shmeiwseis-algevra-a-lykeiou - - Α Λυκείου

taexeiola.
gr
taexeiola.gr

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taexeiola.gr

taexeiola.gr

20112012
(MEd ).

.
1 . .
4.2.25 . .
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( )
.
pattern
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1 (2011-2012)
. ,
.
2012
.. ,
(PhD, MSc)
taexeiola.gr
taexeiola.gr

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.6 , . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1
1.4.2 .
1.4.3 . . . .
1.4.4 . . . . . . .
1.4.5 . . . . .
1.4.6 . . . . . . . .
1.4.7 .
1.4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.9 . . . . . .
1.4.10 . . .
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1
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27
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29
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taexeiola.gr
1.4.11 . . . . . . . . .
1.4.12
1.4.13 . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Pons Asinorum . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 ,
2.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7 Euler-Venn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.8 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.14 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.15 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 . . . . . . .
2.2.5 : A B . . . . . . .
2.2.6 : A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.7 : A B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.8 : A B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.9 : A B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.10 . . . .
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33
37
43
44
44
47
48
48
50
51
51
52
52
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55
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63
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75
79
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82
taexeiola.gr
3 , , ,
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3.1.1 ( ) = 2 2 + 2 . . . . . . . . . .
3
3.1.2 ( ) = 3 32 + 3 2 3 . . . . .
3.1.3 2 2 = ( ) ( + ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.7 .
3.1.8 - . .
3.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.10
3.1.11 - .
3.1.12 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.6 . . . . . . . .
3.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 x + = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 x + = 0 . . . .
3.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.4 x2 + x + = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.5 x2 + x + = 0 .
3.3.6 Vieta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 x + > 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 () . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 x + , 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5 x2 + x + > 0, 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.6 x2 + x + > 0, 0 . . . . .
3.4.7 x2 + x + , 0 . . . . . .
3.4.8 x2 + x + > 0, 0 . . . . .
85
85
85
87
88
90
96
99
100
100
101
102
103
103
105
105
107
109
112
113
115
116
120
121
122
124
126
129
131
133
133
136
137
139
142
142
144
147
4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 . . .
4.1.2
4.1.3
151
151
151
154
156
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .
taexeiola.gr
4.1.4 . . . . . . . . .
4.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.9 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 . . . .
4.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4 x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.5 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.7 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.8 x = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.10 f (x) = x + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.11 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.12 y = 1 x + 1 , y = 2 x + 2 .
4.2.13 x + = 0 x + > 0 . . . . .
4.2.14 f (x) = x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.15 f (x) = x2 + x + . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.16 f (x) = x2 + x + > 0. . . . . . .
4.2.17 f (x) = x2 + x + > 0 ; . . . . .
4.2.18 f (x) = x2 + x + > 0. . . . . . . . .
4.2.19 f (x) = x2 + x + . . . . . . .
4.2.20 f (x) = x2 + x + > 0. . . . .
4.2.21 f (x) = x2 + x + < 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.22 f (x) = x2 + x + . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5.1 1
5.2 2
5.3 3
5.4 4
6
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159
162
168
169
170
173
175
176
177
181
181
184
190
191
193
198
202
203
204
208
210
212
216
219
222
223
226
227
229
230
233
235
237
237
248
256
279
289
taexeiola.gr
. .
1.1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
0, 1 0, 2
1 .. .

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1. 2011; 20112011;
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5 + 11 = 16
32 + 39 = 71
32 39
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5 11 = 55
32 39 = 1248
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taexeiola.gr
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taexeiola.gr
1.

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taexeiola.gr
1.2.
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(2) 7 = 14
6 12 = 6
(8) + (7) = 15
(8) (7) = 56
12 (6) = 18
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taexeiola.gr
1.
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31 .3

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taexeiola.gr
10
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taexeiola.gr
14
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taexeiola.gr
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20
1.4
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() ,
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taexeiola.gr
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1.4.
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(1.4)
..
taexeiola.gr
1.
23
(1.4) :
.
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:
..
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(1.8)

taexeiola.gr
24
1.4.
8

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22. : 1 + 671 + 999

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24. A + B = 7 3A + 3B .
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..
taexeiola.gr
1.
25
+ = +
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:
() = () = ()
(1.15)
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(1.16)
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(1.17)
26.
..

taexeiola.gr
26
1.4.
1. x (y + z t)
3. (x) (y + z t)
2. (x + ) (y + z t)
4. ( + ) ( + )
27. :
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3. ab bd + ae de
6. 2ab 10a + 3b 15
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1.
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x+x
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(y + 1) (y + 2) (y + 3);
34. ( ) ( 1 1 ) = 0 = .
35. ; ;

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
1.4.5
27

,
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11
..

taexeiola.gr
28
1.4.
1 1 1
1
1
= ( ) = ... =
a
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=
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. :
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1 =
1 =
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38. A = (1) + 24 + 31
3
39. ( 12 )

+ 24 + (3)
..
taexeiola.gr
1.
1.4.7
29

( )
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+ = ( + )
= ( )
() = () a
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45. :
..

taexeiola.gr
30
1.4.
1. 22 + 32 (3)
9
2. 29 + (2) + 20
51
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1. x2 + 2 x x
4. a13 b11 a14 b12
2. x2 + x x
5. x2 y 4 + x2 b3 + a4 y 4 + a4 b3
3. x5 y 2 + x4 y 3
6. 162 4 2 44 + 2
49. :
1.
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x3 a2 +x3 b+y 4 a2 +y 4 b
3.
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5x2 y+10x2 z
2.
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4.
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rmrt3 +s3 ms3 t3
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a a.
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50. a1 = 4, a2 = 7, a3 = 11, a4 = 2.
1. a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
2. a1+3 a1+2
3. a21 + a22 + a23 + a24

..
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1.
4.
31
a1 a2
a3 a44
51.
1. (41 52 ) (31 62 )
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2. (31 12 ) 31 12
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A, B .
9. 3 < 6, 6 > 3, 3 6, 6 3, 3 6, 6 3, 3 = 3, 3 3, 3 3.
> 0 .
0 .
< 0
52. ;
..

taexeiola.gr
32
1.4.
1.
2.
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17
3
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.
2 < x x < y 2 < y .

a < b, b < c, c < d a < c c < d
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b a. b < c c
b. c < d d
c. b
a c b c a.

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, , a < c. a < b < c b
a c.
12 :
=
12
(1.28)
=

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
33
53. a > b, a < c, d > c. d, b.

54. 2 < x 3 < y x, y ;
55. x 1 < x < 13.
56. , , , , < , < , < ,
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(1.29) :

(1.30)

(1.23),(1.24)

:
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+ + () < + + () + 0 < + 0
< . :
(1.31)
+ < + <

> .
+() > +() > 0.
> 0
> .
> > 0
..
(1.32)

taexeiola.gr
34
1.4.
(1.30) . :
> 0, > 0.
+ > > 0
+ > 0. :
> 0, > 0 + > 0
(1.33)

.
:
0, > 0 + > 0
(1.34)
0, 0 + 0
(1.35)

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: > 0 > 0 >
.
< 0
> 0. :
> 0 < 0
(1.36)
(1.29)
.

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< > 0. > 0
( (1.30) )
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.
< > 0 <
(1.37)
< < 0 > 0
< <
> . :
< < 0 >
(1.38)
(1.30) (+) (+) = (+).

.

13 .
13

http://www.archive.org/details/diophantialexan01plangoog

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
35
Teubner, 1893.
> 0 < 0 > 0 > 0 (1.30)
() > 0. () = () () > 0 < 0.

> 0 < 0 < 0
(1.39)
(+)() = (). < 0

< 0 = () () > 0 :
< 0 < 0 > 0
(1.40)
() () = (+)
:
.
< < 0 > 0 ( ) < 0
> .
:
< < 0 >
(1.41)
. . 1 = 1.
1 > 0 > 0 1 > 0
. < 0
1 < 0
.
> 0
1
>0
(1.42)
< 0
1
<0
(1.43)

.
,
.
.
..

taexeiola.gr
36
1.4.
.
1
1

= ,
. , .

+ .

. :
1 x < 0
x = 0 x = 0
1 x > 0
(1.44)

: 1, +1 +, .

0 : 0.
:
() = () ()
(1.45)
( ) =
()
(1.46)
()
( ) = ()
(1.47)
58. < . :
1. 6 3 < 6 3
2. 5 ( + 1) < 5 ( + 1)
3. 6 ( ) <
59. < < . :

1. 2 + 3 < 2 + 3
2. 2 5 < 2 5
3.
+
2
+4<
+
2
+4
60. < < . + > 0.

61.
<
(1)
(1);

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
37
1. 2 < 2
4. 2 + <
2. < 2
5.
3. 2 <
6. < + 2
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62. < . <
+
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+
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3. ( + 1) ( 1)
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4.
5.
+
1
6.
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x
.
x. x
x.
O x

x

x
x [x] x.
[2, 3] = 2, [7] = 7, [ 12 ] = 0, [ 22 ] = 2.
:
x = [x] =
x
..
(1.48)

taexeiola.gr
38
1.4.
[x] x < [x] + 1
(1.49)

. x ,

, , .
x.
x = x + x
(1.50)
x = x [x]
(1.51)
3, 2 3, 2 3 = 0, 2
4, 78 0, 22.
,
.
10:
...
1
,
104 = 1000
1
3
10 = 1000 ,
1
,
102 = 100
1
1
10 = 10 ,
100 = 1,
101 = 10,
102 = 100
...
(1.52)

(1.52) 10
.
10 .
.
x. x 10
: x x
(1.52) x
10 10
.
2
x = 824
3 . x 10 = 100
103 = 1000. :
102 <
824
< 103
3
102 103
102 100.
100 = 1 100, 2 100, 3 100, 4 100, 5 100, 6 100, 7 100, 8 100, 9 100 = 1000

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
39

.
x = 824
3 . x,
102 = 100. x
:
100 < 824
3 3 100 < 824
200 < 824
3 3 200 < 824
300 > 824
3 3 300 > 824 x
2 100 3 100 :
2 100 <
824
< 3 100
3
x: 100,
200 300
x 200 .
200 300
..

taexeiola.gr
40
1.4.
100 = 102 .
101 .
2 102 + 1 10,
2 102 + 2 10,
2 102 + 2 10, ...,
2 102 + 10 10
x x
. x

2 102 + 7 10 <
824
< 2 102 + 8 10
3
10
100 = 1
2 1002 + 7 10 + 4 100 <
824
< 2 1002 + 7 10 + 5 100
3

1
101 = 10
. :
2 1002 + 7 10 + 4 100 + 6 101 <
824
< 2 1002 + 7 10 + 4 100 + 7 101
3
: 102 , 103
.

2 102 , 7 101 , 4 100 , 6 101 , 6 102 , 6 103 , 6 104 , .. ()

(;;) (
10 ) x. () (bold)

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
41
2 102 7 101 4 10 6 101 6 102 6 103 , 6 104 ...
2
7
4
6
6
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...

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,:
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3 .
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0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
( 0 )
.
.
..

taexeiola.gr
42
1.4.
( )

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.
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0.
. , ,
.

9. . 0, 999...
1. 0, 9999
a = 0, 9999 10a = 9, 9999... 10a = 9 + a 9a = 9 a = 1.
9 1 0, 9999.

m m1 ...0 , 1 2 2 ...

64.
19
7
. .
65. 3 0, 23
66. a2 a1 a0 b2 b1 b0
a2 + b2 = a1 + b1 = a0 + b0 = 11. a2 a1 a0 + b2 b1 b0 .
67. 0,
3 ( )
68. ( ):
0,
1 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0. . .
-

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
43
69. x a3 a2 a1 a0 a1 =
3 + a0 , a2 = 3 + a1 , a3 = 3 + a2 . x.
70. a
.
a.
. ;
1.4.13
1.4.1
1
. 2 = 2.
.
2 = 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 0
( ) ( + ) = 0

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= 0 = = 0.

2.
2.
.
2.

2 2.

1.4.1. x . x y
y 2 = x. x x.
10.
4 = 2, 0 = 0, 1 = 1, 94 = 32 .
y =
x :
x ( )
y ( x)
y2 = x
2
.
..

taexeiola.gr
44
1.5.
.
. ,
2 2 = ( ) ( + ) + > 0 2 2
. ,
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.

2
2
1.
12 < 2 1 < 2. 22 >
2 < 2. :
1<
2
2
2<2
2. 1 2
0, 1.
1, 12 = 1, 21 < 2
1, 22 = 1, 44 < 2
1, 32 = 1, 69 < 2
1, 42 = 1, 96 < 2
1, 52 = 2, 25 > 2

1, 4 <
2 < 1, 5
2 .
225
71. 169, 196, 225, 169
,
196
196
72. 3
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1.5.1 Pons Asinorum

Pons Asinorum
.
. 5
14 15 :
14
:
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Euclid-Elements.pdf
15
.

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
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.
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18
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..

taexeiola.gr
46
1.5.
9.
10. : ...
.

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.

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384 .. - 322 ..
Augustus De Morgan
1806 - 1871
George Boole
1815 - 1864
; 1,
2, 4, 6, 7, 9. 5 9
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..
taexeiola.gr
1.
47

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1.5.2

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7.
.

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11.
1. 3 > 5+ >
.
2. 11
.
3. 3 > 5
4. 33 > 5 .
5. x + 2 = 3
x .
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3 + 2 = 3 . x
1 1 + 2 = 3.
7 .

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19
( )
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Goldbach:
2 .
428. 1742!
..

taexeiola.gr
48
1.5.
1.5.3
x + 2 = 3 (
x) .

0 x = 2, x + 2 = 3
0 x = 0. .

.
-
.

20 .
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Q
P
P Q
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:
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..
taexeiola.gr
1.
49
21
, .
. :
+ = + =
+ =
+ = .
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= 3, = 1 .

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.
73. ;
1. > 0 + 5 > 5
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4.
>
>
5. + = 0 a3 + 3 = 0
74. ;
1. 2x = 6 x = 3
2. x2 = 6 x =
2
3. x = 6 x = 6
4. x < 6 x2 = 6
5. x2 = 6 x < 6
75. ;
1. x2 = 1 x2 = 1
2. x2 = 1 x2 = 2
3. x2 = 2 x2 > 1
4. x2 = 1 5 = 3
5. 5 = 3 x = 3
21
.1.5.3
..

taexeiola.gr
50
1.5.
1.5.5

( ):

.
AB :
=
=B
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77. ;
1. x 2 x + 2 4
2. x 2 x > 2
3. x y x2 y 2
4. x = y + 1 x y
5. x = 1 x2 1 = 0

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
1.5.6
51

1 < 2 < 3 :
1 < 2 2 < 3. 1 < 2 < 3
1 < 2 2 < 3.
1 < 2 2 < 3. .
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78. ;
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3. x y x2 y 2
4. 2x = 12 x + 32 x x2 1
5. x > x 1 y > y 1
1.5.7

= 0 = 0 = 0
. P Q
P Q
P Q .
23 P Q.

.
79. ;
1. 3 < 1 5 < 3
2. 2 < 3 3 < 5
3. x y x2 y 2
4. 2x = 12 x + 32 x x2 1
5. x > x 1 y < y 1
22
23
P Q
P Q
..

taexeiola.gr
52
1.5.
1.5.8

. = .
P 24
P
P .
80. ;
1. 2 > 3
2. 2 3
3. x < x + 1
4. 2 7
5. (a + ) =
1.5.9
.
.
.

P1
3
P2 ...
P
3
P1 P2 , P2 P3 ,
P1 P .
: P1
P1 P2 P2 (
). P2 P2 P3
P3 .
P .
12. x < y
2y3
2x3
4 < 4 . :
x < y 2x < 2y 2x 3 < 2y 3
2x 3 2y 3
<
4
4
(
) .
24

..
taexeiola.gr
1.
53
Q1
3
Q2 ...
Q
4
.
Q Q1 Q Q1
.
:
2x 3 2y 3
2x 3 (2y 3)
2x 3 2y 3
<
<0
<0
4
4
4
4
4
2x 2y
< 0 2x 2y < 0 2 (x y) < 0 x y < 0 x < y
4
..

taexeiola.gr
54

1.5.
..
taexeiola.gr
2.1
2.1.1

M

. M .
Georg Cantor 1895
.
. A1
A1 .
A1 . A1
A1 .
A1 .
Georg Cantor
1845 - 1918
2.1.2

. 1, 4, 5, 8 .
{, } :
{1, 4, 5, 8} . . M
M = {1, 4, 5, 8} . 1 M
. 1 M . M
9 9 M . 9 M .
55
taexeiola.gr
56
2.1.
2.1.3 ,

..
M = {1, 4, 5, 8}

1 100
A = {1, 2, ..., 100}

1 100. ... : 3, 4, 5 .
.
, :
{0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
1 N. :
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}

.
.
. 2
Z. :
Z = {... 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
Z = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
( )
.
:
.
A = {1, 2, ..., 100}
A = {x N 1 x 100}
:
A = { }
1
natura .
Chuquet 1484
2
zahl=

..
taexeiola.gr
57
2.
81. B = {3, 2, 1, 0, ..., 19, 20}.

82. .
.
83. 12.
84. 6.
. 3
Q.
4 R.
2.1.4
. .
A B .
A = B . A = {x R (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) = 0}
B = {1, 2, 3} .
A, B
xAxB
85. x, y A = {1, 4, 2} B = {1, x + 2, y 2 }
;
A B A
B . A B .
N Z, Z Q, Q R. :
NZQR
A B A
B A B . :
A=BAB
(2.1)
A = B A B B A
(2.2)

86. X Y ;
1. X = {1, 1}, Y = {x R x2 1 = 0}
2. X = {x R x > 3}, Y = {x R x > 2}
3. X = {x R x > 10}, Y = {y R y > 2}
4. X = {x R x > 10}, Y = {x R x > 12}
3
4
quotient=
real=
..

taexeiola.gr
58
2.1.
2.1.5 . .
.
{x Z 2x + 3 = 0} x 2x + 3 = 0.
. .
87. .

. Cantor 5 .

.
= R,
...
88. ;
1. {x Z 2x + 4 = 0}
2. {x R 2x2 3 = 0}
3. {x R 2x2 + 3 = 0}
4. {x Q 2x2 4 = 0}
2.1.6
A A
A. A
A . A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A :
{ , {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4},
{1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, A }
89. {p, q, r}.
90. {a, b, c, d} d.
2.1.7 Euler-Venn
:

.
5
:
( ).
S . S ;

..
taexeiola.gr
59
2.
A = {1, 2, 2}
:
Leonhard Euler

Euler-Venn.
Euler-Venn :
1707 - 1783
John Venn
1834 - 1923
91. Euler-Venn A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3, 4, 7, 8}, = {3, 4, 7, 8}, = {10, 11}.
2.1.8
R

.
, . . 8 .
< .
(, )
(, ) = {x R < x < }
..

taexeiola.gr
60
2.1.
, .
.

:

.

:
[, ]
[, ] = {x R x }
, .
.

.
[, )
[, ) = {x R x < }
- , .

..
taexeiola.gr
61
2.
(, ]
(, ] = {x R < x }
- , .
(, +)
(, +) = {x R < x}
[, +)
[, +) = {x R x}
..

taexeiola.gr
62
2.1.
(, )
(, ) = {x R x < }
(, ]
(, ] = {x R x }
1. :
R = (, +)
2.
, +
.
3. (, ), [, ], (, ] [, )
< .
92. ;
1. 2 (0, 4)
2.
3.
5
8
2 (1, 2)
( 47 , 1)

..
taexeiola.gr
63
2.
4. 3 (3, 11]
R = (, +)
93. ;
1. x (1, +) x + 1 (1, +)
2. x (1, +) x 1 (1, +)
3. x (1, +) 2x (1, +)
4. x (1, +)
x
2
(1, +)
94. 20 (0, 1).

95. 20 (0, 2).
96. 20 (1, 0).
97. ;
1. [2, 4] [2, 4]
2. [2, 4] [2, 4)
3. [2, 4] [2, +)
4. [2, 4] (, 5)
98. x (2, 6) = (4 x, 4 + x);

99. x (2, 6) = [4 x, 4 + x];
100. x (2, 4) 2x + 3 (7, 11).
.
101. :
1. x (, ) x (, )
2. x (, ) x (, )
102. x (a, x) (a, ).

+
(a, 2 ) (a, ).
103.
(2, 10)
2.1.9

.
.
.

.
..

taexeiola.gr
64
2.1.10
2.1.
18 24. 24

A = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 9, 9, 18, 18}

B = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 12, 12, 24, 24}
18 24
A, B :
{1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6}
A, B . :
A B
A, B
A B :
A B = {x x A x B}
(2.3)
A B
. A B .

.
104.
;
105. :
1. {1, 2, 4, 7} {1, 2, 4, 7} =
2. [1, 4] [0, 7] =
3. N Q =
4. (2, 4) [0, +) =
) ( 23
106. (2, 19
, 10)
7
11
107. x {1, 3, 5} {x, 11, 12} = {x};

..
taexeiola.gr
65
2.
2.1.11

.
.. A ,
B .
.
.
.
A B
A, B
A B :
A B = {x x A x B}
(2.4)
A B .
108. {1, 4, 5} {4, 5, 7}

109. A B = A A B .
..

taexeiola.gr
66
2.1.
110. :
1. (2, 4) [3, 5] =
2. (, 0) [0, +) =
2.1.12

A 7.
A = {..., 63, 56, 49, 42, 35, 28, 21, 14, 7, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, ...}
B 5. :
B = {..., 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, ...}
7 5
. A
B . :
{..., 63, 56, 49, 42, 28, 21, 14, 7, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 49, 56, 63, ...}
, , A
B .
A B
A B
A B A B :
A B = {x x A x B}
(2.5)
A B . A B
.
111.
1. {1, 2, 3} {1, 2}
2. {1, 2, 3} {4, 5}
3. [5, 10] (6, 11)

..
taexeiola.gr
67
2.
2.1.13
1
(x 1) (x 2) (x 3)
x .
0 x .
x 1, 2 3 x
{1, 2, 3} . x {1, 2, 3}
{1, 2, 3}. :
A
A
A A :
A = {x x A}
(2.6)
A .
112.
;
113. R {7}.
2.1.14
A, B . A B A
..

taexeiola.gr
68
2.1.
A (B ).
:
x :
x A (B )
x A x B
x A (x B x )
(x A x B) (x A x )
(x A B) (x A )
x (A B) (A )

.
:
A B = B A
A (B ) = (A B)
A = A
A A = A
AB =B A
A (B ) = (A B)
A =A
AA= A
(2.7)
(2.8)
(2.9)
(2.10)
A(B ) = (A B)(A ) A(B ) = (A B)(A ) (2.11)
A B = A B
(2.12)
114.
.

..
taexeiola.gr
69
2.
2.1.15
, :
, , .
1 .
, ,

. .

. : , , , ,
, . .
. Cantor
.

.
1, 2, 3, ...,
.
A
N (A). 0.
N () = 0

.
115. :
1. 1, 2, 3, ..., 2012
2. 11, 12, 13, ..., 2012
3. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , ..., 2100
116. N (A) :
1. A = {3, 3, 23 , 6}
2. A = [2, 12] Z
3. A = {x Z
x2 < 11}
A, B :
A = B N (A) = N (B)
(2.13)
A B N (A) N (B)
..
(2.14)

taexeiola.gr
70
2.2.
.. A = {1, 2, 3, 11} B = {2, 6, 7}.

N (A) = 4 N (B) = 3. {1, 2, 3, 11} {2, 6, 7} = {1, 2, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11}
N (A B) = 7 = N (A) + N (B). :
A B
. :
A B = N (A B) = N (A) + N (B)
(2.15)
A B . A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 6, 7, 8, 9} AB = {1, 2, 6, 7} {2, 6, 7, 8, 9} = {1, 2, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9} .
N (A B) = 7 N (A) = 4 N (B) = 5. N (A B) = 7
N (A) + N (B) = 9.

. 2 A B = {1, 2, 6, 7} {2, 6, 7, 8, 9} = {6, 7}
N (A B) = N (A) + N (B) N (A B) .
N (A B) = N (A) + N (B) N (A B)
(2.16)
N (A B) + N (A B) = N (A) + N (B)
(2.17)
N (A B) = N (A) N (A B)
(2.18)
117. A B N (B) = 11 N (A);

118. A B N (A) = 11 N (B);
119. N (A) = 10, N (B) = 20 N (A B) = 7 N (A B).
120. N (A) = 10, N (B) = 20 N (A B) = 27 N (A B).
2.2
. . .
.

..
taexeiola.gr
71
2.
2.2.1

31 , - .
. 31
. :

1
1 31 31
.
.. :

2
31
.
6 :
..

taexeiola.gr
72
2.2.
6
31
.
A .
A k
k
A A 31
:
N (A)
N ()
. .

. .
.
: .
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6:
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
1.
1, 2 3.
2. 4.
3. , , x
(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) = 0.

..
taexeiola.gr
73
2.
:
1, 2 3. A =
{1, 2, 3}.
, ,
. .
.
.
N (A)
A P (A)6 P (A) = N () =
3
1
6 = 2.
121.
B :
2.2.2

, , .
.
1654 Blaise Pascal
6
P probability=
..

taexeiola.gr
74
Blaise Pascal
1623 - 1662
2.2.
.
Pascal Pierre de Fermat.

Pascal .
.
.
.
.
1. 31

.
2.

.
Pierre de Fermat
1601 - 1665
:
.
(.. )
.

1 , 2 , ..., . 1 , 2 , ...,
. = {1 , 2 , ..., }
A
. A
P (A) =
N (A) A
=
N ()
(2.19)
0 P (A) 1
(2.20)
A .. A = {}
1
1
P () P ({}). P (1 ) = N ()
= 1 ,P (2 ) = N ()
= 1
...
122. 3
A = {1 , 2 , 3 }.
123. 52 (. )
.

..
taexeiola.gr
75
2.
:
1. (J).
2. (Q).
3. ()
4. .
2.2.3
.

