TENSE BALALARI when -d zaman -dnda -nca while -iken as -iken / -dka after + (N) -den sonra before

+ (N) -den nce until + (N) till + (N) -e kadar by the time -e kadar just as -iken since + (N) ever since + (N) -den beri during + N -de / boyunca as soon as once the moment the instant the minute the second immediately -er.-mez now that -dna gre -den dolay prior to + N -den nce following + N -n akabinde ;meanwhile, bu srada ;afterwards, daha sonra for + N -dr by + N -e gelindiinde whenever her ne zaman -se/sa

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

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zeri koyu iaretli olan balalar ncelikli renilmesi gereken balalardr. Balalar kullanm sklna gre iaretlenmitir. Balalardan hemen sonra gelen cmleye yan cmle denir; dier cmleye ise ana cmle denir. Bala ___yan cmle____ ____ana cmle____ bala ____yan cmle____.

, ___ana cmle____.

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Devrik cmle: soru formatndaki cmlelere denir. She had realized it (dz cmle) Had she realized it (devrik cmle) (yardmc fiil + zne + asl fiil) + N = sadece isim ile kullanlr. + (N) = hem isim hem de cmle ile kullanlr. Noun alan balalara the fact that getirirsek sonrasnda cmle de yazlabilir. due to + N due to + the fact that + SVO As ve while iken anlamnda kullanldnda, yan cmlesinde ou zaman continuous tense kullanlr ve bu balalar bu anlamdayken perfect tense ile kullanmamak gerekir. As dka anlamnda kullanldnda genellikle comparative sfat kullanlr ya da cmle fiille biter. As the prices went higher, (fiyatlar ykseldike) As the prices increased, (fiyatlar arttka) V2 after V2 / had V3. will V1 after V1 / have V3.

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10- V2 / had V3 before V2. will V1 / will have V3 before V1. 11- Until ve till in ana cmlesinde genellikle olumsuz bir eylem kullanlr. 12- had V3 by the time V2. will have V3 by the time V1. 13- By 1990, had V3 In 1990, V2 By 2025 will have V3 In 2025, will V1 14- Since ve ever since den beri anlamnda birbirine eittir. Since balacnn cmle ierisinde kullanm: She has not been able to walk since she had an accident. She had an accident and since she has not been able to walk. She had an accident and she has not been able to walk since. **Since balandan sonra isim de gelebilir. She has not been able to walk since the accident. (since + N) 15- Now that balac, present tenselerle kullanlr. 16- For + zaman sreci ou zaman perfect tenselerle kullanlr; ancak simple tenselerle de kullanldn unutmamak gerekir.

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KOUL BALALARI if (eer) se/-sa unless -medike/-mezse providing (that) provided (that) -mesi artyla as long as so long as -d srece on condition that -mas artyla suppose (that) supposing (that) farzet ki even if -se bile what if Ya -sa? only if ancak (eer) -sa if only keke ;otherwise, ,or else ,or yoksa/ aksi takdirde without + N but for + N -sz/siz in case -rsa diye so that in order that -sn diye lest korkusuyla for fear that korkusuyla as if as though (sanki) -m gibi in order to + V1 so as to + V1 to + V1 -mek iin

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

12type - 1 (PRESENT/FUTURE ihtimal - real) will V1 V1 can V1 have/has V3 may V1 can V1 must V1 IF should V1 ought to V1 *(could V1) *(might V1) zengin olursam (ihtimal)

