b hoang tng c s dng lu tr hoc x l nhng vt liu ny bao gm b cha ngm. Hnh ng cn thit qun l nguy c t t nhim s ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cp v a im nhim, loi hnh v nguy c ca mi trng b nhim v vic s dng t d kin. Tuy nhin chin lc qun l c bn cn bao gm: Qun l mi trng b nhim vi mc tiu bo v s an ton v sc khe ca nhng ngi chim gi hin trng, cng ng xung quanh v mi trng sau khi xy
144
4.2 An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip

S rng sc qu mc,v nhng thng tt v m au do hot ng nng lin tc, rng sc qu mc v hot ng chn tay l nhng nguyn nhn ph bin nht gy ra thng tt trong hin trng thi cng v ngng hot ng. Nhng khuyn ngh nhm phng nga v kim sot bao gm: o to cng nhn trong s nng chuyn v cc k thut x l vt liu cho cc d n thi cng v ngng hot ng bao gm t gii hn cn nng trn h tr c hc hoc vic nng hai ngi l cn thit Lp k hoch b tr hin trng cng vic gim thiu nhu cu cho vic vn chuyn th cng ti trng nng La chn cng c v thit k cc trm lm vic gim nhng yu cu v lc v thi gian gi v thc y v tr cn c ci thin bao gm, khi p dng c, trm lm vic iu chnh c ngi s dng Thc hin kim sot hnh chnh trong qu trnh lm vic nh lun phin cng vic v ngh ngi hoc ngh ko di
Trt v Ng
Trt v ng trn cng mt cao gn vi h thng tin ch km nh rc xy dng tha, vt liu xy dng ri, trn cht lng v s dng khng kim sot dy in trn mt t cng nm trong nhng nguyn nhn thng xuyn nht v tai nn gy tn tht ngi lao ng ti cng trng xy dng v ngng hot ng. Nhng bin php khuyn ngh phng nga trt v ng t hoc trn cng mt cao bao gm: Thc hin bi tp ni dch tt nh sp xp v t cc vt liu thi cng ri hoc rc xy dng ph hy trong cc khu vc ring cch xa ng i b Dn sch rc thi tha v cht trn lng u n t cc dy in trong vng chung v hnh lang nh du S dng giy hm trt
Lm vic cao
Vic ri t trn cao khi lm vic vi thang, dn gio v cc kt cu xy dng ang dang d hoc b ph hy l nguyn nhn ph bin nht dn n tn tt vnh vin hoc t vong ti cc cng trng xy dng v ngng hot ng. Nu mi nguy b ri tn ti th cn phi xp t k 145
hoch bo v bao gm mt hoc hn mt kha cnh sau ph thuc vo bn cht ca mi nguy b ri97: o to v s dng cc thit b phng ri tm thi nh thanh chn hoc ro chn khc c th c trng lng 200 pound, khi lm vic cao tng ng hoc ln hn 2 mt hoc bt k cao no nu c nguy c ri vo my ang vn hnh, vo nc hoc cht lng khc, vo cht nguy him hoc qua ca trong b mt lm vic o to v s dng cc h thng chn ri c nhn nh b dy treo ton thn v dy bo him hp thu nng lng c th c 5000 pound (cng c m t trong phn Lm vic cao bn trn) cng nh cc quy trnh cu ngi b ri khi c gi li mt cch thnh cng bng h thng chn ri. Dy buc trong h thng chn ri cng cn c th c trng lng 5000 pound
S dng cc h thng gim st an ton v vng kim sot cnh bo cng nhn v ln cn ca h n vng nguy him d ri cng nh vic bo m, nh du v dn nhn np bo v ca sn nh, mi nh hoc b mt i b
B Tn cng Bi Vt th
Cc hot ng xy dng v ph d c th to ra mi nguy ng k, lin quan n vic cc vt liu hoc cng c cng nh s phun cc mnh rn t vt liu mi hoc cc loi cng c in khc ri xung, do c th dn n thng tt u, mt v t chi. Nhng k thut phng nga v kim sot cc mi nguy ny bao gm: S dng vng x hoc ri cht thi hn ch v ch nh v/hoc mng th cho vic di chuyn cht thi an ton t cc mc cao hn xung mc thp hn Tin hnh vic ca, ct, mi, nghin, o gt hoc chm tr vi tm bo v ng n v vic neo buc khi p dng c Duy tr ng giao thng r rng trnh li thit b nng ln cht thi ri rc S dng cc bin php bo v ri tm thi trong dn gio v ngoi l ca b mt cng trnh cao 146