.
13. : . 1
2;
:
1 1,
1 2 , ..., 1 6, 2 2 ,..., 2 6 ,..., 6 6
6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21.
1
21
.
. .. 2 6
( 1) 2
( 2) 6 2 2
1 6.
1- 2:
..

taexeiola.gr
76
2.2.
36 1 2

2
1
36
= 18
.
124.
7.
125.
8.
;
14. :

..
taexeiola.gr
77
2.
-.
;
.
.
1 . 4 3 :
12 . 2 12 .
3 12.
12 4 :
..

taexeiola.gr
78
2.2.
412 = 48 =. 1
48
.
T1, T2, T3, T4 , J1, J2, J3, J4 S1,
S2, S3
.
15. 31
71.
2
31
:
.
30
.
;
. . .

32 . 31
. 30
30 . 31 30 = 930 .

A B B A.

1
: 930
2 = 465. 465 .
126. 120
. ;

..
taexeiola.gr
79
2.
2.2.4
.

. .
2.2.5
: A B
A, B A B
A B A B .
N (A) N (B) N ()
N (A)
N (B)
N () N () P (A) P (B). :
A B P (A) P (B)
(2.21)
( 71) A
B

.
127.
1. P (A B) P (A) P (A B) P (B)
2. P (A B) P (A) P (A B) P (B)
2.2.6
: A
71 A .
A
A A.
..

taexeiola.gr
80
2.2.
N (A )
P (A ) = N () =
N ()N (A)
N ()
N ()
N ()
N (A)
N ()
P (A ) = 1 P (A)
(2.22)
A A .
128. (A ) ;
129. A
2
11
2.2.7 : A B
71 A

B .
A B
A B .
2.2.8 : A B

A B
.

..
taexeiola.gr
81
2.
A, B , AB AB
3
4. (2.24) N ()
N (A B) N (A) N (B) N (A B)
=
+
N ()
N () N ()
N ()
:
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
(2.23)
P (A B) + P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)
(2.24)
A, B
P (A B) =
P (A) + P (B)
A B = P (A B) = P (A) + P (B)
(2.25)
130. P (A) = 0, 7, P (B) = 0, 6 P (A B) = 0, 4 P (A B).

131. P (A) = 0, 4, P (B) = 0, 6 P (A B) = 0, 4 P (A B).
132. A, B P (A) + P (B) = 1, 4.
.
2.2.9
: A B
A B A
B N () :
P (A B) = P (A) P (A B)
(2.26)
(A B) (B A) ( ) A B .
AB B A : P ((A B) (B A)) =
P (A B) + P (B A) = P (A) P (A B) + P (B) P (A B) = P (A) +

P (B) 2P (A B).
(A B) (B A) = (A B) (A B).
133. A 14
B 13
1
.
6
1. A.
2. B .
3. A B .
4. A B .
..

taexeiola.gr
82
2.2.10
2.2.
16.
0, 8, 0, 6
0, 5. :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
A
.
P (A) = 0, 8, P () = 0, 6 P (A ) =
0, 5.
1.
A
P (A ) = P (A) + P () P (A ) = 0, 8 + 0, 6 0, 5 = 0, 9
2. A
P (A ) = P (A) P (A ) = 0, 8 0, 5 = 0, 3
3. A
P ( A) = P () P (A ) = 0, 6 0, 5 = 0, 1
4.
(A ) ( A) A , A
:
P ((A ) ( A)) = P (A ) + P ( A) = 0, 3 + 0, 2 = 0, 5
5.
(A )
P ((A ) ) = 1 P (A ) = 1 0, 9 0, 1

..
taexeiola.gr
83
2.
Venn .
.
. :
A . 0, 3
0, 1 2 3. . 0, 9 1.

4 0, 4. 1
0, 1 5.

0,5
0,8
0,6

1. :

0,5 0,3

0,1 0,1
0,6
0 6 0,4
04
..
0,8
0,2
1

taexeiola.gr
84

2.2.
..
taexeiola.gr
, , ,
3.1
.
(: )
.
.
.
3.1.1
( ) = 2 2 + 2

( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2
(3.1)
( )2 = 2 2 + 2
(3.2)
2
( ) = ( ) ( )
.
134. (3.1), (3.2)
135. (3.1)
2
( + ) = 2 + 2 + 2

.
1.
(3.2)
2. +
85
taexeiola.gr
86
3.1.
( + + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
(3.3)
136. ( ) .
137. a +
= 3 a2 +
1
2
138.
2 + 2 + 2 =
139.
1
2
2
2
(( ) + ( ) + ( ) )
2
2
(3.4)
1. ( + ) + ( ) = 2 (2 + 2 ).
2. 2 = 7 2 = 4
2
( + ) + ( )
.
140. :
2
( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) = 3 (2 + 2 + 2 ) 2 ( + + )
141.
x2 + x + = ((x +
2 2 4
)
)
2
42
(3.5)
142.
2
2t 2
1 t2
)
+
(
) =1
1 + t2
1 + t2
143.
1. 2 + 6 + 9 2
2. 4x2 4xy + y 2
144.
x2 2xa + a2 + y 2 2yb + b2
145. . :
2 + 2 = 2 ((
+ 2
2
) +(
) )
2
2
146. Lagrange.
2
(a2 + b2 ) (x2 + y 2 ) = (ax + by) + (ay bx)

..
taexeiola.gr
87
3. , , ,
147. . 13 25
13 = 22 +32 25 = 32 +42 7 11 ( ).
.
2
148. 2 + 2 = 10 = 2 ( + ) + .
149. S = + P = 2 + 2 S
P S P .
2
2
150. (2 + 3) + (2 3)
1.
, 0.
+ 2 .
151.
2. , , , .
+ 2 = + 2 = =
3. , .
2
( + 2) + ( 2) .
3.1.2
( ) = 3 32 + 3 2 3

Joseph Louis Lagrange

1736 - 1813
( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 3 2 + 3
(3.6)
( )3 = 3 32 + 3 2 3
(3.7)
.
3
( + ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
( )3 = ( ) ( ) ( ).
3
2
3
2
( + ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) .
152. (3.6), (3.7).
(3.7) (3.6).
3
153. ( + ) + ( ) = 2 (2 + 3 2 )
3
154. 3 + 3 = ( + ) 3 ( + ).
3 + 3 S = + P = .
155.
3
( + + ) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 32 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 32 + 6
156.
3
( + + ) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
+ + = 0 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 .
..

taexeiola.gr
88
3.1.
157. Euler. :
3 + 3 + 3 3 = ( + + ) (2 + 2 + 2 )
(3.8)
3 + 3 + 3 3 =
1
2
2
2
( + + ) (( ) + ( ) + ( ) )
2
(3.9)
+ + = 0 = = 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 .
3.1.3 2 2 = ( ) ( + ) .

2 2 = ( ) ( + )
(3.10)

..
.
.
: 2 2 .
+ .
, . h
= + h h h = .
:
2 2
=+h
( + h)2 2 = 2 + 2h + h2 2 = 2h + h2 =
= h (2 + h)
h=
( ) (2 + ) = ( ) ( + )

. h
.
.
158.
2
1. ( + ) ( )
2
2. (x + y + z) (x + y z)
159. :
1.
x2 y 2
xy
2.
a4 b4
a2 b2
160.

a2 b2
a+b
b2 c2
b+c
c2 a2
c+a
=0
..
taexeiola.gr
89
3. , , ,
2
3 2
161.
.
.
14
72
1 .
5 2

2 2 = ( ) ( + ) .
.
3 3
=+h
( + h)3 3 = 3 + 3 2 h + 3h2 + h3 3 =
= 3 2 h+3h2 +h3 = h (3 2 + 3h + h2 )
h=
( ) (3 2 + 3 ( ) + ( )2 ) =
= ( ) (3 2 + 3 3 2 + 2 2 + 2 ) = ( ) (2 + + 2 )

3 3 = ( ) (2 + + 2 )
(3.11)

. (3.11)
3 + 3 = ( + ) (2 + 2 )
(3.12)
162. x3 1.
163.
3 3
.
2 2
4 4 .
(3.11) :
= + h
(3.10).
2
4 4 = (2 ) ( 2 ) = (2 2 ) (2 + 2 ) = ( ) ( + ) (2 + 2 )
( ) ( + ) (2 + 2 )
4 4
( ).
( + ) (2 + 2 ) = 3 + +2 + 2 + 3

4 4 = ( ) (3 + 2 + 2 + 3 )
( ) (3 + 2 + 2 + 3 ) =
..

taexeiola.gr
90
3.1.
4 +3 +2 2 + 3
3 2 2 3 4
.
,
(
0):
2 2 = ( ) (1 0 + 0 1 )
3 3 = ( ) (2 0 + 1 2 + 0 2 )
4 4 = ( ) (3 0 + 2 1 + 1 2 + 0 3 )
,
0
: .
2,
3, 4 :
= ( ) (1 + 2 + ... + 2 + 1 )
(3.13)
:
164. (3.13).
165. .
(3.13)
+ = ( + ) (1 2 + ... 2 + 1 )
166.
1. x 1 = (x 1) (1 + x + x2 + ... + x1 )
2. x+1 1 = (x 1) (1 + x + x2 + ... + x )
3.1.4
3.1.4.1
.
(
).
6 .. .

.

.

..
taexeiola.gr
91
3. , , ,
. :
, 2 , 4
8 ...
.

.
; :
1

2

22

23

+ ... +
263
4
64
. (3.13) = 2, = 1, = 64.
(264 1) = (2 1) (263 + 262 + ... + 23 + 22 + 2 + 1)

:
1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 263 = 264 1

264 1.
:
264 1 = 18 446 744 073 709 551 615

1 ,
1012 !
(3.13)
1 + x + x2 + ... + x . = x, = 1
+ 1 (
).
(x+1 1) = (x 1) (x + x1 + ... + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
1
: . .
, 1, . 1987
..

taexeiola.gr
92
3.1.
x 1
1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + x1 + x =
x+1 1
, x1
x1
(3.14)
x = 1
1 + 1 + ... + 1 = + 1

+1
.
S .
1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + x1 + x = S
,
, .
.
x
x (1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + x1 + x ) = xS
:
x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x + x+1 = xS
S :
x + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x + x+1 = xS

S1
S 1 + x+1 = xS
x+1 1 = xS S (x 1) S = x+1 1 x 1
x 1 (3.14)
167.
2
1 + (2) + (2) + ... + (2)

3.1.4.2
1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... +
+ x . x = 0
x
x 0 :
1
x0 + x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + x1 + x

..
taexeiola.gr
93
3. , , ,
:
x x0 x .
; :
0x + 1x + 2x + 3x + ... + ( 1) x + x
x 0x
x. :
x (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + )

1+ 2+ 3+ ...+ .
= 100
Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Bergamini2 :
10 1 100,
5050
!. ,
. ,
, 100 1, 99 2, 98 3
50 51, 101.
50
101 50, 5050.
.
S
S = 1+
2+
3+
...+ ( 2) + ( 1) +
S = + ( 1) + ( 2) + ...+
3+
2+
1
:
2S = (1 + ) + (2 + 1) + (3 + 2) + ... + ( 2 + 3) + ( 1 + 2) + ( + 1)
1+
(1 + ). 2S = ( + 1) S =
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + =
(+1)
.
2
( + 1)
2
(3.15)
1x + 2x + 3x + ... + ( 1) x + x =
( + 1) x
2
2
David Bergamini, , , 1965
..

Carl Friedrich Gauss

1777 - 1855
taexeiola.gr
94
3.1.
168. :
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 1821
2. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 2012
3. 1822 + ... + 2012
, , (3.15) :
. 2
. ,
!
1 1 , 2 2 , 3 3 ..
- .
( 14 14).
( ). x
. x
. x + . x + + x .
2
x + + x = 2 . 2x = 2 x = 2 .
2
2
2
x + x + = 2 + = +2
= 2+ =
2
(+1)
.
2
169. 9 .
;

..
taexeiola.gr
95
3. , , ,
90!
2
(x + 1) = x2 +
2x + 1. x
. 1, 2, 3, ...,
:
(1 + 1)2
(2 + 1)2
(3 + 1)2
..
( 1 + 1)2
( + 1)2
:
22
32
42
..
2
( + 1)2
=
12 +
2 1+
2
=
2 +
2 2+
2
=
3 +
2 3+
..
..
..
2
= ( 1) + 2 ( 1) +
=
2+
2 +
=
12 +
2 1+
=
22 +
2 2+
=
32 +
2 3+
..
..
..
= ( 1)2 + 2 ( 1) +
=
2+
2 +
1
1
1
..
1
1
1
1
1
..
1
1
22
32
42
..
2
( + 1)2
=
12 +
2 1+
=
22 +
2 2+
2
=
3 +
2 3+
..
..
..

2

=
(
1) + 2 ( 1) +
=
2+
2 +
1
1
1
..
1
1
:
2
( + 1) = 12 + 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ... + 2 ( 1) + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 + 1
+
( + 1)2 = 1 + 2
1
+
2
+
3
+
...
+
(
1)
+
( + 1)2 = ( + 1) + 2S
2
2S = ( + 1) ( + 1) 2S = ( + 1) (( + 1) 1)
S =
(+1)
.
2
..

taexeiola.gr
96
3.1.
170.
3
(x + 1) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
:
2
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + ( 1) + 2 =
( + 1) (2 + 1)
6
3.1.5
, , ,

, , .
, , , . ,
, .

= ()
= ( ) =

0 :

= =

(3.16)

. (
) :
1. .
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
6. .
7. .

..
taexeiola.gr
97
3. , , ,
:
+
= +
=
G
=
H
= +
(3.17)
171. (3.17)
= .

. .
(i)

!
+

= = =

+
(3.18)
(ii)

!

= = =

(3.19)
172. (i), (ii)

.
(3.18), (3.19):

= = = k . = k
= k = k = k . :
+ k + k k ( + )
=
=
=k
+
+
+
k k k ( )
=
=
=k
+

= =k=
=

+
(3.18), (3.19).
..

taexeiola.gr
98
3.1.
173.
=
=
p, q , .
174. 0

p+q
p+q
= 0.
, , , .
, , ,
1.
2
5
(3.20)
3
2 3

7
5 7
2.
3.
+x
=
+y
x
+
4 .
1 , 2 , ...,
1 , 2 , ..., :
1 2
=
= ... =
1 2
.
:
1 2
1 1 + 2 2 + ... +
1 2
=
= ... =
=
= ... =
=
1 2
1 2
1 1 + 2 2 + ... +
(3.21)
175. (3.21)
1
= 22 = ... = = k
:
1
176. 474 2, 3, 4, 5
177.
x
a
y
b
z
c
x2 + a2 y 2 + b2 z 2 + c2 (x + y + z) + (a + b + c)
+
+
=
x+a
y+b
z+c
x+y+z+a+b+c
178.
x
y
= 34 .

7x4y
3x+y
..
taexeiola.gr
99
3. , , ,
3.1.6

1 , 2 , 3 , ..., , +1 , ...
:
1 2 3
=
=
= ...
=
= ...
2 3 4
+1

:
+1
2 3 4
=
=
= ...
=
...
1 2 3
1
( )

2
1
= ,
3
2
= ,
4
3
= ,
...
+1
2 = 1
3 = 2
4 = 3
...
= 1
+1 =
...
= , ...
(3.22)
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., , +1 , ...
, ,
.
+1 = , = 1, 2, 3, ...
(3.23)
( ) 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
(3.23)
. 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
. (3.23)
+1 . 1

.
:
..
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
-2
4
2
-2
8
2
4
16
2
-8
32
2
16
64
2
-32
1
2
12
1
2
-1
1
4
1
2
1
8
14
1
16
1
8
1
32
1
16

taexeiola.gr
100
3.1.
179. 34
4
. 5 .
3
180. 2
2
. 5 .
2
3.1.7
1 , 2 , 3 , ...

2 3 4
+1
=
=
= ...
=
...
1 2 3
1
, , (
1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 4 , 5 ...)
:
2 =
(3.24)
, .

. 2, 4, 8
(2, 3, 4) 1, 2, 4, 8, ...
(4, 5, 6) 18 , 14 , 12 , 1, 2, 4, 8, ....
42 = 2 8.

( )
.
(3.24).
181. 2, 2 2, 3 2 2
.
182. xyz 0 x2 y , xyz , yz 2

.
3.1.8 -
+1 =
.
- ...

..
taexeiola.gr
101
3. , , ,
. (3.22)
2 , 3 , 4 , ..., . 1 (
2 ):
2 = 1
3 = 2
4 = 3
...
= 1
:
2 3 4 ... = 1 2 3 ...1 ...

1.
:
2 , 3 , 4 , ..., 1 . +1 =
1 ...
= 1 1
183. 1 =
(3.25)
1
16
= 2. 12
184. 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
m = mn
n
3.1.9

( 99) 1 , 2 ..

+1
2 3 4
=
=
= ...
=
...
1 2 3
1
. .
2 , 1 , 3 , 2 ,4 , 3 ,..., , 1 , +1 ,
:
2 1 = 3 2 = 4 3 = ... = 1 = +1 = ...
1 , 2 .. (
)
..

taexeiola.gr
102
3.1.
.
.
2 1 = , 3 2 = ,
4 3 = ,
1 = , +1 = ,
...
...
2 = 1 +
3 = 2 +
4 = 3 +
...
= 1 +
+1 = +
...

. :
+1 = + , = 1, 2, ...
(3.26)
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
-2
3
3
-1
5
4
-3
2
7
5
-5
9
6
-7
11
7
-9
1
2
12
3
2
3
2
5
2
1
2
3
0
7
2
12
185. 3 2.
5 .
1
3
186.
5 .
3.1.10
1
.
2
1 , 2 .. , ,
=
2 = +
(3.27)

. , .
187.
1 5 13
, ,
2 7 14
188. , +
, + +
2
.

..
taexeiola.gr
103
3. , , ,
3.1.11
-
.
2 = 1 +
3 = 2 +
4 = 3 +
...
= 1 +
:
2 + 3 + 4 + ... + = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 1 + ( 1)

:
= 1 + ( 1)
(3.28)
189. 1 = 3 = 2. 12 .
190. 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
m n = (m n) .
3.1.12
S = 1 + 2 + ... +
.
. (3.25)
:
S = 1 + 1 + ... + 1 1
S = 1 (1 + + ... + 1 )

1 + + ... +
(3.14)
92 ( x 1)
1
, 1
1
= 1
. S
1 + + ... + 1 =
1
S = { 1 1
1
..
1
=1
(3.29)

taexeiola.gr
104
3.1.
. S (3.28) :
S = 1 + (1 + ) + (1 + 2) + ... + (1 + ( 1) )
S = 1 + 1 + ... + 1 +( + 2 + ... + ( 1) ) = 1 +(1 + 2 + ... + ( 1))

1 + 2 + ... + ( 1)
(3.15) 93
1. 1 + 2 + ... + ( 1) =
S = 1 +
(1)(1+1)
2
(1)
2
(21 + ( 1) ) (21 + ( 1) )
( 1)
=
=
2
2
2
S
:
S=
(21 + ( 1) )
2
(3.30)
191. 1 2.
9 .
192. 20
2 4.
193. 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 80
2
10
194. 3 (2) + 3 (2) + 3 (2) + ... + 3 (2) .

195. S = 1 + 2 + ... +

S=
(1 + )
2
(3.31)
: (3.30) (3.28).
(3.15) 93
k k + +1 = 1 +
196. S = 1 + 2 + ... +

S=
1
1
(3.32)
: (3.29), (3.25)

..
taexeiola.gr
105
3. , , ,
3.2
.
(=)
( ).
< :
< + < +
(3.33)

:
> 0 < <
(3.34)

.
3.2.1
< ()
< ()
()
+ < +
() :
+ <+
+ < + + < +
+ < + . :
<
} + < +
<
(3.35)
197. p < q + 1, r < s 1 p + r < q + s.

..

taexeiola.gr
106
3.2.
198. x > y x + 7 > y + 3.

199. x > y z 0 x + z 2 > y .
(3.35) :
1 < 1
2 < 2
...
<
1 + 2 + ... + < 1 + 2 + ... +
(3.36)
200. (3.36).

> ( ).
2 0. 0
2 > 0 = 0 .

(#)
(##)
(#) .
+ < + + = + .
:
+ +
(##) :
+ +
+ + + +
+ + . :
}+ +
(3.37)
(i), (ii),

3.37
. (3.36)
1 1
2 2
...

1 + 2 + ... + 1 + 2 + ... +

(3.38)
..
taexeiola.gr
107
3. , , ,

:
.
201. x < 12 , y < 13 , z <
1
6
x + y + z < 1.
202. x, y, z (, )
(, ).
x+y+z
3
203. x (, ) y (, ) 25 x + 35 y (, ).
204.
:
x (, ), y (, ) k (0, 1) kx + (1 k) y (, ).
3.2.2

1 , 2 , ..., 1 0,
2 0, ..., 0
1 + 2 + ... + 0
(3.38) 1 , 2 , ...,
.

: . : m 0 t
t t + m. :
1. 0 1 .
2. 1 2 . 1 1 + 2
3. 1 +2 3 . 1 +2
1 + 2 + 3
4. .
:
0 1 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 ... 1 + 2 + 3 + ... +
(3.39)
1 + 2 + ... + 0.
1 ..
2 .
..

taexeiola.gr
108
3.2.
(3.39) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + = 0;
0 1 0. 1 = 0. 2 = 0 ...
. :
1 0, 2 0, ..., 0 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + () 0
(*) 1 = 2 = ..., = = 0
(3.40)
17.
21 + 22 + ... + 2 0
:

.
18. 21 +22 +...+2 = 0
1 , 2 , ..., .
: (3.40.
( )
.
2
205. x, y (x 4) + (2 y) =
0.
206. x, y x2 8x + y 2 4y + 20 = 0.
x + y
207.
2000 , 2 + 2 +
2 + 1 = 0. .
208. 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 + + = 0
= = .
19.
1. 2 + + 2 0
2. 2 + + 2 0
: : 2 +
+ 2 . ( 2
2 )

. :
0.
.

..
taexeiola.gr
109
3. , , ,
< 0.

2 + + 2 =
2 + + 2 +
= (2 + 2 + 2 ) + () =
( )2 + ()

.
.
:
2 + + 2 =
1
2
2

(2 + + 2 ) =
1
(22 + 2 + 2 2 ) =
2
1 2
( + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ) =
2
1
(( + )2 + 2 + 2 )
2
2
( + ) +
2 + 2 12 . . : .
.
209. (19)
3.2.3

. .
,
:
..

taexeiola.gr
110
3.2.
.
:
< ()
< ()
, , , .
()
<
() :
<
< <
< . :
0<<
} 0 < <
0<<
(3.41)
210. x, y x <
y < 11
xy < 2.
13
26
11
211. (0, 1) (0, 1).

;
212. , 0 < < 4

< 13.
3 0 < < 4 +
3.
(3.41)
:
0 < 1 < 1
0 < 2 < 2
...
0 < <
0 < 1 2 ... < 1 2 ...
213. x, y, x, , , x <
xyz < 1.
(3.42)
y < , z <
214. 1
1.
1
1.

..
taexeiola.gr
111
3. , , ,
1 , 2 , ...,
> 0 1 , 2 , ..., > 0 (3.42) :
0 < < 0 < <
(3.43)
215. (3.43)
;
2011
216. ( 2 + 1)
<
52011
.
22011
217. 0 < p < q 1 + p + p2 + p3 < 1 + q + q 2 + q 3 .

(3.43)
.
. < .
< .
.
:
, .
1. 0 < <
(3.43).
2. = 0 <
.
3. < 0 <
( ) .
4. < = 0

.
5. < < 0
.
1.
< < 0 0 < < .
(3.43) () < () .

: (1) < (1) ( ) < . 1

< .
..

taexeiola.gr
112
3.2.

< 0 < <
218. (1
5) , (2
(3.44)
5) .
219. x
3
x3 + x5 + x7 < x + 1 + (x + 1) + (x + 1)

. (3.41)
0<
} 0 <
0<
(3.45)

. (3.42), (3.43), (3.44).
220. x [2, 5] y [3, 4] xy [6, 20].
221. 20m 15m.

5cm. ;
3.2.4
0 < < .
< . ,
- <
, ; < .
.

=
>
<
= = < .
.
> , >
. .

..
taexeiola.gr
113
3. , , ,
. (3.43)
, :
< <
(3.46)
222. (3.46) .
.
223. (3.46)
( , ):
:
< <
(3.47)
224. ,
< 1 + + 2 < 1 + + 2
1 + + 2 < 1 + + 2 <
225.
:
= =
(3.48)
226. :
:
= =
3.2.5
(3.49)

.
.
20.
5+
8 6 + 7.

. . 5+ 8 < 6+ 7
.
2
2
5 + 8 < 6 + 7 ( 5 + 8) < ( 6 + 7)

p1
..
p2

taexeiola.gr
114
3.2.
p2 p1 .
p1
. p2
p1 . :
2
2

( 5 + 8) < ( 6 + 7) 13 + 4 5 2 < 13 + 2 6 7

p3
p2
p1 p2 p2 p3 .
13 :

13 + 4 5 2 < 13 + 2 6 7 4 5 2 < 2 6 7

p3
p4
2 ( 12

4 5 2<2 6 72 5 2< 6 7

p4
p5

2
2
2 5 2 < 6 7 (2 5 2) < ( 6 7)

p5
p6
2
2
(2 5 2) < ( 6 7) 40 < 42

p7
p6
p7

p1 .
5 + 8 < 6 + 7.
21.

2003
.
.
23
3
41
3
23
3
<
41
3
23
3
41
3
) <(
41
3
41 2
3 5
23 82 < 41 52 1472 < 1025.

. 1472 > 1025.
52
<
82
82 <
23
3
23
3
:

23
3
>
41
3
..
taexeiola.gr
115
3. , , ,
22.
2010

x x + x2 + 9 > 0.
.
. x + x2 + 9 > 0 x2 + 9 > x.