type - 0 (PRESENT/FUTURE - genel gereklerde - real) V1 IF V1

* could ve might daha ok type 2 ile kullanlr; ancak type 1 ile de nadiren kullanld unutulmamaldr. 3type - 2 (PRESENT/FUTURE olan durumun tersini dnme - unreal) would V1 V2 IF could V1 could V1 might V1 Zengin olsaydm (tersini dnme) type - 3 (PAST olmu durumun tersini dnme - unreal) would have V3 had V3 IF could have V3 could have V3 might have V3 (gemite) zengin olsaydm (olmu durumun tersini dnme) mix types (2-3 / 3-2) would V1 had V3 IF could V1 could have V3 might V1 gemite yle olsayd, imdi byle olurdu. would have V3 V2 IF could have V3 could V1 might have V3 kullanm ok snrldr. Ifin yan cmlesinde genellikle to be fiili kullanlr. ** mix typelar doru cevap olduklarnda cmle ierisinde genellikle cmlenin past ya da present olduunu gsteren zaman zarf kullanlr. 6Unless, if balac gibi kullanlr, sadece anlam fark vardr. unless = if not unless in ana cmlesinde genellikle olumsuz eylem kullanlr. providing (that), provided (that), as long as, so long as, on condition that, only if, suppose (that) ve supposing (that) balalar; if gibi kullanlr sadece eviri fark vardr. Anlam asndan ok kk fark vardr o yzden bu balar tamamen if balacna eit gibi dnmeliyiz. ** only if cmle banda kullanldnda ana cmlede devrik cmle kullanlr. Even if balac, if gibi kullanlr; sadece anlam fark vardr. Otherwise, or else ve or balalarndan sonra gelen cmlede, if balacyla kullanlan modallar (will, would, can, could vs.) kullanlr.

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10- Without ve but for balalarnn kullanld cmlelerde, if balacyla kullanlar modallar (will, would, can, could vs.) kullanlabilir. 11- So that ve in order that balalarnn yan cmlesinde V1/will/would/can/could kullanlr.

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SEBEP-SONU BALALARI (,)because (,)as (,)since ,for on grounds that nk / -den dolay now that seeing that inasmuch as madem ki / -den dolay due to + N owing to + N because of + N by reason of + N by virtue of + N on account of + N -den dolay thanks to + N -n sayesinde ;therefore, ;thus, ;hence, ,so ;as a result, ;as a consequence, ;consequently dolaysyla sonu olarak bu yzden in view of + N -gznne alndnda as a result of + N as a consequence of+ N -n sonucu olarak

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

1(,)because (,)as (,)since ,for on grounds that now that seeing that inasmuch as due to + N owing to + N because of + N by reason of + N by virtue of + N on account of + N thanks to + N as a result of + N as a consequence of+ N in view of + N

SONU

SEBEP

2;therefore, ;thus, ;hence, ,so ;as a result, ;as a consequence, ;consequently

SEBEP

SONU

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Because, as, ve since virglle kullanldnda nk diye evrilir; dier durumlarda -d iin/-den dolay diye evrilir. For, nk anlamndayken daima virglle kullanlr. Therefore, thus, hence, so, as a result, as a consequence ve consequently balalar and ile birlikte yaygn olarak kullanlr. and so / and thus vs.

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PARALEL YAPILAR neither nor ne ne de either or ya ya da both and hem hem de not only .. but also .. sadece deil ayn zamanda whether or ister ister not but deil

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Bu gruptaki balalar iki ismi, iki sfat, iki fiili vs. yani yapsal olarak parallel yaplar balar. Not only but also farkl ekillerde karmza kabiliyor: not only but not only but as well **only yerine sadece anlamnda kullanlan dier zarflarda yazlabilir. merely, solely, just vs not but kullanmnda but fakat/ama/ancak diye evrilmedii unutulmamaldr. not A but B = A deil B

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ZITLIK BALALARI although (,)though even though much as -e ramen/ -se de despite + N in spite of + N notwithstanding + N -e ramen (,)while (,)whereas -e ragmen / oysa ;however, ;nevertheless, ;nonetheless, ,yet ,but ;still, ,though ;even so, ancak / yine de / ama ;on the contrary, aksine/bilakis ;on the other hand, te yandan contrary to + N in contrast to + N unlike + N -in aksine ;in contrast, ;conversely, aksine

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

1BEKLENMEDK SONU KT BR EY Y BR EY 2;however, ;nevertheless, ;nonetheless, ,yet ,but ;still, ,though ;evenso, BEKLENMEDK SONU Y BR EY KT BR EY although (,)though even though much as despite + N in spite of + N notwithstanding + N