Thng tin b sung v nhn dng cc mi nguy ri v thit k h thng bo v c th tm thy trong trang web (US OSHA) ca Qun l An ton v Sc khe Ngh nghip M: http:www.osha.gov/SLTC/fallprotection/in dex.html
97
nh tay vn v bng chn phng nga vt liu b di y Gii ta khu vc lm vic khi c hot ng n, v s dng tm chn n hoc cc phng tin chuyn hng khc gim thiu bay hoc s nm cc rc xy dng ph hy nu cng vic c tin hnh gn ngi hoc cc kt cu Mc PPE ph hp nh knh bo him vi v bc bn, tm chn mt, m cng v giy bo h
thng mt chiu, thit lp gii hn tc v ngi cm c c o to iu khin giao thng ti hin trng v c trang b qun o pht tn hiu m bo rng nhng ngi i qua khu vc c thit b hng nng mc nhng b qun o d nhn ra v o to cng nhn ra hiu bng mt vi ngi vn hnh thit b trc khi n gn khu vc thit b ang hot ng m bo thit b di chuyn c iu chnh cho va vi vic bo ng d phng m thanh S dng thit b nng c bo dng tt v c gim st ph hp vi ti trng nh cn cu v m bo ti trng khi nng chng n cao hin trng cng vic cao hn.
My Di chuyn
Lu lng xe c v vic s dng thit b nng khi di chuyn my mc v vt liu ti cng trng xy dng c th t ra mi nguy tm thi nh tip xc vt l, s trn, bi, kh x v m thanh. Ngi vn hnh thit b nng c tm nhn hn ch gn thit b ca h v c th khng nhn thy ngi i b gn phng tin h ang iu khin. Xe c iu khin trung tm khi di chuyn c th gy ra nhng hu qu ng k. Cc k thut phng nga v kim sot nhng tc ng ny bao gm: Lp k hoch v tch ring a im xe c lu thng, khu my mc hot ng v khu vc i b, v kim sot lu lng xe c thng qua s dng tuyn giao
B i
K thut kh bi cn c thc hin nh p dng nc hoc cht ha hc khng c hi gim thiu bi t vic di chuyn xe c PPE nh mt n chng bi cn c s dng khi mc bi qu tha
o Xi v Khng gian Hn ch
V d v khng gian hn ch c th c mt cc cng trnh ang thi cng hoc ph hu bao gm: 147
hp cha, thng cha, thng ng, hm cha tin ch, b cha, cng, ng v ging vo. Mng v rnh cng c th c coi l khng gian hn ch khi li vo hoc li ra b gii hn. Ngoi hng dn cung cp trong Phn 2.8 nhng mi nguy ngh nghip gn vi khng gian hn ch v vic o xi trong cng trng xy dng v ngng hot ng cn c phng nga theo nhng khuyn ngh sau: Kim sot cc yu t hin trng c th m c th gp phn lm mt tnh n nh sn dc h o bao gm, v d, vic s dng s tiu nc h o, h tr tng bn v iu chnh dc sn dc m loi b hoc gim thiu nguy c st , by, hoc ngp chm Cung cp phng tin vo v ra an ton t vic o nh b dc chia bc, tuyn ng vo chia bc hoc, cu thang v thang Trnh vic hot ng ca thit b chy cho giai on ko di trong khu vc h o ni cc cng nhn khc c yu cu i vo tr khi khu vc c thng gi mt cch tch cc.
ca s phi trc bi, cht ha hc, vt liu d chy hoc nguy him v cht thi kt hp vi cc dng kh, cht rn, cht lng m cn c phng nga thng qua vic thc hin cc k hoch c th d n v cc bi tp qun l ng dng khc bao gm: S dng nhn s c o to c bit xc nh v loi b vt liu thi t b cha, bnh cha, thit b x l hoc t nhim nh l bc u tin trong cc hot ng ngng vn hnh cho php o, xy dng, tho d hoc ph hy an ton S dng nhn s c o to c bit xc nh v loi b mt cch chn lc cc vt liu nguy him tim nng trong cc yu t xy dng trc khi tho d hoc ph hy bao gm, v d, cc yu t cch ly hoc cu trc cha aming v Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), thnh phn in cha thy ngn.98 S dng PPE c th da trn kt qu ca nh gi an ton v sc khe ngh nghip bao gm my h hp nhn to, qun o/qun o, gng tay bo v v bo v mt
Thng tin b sung v qun l v loi b vt liu xy dng cha aming c th tm thy trong Tiu chun ASTM E2356 v E 1368
98
Cc Mi Nguy ti Hin trng Khc