: . x
:
x2 + 9 > x 02 + 9 > 0 .
x > 0. x2 + 9 > x
x = 0.
x < 0. x2 + 9 > x
2
2
x2 + 9 > x x2 + 9 > (x) x2 + 9 > x2 9 > 0
.
3.2.6

< 1
> . >
< 1. :
< >
(3.50)
3.50 : 0
:
.
. :
<
1 , 1 ; :
2 < 3.
1
2
>
2 < 3.
3 < 2.
1
3
>
1
3
1
2
< 13 .
1
2

:

..

taexeiola.gr
116
3.2.

.

. :
, <
> 1 .
: 1 > 1 1 1 > 0 > 0.

> 0, > 0 .
,
< . > 0
<
1 < 1 1 > 1 .
:
, <
1 1
>

(3.51)
227. (3.51) .
;
228. , <
1
2

> +
> 1 .
229. A = (, 1), B = (1, 0), C =
(0, 1) D = (1, +). x (4 )
A, B, C, D x1 ;
230. p, q, r p <
q
r
< p1 .
1. p < 1.
2. p <
r
q
< 1p .
3.2.7

. .
13
13
16
25
16
16
144
25
169
12
13
17
+
5
+ +
, .
+ = + .

+ = + , :

..
taexeiola.gr
117
3. , , ,
231. ,
+ = + =0
=0
232. , = ;
. :
36
16
144
12
12
16
25
100
10
10

=

.
3.2.5:
2
2
( ) = ( )
=
2
2 2
( ) = ( ) ( )
2 2 2
=
=

. ,
:
(3.52)
(3.52)
. ..:
()
(3.52)
(3.52)
16
16
25
4
25
4
..
4
9
16
9
2
3
4
3
2
5
2
5
0
2
2
3
4
3

taexeiola.gr
118
3.2.
(3.52):
2
2
) = ( )
2
2
( )
) = 2
( )
2
2
= 2

, 0
> 0
(3.53)
(3.53)
(3.52):
=
(3.52)

2
. = . .

2
2 .
2 .

..
taexeiola.gr
119
3. , , ,
0. < 0
2
( () = 2 ) . :
2
0 =
0
2 = {
< 0
(3.54)
233.
:
22 34 58 = 2 32 54
2.
311 519 114 = 35 59 112 15
3.
35 73 117 = 32 7 113 231
1.
234.
, , . :
1. A =
2 4
2. B =
8 2 4
3. =
2 4 8
4. = 5 7 7
235. , , . :
1. A =
2. B =
4
46
3. =
3 2
8
4. =
236.
6 4
84
44
49 2 6
2 3 = 12 2 3 12 2
237. t1 = +
, t2 =
1. t1 + t2 = 2
3. t21 + t29 = 22 + 2
2. t1 t2 = 2
4. t31 + t32 = 23 + 6
238. :
32
2
2.
(3)
1.
3. 32
..
2
(3)
2
(3 3)
5.
2
(1 3)
6.
4.

taexeiola.gr
120
3.3
3.3.

() . .
.
.
.
(x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1
x .

x .
x .
2 3
(x + 1)2 = x2 + 3x + 1
x = 0.
0.
1 2
(x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 2
x. .
x 3 = 0
x y = 4 . x 3 = 0
x = 3 . x y = 4 : x = 4, y = 0
x = 5, y = 1 ... 4 0
x 4 y 0
. y 4
x 0 0 4 = 4.
.
:
1 , 2 , ..

. , ..
.
x y = 4 (x, y) (x, y), (5, 1), (11, 7) , (11, 15) ...
x 2y + 4z = 7 (x, y, z). (1, 1, 8)
x = 1, y = 1, z = 8 (1, 8, 1)
x = 1, y = 8, z = 1 .

..
taexeiola.gr
121
3. , , ,
239. x = 3 3x = 9;
27
= 9; x3 = 27; xx = 27;
x
x
3
= 9;
240. (2, 3, 6) x + y + z = 11.

.
3.3.1
x + = 0
x + = 0 ( ) . .
.
:
23. : 2x + 8 = 0.
8
: 2x + 8 = 0 2x = 8 2x = 8
2 x = 2 x = 4
2
24. : 0x + 8 = 0.
: 0x + 8 = 0 0x = 8.
x 0 = 8.
.
25. : 4 (x + 5) = 2.
: : 4 (x + 5) = 2
4x + 20 = 2 4x = 2 20 4x = 18 x =
18
4
x = 92
26. : 4 (x + 5) = 4x + 20.
: 4 (x + 5) = 4x+20 4x+20 = 4x+20 4x4x = 2020 0x = 0.
0x = 0 ( )
x .
. : .
x + = 0 x =
x = 0.
= 0, 0.
= = 0.
241. ( x):
..

taexeiola.gr
122
3.3.
1
x+t
1. 2x + 8 = 0
4.
= 0, ( 0)
2. 3x 8 = 13
5. ( + 1) x = 0, ( 1)
3. x + t = 0, ( 0)
6. x + 4 = 1, ( 0)
242. :
1. 6 (x + 3) 5x = 26
4. 60x + 1 = 3 (3 + 4x)
2. 6 (x + 3) 5x = 26 + x
5. (6 x) (x + 4) = 8 x2
3. 4 (4 + 2x) = 60 3x
6. (x 3) 5 (10 + x) = x2 8
243. :
1. 3x + 100 =
2.
5x11
4
3.
4
x+2
7
x+3
4.
30
x+5
15
3
x
3
x1
10
x
2
11x1
12
27
(x+2)(x+3)
5+4x
x+5
=0
5. 3 (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) = (2x + 7) (x + 4)
6. 2x
2x
9
1
9
(16x 32 )
3.3.2 x + = 0
243
x+ = 0
. :
27. :
x x+1
+
=8
3
4
. :

. x3 + x+1
4 = 8
12 ( x3 +
x+1
)
4
= 12 8 4x + 3 (x + 1) = 96 4x + 3x + 3 = 96 x =
93
7
28. :
3
2
=
x+1 4
.
x + 1.

x + 1 0 x 1.
.

..
taexeiola.gr
123
3. , , ,
2
x 1. : x+1
= 34
2 4 = 3 (x + 1) 8 = 3x + 3 x = 53
1.
29. :
6+x
5
3
+
=
x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 1) x + 1
. x + 2, x + 1
x 2, 1.

(x + 2) (x + 1). :
6+x
5
3
+
=
x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 1) x + 1
(x + 2) (x + 1) (
6+x
5
3
+
) = (x + 2) (x + 1)
x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 1)
x+1
3 (x + 1) + 6 + x = 5 (x + 2)
3 (x + 1) + 6 + x = 5 (x + 2) ... x = 1

.
.
30. :
(4 3 (x 2)) ( 2x 1) (x 1) = 0
.
:
(4 3 (x 2)) ( 2x 1) (x 1) = 0
4 3 (x 2) = 0
2x 1 = 0
x1 = 0
10
1
x=
x= x=1
3
2

2
x = 10
3 , x = 2 , x = 1.
244. :
..

taexeiola.gr
124
3.3.
1. (2x 6) (x + 3) (5x 6) = 0
2. (3 2x) (4x 20) (x + 2) (4 + 2x) = 0
245.
:
1. x2 4 = 0
2. 4x2 9 = 0
3. x2 2x + x 2 = 0
3.3.3
31.
2m
v0 = 3m
sec a = sec2 .
v = 6m
sec ;
1m
5m
a = sec
;
a
=
;
2
sec2
. .
:
2m
a = sec
2 . v = v0 + at
6 = 3 + 2t 2t = 3 t = 32
t = 32 sec
1m
a = sec
2 . 6 = 3 + 1 t t = 3
t = 3 sec
5m
a = sec
2 . 6 = 3 + 5t 5t =
3 t = 35 t = 35 sec

: .
a
. :
6 = 3 + at at = 3 t =
3
a
a.
t = a3 a
.
6 = 3 + at
t a .
. .
.

..
taexeiola.gr
125
3. , , ,
32. x 2 x + 2 = + 4x.
. .
:
2 x + 2 = + 4x 2 x 4x = 2 (2 4) x = 2
2 4
. .
2 4 = 0 ( 2) ( + 2) = 0 = 2
= 2
= 2 0x = 0 .
= 2 0x = 4 .
2 4
2 x
x=
2
1
2
x=
x=
2
4
( 2) ( + 2)
+2
246. :
x + 3 = 5 (x + ) 1
247.
( 1) x 2 + 1 = 0
x ;
248. t
t (x + 1) 3t = x t
x = 5;
249.
x, y xy = .
.
..

taexeiola.gr
126
3.3.
3.3.4 x2 + x + = 0
x2 + x + = 0.
= 0 x + = 0
;;.
0 x2 + x + = 0
x2 ( 0x2 + x + = 0 ).
.
.
.
.
,
x2 + x 2 = 0

, : ,
. AB (A )
, 2 .

A= 2 . E, Z
B. AE.
.
ZAE
, ZA .
= A
= ZA
= 90 A
BAE
AEB
= BZA
.
AEB, ABZ B

AB BE AE
=
=
BZ AB AZ

..
taexeiola.gr
127
3. , , ,
x+
2 = x (x + )
x x2 + x 2 = 0.

19.
x2 + x + = ((x +
2 2 4
)
)
2
42
((x +
(x2 +
(x2 +
2 2 4
)
)=
2
42
x 2
2 4
+ 2
)=
4
42
x 2
2
4
+ 2 2
)=
4
4
42
(x2 +
x
+ )=

x2 + x +
0
x2 +x+ = 0 ((x +
2 2 4
2 2 4
)
)
)
=
0
(x
+
=0
2
42
2
42
2 4 .
(x +
2
2 )
4
4
= 0
2
(x +
) 2 =0
2
4
< 0 4
2 .
(x + 2 )
.
..

taexeiola.gr
128
3.3.
. 0 =
2
2
) (
) =0
(x +
2
2
) (x +
+
)=0
(3.55)
(x +
2
2
2
2
=0
+
=0
x+
x+
2 2
2
2
x=
x=
2 2
2 2
= 0
x = 2 . :
x2 + x + = 0 0 = 2 4 :
< 0
> 0
0.

() x1,2 = 2 . = 0
x = 2
250.
1. 4x2 + 92x + 333 = 0
4. 2x2 + 3x + 20 = 0
2. x2 + 23x + 76 = 0
5. 2x2 + 3x + 77 = 0
3. x2 + 23x + 102 = 0
6. 64x2 64x 273 = 0
251. :
1. x2 + x = 0
4. 2x2 + 5x 122 = 0
2. 2x2 + 4x = 0
5. x2 + x + = 0
3. x2 + ( 2) x 2 = 0
6. x2 + x + = 0
252. :
x2 + 2xy y 2 = 0 ()
(()):
1. x ( x).

..
taexeiola.gr
129
3. , , ,
2. y .
253. :
1. x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 x = 1
2. 2 x2 3x + = 0 x = 1
3.3.5
x2 + x + = 0

x2 + x + = 0
. :
33. :
1
4
2
+ =
2 x 2 2x x2
. 2 x 2x
x2 = x (2 x) .
x 0 x 2.
:
1
4
2
+ =
2 x 2 2x x2
1
4
2
+ =
2 x 2 x (2 x)
2x (2 x) (
2x(2x)
1
4
2
+ ) = 2x (2 x)
2x 2
x (2 x)
4x + x (2 x) = 8
6x x2 = 8
x2 + 6x 8 = 0
x2 6x + 8 = 0
.
x2 6x + 8 = 0 x = 2
x = 4. x 0 x 2
2 4.
34. :
(2x 1)2 3 (2x 1) + 2 = 0

..

taexeiola.gr
130
3.3.
.
.
x 2x 1.
2x 1 = u

u.
x.
2x1 u u2 3u+2 = 0
u1 = 1 u2 = 2.
2x 1 = u 2x 1 = 1 2x 1 = 2
x1 = 1 x2 = 32 .
35. :
x4 5x2 36 = 0
2
. x4 = (x2 )
2
(x2 ) 5x2 36 = 0
2
(x2 ) . x2 = u
u x.
u2 5u 36 = 0
u1 = 4 u2 = 9.
u x2 = u :
x2 = 4
x2 = 9
x1 = 3 x2 = 3.
254.
21
=9
1. 2x + x+4
1
4. x1 + 32 = x+3
23
70
2. x1
+ 3 + x2 4x+3
=0
5.
5
3. x3 + x2
=2
2
32 + 2
6. xx2 +x+1
x+1 = 2 +3 2
(3x)3 +(4+x)3
(3x)2 +(4+x)2
=7
255.

..
taexeiola.gr
131
3. , , ,
1. x4 5x2 + 4 = 0
4.
2. (2x + 1) 3 (2x + 1) 1 = 0
5
x2 +5
=2
5. (x2 + x + 1) (x2 + x + 2) 12 = 0
) 3 ( 2x+3
)+2 =0
3. ( 2x+3
x1
x1
3.3.6
4
x2 +4
6. 7 (x + x1 ) 2 (x2 +
1
)
x2
=9
Vieta

x2 + x + = 0 .
.

x1 =
x2 =
+
2 .
+ (
+
=
x1 + x2 =
2
2
) + ( +
2
1540 - 1603
=
2
+ ( ) ( + )
=
x1 x2 =
=
2
2
42
2
2
2
2 ( 4) 4
()2
=
=
=
=
42
42
42
42
3 S P .
S = x1 + x2 =
P = x1 x2 =
Vieta
(3.56)
36. 2x2 4x 1 = 0 .
. ( ;). S = 4
2 = 2
1
P = 1
=

2
2
.
37. x2 +x+ = 0 x1 x2 .
x21 + x22
. x21 + x22 :
x1 x2 x1 x2
. x1 x2
x2 x1 :
x21 + x22
2
x2 + x21
3
summa, productum.
..
Francois Viete
(Franciscus Vieta)

taexeiola.gr
132
3.3.
x1 , x2 (
4 ) ,
, S = x1 + x2
P = x1 x2 . :
x21 + x22 = (x1 + x2 )2 2x1 x2 = S 2 2P

, ,
:
2
2
2 2
S 2 2P = ( ) 2 = 2 2 =
x21 + x22 =
2 2
2
Vieta
S P .
= S = P = S = P
x2 Sx + P = 0
(x2 Sx + P ) = 0 x2 Sx + P = 0. :
S P
x2 Sx + P = 0
(3.57)
38. 4 2.
. S = 4
2. x2 4x + 2 = 0 .

. :
x1 = 2 + 2 x2 = 2 2.
256.
.
1. 2x2 58x + 12 = 0
3. 2x2 2x + 6 = 0
2. t2 + 1500t 2 = 0
4. tx2 2tx + t2 = 0
257. x2 + x + = 0 1 , 2 .
, , :
1. 1 (2 + 1) + 2 (1 + 1)
2.
1
1 +1
1
2 +1
258.

..
taexeiola.gr
133
3. , , ,
+ 16 13
4.
3 13
1. 1 4
2. 58
3.
1
3
1
6
1
6
1
6
13
259. 1.
.
1. 2x2 + 928x 930 = 0
2. x2 8193x + 8192 = 0
260. S P
. .
1. S = 15, P = 14
3. S = 12, P = 3
2. S = 19, P = 84
4. S = 2, P = 2 2
261.
.
3.4
1. 7x2 + 14x 1 = 0
3. 6x2 14x + 1 = 0
2. 3x2 9x + 2 = 0
4. 3x2 + 5x + 1 = 0

()
. -
(. 3.3.1).
. x 2 > 0
2
[2, +). (x + 1) (y 2 + 1) > 0 x, y
(x, y) x > 1, y R.
3.4.1
x + > 0
2x + 4 > 0 :
2x 4
2x + 4 > 0 2x > 4
2
>
x > 2
x
x > 2 (2, +).
:
:
..

taexeiola.gr
134
3.4.
2x + 4 > 0 :

4

2x
<
2x + 4 > 0 2x > 4
x<2

2
2
2
.
:

- x + > 0
x + > 0 x >
>0
x < < 0
0 > = 0
x>
> 0 < 0 :
( , +)
(, ). = 0
. x + > 0 0 > .
x + > 0 x 0 >
> 0. > 0 x + > 0
x R.
> 0 0 x + > 0
x .

:

..
taexeiola.gr
135
3. , , ,
x + > 0:
(
, +) > 0.
(,
) < 0.
R = 0 > 0.
= 0 0.
4. x + 0, x + < 0, x + 0
x + > 0.
39. 3x + 2 0.
.
3x + 2 0 3x 2
2

2
3x
x

3
3
3
40. x + 1 x.
. : x + 1 x x x 1 ( 1) x 1.
:
1 > 0 > 1. x x
1
1 .
1 > 0 < 1. x x
1
1 .
1 = 0 = 1. 0 1
x .
262. :
1. 2x > 3
4. 2x < 3
2. 2x > 3
5. 4x + 2 < 1
3. 2x < 3
6. 8 (x + 2) > 4
263. :
..

taexeiola.gr
136
3.4.
1. x > 4 > 0.
3. (2 1) x < + 1 >
2. ( 2) x + 2 0 > 2
4. (2 + 2 + 1) x < 3 + 2
1
2
264. :
1.
x+1
3
x1
4
>1
2. 2 (x 1) +
2x1
4
<3
265.
3x + 4 < 5
t 2t 1 ;
266. 2x 3y > 1.
1. x.
2. y .
267. m 2x2 3x + m + 1 = 0
x ;
3.4.2 ()
.
.

.
41. 4 3x > 0
5 6x > 0
.
(, 43 ) (, 56 ).
: (, 43 ) (, 56 ) = (, 56 ).
42. 4 < 3x 1 < 5.

..
taexeiola.gr
137
3. , , ,
. x
: 4 < 3x 1 3x 1 < 5.
( 53 , +)
(, 2).
: ( 53 , +) (, 2) =
( 53 , 2).
43. m
m 2 5 (6, 6).
. 6 < m 2 5 < 6
.

.

6 < m 2 5, m 2 5 < 6 12 2 <
2. m ( 12 2, 11
2).
2

m .
12 2 = 0, 7 11
2 = 7, 8.
2
m m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
m<
11
2
268.
1. 4x + 3 0 12 2x 0.
2. 4 23 x < 1 31 4x > 0
269. 3 5 6x < 58 .
270. x2 4x + 5 1 = 0
.
3.4.3
x + , 0.
, 0
x x + = 0 ( )
x x + > 0 x + < 0 ( ).
4 x +
4

..

taexeiola.gr
138
3.4.
x. 0
:
> 0
x + > 0 x > x >
x + < 0 x < x <
x + = 0 x = x =
x +
+
+
< 0
x + > 0 x > x <
x + < 0 x < x >
x + = 0 x = x =
x
x +
x + , 0 x =
x
.
44. x
3x + 4.
. 3x + 4 x = 43 . x
3 < 0 3x + 4 3 x
x .

..
taexeiola.gr
139
3. , , ,
4
3
3x + 4
45. x
( 3 1) x + ( 3 + 1).
3 1 > 0 ( 3 1) x + ( 3 + 1)
( 3+1)( 3+1)
= (
= 4+22 3 = 2 3. x
. =
x = 3+1
31
31)( 3+1)
x
.
( 3 1) x + ( 3 + 1)
3.4.4
+
+
-.

x + , 0
.
46. x
(2x 1) (4 3x).
. .
:
1
2
2x 1
+
+
x
4 3x
4
3

-. (, 12 ) , ( 12 , 43 ) , ( 43 , +).
x
:
..

taexeiola.gr
140
3.4.
.
x . :
x (, 12 ) 2x 1 ,
4 3x .
x =
1
2
2x 1
.
x ( 12 , 43 ) 2x 1, 4 3x
.
x =
4
3
4 3x
.
x ( 43 , +) 2x 1 , 4 3x
.
4
3
1
2
2x 1
4 3x
(2x 1) (4 3x)
+
+
47. x
2x1
5x+10 .
.
.

2.
.

..
taexeiola.gr
141
3. , , ,
2
2
2x 1
5x + 10
2x1
5x+10
+
+
+
271. 46 x = 2012
.
272. 47
1
2012
273.
(3 x) (5 + 4x) (3x 1).
54
1
3
3 x
5 + 4x
3x 1
(3 x) (5 + 4x) (3x 1)
274. x
:
1. (2 4x) (x + 5)
2. (x 12 ) (2x 1)
3. (1 x) (2 x) (3 x)
275. x :
(2x 1) (x + 3)
5x + 7
.
..

taexeiola.gr
142
3.4.5
3.4.
x2 + x + > 0, 0
x2 + x + > 0, 0

< >, , . x2 + x +
x + x2 + x +
. x2 + x + = 0
.
3.4.6
x2 + x + > 0, 0
0 :
x2 + x + = ((x +
2 2 4
)
)
2
42
(3.58)
0 (.
128, (3.55) )
) (x +
+
)
x + x + = (x +
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 , 2 + 2
x1 = 2 + 2 x2 = 2 2
x2 + x + = 0 ()
x2 + x + .
x2 + x + 0
x2 + x + = (x x1 ) (x x2 ) x1,2 =
(3.59)
.
px + q ( 278).
= 0
(3.58).
x2 + x + = (x +
2
)
2
(3.55) ): x1 = x2

x2 + x + = (x x1 ) (x x1 ) = a(x x1 )2

..
taexeiola.gr
143
3. , , ,
x1 . x1 =
2
x2 +x+ = a(x ( 2 )) = a(x + 2 ) .

2
48. 3x2 +
2x 1.
.
1
2
(x
3 3x + 2x 1 = 3 (x (1))
x1 = 1 x2 =
1
)
3
1
3x2 + 2x 1 = 3 (x + 1) (x )
3
3 (x 13 )
3x2 + 2x 1 = (x + 1) (3x 1).
49. 3x2 +
x + 1.
. x1 = 1+ 6 13 x2 = 1 6 13 .
2
3x + x + 1 = 3 (x
1+
13
) (x
13
)
6
50. 9x2
12x + 4.
. 23
2
2 2
2
9x2 12x + 4 = 9 (x ) (x ) = 9 (x )
3
3
3

9x2 12x + 4 = (3x 2)2 .
2
2
2
2
9 (x 23 ) = 32 (x 23 ) = (3 (x 23 )) = (3x 2) .
51. 22 +
11 + 15 2 .
.
.
, , :
2 2 + 11 + 15 2

4
(11) 4 2 15 2 = 2
52 3 .
11
22
5
5
22 + 11 + 15 2 = 2 ( ( )) ( (3)) = 2 ( + ) ( + 3)
2
2
..

taexeiola.gr
144
3.4.
2 + 52
22 + 11 + 15 2 = (2 + 5) ( + 3)
276. :
1. 2x2 5x + 2
2. 4x2 + 4x + 1
3. x2 8x 33
277.
1.
x2 +6x91
x2 +8x105
2.
2a2 +8a90
3a2 36a+105
3.
b2 9bx+14x2
b2 bx2x2
278. x2 + x + x2 + x + = (px + q) (p x + q )
p, q, p , q .
3.4.7
x2 + x + , 0
x2 + x + .
:
x2 + x + = ((x +
) 2)
2
4
x2 + x +
((x +
) 2)
2
4
(x +
) 2
2
4
x ,
.

..
taexeiola.gr
145
3. , , ,
< 0 (x +
(x +
2
2 )
4
2 :
2
) 2 = (x +
) +
>0
2
4
2
42

>0

>0
x2 + x +
x.
2
= 0 (x + 2
) 4
2 = (x + 2 ) .
x 2
x = 2 .
x
2 .
> 0 x1 < x2 (x +
42
2
2 )
= (x x1 ) (x x2 ).
x x1
x x2
(x x1 ) (x x2 )
x2
x1
+
x
, x (
)
.
:
x2 + x +
x < 0.
x = 0.
x > 0.
..
(3.60)

taexeiola.gr
146
3.4.
52. 2x2 + 4x + 1
. 1 12 6
1 + 12 6. = 2
. x
.
53. ( 7 3) (x 2) (x + 3).
. ( )

x2 7 3
3 2. 3 2
.
279. :
1. 3x2 + 18x 21
4. x2 + x + 1
2. 9x2 + 3x 2
5. 3x 1 4x2
3. 5x2 35x + 40
6. 1 6x + 9x2
280. ,
1. 2 + + 2 0
2. 2 + 2 0

..
taexeiola.gr
147
3. , , ,
281. x, y :
x2 2x + 6 + y 2 4y > 0
282. x = 1 x = 2
x = 3. x = 4;
3.4.8
x2 + x + > 0,
x2 + x + > 0
x
.
54. 2x2 2x 24 > 0.
. 2x2 2x 24 = 2 > 0 3 4.
x < 3 4 < x.
(, 3) (4, +).
55. 3x2 2x 1 < 0.
. 3x2 2x 1 = 3 > 0 13 1.
.
x 13 1. x 13 < x < 1.
( 13 , 1).
56. 3x2 11x 4 0.

.
13 4.

. (, 13 ] [4, +).
57. 2x2 x + 1.
. = 2 .
x .
.
58. x2 2x+43 = 0
.
2
. (2) 4 1 (4 3)
42 16 + 12 > 0.
(, 1) (3, +).

,
:
..

taexeiola.gr
148
3.4.
1
3
12
x
2x2 7x 4
3x2 16x + 5
(2x2 7x 4) (3x2 16x + 5)
5
+
(2x2 7x 4) (3x2 16x + 5) -
0 12 x 13 4 x 5.
[ 12 , 13 ] [4, 5].
2x3
59. x2
x+2 4x1
. x 2, 14 .

.

