Basic Electricity and Electronics

AC1 Fundamentals

by

Instructors Guide

>{X5>7
3091562100307

Edition 2 91562-10

SECOND EDITION

First Printing, July 2003

Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.

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Table of Contents
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation............................................................... 1-1 Inventory of Workstation ........................................................................................................ 1-1 Minimum Computer Requirements.................................................................................... 1-1 Equipment and Supplies..................................................................................................... 1-1 Equipment Installation ............................................................................................................ 1-1 Software Installation ............................................................................................................... 1-1 Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum ................................................................ 2-1 Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 2-2 Screen Buttons ........................................................................................................................ 2-3 F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources.................................................................................. 2-4 Internet Access ........................................................................................................................ 2-5 Instructor Annotation Tool...................................................................................................... 2-5 Student Journal........................................................................................................................ 2-5 Assessing Progress .................................................................................................................. 2-6 Real-Number Questions and Answers .................................................................................... 2-8 Recall Values in Text ............................................................................................................ 2-10 Safety .................................................................................................................................... 2-11 Section 3 Courseware ............................................................................................................. 3-1 Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator.................................................................................... 3-1 Exercise 1 AC Waveform Generator Familiarization.......................................................... 3-3 Exercise 2 Generator Impedance ......................................................................................... 3-6 Unit 2 AC Measurements ..................................................................................................... 3-11 Exercise 1 AC Amplitude Measurement............................................................................ 3-13 Exercise 2 Measuring With an Oscilloscope ..................................................................... 3-17 Exercise 3 Measuring and Setting Frequency.................................................................... 3-20 Exercise 4 Phase Angle...................................................................................................... 3-24 Unit 3 Inductance.................................................................................................................. 3-29 Exercise 1 Inductors........................................................................................................... 3-31 Exercise 2 Inductors in Series and in Parallel.................................................................... 3-36

Unit 4 Inductive Reactance .................................................................................................. 3-49 Exercise 1 Inductive Reactance ......................................................................................... 3-50 Exercise 2 Series RL Circuits ............................................................................................ 3-57 Exercise 3 Parallel RL Circuits .......................................................................................... 3-62 Unit 5 Transformers ............................................................................................................. 3-71 Exercise 1 Transformer Windings ..................................................................................... 3-73 Exercise 2 Mutual Inductance............................................................................................ 3-78 Exercise 3 Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios ............................................................ 3-81 Exercise 4 Transformer Secondary Loading...................................................................... 3-87 Unit 6 Capacitance................................................................................................................ 3-99 Exercise 1 Capacitors....................................................................................................... 3-101 Exercise 2 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel................................................................ 3-105 Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance .............................................................................................. 3-113 Exercise 1 Capacitive Reactance ..................................................................................... 3-114 Exercise 2 Series RC Circuits .......................................................................................... 3-121 Exercise 3 Parallel RC Circuits........................................................................................ 3-126 Unit 8 Time Constants ........................................................................................................ 3-135 Exercise 1 RC Time Constants ........................................................................................ 3-137 Exercise 2 RC and RL Wave Shapes ............................................................................... 3-142 Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers ................................................. A-1 Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs) .........................................................B-1 Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting ....................................................... C-1

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Introduction
This Instructor Guide is divided into three sections and the appendices. It provides a unit-by-unit outline of the Fault Assisted Circuits for Electronics Training (F.A.C.E.T) curriculum. Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation contains a list and description of equipment and materials required for all units in this course of study as well as installation instructions. Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum provides a description of the courseware structure, instructions on getting started with the multimedia presentation, and an explanation of student-progress assessment methods. Section 3 Courseware includes information that enables the instructor to gain a general understanding of the units within the course. The unit objective Unit Fundamentals questions and answers A list of new terms and words for the unit Equipment required for the unit The exercise objectives Exercise Discussion questions and answers Exercise Procedure questions and answers Review questions and answers CMs and Faults available Unit Test questions and answers Troubleshooting questions and answers (where applicable)

Appendices include the questions and answers to the Pretest and Posttest plus additional specific information on faults and circuit modifications (CMs). Please complete and return the OWNER REGISTRATION CARD included with the CDROM. This will assist Lab-Volt in ensuring that our customers receive maximum support.