Hin trng xy dng v ngng hot ng c th t ra mi nguy
148
4.3 An ton v Sc khe Cng ng

Mi Nguy Hin trng Chung
Cc d n cn thc hin cc chin lc qun l nguy c bo v cng ng khi nhng mi nguy vt l, ha hc hoc mi nguy khc gn vi hin trng trong khi xy dng v ngng hot ng. Cc nguy c c th pht sinh t s xm phm v hoc c tnh bao gm kh nng tip xc vi vt liu nguy him, t nhim v cc mi trng, ta nh khc cn trng hoc ang thi cng hoc h o v kt cu m c th t ra mi nguy by v ri. Cc chin lc qun l nguy c c th bao gm: Hn ch ng vo hin trng thng qua vic kt hp cc bin php kim sot hnh chnh v ni quy vi s tp trung vo nhng kt cu hoc khu vc c nguy c cao, ph thuc vo tng hin trng c th bao gm hng ro, bin bo v s truyn thng ca nhng nguy c i vi cng ng a phng Loi b nhng iu kin nguy him v hin trng xy dng m khng th kim sot mt cch c hiu qu vi nhng hn ch tip cn nh t ca ra vo cc khng gian hn ch nh m bo
phng tin li ra cho nhng ca ln hn nh rnh hoc h o hoc kho kha vt liu nguy him
Phng nga Bnh

Bin c ngy cng gia tng ca cc bnh truyn nhim v bnh truyn t cn trng gn vi hot ng xy dng c th e da nghim trng sc khe ca cn b d n v ngi dn ca cng ng a phng. Nhng khuyn ngh nhm phng nga v kim sot cc bnh truyn nhim v bnh truyn t cn trng cng c p dng i vi cc hot ng giai on thi cng c cung cp trong Phn 3.6 (Phng nga Bnh)
An ton Giao thng

Cc hot ng thi cng c th dn n s tng ng k trong vic di chuyn cc xe c nng cho vic vn chuyn cc vt liu xy dng v thit b lm tng nguy c tai nn v thng tt lin quan n giao thng i vi cng nhn v cc dn c a phng. Cn gim thiu tai nn giao thng do thit b/xe c d n ang thi cng gy ra trong khi thi cng thng qua vic kt hp gio dc v nng cao nhn thc, v p dng cc quy trnh m t trong Phn 3.4 (An ton Giao thng) 149
Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: TI LIU THAM KHO
TI LIU THAM KHO V CC NGUN B SUNG