. x 2, 14 :
x 2 2x 3
x + 2 4x 1
x 2 2x 3
0
x + 2 4x 1
(x 2) (4x 1) (x + 2) (2x 3)
0
(x + 2) (4x 1)
2x2 10x + 8
0
(x + 2) (4x 1)
(2x2 10x + 8) (x + 2) (4x 1) 0
:

..
taexeiola.gr
149
3. , , ,
1
4
2x2 10x + 8
x + 2
4x 1
(2x2 10x + 8) (x + 2) (4x 1)
(, 2) ( 14 , 1]
(4, +)
283. , ,
1. (x + 2) (x 2) < 0
4. (2x + 3) (3x 4) 0
2. (x + 3) (x + 7) 0
5. (x + 5) (2x + 5) > 0
1
) (x 34 )
2
3. (x +
<0
6. (3 2x) (3x + 2) > 0
284. 0 < <

<<
1. (x ) (x ) < 0
4. (x + ) (x + ) 0
2. (x + ) (x + ) > 0
5. (2x ) (x ) < 0
3. (x + ) (x ) 0
6. ( x) (x + ) > 0
285.
1. x2 x 12 > 0
5. 4x2 + x 1 > 0
2. 3x2 + 2x + 1 > 0
6. x2 + 4x + 6 < 0
3. 4x2 4x + 1 > 0
7. 4x2 + 4x 1 0
4. 3x2 4x + 1 < 0
8. 4x2 + 4x + 9 > 0
286.
1. 1 < x2 x < 2
2. 1 <
3.
1
x
<
x
x2 +1
x
x+1
<4
..

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150
3.4.
287. y
x2 + 4x + 1
=y
x2 + x + 1
x.
288. y x
2x + 1
=y
x2 3x + 2
289. :
1. 3x2 4x + + 1 = 0 .
2. x2 + 4x + 1 > 0 x R
x R
4. 2x2 + x + 1 x R
3.
x
x2 +x+
290.
.
.
1. (x2 3x + 2) (x2 7x + 12) > 0
2.
1
x
3.
x2 +x1
x2 +x2
4.
1
(x1)(x2)
1
x+1
>0
5. x4 5x2 + 4 > 0
6.
x4 2x2 2
x4 x2 6
7. 1 <
0
>
1
x(x+3)

<
x2 +1
x+1
1
2
<1
8. (x4 3x2 + 1) (2x2 4x + 1) < 0
..
taexeiola.gr
4.1
4.1.1
.

.
( )

.
O B 0 1 12 A
2 .
1 .
x
x.

,
.
1, 2, 3, 1,
2, 3 1, 2, 3.
1, 2, 3
1

151
taexeiola.gr
152
4.1.
1, 2, 3. 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3.

.

:
.
. :
(4.1)
12
1 3
1 + 3 3 1
1 + x2
1 + x2
x
...
.
2 = 2, 12 = 12 , 1
3 = 1 + 3, 1 + x2 = 1 + x2
x = {
x x 0
x x < 0
(4.2)
x = x ( + , - )
(4.3)
:
2
x x = x2
(4.4)
( (1.44 :
x = ( x) x

(4.5)
..
taexeiola.gr
153
4.
... (...) [...]. (2 3) =

2 + 3 2 3 = 2 + 3.

, .
.
x 0 x x = 0.
(4.6)

( ):
x = x x.
(4.7)
x x.
x = x. x x x
:
x x x x.
(4.8)
291. :
1. 7 =
4. 5 32000 =
2. 13 =
1
5. 4111
3. 32 11 =
6. x2 + 3 =
8111
292. :
35
1. A = 1 2 3
4. = 67
2. B = 13 4 23 12
5. E = 4 8 7 9 11
3. = (5
25
) ( 34
2
1)
6. Z = 1 334 7 334
293. >
:
1. A = + 1
2. B =
3. = 3 3 +
4. =
2 2
+
+
294.
+ + = + +
295. x > 1.
..
x3 1
x2 +x+1

taexeiola.gr
154
4.1.
296. x > 5.
x 2 3 x 5
297. 1 < x < 2.
2x + 1 + 3 (x 5 + x)
298. x > 3. :
(x 1) (x + 1) (x 2) x3 + 2x2 + x = 2
4.1.2

.
.
.

.
60. x
2x 1.
. 2x 1.
1
2
2x 1
+
+
x (, 12 ) 2x1 < 0
2x 1 = 1 2x.
x
1
2
2x 1 = 0 2x 1 = 0.
x ( 12 ), +) 2x1 > 0
2x 1 = 2x 1.
:
x
2x 1
2x 1

1
2
+
+
1 2x 0 2x 1
..
taexeiola.gr
155
4.
1 2x x <
x =
2x 1 = 0
2x 1 x >
1
2
1
2
1
2
.
x = 12
.
. :
2x 1 = {
1 2x x <
2x 1 x
1
2
1
2
x = 12 : 2x 1 x = 12
0 .
61. x
2x 1 + x 1.
. .

.
:
1
2
+
+
2x 1
2x 1
1 2x
1 2x
2x 1
x+1
x + 1
x 1
x+1
x+1
2x 1 + x 1
3x
2x
3x

. :
3x
x < 1
2x 1 + x + 1 = 2 x 1 x <
x 12
3x
..
1
2

taexeiola.gr
156
4.1.
62. x
(2x 1) (x + 1) x.
. (2x 1) (x + 1).
1
2
2x 1
x+1
(2x 1)(x + 1)
(2x 1)(x + 1)
+
+
+
+
(2x 1) (x + 1) (2x 1)(x + 1) (2x 1) (x + 1)
(2x 1)(x + 1) x
2x2 1
2x2 2x + 1
2x2 1
2x2 1
x < 1
(2x 1) (x + 1) x = 2x2 2x + 1 1 x <
2x2 1
x 12
1
2
299. x
2 x + 4 + x.
300. x
(x 2) x + 2 x.
4.1.3
.

.
x = .
x
.
0
.
x =
< 0.
0 = 0.
> 0.

(4.9)
..
taexeiola.gr
157
4.
63. x 2 = 1.
. x 2 = 1 x = 2 1. x = 3 x = 1.
x2 x 2 = 0
.
64. x2 x 2 = 0.
. x
.

.

. :
1. x 0. x 0 x = x
x2 x 2 = 0. x = 1 x = 2.
x = 2.
x = 1
.
2. x < 0. x = x
x2 + x 2 = 0. x = 2
x = 1.
x = 2 .
x1 = 2 x2 = 2.
2
: x = x2
2
x x 2 = 0. x
x. x = u u2 u 2 = 0
u. u = 1
u = 2 . x = 2
x = 2.
65. x2 x 2 = 0.
. x 2
x
x 2
x 2 x < 2.
1. x 2. x 2 0 x2
(x 2) = 0.
x 2.
2. x < 2. x 2 < 0 x2
( (x 2)) = 0 x = 2 x = 1.
2 .
..

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158
4.1.
x1 = 2 x2 = 1.
66. x2 x 2 = 0.
. x 2
x
x 2
x 2 x < 2.
1. x 2. x 2 0 x2
(x 2) = 0.
x 2.
2. x < 2. x 2 < 0 x2
( (x 2)) = 0 x = 2 x = 1.
2 .
x1 = 2 x2 = 1.
67. x2 x 2 = 0.
. x2 x. 0 2.
.
.

.
x2 x
x2 x
x2 x
x2 + x
x2 x
x2 x 2 = 0
x2 + x 2 = 0
x2 x 2 = 0
x = 1 x = 2
x = 1 x = 2
x = 1
x=2
301.

..
taexeiola.gr
159
4.
1. x = 3
5. 3 x 7 x + 2 = 0
2. 3x 1 = 8, x = 3, x = 73
3. 5 x 2 = 9
4. 7 x + 2 3 = 11
6. 2 x 3 x 1 = 0
7. x2 3 x + 1 = 0
302. 2x2 2x 4 = 0.
303. 2 x 1 + x + 1 = 2.
304. :
1. 2x 1 + 3 x = 7
2. 2 + 4x = 2x 1
3. x 3 x2 1 = x
4. x +
4.1.4
1
x
=8
5. (x x) (x 1) (1 2x 1) = 0
6. x2 3x + 3 = 1
7.
1
x1
x
=1
x2

x = . = <, , >, . x < .
= 0 < 0.
> 0
. = 2 x < 2
0
2.
x 0
2 2 < x < 2
(2, 2).
> 0 x <
x < x < . :
4.1.1. > 0 x < < x < .
..

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160
4.1.
. :
x < x 0
x <
x
<
x<0
x < x 0
<
x
x<0
< x <
(4.4)
x < x2 < 2 x2 < 2 x2 2 < 0

( x x2 2 ) < x <
:
x <
0.
(, ) > 0.
(4.10)
68. x 3 < 2.
. (4.10): x 3 < 2 2 < x 3 < 2 1 <
x < 5.
69. x2 x < 2.
. x2 x < 2 2 < x2 x < 2
2 < x2 x
x<2
x2 x + 2 > 0
x
2<0
xR
1
<
x<2
1 < x < 2
x < , > 0
( > 0) :
x . x
x < x x = .
x < x < x x = . x
x .
[, ].
x > .
. x
x [, ].

x x < x > .
(, ) (, +).

..
taexeiola.gr
161
4.
x .
x < x =
. x x .
(, ] [, +).
:
70. 5 4x 3.
. :
5 4x 3
5 4x 3
5 4x 3
x2
x 2
4x 8
4x 2
x (, ] [2, +)
305. :
1. x 3 < 2 ... < x < ...
3. x 8 4 ... x ...
2. x + 3 < 2 ... < x < ...
4. x + 7 > 2 x < .. ... < x
306. :
1. x < 7 ... < x < ...
4. x 3 x ... x ...
2. x 12 ... x ...
5. 12 < x <
3. x > 11 x < ... x > ...
6. x < 8 x > 8 ... > ...
..
1
2
x < ...

taexeiola.gr
162
4.1.
307. :
1. x + 3 < 11
3. 5x 1 < 1
2. 5x 1 > 4
4. x + 2 < x + 3
308. :
1x
2x13
1. 2x 1 + x 2 > 7
4.
>1
2. x 1 + x 2 + x 3 > 3
5. x2 3x + 2 > x x
3. 1 x > x
6. x x1 < x + x 2
4.1.5 .

. x y x y
, , + , , , .

xy
x y
x y
xy = x y.
.
4.1.2. ,
(4.11)
. :
:
.
.

..
taexeiola.gr
163
4.
<0
<0
<0
<0
>0
=
: (4.4):
=
()2 = ( )2
2 = 2 2
()2 = 2 2
2 2 = 2 2 ()
:
4.1.3. , 0
(4.12)
. :
:
>0
<0
<0
>0
<0
<0
<0
>0
:
= .
: (4.4):
..

taexeiola.gr
164
4.1.
( ) = ( )
2 2
= 2
2 2
( ) = 2
2 2
=
()
2 2
:
. 4.1.2. :
= = = =
71. = 3, = 5
= = 3 5 = 15
3
=
=
5
4.1.2 :
4.1.4. 3
1 2 ... 1 = 1 2 ... 1
(4.13)
1 2 ... 1 = 1 (2 ... 1 ) =
1 2 ... 1 = 1 2 (... 1 ) =
= 1 2 ... 1 = ...
( ) =
1 2 ... 1

4.1.5.
=

(4.14)
..
taexeiola.gr
165
4.
= ... = ... =

, , :
72.
xy
xy x y
= 3 =
3
z
z
z3
309. , , = 2, = 4, = 12 .
:
1.
4. 2
2.
5.
+
3. 2
6. 3 + 3 2
310.
x
x
(x 0) 1.
311.
:
x
1
1+x
2 2 , x R.
.
:
x+y
x + y
x + y
..

taexeiola.gr
166
4.1.
x + y
x + y.
x, y
.
x + y x + y.
4.1.6. ,
+ +
(4.15)
. : (4.8)
( + ) + +
A = + X = + . A 0.
A X A
A > 0 X A.
A = 0 X = 0 X A.

X A
X , A X , A :
+ +
:
+ +
( + )2 ( + )2
+ 2 2 + 2 + 2
( + )2 2 + 2 + 2
2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2
2 2
(4.8)

..
taexeiola.gr
167
4.
: + +
;
0.
=
+ = + =

= 0. :
+ = + 0
(4.16)
= a + () a + = +
:
(4.17)
73. x 1 y 9
x + y 10
. x + y x + y 1 + 9 = 10.
74.
+ +
. = ( ) + () + = + + + .
75. x = y = 2
2x 3y 10
. 2x 3y 2x + 3y = 2 x + 3 y = 2 2 + 3 2 = 10.
312. ;
313. x, y x < 2, y < 3.
:
1. x + y < 5
2. x + 2y < 8
3. x2 + 2y + 1 < 11
4. x3 2y + 4 < 18
314. a < 1.
x 2 (x + 3) =
..

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168
4.1.
x <
7
2
315. A, B A 3 < 4 B 4 < 3.

A + B 7 < 7.
316. x < 3, y > 2 2x+1
< 75 .
y 2 +1
317. x < 4, y < 5. 69 < x3 + y < 69.
318.
1. x x + 2 = 4;
2. x x + = 2 ;
3. x + = 2 x ( + 1)
319. m 1 + m = 1 + m;
320.
1. ( ) + +
2. ( ) + +
3. ( )
:
(4.18)
321. (4.18) 320

.
322. 4.1.4
3
1 + 2 + ... + 1 + 1 + 2 + ... + 1 +
(4.19)
4.1.6 .
2
2
2 = {
0
< 0
2 =
(4.20)
323. :
2
2 2
1.
x2 + (x + 1)
3.
(x2 3x + 2) + x4

2
2
2.
x + (x 1)
4.
x2 x8

..
taexeiola.gr
169
4.
324. :
x = x2

:
1. =
2.
=
4.1.7

0.
d
, .
< (. )
0 < < , < 0 < , < < 0:
d =
( > d = .
.
,
.
d = = 0 = 0 .
, .
< =
.
..

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170
4.1.
= , ,
d = .
, d (, ).
:
d (, ) , d (, ) =
(4.21)
325. :
d (, )
0, 4
0, 7
326. d (, ) = d (, ).
327. 1,5.
328.
1, 5 2.
329. < .
, , .
4.1.8

.

O . 2
. . M
M
x y . x M y
. M (x, y)
( ).
2
,
0 1 0 1 .
.
(
) x x
y y )

..
taexeiola.gr
171
4.
(x, y)

x y . :
A(x1 , y1 ) B(x2 , y2 )
x1 = x2 , y1 = y2
(4.22)
x 0.
0 x.
y 0
0 y .

.
4 .
4 .
1
..

taexeiola.gr
172
4.1.
3 1
2 4 2 .
M (x, y) ,

M , , .

x x
M1 (x, y)
y y
M2 (x, y)
M3 (x, y)
M4 (y, x)
M5 (y, x)
M (x, y)
330.
1. A (1, 4)
3. (1, 4)
2. B (4, 1)
4. (4, 1)
331.
A(x1 , y1 ) B(x2 , y2 ) .
332. A(2, 4):

1. .
2. .
3. .

..
taexeiola.gr
173
4.
4.1.9

. A(x1 , y1 ),
B(x2 , y2 ).
AB
AB AB x1 x2 ,
y1 y2 .
AB
(AB)2 = x1 x2 2 + y1 y2 2
:
(AB) =
x1 x2 2 + y1 y2 2
AB x x (AB)
x1 x2 y1 = y2 .
Y
2
2
(AB) = Z
Z
\x1 x2 + y1 y2

..

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174
4.1.
AB y y (AB)
y1 y2 x1 = x2 .
Y
2
2
(AB) = Z
Z
\x1 x2 + y1 y2

( A, B )
:
A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 )
(AB) = x1 x2 2 + y1 y2 2
(4.23)
76. :
. A (1, 5), B (4, 1), (2, 1). :
AB = (1 (4))2 + (5 (1))2 = 61
B = (4 2)2 + (1 1)2 = 2 10
A = (2 1)2 + (1 5)2 = 17

..
taexeiola.gr
4.
175
333. x A (1, 2) , B (1, x)

4.
334. B A (1, 2) ,
B (x, y), (4, 1), .
4.1.10

, , .
77. x x M (x, y)
. M (x, 0) x .
x x y = 0.
78. y y M (x, y)
. M (0, y) y
. y y
x = 0.
79. x x M (x, y) y 0.
80. M (x, y)
(x + 2) (x 3) < 0 :
..

taexeiola.gr
176
4.1.
81. , ,
M (x, y) x4 + 2y 3 xy 2 3y = 1
. 3 17
Rene Descartes
Renatus Cartesius Pierre de
Fermat.
Rene Descartes
1596 - 1650
4.1.11
K
K .
K(2, 3) 2.
M (x, y) K(2, 3) 2.
(4.21)
(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 2
Pierre de Fermat
1601 - 1665
, ,

..
taexeiola.gr
177
4.
(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 4
( )
:
x2 + y 2 4x 6y + 9 = 0
M (x, y)
K(2, 3) .
(x, y)
. K(2, 3)
2.
K (a, )
M (x, y)
(x )2 + (y )2 =
:
K(a, ), :
(x )2 + (y )2 = 2
(4.24)
335. K (2, 1)
3.
336. :
4.1.12
.
. K (1, 2)
(5, 4).
..

taexeiola.gr
178
4.1.
M (x, y) K , .
KK , , M M .
KK , , M M :
K
K
=
KM
KM
K
K
=
K M
KM
K
K
=
K M K M
1 5 2 4
=
1 x 2 y
2
4
=
1 x 2 y
1x
=2
2y
x1
=2
y2
x1
y2 x
1 y 2.
M K
K x > 1, y > 2 x1
y2 > 0

..
taexeiola.gr
179
4.
M K K
x < 1, y < 4 x1
y2 > 0
x1
x1
x1
y2 > 0 y2 = 2 y2 = 2

x 2y + 3 = 0
K , x 2y + 3 = 0.
K , .
K ,
K : 1 2 2 + 3 = 0, .
: 5 2 4 + 3 = 0,
x 2y + 3 = 0.
:
x 2y + 3 = 0 K; M (x, y).
1 x = 1
x 2y + 3 = 0 y = 2 M A
. y = 2. M
x1
y2 = 2 x 1, y 2 .
M . M M
K N . T M x x.
K
K
x1
y2 = 2 K M = K M .
K
K K
K
=
=
=
K M K M KN
K T
..

taexeiola.gr
180
4.1.
K M =
K T M , T . M x 2y + 3 = 0
.
(
340) :

K(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) :
(4.25)
(x2 x1 ) (y y1 ) = (y2 y1 ) (x x1 )
(4.25) x x
y1 = y2 x1
x2 (4.25) y = y1
y y x1 = x2
y1 y2 (4.25) x = x1 .
337.
A (2, 4), B (1, 3).
338. :
339. 2x 3y = 1,
x + y = 2.
340. (*) K(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )
(x2 x1 ) (y y1 ) = (y2 y1 ) (x x1 ).

..
taexeiola.gr
181
4.
4.2
4.2.1
( ). (x2 + y 2 ) = 64x2 y 2 .

.
4, 2
0.
( ) .
x2 y + y 2x = 0 .
..

taexeiola.gr
182
4.2.

.
x x y y .
4 .
.
A ( )
B ( )
A
B .
82. :
A
+ 1
2 + 1
[1, 1]
2
n+1
n+2
X P (X)
(0, +)
M K .
function Leibniz
functio.
, .

..
taexeiola.gr
183
4.
f, g, h, , ..
f
A B f A B ( f
A B ). f x A y B
f x y y = f (x). x A
y = f (x)
f x.
x y
.
x y x
y .
x1 = x2 f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
(4.26)
f (2) = f ( 4) f (x2 + 2x + 1) = f ((x + 1)2 ) 2 = 4 x2 + 2x + 1 =
(x + 1)2 . f (x1 ) = f (x2 )

x1 = x2 .
f (x) = x2 f (2) = f (2) 2 = 2!
A B -
. .
x f (x)
().
83. A = R, B = R f A B
f (x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) + 1.
f (1) = (1 + 1) (1 + 2) + 1 = 7
f (3) = (3 + 1) (3 + 2) + 1 = 3
f ( 2) = ( 2 + 1) ( 2 + 2) + 1 = 3 2 + 5
84. A = [0, +), B = R q A B
g (x) = x + x2 .
g (0) = 0 + 02 = 0
g (4) = 4 + 42 = 18
85. A = N A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} B = R

A R () = 2 + 3 .
(1) = 2 + 3 1 = 5
(2) = 2 + 3 2 = 8
..

taexeiola.gr
184
4.2.
(3) = 2 + 3 3 = 11

5
(1) , (2) , (3) , (4) , ...

. ().
:
1 = 5 2 = 8 3 = 11
86. h R R :
h (x) = {
x2
x < 1
2x 1 x 1
h (2) = 2 2 1 = 3
h (3) = (3)2 = 9
341. f R R f (x) = x2 + 3x + 1. :
1. f (2)
2. f (1)
3. f ( 12 )
4. f ( 2)
5. f (x + 2)
6. f (x 2)
342. f R {1} R f (x) =
x+1
x1
. :
1. f (2)
3. f (x + 4)
5. f (3x)
2. f (5)
4. f (4 x)
6. f ( x3 )
343. g R R g (x) = x2 + x (x ).
g (5) = 5.
344. g R R g (x) = x3 + x.
: g ( + 1) = 3 + 42 + 4 + 1.
4.2.2
Venn.

:
5
{1, 2, 3, 4, ..., }

..
taexeiola.gr
185
4.
.
.

.
: :
.
87. f R R, g R R f (x) =
x2 , g (x) = 2x 1
:
88. :
..

taexeiola.gr
186
4.2.
x g 2x 1
f . f . 2x 1
(2x 1)2 .
.

( x) ( y ).
.
f (x) = x3 .
-3
-2
-1
f (x)
-27
-8
-1
27
64
125
. . f A R A
( ) R f
x A y = f (x) M (x, f (x)).
x M (x, f (x))
. A

.
:

..
taexeiola.gr
187
4.

M (x, f (x)) :
P (, ) f
f
(4.27)
f () =
. :
y x.
x y .
..

taexeiola.gr
188
4.2.
f .
y f .

1. x f (x) > 0:
x x.
2. x f (x) < 0:
x x.
3. x f (x) = 0 f :
x x.
x x.

..
taexeiola.gr
189
4.
4. y y .
f (0).
345. Geogebra :
1. f (x) = 3x
4. f (x) = x3
2. f (x) = x3
5. f (x) = 3x + 4
3. f (x) = x2
6. f (x) = 3 (x + 4)
346. Geogebra
:
1. f (x) =
x+2
x3
2. f (x) = x2 + 3x + 3
3. f (x) = x3 2x
4. f (x) =
x
1
1+ x
347. f (, 1) (1, +) R f (x) =
x
.
x1
1. f 2.
2. f 1.
3. f 3.
4. f 1.
348. f R R f (x) =
x
.
x2 +1
1. P (2, ) f .
2. T (, 12 ) f .
..

taexeiola.gr
190
4.2.
349. f R R f (x) = x (x 1).

1. x x x.
2. .
4.2.3

.
:

.

. (
) :
A A 0.
A
B
B 0.
89. f (x) = x2 + 1
.
x R.
x
90. g (x) = x1
.
. x 1 0 x 1.
:
g
1.
g R {1}.
g (, 1) (1, +).
91. h (x) =
2x 4.
. 2x 4 0
2x 4 x 2. [2, +).
92. (x) =
5 x.
x 1+
.
x 1 0, 5 x 0.
1 x 5 [1, 5].
350.

..
taexeiola.gr
191
4.
4.2.4
1. f (x) =
x1
x+1
4. f (x) =
2. f (x) =
x1
x2 +3x+2
5. f (x) =
3. f (x) =
x1
x2 +3x+3
6. f (x) =
x1
x2 +3x+3
x1
x+2
x1+
5x
x

Geogebra
f (x) = x = 1, 2, 3, .... f (x) = x
. :
f
x x O x 0
x = 0.
f x x x.
x
.
..

taexeiola.gr
192
4.2.

1.
x.
:
(0, 1) x
x2
x3 ...
y = 1.
x (0, 1) 0,
1, 2, 3, ...
:
x (0, 1) ,
< x > x . : x > x 1 > xx 1 > x 1 >

x>0

..
taexeiola.gr
193
4.
x 1 > x . :
0 < x < 1
, < x > x
(4.28)
x 1 :
:
x > 1
, < x < x
(4.29)
: x < x 1 < xx 1 < x
x>0
1 < x 1 > x ()
351.
<, > :
1. 23 ...24
5
2. ( 23 ) ... ( 23 )
4. ( 2+1 ) ... ( 2+1 )
33
3. ( 2 1)
44
... ( 2 1)
3+1
3+1
2012
5. (1 + x)
6. 1 + ( 23 )
11
2000
... (1 + x)
...1 + ( 23 )
x 0
15
352. 0 < x < 1.

1. 0 < x < 1 x.
;
2. (4.28)
4.2.5
- .
x
g(x) = x2 . 0 y y
x 0 g(x) = .
: y y
,
, x x:
x g(x) = x2 = . x
.
..

taexeiola.gr
194
4.2.
h(x) = x3 .
0 x 0 h(x) = x3 = .
x
3 .
x (=
) .

..
taexeiola.gr
195
4.
3
x= x0
x =
93.
(4.30)
3
3
0 = 0, 3 1 = 1, 3 8 = 3, 3 27
8 = 2.
94.
7 + 5 2 = 1 + 2.
.
x = 1 + 2
= 7 + 5 2 x
(1 + 2) = 7 + 5 2.
. :
(1 +
2) = 13 + 3 12
2+31
2 3
2 + 2 =
2 3
=1+3 2+6+ 2 2 =1+3 2+6+ 2 2 =
=1+3 2+6+2 2 =7+5 2

0

, , ... . , , ..

4
, 5 , 6
0

, , ... .
, , .. ...