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SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION

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AC1 Fundamentals

Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation

SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION

Inventory of Workstation
Use this section to identify and inventory the items needed. Minimum Computer Requirements 100% compatible WindowsPC with Windows98 second edition or newer, NT, 2000, Me or XP; Pentium class CPU, (Pentium II or newer); 126 MB RAM; 10 GB HDD; CD-ROM drive; SVGA monitor and video card capable of 32-bit color display at 1024 x 768 resolution and sound capabilities. Equipment and Supplies The following equipment and supplies are needed for AC1 Fundamentals: Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Description F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave Student Workbook Instructor Guide

Equipment Installation
To install the hardware, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.

Software Installation
Third Party Application Installation All applications and files that the courseware launches, or that are required for the course should be installed before the courseware. Load all third party software according to the manufacturers' directions. Install this software to the default location and note that location. (Alternatively, you can install this software to a different location that you designate.) Remember to register all software as required. No third-party software is required for this course. Installation of Courseware and Resources To install the courseware and resources, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) and Gradepoint 2020 (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide. 1-1

AC1 Fundamentals

Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation

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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T CURRICULUM

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AC1 Fundamentals

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T CURRICULUM

Overview F.A.C.E.T curriculum is multimedia-based courseware. The curriculum gives students hands-on experience using equipment and software closely associated with industry standards. It provides students with opportunities for instruction in academic and technical skills. All courses are activity-driven curricula. Each course consists of several units containing two or more exercises. Each unit begins with a statement explaining the overall goal of the unit (Unit Objective). This is followed by Unit Fundamentals. Next is a list of new terms and words then the equipment required for the unit. The exercises follow the unit material. When students complete all the exercises, they complete the Troubleshooting section and take the Unit Test. The exercises consist of an exercise objective, exercise discussion, and exercise procedures. The Exercise Conclusions section provides the students with a list of their achievements. Every exercise concludes with Review Questions. Available circuit modifications (CMs) and faults are listed after the review questions. Additional specific information on CMs and faults is available in Appendix B.

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Getting Started
Desktop After the Tech-Lab System is installed, the TechLab icon appears on the desktop. 1. Click on the TechLab icon. 2. The student clicks on LOGON and selects his or her name. 3. The student enters his or her password and clicks on OK. (If he or she is creating a password, four alphanumeric characters must be entered. The system will ask for the password to be entered again for verification. Keep a record of the students' passwords.) 4. The previous two steps are repeated until all members of the student team have logged on. Click on Complete and then Yes. 5. When the Available Courses menu appears, students click on the course name. 6. A window with the name of the course and a list of units for that course appears. Students click on the unit name. The unit title page appears and the students are ready to begin. Selecting Other Courses and Exiting the Courseware 1. Clicking on Exit when in a unit returns the student to the list of units for that course. 2. If students wish to select another unit, they click on it. 3. If students wish to exit F.A.C.E.T, they click on the X symbol in the upper right corner. 4. If students wish to select another course, they click on the Course Menu button. The Available Courses menu screen appears. They may also exit F.A.C.E.T from this screen by clicking on the LOGOFF button.

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

Screen Buttons
If you click on the F.A.C.E.T logo on the top right of the unit title page the About screen appears. It acknowledges the copyright holder(s) of video and/or screen-capture material used in the topic. The Menu button calls these menus: when on an exercise menu screen, it calls the Unit Menu. when on an exercise screen, it calls the Exercise Menu. when on a unit screen, it calls the Unit Menu. The Bookmark button marks the current screen. A student can click on the button at any time in the lesson. The second time the student clicks on the button, the page displayed when the button was first clicked will return to the screen. Any bookmarks used during a lesson are not saved when the student logs out of the lesson. The Application Launch button opens third-party software. Click on the Resources button to view a pop-up menu. The pop-up menu includes access to a calculator, a student journal, new terms and words, a print current screen option, the Lab-Volt authored Internet Website, and a variety of F.A.C.E.T help screens. The Help button aids students with system information. On certain screens the Help button appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the Help button will access Screen Help windows (context-sensitive help). The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students will have unrestricted access to all search engines and web sites unless the school administration has restricted this usage. Use the Exit button to exit the course. The right arrow button moves you forward to the next screen. The left arrow button moves you backward to the previous screen.