Y BR EY KT BR EY

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Beklenmedik sonutan kasdettiimiz anlamak iin aadaki cmleleri karlatralm: Although she was ill, she went to work. (beklenmedik sonu) She was ill, but she went to work. (beklenmedik sonu) Because she was ill, she didnt go to work. (beklendik sonu) Although she studied, she failed. She studied, but she failed. she studied = iyi bir ey she failed = kt bir ey Whereas ve while balalar karlatrma cmlelerinde kullanlr. ki farkl znenin iki farkl zellii karlatrlr. znelerin karlatrlabilir olmasna dikkat ediniz. Whereas ve while cmle ortasnda kullanldnda ounlukla virglle kullanlr. Contrary to, in contrast to, unlike, in contrast ve conversely balalar karlatrma yaparken kullanlr. Karlatrlan elerin zt zellikleri verilir. Ztlk balalarnn still (hl) zarfyla beraber kullanm yaygndr. Ztlk balalarnn may/might (-e bilir) modallaryla beraber kullanm yaygndr.

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AYNI FKR SRDREN BALALAR ;moreover, ;furthermore, ;further, ;in addition, ;besides, ;what is more, ;also, dahas/buna ek olarak efendime syliyeyim besides + N in addition to + N as well as + N -e ek olarak -n yan sra

1iyi bir ey ;moreover, ;furthermore, ;further, ;in addition, ;besides, ;what is more, ;also, besides + N in addition to + N as well as + N iyi bir ey

kt bir ey

kt bir ey

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Also ayn zamanda zarf olarak da kullanlr. Bu durumda cmlenin ortasnda kullanlr ve cmleye ayrca anlam katar.

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DER BALALAR ;for example, ;for instance, ;to illustrate, rnein such as + N rnein/ gibi or + (N) veya according to + N -e gre then o zaman/ yleyse including + N dahil ;indeed, ;in fact, ;actually, gerekte/ aslnda ;that is, ;in other words, ;namely, yani instead of + N in place of + N ;instead, yerine except (for) + N hari ,nor ve apart from + N -ile birlikte/ haricinde regardless of + N.C. dikkate almadan on behalf of +N -n adna ;likewise, ;similarly, benzer ekilde rather than + N -den ziyade (,)and + (N) ve just as (so) tpk gibi so that yle ki such that yle ki as as so as kadar hardly barely when scarcely tam ki no sooner than tam ki as far as so far as -d kadaryla as +N olarak

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

1___kme___ such as ___eleman___. (rnein) such ___kme ___ as ___eleman___. (gibi) wild animals such as eagle and falcon (vahi hayvanlar rnein kartal ve ahin) wild animals such as eagle and falcon (kartal ve ahin gibi vahi hayvanlar)

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Indeed, in fact ve actually balalar, anlamca birbirine ok yakn olan cmleleri balar. kinci cmle ilk cmlenin vurgulu halidir. That is, in other words, ve namely balalarnda cmleler birbirine anlamca eittir. kinci cmle birinci cmlenin sadeletirilmi halidir. Birinci cmlede genellikle bir terim kullanlr ya da anlalmas g bir ifade kullanlr. Nor balacndan sonra gelen cmle devriktir. Nor kendisi olumsuz bir ifade olduu iin olumlu cmlede kullanlr ancak cmle olumsuz evrilir. Anlam olarak and balacna eittir. Regardless of balacndan sonra genellikle Noun Clause gelir. And balac cmleleri baladnda kendisinden nce genellikle virgule kullanlr. so + adjective/adverb + that + SVO. such +(a) + (adj.) + NOUN + that +SVO. as + adj./adv as + N. as rich as Bill Gates (Bill Gates kadar zengin) as/so + adj./adv as + N. (bu anlamda so sadece olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr.)