4
, 5 , 6 .
2 .
> 1
..

taexeiola.gr
196
4.2.
< 1 :
. . :
x= x0
x =
(4.31)
(4.32)
1
= ,
1 = 1,
0=0
(4.33)

..
taexeiola.gr
197
4.
, ,
95. ) 81 = 3 34 = 81. ) 625
4
625. (
4
) 625 = 5.
96. m. m3 = m
m3
m.
3
3
m6 = m2 m6 = (m2 ) .
5
5
m15 = m3 (m3 ) = m15 .
353. :
4
1.
1296 =
5
2.
a10 = a > 0
3. 4 16
=
81
r
4.
art = , a > 0
3 3
5.
a36 = , a > 0
4
6.
83 8=
354.
4
= 3 4 = 5 + .
355. :
1. (1 +
2
3
3
2) = 3 + 3 3 2 + 3 3 2
3
2
2
3
3 3 2) = 1 3 3 3 3 2 + 3 3 3 3 2
3
1
3.
3 3 2=
3 2
3
3
3 2
2. (
3 +
2+
356. :
2
2
3
1. ( 3 x + 3 y) = x + 3 3 x 3 y + 3 3 x 3 y + y
2. ( 3 x + y) = x2 + 2x y + y
..

taexeiola.gr
198
4.2.
3. ( 3 x +
6
6
y) ( 3 x y) = 4x y
357. :
2
2
3
1. ( 3 x + 3 y) = x + 3 3 x 3 y + 3 3 x 3 y + y
2. ( 3 x + y) = x2 + 2x y + y
6
6
3. ( 3 x + y) ( 3 x y) = 4x y
3
358. :
5+63 2+33 2 =1+ 3 4
3
359. 3 = x 3 = y . (x + y)
3xy (x + y) = +
360. ( 3 x +
3
1
)
3
x
=x+33 x+
3
x
+ x1 .
4.2.6 - .
(3.52), (3.53)
. , :
(4.34)
(4.35)
= ( ) = ( ) = =
(
)
=
) =(
=
=

=
= .
(4.34) .
1 , 2 , ..., :
... = ...
1 2
1
2
(4.36)
1 , 2 , ...,
:
=
(4.37)
= =
(4.32) 0 :
= =

(4.38)
..
taexeiola.gr
199
4.
4.38 -
:

- .
(
).

.
. (
a). x 0
x
(

a). y 0
x. :
y
y x x
. (y ) = y = .

y . y =
y = . y =
a. :
a =
(4.39)
(4.39) :
a = ( a) = ( )
a ) = ( a) = a =
- :
=
( ) .
( ) =
. :
..
(4.40)

taexeiola.gr
200
4.2.
=
97. 4 = 3, 4 = 6, 4 = 11 4
(4.36)
4
4 4 = 3 6 11 = 198
98.
3
765. 765 32 5 17
3
3
3
3
3
765 = 32 5 17 = 32 5 17
(4.37)
2
3
32 = 3 3 :
2
3
3
3
765 = 3 5 17
3 = 1, 4,
3
765 = 1, 42 1, 7 2, 6 = 8, 7.
5 = 1, 7,
3
17 = 2, 6
99.

2
.
2 2
=
= 8 .
222
100.

.
.
5 6
=
4 4 2
=
4 4
2
=
4 4 2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
=
= 4
4 4
15
101.
x18 + 20 y 16 x, y
.
(4.40):
35
5
x18 + 20 y 16 =
x36 + 45 y 44 = x6 + 5 y 4
15

..
taexeiola.gr
201
4.
102.
.
.
.. 3 x8 y 4 5 x12 y 12 (x, y 0)
:
35
3
5
5 53
8
4
12
12
8
4
x y x y =
(x y )
(x12 y 12 )3 =
15
x40 y 20 15 x36 y 36 = 15 (x40 y 20 ) (x36 y 36 ) = 15 x76 y 56
361. :
3
3
1. A = 24 + 54
4
4
4
2. B = 2 + 32 + 128
5
5
5
3. = 64 + 128 + 256
362. :
5
3
2
4
4
6
24
4
2
2) = 2 2 2 + 2
363. , , . :
3
3
18 9 12
4. = 3 7 27 18
3
6 12 33
2. B = 5 20 15 25
1. A =
3. =
364. ( ):
1.
2.
4
16p4 d8
3.
3
x9 y 21
365.
4.
2.
4
2
= t t ( 4 ) .
366.
1.
5
= 12 5 = 33 :
3.
4.
5
2 5 2
5
t
5
t
367. :

3
, 4 , 6
368.
..
5
3
2
4
4
6
24
4
2
2) = 2 2 2 + 2

taexeiola.gr
202
4.2.7
4.2.
- .
x
x 0. y
< .
< .
. < .
=
> . =
= = ( < ).

> >
> .
- .

. ,

<
<
(4.41)
.

.
(
x).

..
taexeiola.gr
203
4.
. > 1 < > .

: >
> ( ) >

( ) > > 1 > 1. :
> 1, < _
>
(4.42)
: . :
< 1, < _
<
(4.43)
369.
1.
2.
3.
3
6,
6
,
11
3,
13
3
11
5
15
8,
8
4
14
5.
2 1,
21
5 11
4 13
6.
7,
7
4.
7
13
370. (4.43)
4.2.8
x = .
x2 = 4 x = 2 x = 2.
x2 = 3 x,
:
x = 3 x = 3.
x4 = 16.
4
2 16.
4
x4 = 17 x = 17
..

taexeiola.gr
204
4.2.
4
4
4 17. x = 17 x = 17.
x3 = 17
x
3
3
3
x x . x = 17.
x3 = 17 x x
3
.

x3 = 17 (x) = 17
3
3
x = 17 x = 17.
4
x = 17
.
.
x = .
= 0 .
0.
x = < 0
> 0 x =
x =
x x
. > 0 x =
< 0 :
x = x = (x) = x =
x = 0 :
x=
x=
x =
371. :
1. x3 = 8
3. x3 = 1
2. x3 = 8
8
4. x3 = 27
372. :
1. x12 = 212
2. x13 = 213
4.2.9

. . ,
,
:

..
taexeiola.gr
205
4.
1 =
1 = 1
0 = 0
() =
( ) =
( ) =
= +
= +
1
=
1=1
0=0
=;
=;
.
!
.
= +
.

.

. = .
> 0 . ;
.
=

( )
= ( )

( )
= ( )

( ) ( ) =( )

( ) ( ) =( )
=
+ =
(+) =
( + ) = = + .
(.. = 3, = 3 = 12
7 ).

..

taexeiola.gr
206
4.2.
= .
:
(+) =
( )(+) =
+ =

.
:
> 0 t, s
t
(4.44)
t
s
s
t
s =
7 3 = 75 = 16 807 25, 6 3 3 = 35 = 243 = 6, 2.
6
5
4
3
: 5 x = x 4
x4 = x 3 .
:
1
s =
(4.45)
1
= 2 ,
1
3
= 3 ,
1
4
= 4,
1
4
= 4 ,
...
> 0 t, s
st
s =
t
1
=
s
t
t
s
(4.46)

. (4.44)

..
taexeiola.gr
207
4.
(4.46) 0 = 1.
5
x 3 = x 3 =
1 1
5 3 5
x
x3
5
5
1
x 4 = x 4 = 15 =
4 5 .
x4

p = q =
p q = p+q
(4.47)
p
= pq
q
(4.48)
(p )q = pq
(4.49)
()p = p p
(4.50)
p p
( ) = p
(4.51)
.
(4.47)
p q = = = =
=
+ =
+

+
p+q
= =

( ) :
> 1 :
p < q p < q
p = q p = q
0 < < 1 :
p < q p > q
p = q p = q
(4.52)
. =
= +
= + !
t
t
s = as .
373. :
1
1. 16 2
4. 64 2
1
5. 22 16 2
2. 8 3
3. 16 4
..
6. (3 3 )
3
2

taexeiola.gr
208
4.2.
374. :
1
1. 2 3
1
13
8
5. ( 125
6)
3
2
6. (2 2
2. 3 3
2
3.
x3
1
x 3
2 4
4. ( )
x 3
4
4
x3 )
1
1 2
375. (2 2 + 2 ) = 4 + + 4
376. ((2
1
mn
m2 n2
m
m
m+n
377. (4.52)
4.2.10
f (x) = x + .
(). () R.
.
x x y y
: x y ( ).
.
(. (4.25)
K (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) :
(x2 x1 ) (y y1 ) = (y2 y1 ) (x x1 )
x x .
y . :
(x2 x1 ) y (x2 x1 ) y1 = (y2 y1 ) x (y2 y1 ) x1

..
taexeiola.gr
209
4.
(x2 x1 ) y = (y2 y1 ) x (y2 y1 ) x1 + (x2 x1 ) y1

(x2 x1 ) y = (y2 y1 ) x + y1 x2 y2 x1
x2 x1 .
x x x1
x2 . x2 x1 .
y=
y=
(y2 y1 ) x + y1 x2 y2 x1
x2 x1
y2 y1
y 1 x2 y 2 x1
x+
x2 x1
x2 x1
y = x + ,
y2 y1
,
x2 x1
y 1 x2 y 2 x1
x2 x1
f (x) = x+ , .
103.
. .
A(2, 6) B(7, 4).

,
x1 = 2, x2 = 7, y1 = 6, y2 = 4
:
2
y2 y1 4 6
=
=
x2 x1 7 2
5
y1 x2 y2 x1 6 7 4 2 34
=
=
x2 x1
72
5
y = x +
A, B . 6 = 2 +
4 = 7 + . :
= 25 , = 34
5 .

y = 25 x + 34
5 .
..

taexeiola.gr
210
4.2.
104. f (x) = x + f (1) = 3

f (3) = 7. f (11).
, . f (1) = + f (3) = 3 + .
+ = 3 3 + = 7.
= 2 = 1. f (x) = 2x + 1.
f (11) = 2 11 + 1 = 23.
378. A (2, + 1) y =
4x 1;
379. y = 3x+2 .
380. y = x +
A (1, 2), B (4, 5)
381. f (x) = x+ . f (p) = q f (p + 1) = q+2
f (q) = 3q 2p.
4.2.11
, .

K(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ).
y y
x1 < x2 , y1 < y2 . = x2 x1 .
2
1
T1
. : = .
T2 .
x x. x x
x x

.

..
taexeiola.gr
211
4.
=
< 0.
x x
y1 = y2 .
x x = 0 = 0.

y y
x x. = x2 x1 ,
2
1
x x
.
y = x + =
x x
(4.53)
..

taexeiola.gr
212
4.2.
:
x x = x0 1
x0 + 1. f (x) = x +
:
f (x0 ) = x0 +
f (x0 + 1) = (x0 + 1) + = x0 + + = f (x0 ) + f (x0 + 1) =
f (x0 ) + . x 1 f (x)
( > 0, < 0
= 0)
y = x + x x
y x 0.
= 0. 0
x x x x.
x y .
.
y = x + :
y y (0, )
x x 0 ( , 0)
(4.54)
105. y = x + 3 = 1. 1 45 x x 45 .
106. y = x 2 = 1. 1 = 135
x x 135 .
107. y = 2x + 1. = 2 = 1.
= 12 . x x y y
( 12 , 0) (0, 3) .
382. y = x +
A (1, 2) x x. 60
383. y = 3x+2 .
384. P (1, 2)
. ;
4.2.12
y = 1 x + 1 , y = 2 x + 2 .
y = 1 x + 1
y = 2 x + 2 .
.
. m
(m, 1 m + 1 ) ()

..
taexeiola.gr
213
4.
.
. ()

1 m + 1 = 2 m + 2

(1 2 ) m + (1 2 ) = 0 ()
() m

Am + B = 0 ( )
A = 1 2 B = 1 2 .

. m R m
( ). ( )
A = B = 0 1 2 = 0 1 2 = 0.
y = 1 x + 1 y = 2 x + 2
1 = 2 1 = 2
(4.55)
.
()
. m R ( )
. A = 0 B 0 1 2 = 0
1 2 0. :
y = 1 x + 1 y = 2 x + 2
1 = 2 1 2
(4.56)

() .
( ) A 0. :
y = 1 x + 1 y = 2 x + 2
1 2
(4.57)
: y = 1 x + 1 .
y = 2 x + 2
x x:
..

taexeiola.gr
214
4.2.
x x
1 = 1 .
1 = 1 .
.

y y
1 = 2 . 1 2 :
.
y = 1 x + 1 , y = 2 x + 2
. . y =
1 x+, y = 2 x+
.

..
taexeiola.gr
215
4.
y = 1 x, y = 2 x 1
A1 (1, 1 ), A2 (1, 2 ) y = 1 x, y = 2 x.
A1 A2 O A1 A2
:
2
2
2
(1 0)2 + (1 0)2 + (1 0)2 + (2 0)2 = (1 1)2 + (1 2 )2
(1 0)2 + (1 0)2 + (1 0)2 + (2 0)2 = (1 1)2 + (1 2 )2
1 + 21 + 1 + 22 = (1 2 )2
1 + 21 + 1 + 22 = 21 21 2 + 22
2 = 21 2
1 2 = 1
1 2 = 1 (
389) .

y = 1 x + 1 y = 2 x + 2
1 2 = 1
(4.58)
108. y = 2x + 3
y = (2 2) x + ( + 2) .
2 2 = 2 + 2 3. = 2
2 + 2 3.
109. y = (1
( 2 1) x + 1 .
..
2) x + 1 y =

taexeiola.gr
216
4.2.
1. (1
2) ( 2 1) = ( 2 + 1) ( 2 1) = ( 2 1) = 1.
385. t y = (4 2t) x + 1
y = 3x 2.
386. t y = (2t + 4) x + 4, y = 3t 1
.
387. y = x + :
P (1 3),
y = 3x + 4
388. y = x + :
P (2, 4),
y = 8x + 3
389. y = 1 x+1 y = 2 x+2 1 2 < 0.
.
4.2.13
x + = 0 x + > 0
f (x) = x+
x + = 0
x + > 0 .
2x 1 = 0. x
f (x) = 2x 1

x x. 2x 1 > 0
x f (x) = 2x 1 x x.

..
taexeiola.gr
217
4.
2x 1 = 0 12
2x 1 = 0 > 0 (0, +).
x + = 0
x + > 0.
= 0.
= 0 f (x) = x +
x x.
x x
= = 0
x x > 0 = .
0 f (x) = x + .
.
:
f
.
f x
f (x). x1
x2 f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f x f (x) . x1 < x2 f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
f (x) = x + > 0
:
x1 < x2 x1 < x2 x1 + < x2 + f (x1 ) < f (x2 )

>0
..

taexeiola.gr
218
4.2.
f (x) = x + < 0 :
x1 < x2 x1 > x2 x1 + > x2 + f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

<0
-
.

x = x >
f (x) > 0 x < f (x) < 0. :
x > f (x) > f () f (x) > 0

x < f (x) < f () f (x) < 0
:
f () = 0
x > f (x) < f () f (x) < 0

x < f (x) > f () f (x) > 0
110.
f (x) = x + .
2. x > 2 f (x) > 0 x < 2 f (x) < 0.
111.
f (x) = x+ .
f (x) < 0 f (x) > 1.

..
taexeiola.gr
219
4.
. f ( 52 ) = 0 f (3) = 1.
f (x) < 0 x > 52 f (x) > 1 x < 3.
390.
f (x) = x + .

1. f (x) = 3
2. f (x) = 3
3. f (x) > 1
4. 5 < f (x) < 3
4.2.14
f (x) = x
f (x) = x x
:
f (x) = {
x , x < 0
x , x0

y = x y = x.
..

taexeiola.gr
220
4.2.
0 . Geogebra
: f(x)=abs(x).
f (x) =
x
x = ()

x < ()
x > ()
< 0 x x = () .
x x < ()
.
. ()
.
= 0 () , ()
( ) x 0

..
taexeiola.gr
4.
221
> 0 () x =
(), () (, ), (, +)(, +).
112.
2 < x < 3
. y y 2 3
x x .
2 3 3
2 2 3.
(3, 2) (2, 3).
391. Geogebra
g (x) = x 1 x 1 < 3.
..

taexeiola.gr
222
4.2.15
4.2.
f (x) = x2 + x + .
f (x) = x2 + x + = 0 f (x) = x +
f .
0. .
. .
Geogebra
, , :
> 0 :
< 0 :

..
taexeiola.gr
223
4.
113. , ,
f (x) = x2 + x + A (0, 1), B (1, 0),
(1, 2).
. :
f (0) = 1,
f (1) = 0,
f (1) = 2
= 1
+ =0
+ + =2
= 1 :
= 1,
+ =3
, .
. :
2 = 4,
= 2,
= 1,
2 = 2
= 1 :
f (x) = 2x2 + x 1
392. Geogebra a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
a x 2 + b x + c. (1, 2), (1, 0), (1, 2).
a, b, c a, b, c f
. .
4.2.16
f (x) = x2 + x + > 0.
> 0
( )
.
..

taexeiola.gr
224
4.2.
- : . (x0 , f (x0 ))
: f (x0 ) <
f (x). x0 .
f (x0 ) f (x) x. <
x x0 .
(19) 141 :
f (x) = ((x +
2 2 4
)
)
2
42
f (x0 ) f (x)
((x0 +
2 2 4
2 2 4
)
)
)
((x
+
)
2
42
2
42
(x0 +
2 2 4
2 2 4
)
)
(x
+
2
42
2
42
(x0 +
2
2
) (x +
) ()
2
2
0 (x0 +
2
2
) (x +
) ()
2
2
x x .
x 2 ()
0 (x0 +
2
2
) (
+
)
2
2 2
0 (x0 +
2
) 0
2
2
(x0 + 2 ) = 0 x0 + 2 = 0 x0 =
. x0 = 2 () 0
2
(x0 +
2
2 )
f (x0 ) f (x).
x = x0 = 2 f (x) f (x0 ) = f ( 2 ) =
2
+ 2
)
(( 2
2 4
)
42
4
= ( 4
) =
2

4
4

..
taexeiola.gr
225
4.
f . :
f (x) = x2 + x + , > 0 x
f (x) f ( 2
) =
4
4
(4.59)
f A f
x0 A f (x0 ) f (x) f (x0 ) x A. m f
f (x) m x.
f m = f (x0 ) x0 .
114. f (x) = 2x2 + x + 2.
= 2, = 1, = 2.
.
2
4a
. 4a
= 1 422
= 15
42
8 .

1
) = 15
x = 2
. f ( 22
8 .
115. f (x) = x2 + x + ,
> 0 .

y
x2 + x + = y
y
x x2 + x + = y
x2 + x + = y
x2 + x + ( y) = 0 ()
..

taexeiola.gr
226
4.2.
.
. ()
2 4 + 4y 0
x 4y ( 2 4)
2 4
()
4
y 4
. x

x2 + x + =
2 4
4
( 395) x = 2 .
y
() .
() x = 2 .
393. x2 + x + 1.
394. m 2m 3 4x2 8x + 5 x;
4.2.17
f (x) = x2 + x + > 0 ;
: f
A f x0 A f (x0 )
f (x) f (x0 ) x A.
: .
f (x) = x2 + x + . f
x0 f (x) f (x0 ) x.

(x0 +
2
2
) (x +
)
2
2
x. (x0 + 2 ) (x + 2 ) 0
(x0 +
2
2 )
(x + 2
) x R
x0 +
x +
2
2
x0 +

x+
x0 +
2
2
2
..
taexeiola.gr
227
4.
x x0 +
2
2
2
2

x0 +
x x ()
( 396).
f .
395. f (x) = x2 + x +
x2 + x + = y ( 115).
396.
x x
;
397. 2x2 + 3x 1 <

x .
398. g (x) = x +
1
x
2 x.
(0, +). -
115
.
4.2.18
f (x) = x2 + x + > 0.
A f (x) =
2
,
x + x + A ( 2
2 4
).
A x x , f x x f (x) = 0
.
..

taexeiola.gr
228
4.2.
2 4
4
2
2 4
4 .
> 0 (
> 0) 4 < 0.
.
A x x

2 4
4
= 0 2 4 = 0
A x x f (x) .
2 4
4
< 0 2 4 > 0.
399. x2 + x + 1 = 0 .
x2 + x + 1 + 2012 = 0 .
400. > 0, >) x2 + x + = 0
x2 + x + + = 0 .

..
taexeiola.gr
229
4.
4.2.19
f (x) = x2 + x + .
f (x) = x2 + x +
(: x x) .
. f
x = s.
A f B x = s f . A B
x1 , x2 s.
s x1 = x2 s (#)
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) (##)

s=
x1 + x2
2
(##) :
x21 + x1 + = x22 + x2 +
x21 x22 + x1 x2 = 0
(x21 x22 ) + (x1 x2 ) = 0
(x1 x2 ) (x1 + x2 ) + (x1 x2 ) = 0
..

taexeiola.gr
230
4.2.
(x1 x2 ) ( (x1 + x2 ) + ) = 0
(x1 x2 )
(x1 + x2 ) + = 0
(x1 + x2 ) =
x1 + x2 =
x1 + x2
=
(###)
2
2
(#) (###) :
s=
:
f (x) = x2 + x +
2
x1 x2 f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) x1 +x
=
2
2
x = 2
f
(4.60)
401. x2 + x + = 0
2
1 < 2 x = 1 +

2
2
f (x) = x + x + .
402. f (x) = x2 + x + f ( 2
+ h) =
f ( 2
h) h.
4.2.20
f (x) = x2 + x + > 0.
f (x) = x2 + x +
x1 < x2 f (x1 ) < f (x2 ), f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ). x1 < x2
2 x1 , x2
(, 2
] f (x1 ) > f (x2 ). f
(, 2 ].

..
taexeiola.gr
231
4.
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) ()

x21 + x1 + > x22 + x2 +
..

taexeiola.gr
232
4.2.
x21 + x1 x22 x2 > 0

x21 x22 + x1 x2 > 0
(x1 x2 ) ((x1 + x2 ) + (x1 x2 ) > 0
(x1 x2 ) ( (x1 + x2 ) + ) > 0
x1 x2 <0
(x1 + x2 ) + < 0 ( )
() x1 < x2 2 x1 < 2 x2 2 .
x1 + x2 < 2 2
(x1 + x2 ) < ( ) .
x1 < x2 [ 2 , +)
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
f (x) = x2 + x + > 0
]
(, 2
(4.61)
[ 2
, +)

d e.
f (x) = x2 + x + 1 < 2
:
x
f (x) = x2 + x +
1
e
2
d
(, 2
]
. 1
. :
x < 1 f (x) > f (1 ) f (x) > 0 1 < x 2

f (1 ) >
f (x) 0 > f (x)
[ 2 , +)
. 2
. : 2 x < 2 f (x) <

f (2 ) f (x) < 0 2 < x f (2 ) < f (x) 0 < f (x)
f :

..
taexeiola.gr
233
4.
f (x) = x2 + x +
e+ 0 e 0 d 0 d+
:
x2 + x + > 0
.

.
403. f (x) = 3x2 4x + 1
.
4.2.21
f (x) = x2 + x + < 0

f (x) f ( 2 ) x f
x = 2
f
f (, 2 ]
[ 2 , +).
404. f (x) = 3x2 + 12x + 11.
. f (x) < 25 x.
405. :
1. f (x) = x2 3x + 2
..

taexeiola.gr
234
4.2.
2. f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1
3. f (x) = (x 1) (x + 3)
2
4. f (x) = (x + 2) 5
Geogebra .
( ).
.
Geogebra.
406. :
2 4
< 0 f (x) = x2 + x + f ( 2 ) = 4 .
407.
1. x (3 x).
2. x, y 3.
.
408. x, y c
xy x = y = 2c .
409.
.
410. AB 3.
x .
EZHB

..
taexeiola.gr
235
4.
4.2.22
f (x) = x2 + x + . .
>0
<0
f ( 2 ) = 4
<0
(, 2 ],

[ 2 , +)
f ( 2 ) = 4
(, 2 ],

[ 2 , +)
= 2
+ x = 2
f ( 2 ) = 4
>0
[ 2 , +)
f ( 2 ) = 4
=0
(, 2 ],
f ( 2 ) = 4
(, 2 ],
[ 2 , +)
= 2
x = 2
f ( 2 ) = 4
(, 2 ],
[ 2 , +)

+
1 =
<
= 2
2
2

(, 2 ], [ 2 , +)
..
1 =
+
2
<
= 2

taexeiola.gr
236

4.2.
..
taexeiola.gr
5.1
1
1.1
411. , , a
a.
1. ((12) 1)
2. x (x) = 19
412. ;
1. 4 3
4. 0 0
2. 44 33
5. 0 1
3. 333 444
6. 33 33
413. ;
1. 33 11
4. 0 33
2. 44 12
5. 84 12
3. 12 13
6. (232 233) 233
414. 4 . .
237
taexeiola.gr
238
5.1. 1
415.
12 ( ).
416. .
. 3443 2345 .
. .
. .
. ..
971 . :
971 + 179 = 1150

1150 + 0511 = 1661
.
196
700.000.000 .
234490.
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo
1170 - 1250
417. Fibonacci. (Liber Abaci) 1202 Leonardo Pisano Bigollo

Fibonacci :
,
()

.
: (
) 1 .
30

...

. :

..
taexeiola.gr
239
5.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
418. . ! ( -.
! = 1 2 ...
(5.1)
0! = 1
(5.2)

: 0! = 1, 1! = 1,2! = 2, 3! = 6, 4! = 24.
1. 5! 6!.
2. 9! = 362.880. 10! 11!.
419.
( + 1)! = ! ( + 1)
(5.3)
420. .

0.

1.
2
...
3211000 3 2 ,
1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 .
1.
10 .
..

taexeiola.gr
240
5.1. 1
2.
.
3.
10.
4. .
5. .
1.2
421. :
1. 5 + 7
6. 17 + 0
11. 9 (15)
2. (8) + (6)
7. 0 + 15
12. 20 18
3. 6 + (4)
8. 13 + (14)
13. 5 (5)
4. 9 + 5
9. 5 8
14. 30 (30)
5. 15 + (15)
10. 7 10
15. (11) + (11)
422. :
1. 5 7
3. (9) 8
5. 0 123
2. (8) (9)
4. 10 (4)
6. 5 (2)
423. 100.
424. , 2 + 2 +
+ .
425. , .
+ + ; ;
426. p . p + 1
;
427. ;
;
428. Goldbach. 7 1742 Christian Goldbach Leonhard Euler

2
Euler :
. ( )
.
Goldbach 100.

..
taexeiola.gr
241
5.
429. .
. 6
1, 2, 3.