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

F.A.C.E.T Help Screens and Resources

There are three ways to access F.A.C.E.T help screens and other resources. System Help Students access System Help by clicking on the Help button at the bottom of the screen when the button does not appear to be depressed. The menu selections access a variety of system help, navigation, and information windows. Screen Help On certain screens, the Help button appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the Help button will access Screen Help windows. This is information specific to the content of that particular screen. Resources Students click on the Resources button to access the following windows. Calculator F.A.C.E.T 32-Bit Microprocessor Help F.A.C.E.T Analog Communications Setup Procedure F.A.C.E.T Digital Communications Help F.A.C.E.T Electronics and Troubleshooting Help F.A.C.E.T Fiber Optic Communications Help F.A.C.E.T Math Help Internet Link New Terms and Words Print Current Page Student Journal

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

Internet Access
There are two ways for students to access the Internet: The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students have unrestricted access to all search engines and websites unless the school administration has restricted this usage. The Resources button pops up a menu that includes access to the Lab-Volt authored Internet website. If students wish to access this site when they are not in the lesson, then they must go to http://learning.labvolt.com. NOTE: The Lab-Volt Internet site does not have content-filtering software to block access to objectionable or inappropriate websites.

Instructor Annotation Tool

The annotation tool gives the instructor the ability to add comments or additional information onscreen. Refer to the Tech-Lab and GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide for detailed information.

Student Journal
The student journal is an online notebook that each student can access while they are logged into TechLab. The journal allows students to share notes with other students in their workgroups. When used in conjunction with GradePoint 2020, the instructor may post messages, review, edit, or delete any journal note.

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Assessing Progress
Assessment Tools Student assessment is achieved in several ways: Exercise questions Unit tests Pretest and Posttest Troubleshooting questions

Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions Throughout the unit material, exercise discussion, exercise procedure, and troubleshooting sections there are several types of questions with instant feedback. These questions occur in the following formats: Multiple choice True-false Real-number entry In most cases, when your students encounter a question set, they must answer these questions before continuing. However, there are cases where students may progress to the next screen without answering the questions. Lab-Volt recommends that you encourage your students to complete all questions. In this way, students reinforce the material that's presented, verify that they understand this material, and are empowered to decide if a review of this material is required. Review Questions At the end of each exercise, there are review questions. The student receives feedback with each entry. Feedback guides the student toward the correct answer. Unit Tests A unit test appears at the end of each unit. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions with the option of having feedback. The Tech-Lab System defaults to no feedback, but the instructor can configure the test so that students receive feedback after taking the test. You can randomize questions in the unit test. Use the Tech-Lab Global Configurator to make feedback available, randomize questions, and select other configuration options if desired. Refer to the Tech Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

Pretest and Posttest Every course includes a pretest and a posttest. These are multiple choice tests. Refer to the Tech Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information on how to record student competency gains. Grading Student grades are based on exercise questions, troubleshooting questions, a unit test, and a posttest. The default weighting value of the unit test and the threshold for passing the unit test can be adjusted by using the Global Configurator of the Tech-Lab System. Refer to the Tech Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information. Student Progress and Instructor Feedback Unit progress is available through the Unit menu. The Progress window allows the instructor and student to view the percentage of the unit completed, number of sessions, and time spent on that unit. The Progress window shows whether the Unit Test was completed. If the test was completed, it indicates whether the student passed based on the scoring criteria.

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Real-Number Questions and Answers

Throughout F.A.C.E.T courses students may encounter real-number questions such as the one shown below. Answers to real-number questions are graded correct if they fall within an acceptable tolerance range.

The computer saves this input value so that it can be recalled for use in later questions.