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Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: TI LIU THAM KHO Ross A, Baguley C, Hills B, McDonald M, Solcock D.1991. Towards Safer Roads in Developing Countries: A Guide for Planners and Engineers. Berkshire: Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Rushbrook, P. and M. Pugh. 1998. Solid Waste Landfills in Middle- and Lower- Income Countries: A Technical Guide to Planning, Design, and Operation. World Bank. http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2002/12/06/0000 94946_02112104104987/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf SCPOP (Stockholm Convention on POPs). Guidance Documents. http://www.pops.int/documents/guidance/ (accessed May 19, 2006) Tsunokawa, Koji and Christopher Hoban, eds. 1997. Roads and the Environment: A Handbook. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/transport/publicat/reh/toc.htm UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. http://www.defra.gov.uk/ (accessed May 18, 2006) UK Environment Agency. Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (CLEA). http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/subjects/landquality/113813/672771/?version=1&lang=_e (accessed May 18, 2006) UN/ECE (United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe). United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations. http://www.unece.org/trans/ (accessed May 18, 2006) UN/ECE. The Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook. http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/TFEI/unece.htm (accessed May 18, 2006). UNEP (United Nation Environment Program). Secretariat of the Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste Management. http://www.basel.int/index.html (accessed May 18, 2006) UNEP. Persistant Organic Pollutants. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/ (accessed May 18, 2006) UNEP. Country contributions: Information on the regulatory status of POPs; bans, restrictions, and/or other legal permitted uses. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/POPs_Inc/INC_3/inf-english/inf3-9/sect5.pdf (accessed May 18, 2006). UNEP. 1993. Cleaner Production Worldwide Volume 1. http://www.uneptie.org/PC/cp/library/catalogue/regional_reports.htm .
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Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: TI LIU THAM KHO UNEP. 1997. The Environmental Management of Industrial Estates. Industry and Environment, United Nations Environment Programme. US DOE. Building Toolbox Boilers. Building Technologies Program. http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/components/hvac/boilers.html (accessed April 30, 2006) US DOE. 2002. Heating and Cooling Equipment Selection. Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/documents/pdfs/26459.pdf (US DOE). Industry Plant Managers and Engineers Combustion. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/combustion.html#opp1 (accessed April 30, 2006). US DOE (US Department of Energy). Industry Plant Managers and Engineers Process Heating Systems. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/process.html (accessed April 30, 2006). US DOE. Industry Plant Managers and Engineers Steam Boilers. http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/industry/steam.html (accessed April 30, 2006). US DOE. Industrial Technologies Program Best Practices. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/ (accessed April 30, 2006) US DOE. The Big Picture on Process Heating. Industrial Technologies Program Best Practices. http://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/em_proheat_bigpict.pdf (accessed April 30, 2006). US DOE. 2005. Improve Motor System Efficiency for a Broader Range of Motors with MotorMaster+ International. Industrial Technologies Program. http://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/mmplus_international.pdf US DOT (US Department of Transportation). HAZMATS Regulations. http://hazmat.dot.gov/ (accessed May 18, 2006) US Energy Star Program. Guidelines for Energy Management. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidelines.download_guidelines (accessed April 24, 2006) US Energy Star Program. Tools and Resources. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tools_resources.bus_energy_management _tools_resources (accessed April 9, 2006)US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). Air Compliance Advisor. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ACA.htm (accessed May 18, 2006) US EPA. Ambient Air Monitoring QA Program.
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Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: TI LIU THAM KHO http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/reregistration/cca/ (accessed May 18, 2006) US EPA. 2006. 40CFR Chapter 1, Subchapter J, section 302.4, Designation of Hazardous Substances. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=ecfr&sid=a1d39cb9632558b450b2d09e45b5ca78&rgn=div8&view=text&nod e=40:27.0.1.1.2.0.1.4&idno=40 USGS (US Geological Survey). 2000. Recycled AggregatesProfitable Resource Conservation. USGS Fact Sheet FS18199. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-018199/fs-0181-99so.pdf US NFPA (US National Fire Protection Association). 2006. 101- Life Safety Code Handbook. http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/product.asp?category%5Fname=&pid=10106&target% 5Fpid=10106&src%5Fpid=&link%5Ftype=search (accessed May 19, 2006). US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.119 App A, Threshold Quantities. US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 29CFR Part 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard. US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR Part 1910.119. WHO. 1987. Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries. Technical Report Series No. 742. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO. 1989. New Approaches to Improve Road Safety. Technical Report 781b. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO. 1993. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Volume 1: Recommendations. 2nd Edition. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO. 1994. Operation and Maintenance of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Systems: A Guide for Managers. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO. 1996. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Volume 2: Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO. 1997. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Volume 3: Surveillance and Control of Community Supplies. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq2v1/en/index2.html (accessed May 18, 2006) WHO. 1999. Draft Specifications for Bacterial Larvicides for Public Health Use. WHO/CDS/CPC/WHOPES/99.2. Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, World Health Organization.
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Cc hng dn EHS chuyn ngnh sp c xut bn
Ngnh Lm nghip
Ngnh Nng nghip Ch bin nng sn
Ngnh Ha cht
Ngnh H tng
Ngnh Sn xut tng hp
Ngnh khai thc du m
Ngnh du m
Ngnh nng lng
y l ti liu tham kho ni b. C th tham kho phin bn gc ca Hng dn ny bng ting Anh ti http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/EHSGuidelines T chc Ti chnh Quc t (IFC) Tng 3, 63 L Thi T, H Ni T: + 84 4 3 8247892 Fax: + 84 4 3 8247898 ifc.org
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Chng trnh T vn ca IFC ti ng - Thi Bnh Dng