. 47 , .
2431112608 (2431112609 1) 25.956.377 .
28 496 .
430. Collatz. .
2. 3 1.
. , , 1.
3 4 2 1
18 9
26 13
28 14 7
22 11
40 20 10 5
34 17
52
16 8 4 2 1
.
Collatz .
. Erdos :
.
Collatz 19 29.
431. . (
)
.
1.3
432. :
1.
3
8
2.
1
10
3.
2
3
4.
11
12
7
12
4
15
3
7
3
4
5.
2
5
3
7
6.
4
6
3
5
7.
4
9
15
8
)
11. ( 14 ) ( 18
5
8.
5
7
3
8
12. ( 34 ) ( 29 )
9. 4
3
24
5
)
10. 5 ( 2
433. :
1.
1
2
1
3
2.
1
2
( 13 14 )
1
4
3.
4.
1
x+1
1
y2
434.
:
..

Lothar Collatz
1910-1990
taexeiola.gr
242
5.1. 1
1.
6
9
3.
2.
3
15
4.
11
10
435. A =
xy+1
.
x+y
1
4
=
=
121
2. x = 14 , y = 8
1. x = 1, y = 2
436.
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4,
e = 5,
f =0
:
1. 9a + 2b + 3c 2f
8.
12a
bc
6b
cd
2. 4c 2a 3b + 5c
9.
cde
ab
5bcd
ae
3. 7ae + 3bc + 9d af
10. 7e + bcd
4. 8abc bcd + 9cde def
11.
2a+5b
c
5. abcd + abce + abde + acde + bcde
12.
b+c+3e
e+cd
13.
a+c
ca
14.
a+b+c+d+e
ed+cb+a
6.
4a
b
7.
4ac
b
9b
c
8bc
d
8c
d
5d
e
5bd
e
20c
de
6ade
bc
3bde
2ac
3b+2c
d
b+d
db
a+b+c+d
2e
c+e
ec
437. :
1.
2
3
5
7
2.
x
y
3.
4.
x
y
438. , = 20. 3()();

439. , + = 20. 3(() +
());
440. . :
( )
.
1 2 :
44
=1
44
4 4
+ =2
4 4
1 100.

..
taexeiola.gr
243
5.
441. 1952, .
A=
x =
1
6
1
2
(x + y)
1
1
2
1 1
+ 2)+
2 ( + )
2
x
y
x y
(x + y)
y = 12 .
442. ,
1
1 1
1 + (1)
:
1
(1)
443. . .
1
12 + 13 + 16

12 , 13 , 13 .
.
2
5
2
7
444.
1. 30%
2. 30% ;
445. :
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
(1 ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )
2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
446. ,
= 34 .
1. , .
2.
a+
2+3
7
18
447. x . x 5 4 1/3 x.
.
.
1.4
448.
1. ( + 7) ( + 5)
3. (k + 4) (k 7)
2. (m 9) (m + 12)
4. (3x 4y) (2a + 3b)
449. :
(p + q) (x + y) = px + py + qx + qy
:
..

taexeiola.gr
244
5.1. 1
1. px + py = 5 qx + qy = 13 (p + q) (x + y).
2. p + q = 4 x + y = 3 px + py + qx + qy 5.
450. :
2
1. (3) (2) + (0, 2) (3)

2 3
2. ((3) ) ((5) (5) ) + (1)

5
3. (( 35 )
3
( 5
)
( 53 ) ) ( 35 )
1 1
1 1
4. ((((2)
) ) )
451. :
4
42
x2 = (x2
22
452. :
n
n1
a2 = (a2
453. r2 + 4r =
13
.
9
nm
) = (a2
2m
(r 3) (r + 7).
454. xa + yb = 11 ya + xb = 12. (a + b) (x + y).

455. :
1. (x2 3x + 2) (2x 1)
2. (4a2 a 2) (2a + 3)
3. (a3 + b3 a2 b2 ) (a2 b2 a3 + b3 )
4. (5m2 + 3 4m) (5 4m + 3m2 )
456. :
1. (6c3 ) (7c4 )
3. (ab) (ab2 )
2. (9y 2 ) (5y 5 )
4. (7xy 2 ) (2yz 2) (xz 3 )
457.
1. (2x3 ) (x2 )
3. (12b2 c5 ) (6b2 c4 )
2. (6a5 ) (3a)
4. (x3 y 4 z 5 ) (x3 yz 2 )
458.
:
2x2 + x
= x +
x
459. :

..
taexeiola.gr
245
5.
1.
2522 9521
2510
2.
5(3715 19714 )
716 +3715
460. :
1. m (n p) (2m 2p + 3n) (n m + 2p)
2. + ( + ) ( + + ) ( + )
3. 3x y (x (2y z) (2x (y z)))
4. 3a2 (6a2 (8b2 (9c2 2a2 )))
461. y = 2x
x2 + 3xy + 5y 2
4x2 3xy + 6y 2
462. :
6 x y 3 x.
463. :
3 7
, , .
464. ,
. ;
465. x + y + z = 12 x y + z = 17 y .
466. :
1.
2.
3.
1
1+x
1
1x
x
1x
x
1+x
xy
ya
xy1
xy
ya
xy
ya1
ya
467. A + B + A = 13 m 14 n, B = 23 m + 34 n
= 2m n
468. :
1. (a2 + 2a2 7) (5 + a2 2a2 )
2. (3xa y a xa y a ) (xa y xa y 1 )
469. :
1.
1
1
1
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
..

taexeiola.gr
246
5.1. 1
2.
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3.
+
+
+
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4.
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
470. 2 = 3 2 = 8
1. 2 + 2
2. ()
3. (
)
471. a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 5 e = 8
2b + 4c
1.
2.
(e b) (2e 5b)
3.
(e d) (b + c) (d c) (c + a) + a + e
472. + = 2
1. ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
2
2. ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
473. ( )
:
1,
4,
3
,
2
1
,
6
20,
7,
2,
474. STEP, 2008.

A B p
q :
A pq p q .
B p + q p q
C
:
C p q p + q .
475. Rocket City Math League, 2010.
2
144 + 3 + 2 (5 + 3) + 53 +
256
476. Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge, 2009.

1 + 2 3 + 4 5 + 6 7 + 8 9 + 10 11 + 12 13 + 14 15 + 16 17 + 18
1.5
477. ;

..
taexeiola.gr
247
5.
1. 2 = 1 a4 = 1
3
3. > 1 a + 1 > 1
2. = 1 a = 1
4. < 2 a + 2 < 4
478. ;
1. x + y = 3 2x + 2y = 6
2
3. x + y = 3
2. x + y = 3 x + y = 9
x
3
y
3
=1
4. x + y = 3 3 + y = x
479. ;
1. x = 4 x > 0
3. x > 2 2x > 4
2. x > 0 x = 4
4. x + y < 3 x y < 3
480. :
0 = 0 0 1 = 0 2 0 1 = 0 2 1 = 2
481. . ;
1. x3 + y 3 = z 3 x + y = z
2. x + y = 0 x2 + y 2 = 0
3. ( + ) ( ) = 0 =
4. = ( + ) ( ) = 0
482. ;
1
1. ( + ) (1 + 1 )
2.
2
+
3.
4.
+
2
=
=
=
483. ;
1. xy = 0 x = 0
2. xy 0 x 0
3. xy 0 x 0
4. xy = 1 x = 1
y=0
y0
y0
y=1
484. ( ) .
;
..

taexeiola.gr
248
5.2. 2
485. Sam Loyd.

. .
:
1. .
2.
() ()
.
Sam Loyd
1841 - 1911
5.2
2
2.1
486. 2, 3, 5 {0, 4, 5, 6, 1};
487. k 2k + 3
{0, 4, 5, 6, 1};
488. ;
1. {, , , } {, , } = {, }
2. {, , , , } {, , , } = {, , , }
3. {, , , , } {, , , } = {}
4. ({, , , } {, , }) {} = {}
489. :

..
taexeiola.gr
249
5.
1. {a, b, c} {b, c} =
5. ({a, b, c} {d, e}) {a, e} =
2. {a, b, c} {b, c} =
6. ({a, b, c} {d, e}) {a, b} =
3. {a, b, c} {b, c} =
7. {a, b, d} ({e, b, c} {d, e}) =
4. {b, c} {a, b, c} =
8. ({, , } {, }) {, } =
490. Venn A
B.
2.
1.
3.
491. Venn A, B
.
1.
3.
5.
2.
4.
6.
7.
492. [, ] , (, ) , (, ], [, ) .
.
..

taexeiola.gr
250
5.2. 2
1. [, ] (, ) =
6. (, ) [, ] =
2. [, ] {, } =
7. (, ) {, } =
3. [, ] (, ] =
8. {, } (, ) =
4. [, ] [, ) =
9. {, } [, ] =
5. (, ) [, ] =
10. (, ] [, ) =
493. < . :
1. [, +] (, ) =
3. [, ] (, +) =
2. (, ) (, +) =
4. (, +) [, ) =
494. :
1
1
1
(0, ) (0, ) (0, ) (0, 1)
4
3
2
:
1
1
1
(0, ) = (0, ) = (0, ) = (0, 1)
4
3
2
495. {a, b, c, d, e, f } .
496. .
.
A :
A . .. :
1.
A .
2.
- .

A 5 4 ;

..
taexeiola.gr
251
5.
3. .
.
M .
! ( 418.

M = !
(5.4)
497. = {1, 2, 3, ..., 100}.

1. A .
N (A).
2. B 3.
N (B).
3. 6.
N ().
4.
3.
5.
(2.24).
498. .
1. 21 .

. 7
.
21
7 .
.
21 .
, .
..

taexeiola.gr
252
5.2. 2
2. .
.
. :
= ( 1) ... ( ( 1))
(5.5)
499. .
1. 12 .
4 .
.
2. . .
().
( 1) ... ( ( 1))
( )= =
M
!
(5.6)
500. . :
0
1
2
(10)
(11)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(50)
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)
(55)
(60)
(61)
(62)
(63)
(64)
(65)
(66)
(70)
(71)
(72)
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
(77)
=
=
3
4
5
6
7

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
..
taexeiola.gr
253
5.
501.
!
( )=
! ( )!
(5.7)
502. .
1. 17 .

. 3
.
.
2. . :
1 , 2 , ....,
..

taexeiola.gr
254
5.2. 2
. .
.
:
(5.8)
503. ... .
...;
, ,
504. . A = {1 , 2 , ..., }
. A
A.
. A
. A:
1
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
, A
. A 2 .
2
Helmut Hasse
1898 - 1979
(5.9)
505. Hasse.
<
.

:

. , 16 ,
{, , , }.

.

.

..
taexeiola.gr
255
5.
1. {}.
2. {, }.
3. {, }.
2.2
506. . :
11 4;
507. .
; (
).
508. .
509.
.

. .
.
;
510.
5 45
1 20 ( ).
(
)
5+1 .

.
511. A, B P (A B) =
P (A B) = 14 .
..
3
,
4
P (A ) =
2
3

taexeiola.gr
256
5.3. 3
1. P (A)
2. P (B)
3. P (A B )
512. 12 16 .
. .
.
513. . ;
514. -
2012 5 -. 5
;
515.
(
) 3 10 (
).

10 .
3 ;
516. 510. :
1.
9 6;
2.
10 6;
517.
: 100
.
A B .
. .

.
;
5.3
3
3.1
518. :

..
taexeiola.gr
257
5.
1. 43 22 2 + 62 3
2. x ( ) + y ( ) ( )
3. 3 (x y) 2 (x y) (x y)
4. 7 (x + 2) (y 3) y + 3
519. :
1. +
4. x2 + x2 + +
2. t + u + t + u
5. x3 x2 + x
3. + + 2 +
6. xy + xz + x + y + z +
520. :
1 3
x
3
53 x2 2x2 + 103
1. x2 + xy 3 y 2 x y 5
4.
2. 2x5 + 8x2 y 2 + 3yx3 + 12y 3
5. x5 x2 2x3 + 2
3. 12xy 8y 2 x + 15yx3 10x3 y 2
6. 2x2 y + 3x2 + 2xy + 3x + 2y + 3
521. :
1. + + +
2. x3 xy + x2 y 2 y 3
3. x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
4. 5a3 b + 10ab3 + 5a2 b2 2a2 4b2 2ab
522. :
1.
+
2 2
4.
(+)2 (3 3 )
(2 2 )2
2.
2 2
2
5.
6 6
(+)2 (3 3 )
3.
3 + 3
()2 +
6.
95 16
62 2 8 2
523. :
1. = (
+ 2
)
2
)
(
2
2. ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) 2 2 2 = ( + + )
524. :
2
1. ( + + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) = 4 (2 + 2 + 2 )
2
2. ( + + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) = (2) (2 + 2 2 )
3
3. ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 3 ( ) ( ) ( )
4. ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
5. ( + + ) ( + + ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) +
..

taexeiola.gr
258
5.3. 3
6. ( + + ) = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 ( + + )
525.
4
(p2 q 2 ) + (2pq + q 2 ) + (2pq + p2 ) = 2 (q 2 + pq + p2 )
526. k = 1, 2, 3
4
(p2 q 2 ) + (2pq + q 2 ) + (2pq + p2 ) = 2 (q 2 + pq + p2 )
k = 4;
527. k = 1, 2, 3
4
(p2 q 2 ) + (2pq + q 2 ) + (2pq + p2 ) = 2 (q 2 + pq + p2 )
k = 4;
Augustin Louis Cauchy
1789-1857
528.
X = q 3 + 3pq 2 p3 Y = 3pq (p + q) Z = p2 + pq + q 2

X 2 + XY + Y 2 = Z 3
529. Cauchy. :
3
1. ( + ) 3 3 = 3 ( + )
5
2. ( + ) 5 5 = 5 ( + ) (2 + + 2 )
Abraham de Moivre
1667 - 1754
3. ( + ) 7 7 = 7 ( + ) (2 + + 2 )
530. De Moivre.
4 + 4 + 4 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = ( + + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
531. Ramanujan.
3
(3a2 + 5ab 5b2 ) + (4a2 4ab + 6b2 ) + (5a2 5ab 3b2 ) = (6a2 4ab + 4b2 )
532. -.
.
2
Srinivasa Ramanujan
1887-1920
(1 + 2 + 2 ... + 1 + )

(1 + 2 + 2 ... + 1 + ) (1 + 2 + 2 ... + 1 + )

:

..
taexeiola.gr
259
5.
, ,
:

(1 + 2 + 3 ... + 1 + )2 = 21 + 22 + 23 ... + 21 + 2 +
+2 (1 2 + 1 3 + ... + 1 1 + 1 + 2 3 .... + 2 1 + 2 1 + ... + 1 )

(5.10)
533. Lagrange. 146

Lagrange :
2
(a2 + b2 ) (x2 + y 2 ) = (ax + by) +
a
x
a
x
b
= ay bx
y
(3.20).
2
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = (ax + by + cz) +

..
a b
a
+
x y
x
c
b
+
z
y

taexeiola.gr
260
5.3. 3
:
2
(21 + 22 + 23 + ... + 21 + 2 ) (12 + 22 + 32 + ... + 1
+ 2 ) =
(1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + ... + 1 1 + )2 +
2
1
1
+ 1
2
1
2
2
3
+ ... + 2
3
2
+ ... + 1
3
1
1
+ 2
1
2
+ 1
1
1
2
+ ... + 1
(5.11)
534. .
.
(pattern)
.
535. Pascal.
534 :
534 .
:

..
taexeiola.gr
261
5.
:

500 (),
0 7 ( 0). .
. ;

1. .
8
2. ().
:
(70) + (71) = (81), (71) + (72) = (82), (72) + (73) = (83), (73) + (74) = (84), (74) + (75) =
(85), (75) + (76) = (86), (76) + (77) = (87)

!
( )=
! ( )!
(5.12)
(5.7).
536. :
(+1
)
(+1
) + (+2
)
(+3
)
(+3
) + (+4
)
)
2(+2
(+2
) + (+3
)
537. :

( )( ) = ( )(
)

..

taexeiola.gr
262
5.3. 3
538. :

( )(
) = ( )(
)
539.

( )
(
)=
+1
+1
Sir Isaac Newton
(5.13)
540. .

4
( + ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
1643-1727

.
. (
):
= 4 1
= = = = 3 4
= = = = = = 2 2 6
= = = = 3 4
= 4 1

4
( + ) = 1 4 + 4 3 + 6 2 2 + 4 3 + 1 4
:
( + ) = ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) ... ( + ) ( + )

.
. .
:

. :
)1 + (
)2 2 + ... + ( )2 2 + ( ) 1 + ( )
( + ) = ( ) + (
1
2
2
1
0
)2 2 + (
) 1 + ( )
( + ) = ( ) + ( )1 + ( )2 2 + ... + (
0
1
2
2
1

(5.14)
..
taexeiola.gr
263
5.
541. 8 2
10
( + )
542.
( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ... + (
) + ( ) = 2
0
1
2
1
543.
x=
,
+
y=
,
+
z=
(1 + x) (1 + y) (1 + z) = (1 x) (1 y) (1 z)
544. (5.13)
( + ) :
1
m- m + 2 m 1.
545. .
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , .
S1
S2
S3
...
...
S
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 1 +
= 1 2 + 1 3 + ... + 1 1 + 1 + 2 3 + ... + 2 1 + 2 + ... + 1
= 1 2 3 + ... + 1 1 + ... + 2 1
(5.15)
= 1 2 3 ... 1
1 1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , . S1
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , , S2
, , S3 ... S
. S1
S .
1. S1 , S2 , S3 , ..., S
2. :
21 + 22 + 23 + ...21 + 2 = S12 2S2

: 1
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , 2
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , 1 ...
. , ,
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 ,
4 S1 , S2 , S3 , ..., S
S1 , S2 , S3 , ..., S 4 .
1
..

taexeiola.gr
264
5.3. 3
3. :
1
1
1
1
1
S1
+
+
+ ... +
+
=
1 2 3
1
S
546. S1 , S2 , ... 545
:
(x + 1 ) (x + 2 ) ... (x + 1 ) (x + ) = x + S1 x1 + S2 x2 + ... + S1 x + S
(5.16)

(x 1 ) (x 2 ) ... (x ) = x S1 x1 + S2 x2 ... + (1)1 S1 x + (1) S
(5.17)
(5.14)
3
q
547. p3 = (p pp32q
) + (q 2p
) + q3
+q3
p3 +q3
548.
x y z

+ + = 1
+ + =0

x y z
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
=1
2 2 2
549. + + = 0.
2
(2 + 2 + 2 ) = 2 (4 + 4 + 4 ) = 4 (2 2 + 2 2 + 2 )
550.
2
m (m + 1) (m + 2) (m + 3) + 1 = (m2 + 3m + 1)
551. + + + = 0
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 ( + + + )
552. + + = 0
3
1. (2 ) + (2 ) + (2 ) = 3 (2 ) (2 ) (2 )
3
2. ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) = 3 ( + ) ( + ) ( + )
3
3. (p + q) + (p + q) + (p + q) = 3 (p + q) (p + q) (p + q)
553. xyz = x + y + z = xy + yz + zx = 2
x2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x2 = 22
554. x, y, z

2 3y =
(z x)
,
y
2 3z =
(x y)
z

1. x + y + z =
2. 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 2
3. 2 3x =
(yz)2
x
555.

= 23 . :
..
taexeiola.gr
265
5.
1. = 32
3.
+ 2 32
2 2
122
3+2
4.
pq
p+q
2.
556.
( p, q ).
= . :
1.
2 + 2
2 2
2 + 2
2 2
3.
2 +2+3 2
2 +2+3 2
2.
2 + 2
2 + 2
(+)3
(+)3
4.
(+)(+)
+++
=
=
(3)
(3)
557. , , , :
( + + + ) ( + ) = ( + ) ( + )

558.
2 + x + x2 2 + y + y 2
=
2 x + x2 2 y + y 2

x
y
= xy .
559.
x
y
z
=
=
+ + +
( ) x + ( ) y + ( ) z = 0
560.
=
=

+ =
561. -
:
49
19
1
3
13
3
25
145
2
5
20
21
562. :
..

taexeiola.gr
266
5.3. 3
563.
11
2
3
1
2
448
2
27
1
3
1. 7
....
1 1 2
, , ,
2 3 9
2. 6 2,
3. 8 34 ,
5
,
2
3
,
2
25
.
8
3, ....
4. 10 2, 4, 8, ....
1. 17
49, 44, 39, ....
564.
2. 19 34 ,
2
,
3
7
,
12
3. 20 2,
13 9
, , ...
4 2
....
.
4. 16 3, 75, 3, 5, 3, 25, ....
565. 1 , 2 , ...
+ +1 + ... +
, , , .
566. 1 , 2 , ... = 3 + 8
.
1. 1 , 2 , 3 , 23 .
2. .
;
3. 100 .
4. 23 + ... + 123 .
5. 6044.
567. : 1
2 ... ;
568. 12 30 30
23. .

..
taexeiola.gr
267
5.
1. 3.
569.
;
18, 21, 24, ... , 999
2. 3 ( 33, 1001)
3. . ;
23, 22, 21, ... 23

4. (17, 100)
570. a1 = 8 = 12 .
1. a5 .
2. a .
3. .
4.
571. 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ( ).
S , S2 , S3 , 2 , 3 .
1.
S3 = 3 (S2 S )
2.
2
S (S3 S2 ) = (S2 S )
572. 1 , a2 , ...
=1

573. 1 , a2 , ...
( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0
574. , ,
:
1. 2 ,
2 , 2
2. 2 + + 2 ,
3.
1
,
+
4. 2 ,
2 + + 2 ,
1 ,
+
1

+
2 + + 2
(, , )
2 4 2
575. , ,
:
1. 2 ,
2,
..
2

taexeiola.gr
268
5.3. 3
2.
1
,
3.
1 ,
4.
5.
1
,
1 ,
2
,
+ 1 ,
(, , )
+ 1 ,
576. S
. Sp = q Sq = p Sp+q .
577.
2 2 1, , 2 + 1, , 2 + 2 1
.
578. :
1 2
1 2
1 2
) + (2 2 ) + ... + ( )
579. 1 , 2 , ...
:
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
1 + 2
2 + 3
1 +
1
1 +
580. 1 , 2 , ... :
21 22 + 23 24 + ... + 22k2 22k =
k
(2 22k )
2k 1 1
3.2
581. 0 < < 0 < < .
1
1
<
582. , , :
< + ,
< + ,
<+
583. , , (
)
1. 2 + 2 2
4. + 2
2
2. 2 (2 + 2 ) ( + )
3.
+
2
2 + 2
2

5.
6.
+
2
2
+
..
taexeiola.gr
269
5.
7.
8. +
+ 2
(4)
+

2
(7)
2
+
(2)
x2 0
(1)
2 + 2 2
(5)
2
2
2
2 ( + ) ( + )
(8)
+
2
584.
2
x +2
x2 +1
(3)
+
2
(6)
+ 1 2
2 + 2
2
2.
585. , ,
:
1. ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) 6
2. ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) 8
Hermann Amandus Schwarz
1843-1921
586.
2 + 2 + 2 0
4
587. ( + ) 8 (4 + 4 ).
588. Cauchy-Schwartz-Bunyakovsky.
(5.11) Lagrange :
2
(21 + 22 + 23 + ... + 21 + 2 ) (12 + 22 + 32 + ... + 1
+ 2 )
2
(1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + ... + 1 1 + )
(5.18)
589. 2004. > 0, > 2 2 = 21

< 0.
590. , , x, y, z
:
(x + y + z) ( x +
( + + ) ( 1 +
+ z ) ( + + )
+ 1 ) 9
591. , 1990. x > 0 :
x2 + 3x + 3 1
+ >4
x+1
x
..

Viktor Yakovlevich
Bunyakovsky
1804-1889
taexeiola.gr
270
5.3. 3
592. :
(21 + 22 + 23 + ... + 21 + 2 ) (
1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 + ... + 2 + 2 ) 2
2
1 2 3
1
593. Bernoulli.
> 1 > 1
1654-1705
1. (1 + ) 1 = ((1 + )
+ ... + (1 + ) + 1)
2. Bernoulli:
(1 + ) > 1 +
(5.19)
3. = 1 = 1;
594. Bernoulli.
> 1 x > 0 :
x > 1 + (x 1)
(5.20)
595. (5.19), (5.20) > 1 :
1. (1 + 1 ) > 2,
2. 2 > 1 + ,
3. (1
1
)
2
>1
4. (1 ) <
1
,
1+
(0, 1)
596. , 0 < < .
x1 , x2 , x3 , ...
.
y1 , y2 , y3 , ...
.
> 2 y > x .
597. 1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , .
A =
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 1 +
(5.21)
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , .
: .
1. 1, 2, 3, ..., 1, .
2. 1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 ,
[m, M ] [m, M ].