The answer to the question posed in the illustration above does not involve a recall value from a previous question. It appears in the Instructor Guide (IG) as shown in the box below. The information in the IG tells you where the question is located and the range of acceptable answers. In this case, the acceptable answers fall within the range of the nominal answer plus or minus 5 percent tolerance: (15 5%). e1p1 stands for Exercise 1 Procedure screen 1 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a VS = Vdc

This is the name the computer uses internally to identify the input value. In this case, 14.5 will be stored under the name V1. NOTE: The recall value V1 is not the same as the voltage V1. The recall label does not appear onscreen. In this case, the answer to this question is not based on a value recalled from a previous question. Therefore, the Value Calculation is equal to the Nominal Answer. The word "true" tells you that the tolerance is calculated as a percent.

Recall Label for this Question: V1 Nominal Answer: 15.0 Min/Max Value: (14.25) to (15.75) Value Calculation: 15.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 5 Correct Plus Tolerance = 5

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

A second example (shown below) illustrates an answer that the computer grades using a value recalled from a previous question.

When a real-number question is based on a recall value from a previous question, the Min/Max Value shown in the Instructor Guide is based upon a calculation using the lowest and highest possible recall value. It represents the theoretical range of answers that could be accepted by the computer. (It is not the nominal answer plus or minus the tolerance.) To find the actual range of answers that the computer will accept onscreen, you must use the actual recall value (14.5 in this example) in your calculations; see below. Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5c IT = mA Any letter enclosed in "#" signs refers to a recall value from a previous question. Since the value for #V1# is 14.5, the computer will accept answers in the following range as correct: 14.5/1650*1000 25% or 8.79 25% or 6.59 to 10.99 This calculated range is different from the Min/Max Value shown in the IG, which was based upon a calculation using the lowest and highest possible recall value.

Recall Label for this Question: I1 Nominal Answer: 9.091 * Min/Max Value: (6.477) to (11.93) Value Calculation: #V1#/1650*1000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 25 Correct Plus Tolerance = 25

NOTE: After four incorrect answers, students will be prompted to press <Ins> to insert the correct answer if this feature has been enabled in the configuration settings. When the question is based on a value recalled from a previous question, answers obtained using the Insert key may not match the nominal answers in this guide.

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

Recall Values in Text

Sometimes numbers displayed on screen are values recalled from input on previous screens. Because these numbers are recall values, they will change for each student.

The value of 10 was recalled from a previous screen.

The Instructor Guide lists the recall label in place of a number in this question.

This is a recall label for a value recorded in a previous question.

Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c IR2 = VR2/R2 = #V4#/3.3 k = mA Recall Label for this Question: I1 Nominal Answer: 2.818 Min/Max Value: (2.489) to (3.164) Value Calculation: #V4#/3.3 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 4 Correct Plus Tolerance = 4

The correct answer will depend on the value the student recorded in the previous question.

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Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T Curriculum

Safety
Safety is everyones responsibility. All must cooperate to create the safest possible working environment. Students must be reminded of the potential for harm, given common sense safety rules, and instructed to follow the electrical safety rules. Any environment can be hazardous when it is unfamiliar. The F.A.C.E.T computer-based laboratory may be a new environment to some students. Instruct students in the proper use of the F.A.C.E.T equipment and explain what behavior is expected of them in this laboratory. It is up to the instructor to provide the necessary introduction to the learning environment and the equipment. This task will prevent injury to both student and equipment. The voltage and current used in the F.A.C.E.T Computer-Based Laboratory are, in themselves, harmless to the normal, healthy person. However, an electrical shock coming as a surprise will be uncomfortable and may cause a reaction that could create injury. The students should be made aware of the following electrical safety rules. 1. Turn off the power before working on a circuit. 2. Always confirm that the circuit is wired correctly before turning on the power. If required, have your instructor check your circuit wiring. 3. Perform the experiments as you are instructed: do not deviate from the documentation. 4. Never touch live wires with your bare hands or with tools. 5. Always hold test leads by their insulated areas. 6. Be aware that some components can become very hot during operation. (However, this is not a normal condition for your F.A.C.E.T. course equipment.) Always allow time for the components to cool before proceeding to touch or remove them from the circuit. 7. Do not work without supervision. Be sure someone is nearby to shut off the power and provide first aid in case of an accident. 8. Remove power cords by the plug, not by pulling on the cord. Check for cracked or broken insulation on the cord.