Hng dn chung Mi trng - Sc khe - An ton (EHS)

Chng trnh T vn ca IFC ti ng Thi Bnh Dng

Hng dn chung Mi trng - Sc khe - An ton (EHS)

HNG DN CHUNG V MI TRNG, SC KHE V AN TON

Phng php tip cn chung qun l cc vn EHS ti c s sn xut hoc d n

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Kh nng p dng v cch tip cn

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Cht lng khng kh xung quanh Phng php tip cn chung

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

tp v a l ca a im ca d n (v d vng ni, vng nng thn hoc th).

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Chiu cao ng khi

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Ngun nht thi

Hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOC)

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Cht ph hu tng zn (ODS)

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Quan trc (Monitoring)

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

quan Bo v mi trng Hoa K, EPA QA/G-4 EPA/240/B-06/001 Thng 2, 2006.

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Ni hi c dung tch t 20 MWth n <50 MWth

Monitoring pht thi ca cc nh my c cng ngh t c nh

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Ph lc 1.1.4 - V d v kim sot pht thi VOC

Thit b gim p Van Khp ni ng ng h cui

Thay i31 100 100 100 100

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Ph lc 1.1.5 - Kim pht thi bi ngun nht thi

Hiu sut kim sot 0 %- 98 % 60 %- 96 % 0 %- 68 % 12 %- 98 % 0% - 80 % Khng nh lng 85 %- 99 % 30 %- 50 % 0 %- 58 % 0 %- 96 %

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

1.2 Bo tn nng lng

Kh nng p dng v phng php tip cn

Chng trnh qun l nng lng

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hiu sut nng lng

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

m bo cht lng vt liu u vo Chng trnh bo dng theo k hoch.

H thng phn phi nhit

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Ci tin hiu qu h thng chuyn i nng lng

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Chuyn i nng lng

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

chuyn ca khng kh nng vo li thp.

Hiu sut nn cht lm lnh

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

bm c th c hiu qu, thng l t c khi p sut ngng t thp nht.

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG

1.3 Nc thi v cht lng nc xung quanh

ng dng v cch tip cn

Hng dn v Mi trng, sc kho v An ton (EHS) HNG DN CHUNG EHS: MI TRNG