Jacob (Jacques) Bernoulli
..
taexeiola.gr
271
5.
598. 1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , .
( 597) :
A1 =
1
1
A2 =
1 +2
2
A3 =
1 +2 +3
3
....
A1 =
A =
1 +2 +3 +...+1
1
1 +2 +3 +...+1 +
= 2, 3, ..., :
1. A (k 1) A1 =
2.
A1
1
A 1 2 3 ... 1
(5.22)
3.3
599. 2 (x + 3) + = 0.
3;
600. 4 +
2x5
3
x+11
.
9
601. 3 2 2
(1 x) 2 = x + 1. ;
602.
1. :
2 ( ) + 2 ( ) + 2 ( )
2. :
2 x
2x
2x
+
+
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
603. :
2 (3x 2) 14
=
3 (2x 3)
9
604. :
=
1.
0
tt0
2. x = 0 t + 12 t2 t
..

taexeiola.gr
272
5.3. 3
3. =
F12 + F22 + 2F1 F2 g F2
Mm
4. B = G (R+h)
2 h
5. T = 2
6.
r3
GM
= P2 V2 T1 .
P1 T2 V1
T1
7. ( x1dd ) =
q2
q1
8. V = kQ ( r1
1
9.
Girolamo Cardano
1501 - 1576
1
R
1
R1
1
R2
x1 .
1
)
r2
1
R3
r2 .
R3 .
605. Ars Magna Girolamo Cardano. 48 .
.
4 .
.
606. Cambridge, 1821 . :
12 + 2x 4x 3 4x 1
+
=0
x+3
2x + 1 x 1
607. Harvard, 1878. :
x + 13a + 3b a 2b
=1
5a 3b x x + 2b
608. MIT, 1878. :
4
5
12
+
=0
x+1 x+2 x+3
609. , , :
x x x
3x
+
+
=
+ + + + +
610. Harvard-MIT,1999.
da a2 6ad + 8d2 = 0, a 0.
611. m :
m2 x + 1 = x + m
612. :
x +

9x
= 4x + 2
3
..
taexeiola.gr
273
5.
613. , :
x + = x +
614. :
1. x2 + 5x = 0
2. 55x2 + 75x = 0
3. 2x2 18 = 0
4. x2 2x 80 = 0
5. x2 9x + 14 = 0
6. x2 + 25x + 156 = 0
7. 5x2 7x + 1 = 0
8. 2x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
9. 9x2 6x + 4 = 0
3x 1 = 0
11. (1 2) x2 2 (1 + 2) x + 3 2 + 1 = 0
10. 5x2 +
12. (x + 1) (x 1) (x + 2) = 2x (x 3)
13. (x + 2) (x 12 ) (3x 1) (x + 23 ) = 1 2x
14.
3x+1
3x
15.
25
12
2x+1
x3
x3
2x+1
16.
1
x8
1
x6
1
x+6
3x
x+1
5
3
=0
1
x+8
=0
615.
1 1
1 + t2 3
+ = 4( 2 )
2
t
t
t
2t
616.
1. x2 4a2 + 4a 1 = 0
2
2. (ax + b) + (a bx) = 2 (a2 + b2 )
3.
bx+a
b
4.
a+b 2
x
ab
ab
b2 x
(a2 b2 )
617.
:
1. x2 11x + 28 = 0
3. x2 16x + 64 = 0,
5. 3x2 + 7x + 5 = 0
2. x2 24x + 143 = 0
4. x2 17x + 11 = 0
6. 8x2 4x + 5 = 0
..

taexeiola.gr
274
5.3. 3
618. m mx2 + mx 3 = 0 ;
619. m (m + 1) x2 + 4x 1 = 0 ;
620. . !
1 1
x+ =
x x
1
1
=2+
x+
x2
x2
Nicholas Saunderson
1682 - 1739
621. Nicholas Saunderson

17 .
. Cambridge ,
. :

. .
:
615x 7x3 = 48x.

. .
622. :
2
) 7 ( x
) + 12 = 0
1. ( x
x+
x+
2.
+x
x
x
+ 10 +x
=7
623. x2 3x 10 = 0 5,
.
624. :

..
taexeiola.gr
275
5.
3, 2 + 3
5. 1, 2 + 3
1. 2, 3
4. 2
2. 6, 9
3. 1,
1
3
6. , 2
625. x2 + 8x + 12 = 0 .
.
626. :
1. 10 9
2. 10 10
3. 10 16
4. 10 26
627. a 9x2 2x + a = 6 ax, ;

628. x2 + tx + 12 = 0
1. t.
629. a x2 + ax + a + 2 = 0
2;
630. x2 + x + = 0 1 , 2 .
, , :
2
2. 31 + 32
1. (1 2 )
631. :
(x2 + x + 1) + (x2 + 2x + 3) + (x2 + 3x + 5) + ... + (x2 + 20x + 39) = 4500

632. . 6
( ):

,
( ),
.

x.
..

taexeiola.gr
276
5.3. 3
1.
x
.
x
2. x2 + x 2 = 0.
3. x2 + x 2 = 0.
4.
3 5
.
2
5.
51

2
5+1
=

2
5+1
(
2
).
6.
.
;
;

:
:

..
taexeiola.gr
277
5.
5+1
= 1, 618
2
.
( ). :
5+1
=
2
(5.23)
633. Fibonacci.
417
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,... .
.
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., , ...
1 = 1, 2 = 1, +2 = +1 +
= 1, 2, ...
(5.24)
1. 40
Fibonacci.
2. Fibonacci
1 = 1, 2 = 2, +2 = +1 +
= 1, 2, ...
10 .
3.
1 = 1, 2 = 2, +2 = +1
= 1, 2, ...
10 .
4. x2 = x + 1. 1 < 2 .
() 21 = 1 + 1, 22 = 2 + 1 22 = 2 + 1, 32 = 22 + 1
() u =
2
1
5
i. u1 = 1, u2 = 1
ii. u3 , u4 , u5
iii. 5 u 5
Fibonacci.
u = ;
iv. u+2 = u+1 + u .
v. u = ;
634. m x2 x + m = 0 ;
..

taexeiola.gr
278
5.3. 3
635. k (k 12) x2 + 2 (k 12) x + 2 0

x.
636. Matriculation, , 1894.
:
1 + y (1 + x) (1 + xy)
637. x2 + px + q = 0
p, q .
638. STEP, 2010. t2 pt+q = 0
.
3 + 3 = p3 3qp
.

(2 ) ( 2 )
p q .
3.4
639.
.
3x
3
>2
2. x2 < 3x
3+2x
4
1.
3.
2x+1
5
1
2
(3x 1) +
x
5
< 7x + 10
4. 4 + 32 x > 13
+
8
1
6
(4x 3)
640. :
1. a (x + 2) > x 1
2. 42 x 4 2 x > 4 4
641. ,
.
1. 6x +
5
7
> 4x + 7
2. 8x 5 >
15x8
2
8x+3
2
< 2x + 25
2 (2x 3) > 5x
3
4
642. :
x2 5x > 0 2x2 11x < 0

643.
x2 Sx + P = 0
1. S . P ;

..
taexeiola.gr
279
5.
2. P . S ;
:
.
;
.
;
644. x2 + x + + + = 0.
.
645. a
(a + 4) x2 2ax + 2a 6 < 0
R;
646. . , , 2009. :
1. x (x 1) = 30
2. 3x2 5x + 1 = 0
3. 15x 4 < 9x2
647. , 2010.
-
x2 5x = 14,
5.4
x2 5x 14
x 1 x2 1 x (x 1)
+
<
2
4
4
4
4.1
648. 5 3;
649. + 1 3 1
8;
650. x, y , z 0.
;
x
y
z
+
+
x y z
x1 , x2 , ..
;
x1
x2
x
+
+ ... +
x1 x2
x
651. x x + 1 = x + 1;
652. + 1 = + 1 + 2 = + 2
+ + 3 = + + 3.
..

taexeiola.gr
280
5.4. 4
653.
13 x + 12x2
13 + 12 x
654. A = t 1 t 2
1 < t < 2.
655. A = t 3 t 5
t2 8t + 15 < 0.
7
656. 35 89 + 35 10
657. , < . x , ,
:
1. x = x
2. x + x =
3. x = 2 x
4. x = x +
658. x, y y =
x
.
1+x
1. :
x = 0 y = 0,
x > 0 y > 0,
x<0y<0
2. y < 1.
3. x =
659.
1
.
1y
1.
1 < x < 1 x < ;

2. :
(1, 1) (1, 1)
(1, 1)
3. :
(1, 1) (1, 1)
(1, 1)
1 +
660. :
1. 2 + 2 = 0 + = 0
2. 2 + 2 > 0 + > 0
661. y 0 x 1.

x
1
1

y y y
..
taexeiola.gr
281
5.
662. m m <
29.
663. m
m 100 < 1000.

664. :
x2 + xy + x y + y y = (x + y) (x + y)
665. x2 + x + = 0
1 , 2 . , , 1 , 2 . (
630
666. STEP, 2004. < 2 2

x
x2 x + 2 < 0
()
() = 3.
667. < < <
A = x + x + x + x
x A
.
668. 1948, , .
2 (1 + ) = 1 + + 2 1 < 1 (1 2 1) = 2 1.
669. 1 , 2 , ..., .
1 + 2 + ... + = 1 + 2 + ... + 1 , 2 , ...,
(5.25)
670. 1952, .
, , + , + , +
x, y, z R
2 (x y) (x z) + 2 (y z) (y x) + 2 (z x) (z y) 0
t :
1 1 1 t = 2
4.2
671. (x) =
(x + 1)(2 x).
.
m 2m 1.
x (x) =
..
2.

taexeiola.gr
282
5.4. 4
672. g A = [1, 5] g (x) =

3 x.
1. g .
2
2. (g (x) + 1)
1
2
= 0.
673. f (x) = (x 1)
2012
(x + 1)2013 .
1. f (1), f (1)
2. .
3. f
x x.
674. 2001. f g
1
x2 x. g(x) = 1
R g (x) = f (x)
x f (x).
675. f (x) = 2x 3.
1. + = 4 f ( + ).
2. + = 4 f ( + ).
3. x1 + x2 + ... + x300 = 100 f (x1 + x2 + ... + x300 ) f (x1 ) +
f (x2 ) + ... + f (x300 )
676. M x = 3t 1
y = 5 2t t R. x y
M
.
677. f (x) =
x1
.
x2 +1
1. :
1
2
f (x)
35
2. f (x) f .
y f y x
f f (x) = y .
678. f R
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
x, y . :
1. f (5) = f (2) + f (3)

..
taexeiola.gr
283
5.
2. f (10) + f (11) = f (3) + f (5) + f (6) + f (7)

3. f (0) = 0
4. f (x) = f (x)
679. y = x + P (p, q).

1. M (x, x + )
P
d(x) =
(1 + 2 ) x2 + 2 ( p q) x + q 2 + p2 2q + 2
2.
(1 + 2 ) x2 + 2 ( p q) x + q 2 + p2 2q + 2
(p q + )
1 + 2
3. P
pq+
.
2 +1
680. 2001. g (x), f (x)

x :
2
g (x) (3 (f (x)) + 2f (x) + ) = x2 4x +

2 < 3 . g(x) > 0 x.
681. 2005.
(0, 1).
x2007
2007
1
2008
682. 2009.
f () > 1 f () > 1.
f () 1 f () 1
+
=0
x1
x2
(1, 2).
. ;
683. 2008. g (x) = x5 +x3 +x+1.

g () g ().
684. :
1
5. 16 4
2. 27 3
6. 16 4
7. 1000 3
1. 49 2
3. 16 4
4. 16 4
..
9. 125 3
1
10. 5 3 5 3
11. 8 3
8. (5 3 )
8
)
12. ( 27
13

taexeiola.gr
284
5.4. 4
685. , , . :
3
6 12
5. 3 8 54
51 3
646
2. 4 16 8
12
1.
3.
4.
81
625 8
6.
27
9
686. , , . :
1.
2.
3.
4
9 11
31
4.
101 33 62
5.
5
6 7 8
5
60 70 81
5
7 9 13
5
2 4 3
6. (
24

3
4 )
687. > 0, < 0 > 0. :
4
4 8
2. 4 4 8
4
8 4
4.
16 4 8
3.
1.
688.

3
9 3 + 11 2 = 3 + 2
689.
1.
= ( ) 1
+
3 = ( )
4
= ( )
2
2
+ 3 3 + 3
= ( )
2 3
3 2
+ 4 4 + 4 4 + 4
2.
3.
4.
1
2
2 1
+
+...+
+
690. 1 , 2 , ... 1 = > 0 > 0.

, 1 2 3 ...
.
691.
x+2
;
2x2 +3x+6
692. , 2006
f (2x + 1) = (x 12)(x + 13) f (31);
7
693. Flanders, 1989-1990 7(7

..
taexeiola.gr
285
5.
1.
() 77
()
7(7
1)
()
7(6
7(7
()
7
( 7)
()
694.
1. A, B x
1 2 :
1
A
B
=
+
(x 1) (x 2) x 1 x 2
x, A, B
.
2. f (x) = x2 + x + = 2 4 > 0 1 , 2 . A1 ,
A2 , x 1 , 2 :
1
A
B
=
+
f (x) x 1 x 2
3. A, B
1
A
B
= +
( + 1) + 1
:
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
12 23 34
( + 1)
695. Cauchy (1821). 597
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 , .
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., 1 ,
G =
1 2 3 ...1
(5.26)
- .

G1 = 1 1 = 1
G2 = 2 1 2 = 1 2
G3 = 3 1 2 3
...
G1 = 1 1 2 3 ...1
G = 1 2 3 ...1
696.
1.

1 + 2
1 2
2
2.
1 + 2 + 3
3 1 2 3
3
..

taexeiola.gr
286
5.4. 4
3. (5.22)

:
1 + 2 + ... +
1 2 ...
(5.27)
697. 1
.
698.
x1 + 1 x2 + 1
x1 + 1 x + 1
+
+ ... +
+
x2 + 1 x3 + 1
x + 1
x1 + 1
699. x, y x5 + y 5 =
x6 + y 6 = 1.
700.
f (x) = x2 (2p q) x + (p2 pq + q 2 ) ,
q0
x x.
701. < 0 < 4 < 2

f (x) = x2 + x + Ox .
702.
f (x) = (x ) (x ) + (x ) (x ) + (x ) (x )
, , .
x x .
2
703. f (x) = x2 +x+ > 0. M ( 2

, 4
)
4
f (x). M
g (x) = x2 + .
2
704. 2006. g (x) = 2 + (x 2)

[2, +). g () g ().
705. 1954, .
f (x) = x2 + x +
f (0) , f (1) . f (x) .
706. , 2006
f (2x + 1) = (x 12)(x + 13) f (31);

..
taexeiola.gr
287
5.
707.
f1 (x) = 1 x2 + 1 x + 1 f2 (x) = 2 x2 + 2 x + 2
.
R (f1 , f2 ) =
1
2
2
1
2
f1 , f2 .
1
2
2
708. 1977, - .
P (x) = x3 + x2 + x +
> 0 2 4 0. , 0
4 2
P () P ()
709. 1996, . f
[, ]
f (x) + f ( + x) = c
x [, ] c . :
( ) f (

+
)=
(f () + f ())
2
2
710. , 2001
f (x).
g (x) 1 =
..
1
2

taexeiola.gr
288
5.4. 4
711. 2012. .
2
1
10
. .
10
712. a1 , 2 , ..., .
2
2
2
f (x) = (x a1 ) + (x a2 ) + ... + (x a ) x
a1 , 2 , ..., x = a1 +2 +...+ .

..
taexeiola.gr
1 2012, 20112012, a + 1
2 0, 5, 8, 9
3
. a.
a 5 a + 5 a 5 5 a a
= 2
) 13
: . 13 = 2 ( 13
.
2
2
1) = 2
= 2 = 2 =
2 + 1 = 2 + 2 = 2
+ 1
+
= 2 =

2) =
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
+ 1 (
). .
.
( + 1).
. :
289
taexeiola.gr
290
1 . + 1
. ( + 1) + 1
.
2 . + 1
. ( + 1) + 1
.
( + 1) .
:
+ 1.
( + 1) .
10 (3 + 1) + (3 + 2) = 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 ( + + 1) = 3
11 (4 + 2) (4 + 3) = 16 + 12 + 8 + 6 = 4 (4 + 3 + 2 + 1) + 2 = 4 + 2
12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
13
61 7 71
, 8 , 81
28
14
= .
15
. .
16
. x 3 = 0 x = 3.
17
11 94 28 33.
11 94 = 1034 28 33 = 924.
. 11
> 33
28
94
18
.
11
17
= 11
11
50
. (11) 83 = 913 (50) 17 = 850
17
17
83
11
50
913850 17 < 83 .
19
1. A = 103
40
2. B = 73
40
3. = 1
6
4. = 4
5
22
: 1 + 671 + 999 = (1 + 999) + 671 = 1000 + 671 = 1671
23
12
19
+3+
7
19
= ( 12
+
19
7
)+3
19
19
19
+3=4
24 3A + 3B = 3 (A + B) = 3 7 = 21
25
1. 6 (x + 2)
2. (3 + 1)
26

..
taexeiola.gr
291
6.
1. xy + xz xt
3. xy + xz xt
2. xy + xz xt + y + z t
4. + + + +
27
1. 13
12
3.
5
2. 12
yx3
4. (x+1)(y2)
28
1. 1
29
1. 14
15
31
1. ( 5) ( 3)
4
2. 31
y
2. x
3.
y
x
4. xy
4. (a + 5) (b + 6)
2. (c + d) (p + q)
5. (a 5) (b 6)
3. (b + e) (a d)
6. (2a + 3) (b 5)
32
1.
2.
+
+
x+3
4. 2x3
+
++
5.
y
3. ab
a+b
6. y+
33
(y 1) (y 2) (y 3) = 0 y 1, y 2, y 3 y
1, 2, 3. (y + 1) (y + 2) (y + 3) 24
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) (1 + 3) = 24
(2 + 1) (2 + 2) (2 + 3) = 60
(3 + 1) (3 + 2) (3 + 3) = 120
35
+ ( ) = ( + ) ( + ). , , .
a = 1, = 0, = 2 1 = 3.
36
37 12 2 3 4 = (12 2) 3 4 = 24 3 4 = (24 3) 4 = 8 4 = 32
38
46
3
39 303
16
40
1. 16
2. 16
5. 1
8
3. 32
6. 9
41 + = = 5 625 = 3125, =
42
4. 25
1
125
+1
+1
q
q
= (+1) = 1 = . = p . = p .
43
..

taexeiola.gr
292
1. 16
81
8
3. 27
2. 216
125
9
4. 25
44
1. 8
4. 45
2. 2
5. 1
3. 6
6. 84
45
1. 44
9
3. 0
2. 1
4. 0
46
= ... ... = ... = +

48
1. ( + x) (x )
4. a13 b11 (1 ab)
2. (x ) ( + x)
5. (x2 + a4 ) (y 4 + b3 )
3. x4 y 2 (x + y)
6. (4 2 ) (42 )
yz 2
2
1. a+b
a2 +b
49
3. y+2z
3
4. m+t
mt3
2. rs
r+s
50
1. 20
2. 22
3. 190
4. 28
5
51
11
1. 7
1 2
8
2. 12
1 1
3. 1 2 1 2 + 1 2 1 2
10 8
4. x6
1 x2 x3
52
, , , , ,
53
b < d.
54
. x = 10 y = 5 x > y . x = 5 y = 10
x < y .
56
(), (), ().
57
4
8
61
(), ( )
<
5
8
<
2
3
<
9
4
<
5
2

..
taexeiola.gr
6.
293
63 +, , , , ,
64
19
7
65
3, 23
= 2, 7142857 ( )
66 1221
67 3
68
. -
m
. m .
m m
. m
().
69 9630
70 9630
71 13, 14, 15,
13 15
,
14 14
72
73
1,3,5
74
1,3,5
75
2.
76
1.
77
1,2,3
78
2,3,4
79
2,4,5
80
1,4,5
3 = 1, 73
81 B = {Z 3 x 20}
82
A A = { Z = 2, Z}.
= { Z = 2 + 1, Z}.
83 {1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 12, 12}

..

taexeiola.gr
294
84 {6, 6, 12, 12, 18, 18, 24, 24, 30, 30, ...}
85
x = 4 y = 3.
86
88
89 {, {p}, {q}, {r}, {p, q}, {p, r}, {q, r}, {p, q, r}}
90 , {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}
91
92
93
97
2.
98
x = 2
99
103 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2
104
105
1. {1, 4}
2. [0, 4]
3. N
4. [0, 4)
106 ( 23
, 19 )
11 7
107
x = 1 x = 3 x = 5.
108 {1, 4, 5, 7}

..
taexeiola.gr
295
6.
110
1. (2, 5]
2. R
713.
111
A B = B A B .
1. {3}
2. {1, 2, 3}
3. [5, 6]
112
113 (, 7) (7, +)
115
1. 2012
2. 2000
3. 101
116
1. 4
2. 11
3. 7
117 0, 1, 2, , ..., 11
118 11, 12, 13, ...
119 23
120 3
121
1 1
,
2 3
122 P (A) =
N(A)
N()
123
1
, 1 , 1, 1
13 13 4 52
124
6
36
125
5
,
36
126
1
7140
128
A.
129
9
11
3
3
1
6
130 0, 9
..

taexeiola.gr
296
131 0, 3
132
133
1 1 1 7
, , ,
12 6 4 12
136 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 2
137 7
139 22
143
1. 2 + 6 + 9 2
2
2. (2x y)
144 (x a)2 + (y b)2

147
Lagrange.
148 ( + )2 = 14, 14.

149 2 + 2 = S 2 2P
150 14
154 3 + 3 = S 3 3SP
158
1. 4
2. 4z (x + y)
159
1. x + y
2. a2 + b2
161
2(3+ 2)
7
14(
7+2)
3

5+ 2
3
162 (x 1) (x2 + x + 1)
163
2 ++ 2
+
167 1 + (2) + (2)2 + ... + (2)9 =

168
(2)10 1
21
= 341
1. 1658931
2. 2025078
3. 366147
169
9(9+1)
2
= 45,
90(90+1)
2
= 4095

..
taexeiola.gr
297
6.
174 1 29
176
474 711 948 1185

, 7 , 7 , 7
7
178
5
13
179 1 =
3
,
4
2 = 1, 3 =
4
,
3
180 1 = 2, 2 = 1, 3 =
183 12 = 1 11 =
1
16
4 =
2
,
2
4 =
1
24
211 =
16
,
9
5 =
1
,
2
64
.
27
5 =
1
4
2.
211 = 27 = 128
185 1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 1, 4 = 3, 5 = 5
186 1 =
1
,
3
2 =
5
,
6
3 =
4
,
3
4 =
11
,
6
5 =
7
3
189 12 = 19
191 511
192 800
193
40
2, 2. 1640.
194
. 3 (2), 2
10. 2046.
205 x = 4, y = 2
206 x = y = 6
207 = 1, = 0
214
. 2
7
15
: 30
.
7
215
. .
2 < 3. 20 < 30 1. 21 < 31
21 = 1
31 = 1

2
3
1
1
: 2 > 3 .
218
(1
221
298, 25m2 301, 75m2 .
229
B, A, D, C
232
, 0 = .
5) < (2
5)
234 A = 2 , B = 4 2 , = , = 2 3 3
235 A =
,
2 3
B=

,
4
3
,
22 3
7
238
..

taexeiola.gr
298
1. 3
4. 3
2. 3
5. 3
3. 3
6.
239
31
, , , , .
241
1. x = 4
2. x = 7
242
1. x = 8
2. .
243
1. x = 48
2. x = 11
244
t
3. x =
5. x = +1
4. x = t
3
6. x =
3. x = 4
5. x = 8
4. x = 1
6
6. x = 3
1
3. x = 11
5. x = 2
4. x = 0
6. .
1. x = 3, x = 3, x = 6
5
2. x = 3
, x = 5, x = 2
2
245
1. x = 2
2. x = 3
2
3. x = 1, x = 2
246
5 x = 54
. = 5 .
5
247
= 1.
248 t =
5
4
249 x =
,
1+
250
1. x = 37
, x = 9
2
2
y =x =
1+
1+
4. x = 52 , x = 4
2. x = 19, x = 4
5. x = 11
,x=7
2
3. x = 17, x = 6
6. x = 13
, x = 21
8
8
251
1. x =
2. x = 1
2
2 +4
2
4. x = 4, x = 3
42 + 2
3. x = 2, x =
252
1. x = (
2. y = (
253
5. x =
2 4
2
6. x =
2 4
2
2 1) y , x = (1 2) y
2 + 1) x, y = (1
() = 1 () = 1
12
2
2) x
13
254

..
taexeiola.gr
299
6.
1. x = 5
, x=3
2
4. x = 2, x = 1
2. x = 2, x = 5
3
5. x = 4, x = 3
3. x = 3
255
1. x = 1, x = 2, x = 2, x = 1
2. x = 1
4
4
4. x = 0
13
5. x = 2, x = 1
6. x = 2, x = 1
2
3. x = 4
256
1. S = 29, P = 6
3. S = , P = 3
2. S = 1500, P = 2
4. S = 2, P = t
257
1.
258
1. x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
2. +
3. 3x2 x 1 = 0
2. 24x2 + 7x 5 = 0
4. 12x2 16x
259
1. 465
2. 8192
260
1. 14 1
3. 6 +
2. 7 12,
261
33 6
5. 1
<x
4
3. 3
<x
2
6. 3
<x
2
4
1.
<x
+1
3. x < 21
2
2. x 2
266
33
4. 3
<x
2
2. 3
<x
2
4. x < 23+2
+ 2 +1
2. x < 21
10
1. 5 < x
265 t <
4.
1. 3
<x
2
264
3 + 12 = 0
3.
2. ,
263
4. + ,
1. ,
262
6. x = , x = +
2
3
:
1+3y
1. x: ( 2 , +)
)
2. y : (, 2x1
3
267
= (3) 4 2 (m + 1) = 1 8m
. m 1
.
8
268
1. 6 x
..

taexeiola.gr
300
2. 9
< x < 31
2
4
269
35
48
270
1
5
271
272
+.
273
4
3
<x
<<1
274
54
3 x
5 + 4x
3x 1
(3 x) (5 + 4x) (3x 1)
1
3
+
+
) +, ( 12 , +)
1. (, 5) , (5, 1
2
) +, ( 12 , +) +
2. (, 1
2
3. (, 1) +, (1, 2) , (2, 3) +, (3, +)
275 (, 3) , (3, 75 ) +, ( 75 , 12 ) , ( 12 , +) +
276
1. (2x 1) (x 2)
2
2. (2x + 1)
3. (x + 3) (x 11)
277
1. x+13
x+15
2(a+9)
2. 3(a7)
3. b7x
x+b
278
279