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10- Hardly Barely ____ DEVRK CMLE ___ when ___SVO___. Scarcely TAM K No sooner ____ DEVRK CMLE ___ than ___SVO___. TAM K 11- as far as, so far as balalarndan sonra ounlukla aadaki cmleler gelir. as far as I know (bildiim kadaryla) as far as I am concerned (bildiim kadaryla) as far as I can tell (bildiim kadaryla) as far as I can see (grdm kadaryla) vs. 12- Asden sonra isim geldiinde olarak diye evrildii unutulmamaldr.

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DER BALALAR with regard to + N regarding + N with reference to + N as regards + N with respect to + N about + N as to + N concerning + N in relation to + N -e dair by means of + N -n araclyla as a means of + N arac olarak no matter + N.C. her in the hope of + N umuduyla accordingly bu dorultuda in accord with+ N in accordance with + N -e uygun olarak in terms of + N asndan/-e gre in excess of + N more than + N -den fazla the comparative the comparative ne kadar o kadar such + N byle even bile only sadece just sadece az nce already oktan/zaten yet henz with a view to + N amacyla in that asndan in case of + N durumunda like + N gibi as + verb / prep. / SV gibi too as well either de/da (bala) however + adj/adv her ne kadar/ ne denli rather olduka

CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS

1No matter balacndan sonra Noun Clause gelir. No matter what = whatever (her ne) No matter who = whoever (her kim) 2More than karlatrma yaparken de kullanlr. Bu durumda sfatlarla ya da zarflarla kullanlr. Bu kullanma comparative denir. more difficult than ** eer sfat tek heceliyse more kullanlmaz sfatn sonuna er eki eklenir. faster than / more fast than / more faster than ** more than in anlam olarak ztt less than dir. more than X less than (daha az) the comparative the comparative (ne kadar o kadar ) normal artlarda comparative sfatlardan once the gelmez. Sadece bu kullanmda comparative sfatlarla the kullanlr. The more you want, the more you suffer, if you want everything, you must suffer everything. (ne kadar ok istersen, o kadar ok ac ekersin) the faster the better ... (ne kadar hzl o kadar iyi ) Such, that ile kullanlmadnda byle diye evrilir. I dont like such people. (Byle insanlardan holanmam.) Even ve Only bir zarftr, bala deildir. Sadece balalarn anlamn pekitirmek iin kullanlr. even when (-dnda bile) only when (sadece - dnda) even after (-den sonra bile) vs. only after (sadece -den sonra) vs. Just, tpk only ve even gibi balalarn anlamn pekitirmek iin kullanlabilir. just n bir dier anlam az ncedir. Bu anlamdayken perfect tenselerle yaygn olarak kullanlr. Already ve yet perfect tenselerle yaygn olarak kullanlr. Yet genellikle olumsuz cmlelerde ve soru cmlelerinde, cmle sonunda kullanlr. In that balac, different ve similar gibi farkl ya da benzer anlam katan sfatlarla ya da fiillerle kullanlr. Nesnelerin hangi adan benzediini ya da farkl olduunu sylemek iin kullanlr. As shown in the example (rnekte gsterildii gibi) As in the example (rnekte olduu gibi) As the author shows in the example (yazarn rnekte gsterdii gibi) ** As den sonra isim gelirse olarak diye evrildii unutlmamaldr.

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10- too, as well ve either Trkedeki de/da balacnn karldr. too ve as well olumlu cmlelerde; either ise olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr. I like it, too/as well. (ben de severim.) Me,too (ben de) I dont like it, either. (ben de sevmem.) 11- However balacndan sonra sfat ya da zarf gelebilir. Bu durumda ancak diye evrilmez; noktalama iareti olmadan da kullanlabilir. Ve cmle bana da gelebilir. However hard he studies, he cant . (her ne kadar ok alsa da yapamyor.) 12- Rather olduka anlamna gelen bir zarftr. Dier olduka anlamnda kullanlan zarflar: quite pretty highly somewhat considerably substantially comparatively

fairly relatively

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