..
taexeiola.gr
301
6.
1. 7, 1, , .
4. x.
2. 2
, 1 , .
3 3
5. x.
3. 8,1 , .
280
. x
6. 1
3
1
.
3
282 +
283
4. 3
x 43
2
1. 2 < x < 2
2. x 7 3 x
5. x < 5 5
<x
2
3. 1
< x < 34
2
6. 2
< x < 32
3
284
1. < x <
4. x x
2. x < x >
5.
<x<
2
3. x
6. < x <
285
5. x < 18 17 1+8 17 < x
1. x < 3 4 < x
2. 1
<x<1
3
6.
3. x < 1
1
< x x 12
2
2
7. x = 1
2
4. x < 1 1
<x
3
8. x R
1. 1 < x < 1
12 5 12 + 12 5 < x < 2
2
286
2. x .
3. x < 4
1
12
3
2
5<x<0
1
2
1
2
5<x
287 2 y 2
288 y 8 2 15 8 + 2 15 y
289
1. < 3 8 57 3+ 8 57 <
2. 0 < 1
4
3. 1
<
4
4. 2
290
2<<2 2
1. x < 1 2 < x < 3 4 < x
2. x < 1 0 < x
3. 2 < x 1
12
2
5 12 + 12 5 x < 1
4. 3 < x < 0 1
<x<12<x
3
5. x < 2 1 < x < 1 2 < x
..
6.
3<x<
2 1 < x < 1
2<x<
7. 0 < x < 1
8. 1
12 5 < x < 12 12 5 1 12 2 < x <
2
1
2 + 12 5 12 + 12 5 < x < 1 + 12 2

taexeiola.gr
302
291
4. 32000 5
1. 7
2. 1
3
1
1
5. 4111
8111
3. 2
6. x2 + 3
292
2.
1. 0
4. 2
7
2
5. 5
3. 15
8
293
6. 6
1. + 1
3. 4 ( )
2. 2 + + 2
4.
295 x 1
296 2x + 13
297 2x + 16
299
2x 2
6
2 x + 4 + x =
2x + 2
300
301
x2 + x + 4
(x 2) x + 2 x = x2 + x 4
x2 x 4
1. x = 3, x = 3
x < 4
4 x < 2
x2
x < 2
2 x < 0
x2
5. x = 1
, x = 13 , x = 2, x = 2
3
2. x = 3, x = 7
3
6. x = 3
+ 14 17, x = 34 14 17
4
3. x = 11
, x = 11
5
5
7. x = 3
12 5, x = 32 + 12 5, = 32 12 5,
2
x = 32 +
4.
1
2
302 x1 = 2 , x2 = 1
303 x = 1
304
1. x = 11
, x = 1
3
2. x = 1
2
3. x = 1
51
4. x = 4 15, x = 4 + 15, x = 4 17
305
5, x =
1. 1 < x < 5
2. 5 < x < 1
5. x = 1 x 0
6. x = 1, x = 2,
7. x = 4
3
3. 4 x 12
4. x < 9 5 < x
306

..
taexeiola.gr
303
6.
1. 7 < x < 7
4. x 3 x 3
2. 12 x 12
5. x < 1
2
3. x < 11 x > 11
6. x > 8
307
1. 14 < x < 8
2. 1 < x x < 3
5
308
1. x < 4
10
<x
3
3
3. 0 < x < 2
5
4. 5
<x
2
4. 5
<x<2
3
2. x < 1 3 < x
5. x
3. x < 1
2
6. 1
309
1. 8
21<x
4. 8
2. 16
5. 5
3. 8
6. 287
4
312
. > .
314
() x =
3
2
318
() x = 2 x = 6 () x = 2
319
323
2<x<1
1. x + x + 1
2. x + x 1
3. x2 3x + 2 + x2
4. x x2
325 6, 0, 3, 1, 1, 2
327 x = 2
328 x = 3 x = 11
329
[, ].
330
331 x1 x2 y1 y2
..

taexeiola.gr
304
332
1. x x: A1 (2, 4), y y : A2 (2, 4).
2. A3 (2, 4)
3. 1 : A4 (4, 2), 1 : A5 (4, 2).
333 x = 2 + 2 3, x = 2 2 3
334 B ( 52 12 3, 32 + 32 3) B ( 52 12 3, 32 32 3)
335 (x + 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 9
336 (x + 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 34
337 x + 3y 10 = 0
338 x y 2 = 0
339 M ( 75 , 35 )
341
1. 11
2. 1
342
3. 11
4
5. x2 + 7x + 11
4. 3 + 3
1. 3
2. 2
3
6. x2 x 1
3. x+5
x+3
5. 3x+1
3x1
4. x5
x3
6. x+3
x3
343 = 9
345
1. f(x)=3x
3. f(x)=xx
5. f(x)=3x+4
2. f(x)=3x
4. f(x)=x 3
6.
346
1. f(x)=(x+2)/(x+3)
3. f(x)=x 3-2x
2. f(x)=xx+3x+3
4. f(x)=x/(1+1/x)
347
f(x)=-3(x+4)
1. A (2, 2)
2.
, 3)
3. f B ( 3
2
4.
348
1. = 2
5
2. = 1
349
1. x < 0 1 < x
2. x x A (0, 0) B (1, 0). A

y y .
350

..
taexeiola.gr
305
6.
1. R {1}
4. [1, +)
2. R {1, 2}
5. x < 2 1 x
3. R
6. 1 x 5
351
3+1
) > ( 23 )
2. ( 2
3
3. (
3+1
2012
5. (1 + x)
33
44
2 1) > ( 2 1)
352
4. ( 2+1 ) > ( 2+1 )
1. 23 < 24
)
6. 1 + ( 2
3
11
> (1 + x)2000
> 1 + ( 23 )
15
1. 0 < x2 < x
2. 0 < x2 < x x 0 < x3 < x2 ,

x 0 < x4 < x3 ... :
0 < x < .... < x < ... < x2 < x < 1
353
1.
1296 = 6
a10 = a2
3. 4 16
= 23
81
2.
art = at
3
3
5.
a36 = a4
4
6.
83 8=2
4.
354
4
= 3 = 34 = 81. 4 = 5 = 54 = 625. + = 81 +
625 = 706
361 A = 2 3 3 + 3 3 2, B = 3 4 2 + 2 4 2 , = 2 5 2 + 2 5 2 + 2 5 2
363 A = 2 4 11 , B = 4 3 5 , = 2 3 2 , =
364
365
1. 2pd2
367
1. 396
8
x
4.
2
3
12
12
4
4. 11
4 ,
1.
3.
3.
3. 945
4
11
369
2.
96
t3
366
2.
2. x3 y 7
6
11
13
12
3
>
12
3,
6<
11
7
13
3>1
4.
5.
6.
5
8 > 15 8
21<
5 11
7<
14
4 13
21
371
..

taexeiola.gr
306
1. x = 2
3. x =
2. x = 2
4. x =
372
1. 2
2. -2
373
1. 4
4. 18
2. 4
1
5. 16
3. 32
6. 9
5
374
21
23
4. 3 6
1. 6
2. 1
5. 52 2
3. x
6. 256
376 2
377
378 = 6
379
x x A ( 2
, 0) y y B (0, 2).
3
380 y = 73 x + 13
3
382 y = 3x + 2 3
383
x x A ( 2
, 0) y y B (0, 2).
3
384 y = x + 1 y = x 3
385 t =
1
2
386 t = 13
6
387 y = 3x
388 y = 18 x + 21
4
390
1. x = 3
2. x = 0
3. 1 < x
4. 1 < x < 3
391
(2, 4).

..
taexeiola.gr
307
6.
392 f (x) = x2 + x + 2
393
3
4
394
2m 3 4x2 8x + 5 1. m 2.
397 34 14 17 + 8 2 < x < 34 + 14 17 + 8 2

398 2 x = 1.
403
] [ 23 , +)
(, 2
3
404 23 x = 2.
407
1. 9
4
2. 9
4
410
411
x=
3
2
1. 14
2. 17
412
4 3 = 1, 44 33 = 11, 0 0 = 0, 33 33 = 0.
413
33 11 = 3, 0 33 = 0, 84 12 = 7, (232 233) 233 = 232.
414 15 21
415 7
..

taexeiola.gr
308
416
234490 + 094432 = 328 922

328922 + 229823 = 558745
558745 + 547855 = 1106600
1106600 + 0066011 = 1172611
1172611 + 1162711 = 2335322
2335322 + 2235332 = 4570654
4570654 + 4560754 = 9131408
9131408 + 8041319 = 17172727
17172727 + 72727171 = 89899898
417 233
418
1. 120 720.
2. 3.628.800 39.916.800.
420
1210, 2020, 21200, 3211000, 42101000, 521001000,
6210001000.
421
1. 12
6. 17
11. 24
2. 14
7. 15
12. 38
3. 2
8. 1
13. 0
4. 4
9. 3
14. 60
5. 0
422
10. 17
1. 35
2. 72
15. 22
3. 72
5. 0
4. 40
6. 10
423 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100

425
426
427
429 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14, 496 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248

432
1. 23
24
4. 1
6
7. 5
6
2. 11
30
5. 29
35
8. 15
56
5
3. 21
1
6. 15
9. 1
2

..
taexeiola.gr
309
6.
10. 25
2
9
11. 10
433
1. 13
12
12. 27
8
3.
5
2. 12
yx3
4. (x+1)(y2)
434
1. = 3
3. = 28
2. =
4. = 110
435
1. 1
4
2. 31
436
1. 22
8. 6
2. 19
9. 34
3. 89
10. 39
4. 564
11. 6
5. 274
12. 5
6. 10
13. 9
7. 10
14. 5
437
1. 14
15
2. x
3.
y
x
4. xy
438 60
439 60
440 7
441 126
443
2
5
444
30%.
445
5
6
1
3
1
2
15
7
1
4
1
28
446 <
447
448
x5
4
x
,
3
1
12
x
1. 2 + 12 + 35
2. m2 + 3m 108
449
5
4
3. k 2 + 3k 28
4. 6xa + 9xb 8ya 12yb
1. 14
3
2. 17
..

taexeiola.gr
310
450
1. 9009
= 72, 072
125
2. 703
3. 1
4. 2
453 176
9
454 23
455
1. 2x3 7x2 + 7x 2
2. 8a3 + 10a2 7a 6
3. 2a5 b2 a6 + b6 a4 b4
4. 15m4 32m3 + 50m2 32m + 15
456
1. 42c7
2. 45y 7
457
1. 2x
4
2. 2a
3. a2 b3
4. 14x2 y 3 z 5
3. 2c
4. y 3 z 3
458 2x + 1
459
1. 5
2. 1
7
460
1. 5n + p
2. 4
461
3. 4x
4. a2 + 8b2 9c2
27
22
462 6xy + 3x2

463 3 (2 + 2 ) 7
464 +
465 y = 52 .
466
1. 1
2
2.
3. x a
467 3m 12 n

..
taexeiola.gr
311
6.
468
24
4
1. 2a2 + a4 35 + a
2 a4
2. 3x2a y a+1 3y a1 y a+1 + x2a y a1
469
1. 0
2. 0
3. 0
4. 1
470
1. 11
2. 576
27
3. 512
471
1. 4
2. 6
3. 4
472
1. 8
2. 12
473
7,
474
2 + ( 2) = 0
3
,
2
2,
1,
1
,
6
3,
4,
20
475 92
476 9
477
478
479
480
0.
481
482
483
484
486
5.
487 8, 2, 1, 4
488
. ({, , , } {, , }) {} = {, }
489
..

taexeiola.gr
312
1. {b, a, c}
5. {a, e}
2. {b, c}
6. {c, d, e}
3. {a}
7. {a}
4.
8. {, , }
490
491
1. A B
2. B A
1.
(A B) =
(A ) B
2. (B A) =
(B ) A
3. ( A) B =
492
1. {, }
3. A B
4. (A B)
5. (A ) B
7. (, )
3. {}
8. {, }
4. {}
9.
5.
10. {}
1. {} [, +)
3. [, ]
2. (, )
4. (, ) [, +)
495
496
7. A B
6. (, )
2. (, )
493
6. (B ) A
( B) A
{a, b, c}, {a, b, d}, {a, b, e}, {a, b, f },

{a, c, d}, {a, c, e}, {a, c, f },
{a, d, e}, {a, d, f },
{a, e, f },
{b, c, d}, {b, c, e}, {b, c, f },
{b, d, e}, {b, d, f },
{b, e, f },
{c, d, e}, {c, d, f },
{c, e, f },
{d, e, f }
1. 24. a, b, c, d.
:
[a, b, c, d], [a, b, d, c], [a, c, b, d], [a, c, d, b], [a, d, b, c], [a, d, c, b],
[b, a, c, d], [b, a, d, c], [b, c, a, d], [b, c, d, a], [b, d, a, c], [b, d, c, a],
[c, a, b, d], [c, a, d, b], [c, b, a, d], [c, b, d, a], [c, d, a, b], [c, d, b, a],
[d, a, b, c], [d, a, c, b], [d, b, a, c], [d, b, c, a], [d, c, a, b], [d, c, b, a]
2. 120
497
1. 50
2. 33
3. 16
4. 3
= A B , = A B N () = N (A B) = N (A) + N (B) N (A B) =
50 + 33 16 = 67
498
586.051.200 .

..
taexeiola.gr
313
6.
499 495
10
15
21
10
20
35
15
35
21
500
3
4
5
6
7
502
1. 173 = 4913
503 257 = 6.103.515.625

505
1. {, }, {, }, {, }, {, , }, {, , }, {, , }, {, , , }.
2. {, , }, {, , }, {, , , }.
3. {}, {}, {, }, {, }, {, }, {, }, {, }, {, , }, {, , }.
506
2
1
3
1
36
= 18
36
= 12
.
4.
507
12
365
508
1 - 2 :
( )
. 3
.
4
509
1
90
510
1
24.435.180
511
= 1, 1%
1. 1
3
512
5
7
513
5
18
514
1

32
..
2. 2
3
1
3. 12
3%.

taexeiola.gr
314
515
516
10
1000
1
100
1. 9 6
2. .
517
15.876
46.189
= 0, 34
518

..
taexeiola.gr
315
6.
1. 22 (3 2 + 2)
3. (3 2 1) (x y)
2. ( ) (x + y )
4. (y 3) (7x + 13)
519
4. (x2 + 1) ( + )
1. ( + )
2. ( + ) (t + u)
5. (x2 + ) (x )
3. ( + ) ( + )
6. (y + z + ) (x + )
520
1. (x + y 3 ) (x y 2 )
4. 1
(6 + x) (52 + x2 )
3
2. (3y + 2x2 ) (x3 + 4y 2 )
5. (x 1) (x2 + x + 1) (x2 2)
3. (3y + 2x2 ) (x3 + 4y 2 )
6. (x2 + x + 1) (2y + 3)
521
3. (x3 + 1) (x2 + x + 1)
1. ( + ) ( + )
2. (x2 y) (y 2 + x)
522
2.
4. (5ab 2) (2b2 + ab + a2 )
1
1.
+
3. +
4.
2 ++ 2
5.
2 + 2
+
6.
(32 +4)
2 2
526
527
528
532
2 2
(1)
2
534
L:
x + y = z
) = (10
)=
541 (10
8
2
10(101)
2
..
= 45

taexeiola.gr
316
542
(1 + 1) . (5.9)
545
: ( 1) = , (2 ) =
(1)
,
2
... , ( ) = 1
555

..
taexeiola.gr
317
6.
1. 5
3. 3
5
2. 3
2
4. 2p+3q
2p3q
559
561 =
5
,
2
= 11, = 177, 1 = 5.
562 = 1024, =
1
,
192
1 = 14, 1 = 14.
563
1. 2059
1458
2. 1281
512
3. 765
4
4. 682
564
1. 153
2. 0
3. 555
2
4. 30
565
( + )(+1)
2
566
1. 11, 14, 17, 77
2. +1 = 3 =
3. 15 950
4. 23 + ... + 123 = 22 927
5. 2012 .
567 156
568 1 =
569
104
,
3
7
= 18
1. 328
2. 332
3. 47
4. 26
570
1. 5 = 1
2
)
2. = 8 ( 1
2
3. , , 1 , 3 , 5 , ....
: 2 , 4 , 6 , ....
4. ( 2010 ) + ( 1000 ) = 3584

2014
1003
576 Sp+q = (p + q)
578
4+2 (2+1)2+2 +(2+1)2 1

2 (2 1)
583
..

taexeiola.gr
318
1. x
2. ,
5. 4
6. , , 1
3.
1 1
7. ,
,
4. 2
8. 4
593
3) .
597
1) 1, 2, 3, ..., 1,
598
599 x = 3 2
1+2+3+...+(1)+
(+1)
2
+1
2
3 = 12.
600 x = 2
601
602
. , x + = 0 =
2 + 1 0.
1. 2 ( ) + 2 ( ) + 2 ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )
2. x =
603 x = 3
604
1. t =
t
0 +0
02 + 2x)
1
2. t = 2
(20 2
3. F2 = F1
(F12 ()2 F12 + 2 )
BGM m
4. h = BR B
1
5. r = 2
3
3
2 T 2 GM
V
6. T1 = P1 T2 P 1V
2 2
7. x1 = d qd
1
q1 q2
1
8. r2 = kQ kQV
r1
RR R
1 2
9. R3 = R R RR
1 2
2 RR1
605 6 4
606 x = 0 x = 37
607
0, 1
b, 2b x = 3b + 12 a x = b 5a.
5
608 x = 53
x = 3.

..
taexeiola.gr
319
6.
609 x = + +
610
1 1
,
2 4
611
1
m 1 x = m+1
. m = 1 m = 1
.
612
+6
1 x = 3(1)
. = 1 .
613
x = 1. = R.
614
1. x = 0, x = 5
2. x = 0,x = 15
11
3. x = 3, x = 3
4. x = 8, x = 10
5. x = 2, x = 7
6. x = 13, x = 12
7. x = 71029
8.
9.
23
10. x = 3
10
11. x = 1, x = 3 2+1
21
12. x = 1, x =
3 2+1
21
13. x = 0, x = 5
14. x = 1, x = 3
2
15.
16. x = 3, x = 13
11
17. x = 15
, x = 13
2
5
615 t =
616
3
,
4
t=1
1. x = 2a + 1, x = 2a 1
2. a, b x = 1.
.
3
3. x = 0, x = b ba
4. a b. a b x = (a b). a b
.
617
..

taexeiola.gr
320
1. 2
3. 1
5. 0
2. 2
4. 2
6. 0
618 m = 0 m = 12
619 m = 1, m = 5
620
622
1. = 0 . 0 x = 2 x = 5
.
3
x = 23 .
2. = 0 . 0 x = 1
3
623
3 5 2.
624
1. x2 5x + 6 = 0
4. x2 4x + 1 = 0
3) x + 2 + 3 = 0
2. x2 3x 54 = 0
5. x2 (3 +
3. x2 4
x + 13 = 0
3
6. x2 ( + 2 ) x + 3 = 0
625
8. 3 4 = 8
2 6.
626
1. 1 9
2. 5 +
15 5 15
3. 2 8
4. .
627 a = 20 6 5
628 t = 7
629 6, 32
630
1.
631 x = 41
2
634
1
4
2 4
2
2.
(3 2 )
3
x = 10
<m
635 12 < k < 14

636 1 + y (1 + x)2 (1 + xy) = (xy + y + 1) (x2 y + xy + 1)
637 p = 0, q = 0 p = 1, q = 2 p = 12 , q = 12 .
638 p3 3qp q 2 q = 0

..
taexeiola.gr
6.
639
321
1. 42
<x
11
2. 1
<x
4
3. x < 35
29
4. 147
<x
20
640
).
1. a = 1 R. a > 1 (, 2a+1
1a
a < 1 ( 2a+1
,
+)
.
1a
2 + 2
2. 2 = 2 . 2 > 2 x >
2 < 2
4
2 + 2
x <
.
4
641
1. 22
< x x < 47
22
< x < 47
7
4
7
4
..

taexeiola.gr
322
2. 2 < x x < 21
,
4
642 5 < x <
11
2
2
643
1. P S4
2. P

S . P
S < 2 P 2 P < S .
: .

.
644
< 0.
645 a < 6
646
1. x = 5, x = 6
2. x = 5 6 13
3. x < 1
4
<x
3
3
647 x = 2
648
2 8
649 = 5, = 3
650 3, 1, 1, 3 ( 2) , 0
651
x 0.
653
13x+12x2
13+12x
.
2
= x
654 A = (x 1) (2 x) = 2x 3
655 A = t 3 t 5 = (t 3) (5 t) = 2t 8
656
3
5
89 + 35
10
17
90

..
taexeiola.gr
323
6.
657
1. x =
+
2
2. x
3. x = 2 , x =
+2
3
4. x
659
1.
662 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
663 6300
665
2 4
666
= 3 1 < x < 2 2 < x < 1.
667
A=
4x + ( + + + )
2x + ( + + + )
+ +
2x + ( + )
4x + ( )
x<
x<
x<
x<
x
669 t = 5
671
1. [1, 2]
2. 0 m 3
2
3. x = 0 x = 1
672
1.
2. x = 4 1
2
2
673
1. f (1) = f (1) = 0
2. x x A(1, 0), B(1, 0). y y (0, 1).

3. (1, 1) (1, +).
674 f (x) =
1
1+x2
..

taexeiola.gr
324
675
1. f ( + ) = f (4) = 5
2. f () + f () = 2 ( + ) 6 = 2
3. f (x1 + x2 + ... + x300 ) = f (100) = 197,
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (x ) = (2x1 3) + (2x2 3) + ... + (2x 3) = 2 (x1 + x2 + ... + x300 )
300 3 = 2 100 300 3 = 700
676
1
3
t t = 1
+ 13 x t = 12 y + 52 .
3
1
5
= 2 y + 2 . x, y y = 23 x + 13

3
1
x
3
M .
677
1. 12 2 y 12 2
x
f (x)
1
1
1
2
25
2
35
1
3
2.
681
x2007
2007
1
x2007 = 2007
2008
2008
2007 2007

(0,
1)
.
2008
x=
2007
2007
2007

2008
2008
(0, 1)
2f ()3+f ()
682
x = f ()2+f () (1, 2).

.
684
1. 7
2. 3
3. 2
4. 1
2
5. 2
6. 1
2
7. 100
8. 25
9. 1
5
10. 5
11. 4
12. 3
2
685
1. 42
4. 2 4
2. 2 2
5. 2 18
3
3. 32
6.
317
3
686

..
taexeiola.gr
325
6.
1. 2 2
31
2. 3 2
8 2
5
3. 2 3
687
1. 2
2. 2
4. 12 14 16
5. 2
6. 4 2
3. 2
4. 8 2 4
690 (1)
691
1
3
692 84
693
(76 )
4) 7
694
1. A = 1, B = 1
2. A = ( 1 ) , B = ( 1 ) (x 1)(x ) =
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
(1 2 )
(x1 )
1
(2 1 )
(x2 )
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3. (+1)
= 1 +1
12
+ 23
+ 34
+ ... + (+1)
= ( 11
2 ) + (2 3 ) + ... + ( +1 ) =
1
+1
+1
699 x0 y = 1, y0 x = 1
706 84
710 8
711 10 30
..


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taexeiola.

 

2 + 8 = 10 , 12 + 24 = 36, 18 + 24 = 42, 100 + 98 = 198

22. : 1 + 671 + 999

(a) + () + ... + () < 0

4. a13 b11 a14 b12

rm+rt3 +s3 m+s3 t3

4. (x1 x22 x33 ) (x21 x32 x3 )

(1.24) (1.25), (1.26), (1.27)

2 < x x < y 2 < y .

53. a > b, a < c, d > c. d, b.

> 0, > 0 > 0

(1.30) (+) (+) = (+).

(+)() = (). < 0

< 0 < 0 > 0

59. < < . :

60. < < . + > 0.

62. < . <

[x] x < [x] + 1

2 102 + 2 10, ...,

2 1002 + 7 10 + 4 100 <

2 1002 + 7 10 + 4 100 + 6 101 <

2 102 , 7 101 , 4 100 , 6 101 , 6 102 , 6 103 , 6 104 , .. ()

2 102 7 101 4 10 6 101 6 102 6 103 , 6 104 ...

1.5.1 Pons Asinorum

x < y 2x < 2y 2x 3 < 2y 3

A = {1, 2, ..., 100}

81. B = {3, 2, 1, 0, ..., 19, 20}.

94. 20 (0, 1).

98. x (2, 6) = (4 x, 4 + x);

102. x (a, x) (a, ).

A = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 9, 9, 18, 18}

108. {1, 4, 5} {4, 5, 7}

A(B ) = (A B)(A ) A(B ) = (A B)(A ) (2.11)

.. A = {1, 2, 3, 11} B = {2, 6, 7}.

117. A B N (B) = 11 N (A);

1 2 , ..., 1 6, 2 2 ,..., 2 6 ,..., 6 6

130. P (A) = 0, 7, P (B) = 0, 6 P (A B) = 0, 4 P (A B).

P (A B) + P (B A) = P (A) P (A B) + P (B) P (A B) = P (A) +

(a2 + b2 ) (x2 + y 2 ) = (ax + by) + (ay bx)

Joseph Louis Lagrange

(264 1) = (2 1) (263 + 262 + ... + 23 + 22 + 2 + 1)

1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 263 = 264 1

264 1 = 18 446 744 073 709 551 615

1 + (2) + (2) + ... + (2)

Carl Friedrich Gauss

172. (i), (ii)

182. xyz 0 x2 y , xyz , yz 2

2 3 4 ... = 1 2 3 ...1 ...

S = 1 + 1 + ... + 1 +( + 2 + ... + ( 1) ) = 1 +(1 + 2 + ... + ( 1))

194. 3 (2) + 3 (2) + 3 (2) + ... + 3 (2) .

197. p < q + 1, r < s 1 p + r < q + s.

198. x > y x + 7 > y + 3.

1 + 2 + ... + < 1 + 2 + ... +

211. (0, 1) (0, 1).

212. , 0 < < 4

0 < 1 2 ... < 1 2 ...

217. 0 < p < q 1 + p + p2 + p3 < 1 + q + q 2 + q 3 .

: (1) < (1) ( ) < . 1

23 82 < 41 52 1472 < 1025.

: 1 > 1 1 1 > 0 > 0.

240. (2, 3, 6) x + y + z = 11.

6. 64x2 64x 273 = 0

x > f (x) > f () f (x) > 0

x > f (x) < f () f (x) < 0