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SECTION 3 COURSEWARE

SECTION 3 COURSEWARE

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

UNIT 1 THE AC WAVEFORM GENERATOR

UNIT OBJECTIVE Operate a basic ac waveform generator by using equipment provided. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a Is the waveform shown an ac or dc waveform? a. ac b. dc Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a Does this ac waveform (square wave) display four complete cycles of a repeating pattern? a. yes b. no CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

NEW TERMS AND WORDS alternating current (ac) - a flow of electricity that first increases to maximum, then decreases to zero, reverses polarity, and reaches maximum in the opposite direction. waveform - the shape of an electric wave as the amplitude is graphed over time. amplitude - the level, or magnitude, of an alternating voltage or current. cycle - one complete alternation of an ac current or voltage. frequency (f) - the number of complete cycles in one second of alternating voltage or current; measured in hertz (Hz). impedance (Z) - the total opposition a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current at a given frequency. ac waveform generator - an electronic device that produces ac voltage of a desired frequency, wave shape, and amplitude. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

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Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

Exercise 1 AC Waveform Generator Familiarization

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Operate an ac waveform generator by using equipment provided. Verify results by observing generator waveforms on the oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a Suppose the range of control is set to X100 and the frequency control is set to 20. The output frequency is a. 200 Hz b. 2000 Hz c. 20 kHz Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d6, Question ID: e1d6a Look at the generator symbols on the AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. Is the waveform generator internal or external? a. internal generator b. external generator EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a While observing the oscilloscope, increase the generator frequency control. Does the number of cycles displayed increase or decrease as the frequency is increased? a. increase b. decrease

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Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. The controls that adjust frequency on an ac generator are the frequency and a. range controls. b. amplitude controls. c. function controls. d. vertical controls. Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. When the range (multiplier) control of a generator is set to X10 and the frequency control is set to 20, the output frequency is a. 2000 Hz. b. 20 Hz. c. 200 Hz. d. 20,000 Hz. Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. The amplitude control on an ac generator is usually labeled a. MULTIPLIER. b. FUNCTION. c. RANGE. d. LEVEL. Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. Which statement is not characteristic of a typical ac generator? a. All are capable of generating ac waveforms. b. All can vary the frequency of the waveform produced. c. All can vary the amplitude of the waveform produced. d. All are capable of generating a dc waveform. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. When the range (multiplier) control of a generator is set to X1K and the frequency control is set to 10, the output frequency is a. 1000 Hz. b. 10 kHz. c. 100 Hz. d. 1.0 kHz.

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Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

Exercise 2 Generator Impedance

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine the output impedance of an ac waveform generator. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a If RL decreased in value from 100 to 50, would the output voltage across RL increase or decrease? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a VOPEN CIRCUIT = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 10.0 Min/Max Value: (9.9) to (10.1) Value Calculation: 10.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a To measure the generator output impedance, adjust RL so that the loaded generator output voltage is half of the open circuit voltage output. Is the output load resistance (RL) equal to the internal generator resistance (RS)? a. yes b. no

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Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a 5. Connect the channel 1 (X10) probe across R1 and R2. Do R1 and R2 represent the generator's load (RL)? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a RL =

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 50.0 Min/Max Value: (35) to (65) Value Calculation: 50.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. The load (RL) equals the output impedance (RS) of the generator when the a. loaded output voltage equals the open circuit output voltage. b. loaded output voltage is half of the open circuit output voltage. c. open circuit output voltage is half of the loaded output voltage. d. loaded output voltage is twice the open circuit output voltage. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. The loaded output voltage of a generator is always a. greater than the open circuit voltage. b not dependent on the open circuit voltage. c. equal to the open circuit voltage. d. less than the open circuit voltage.

3-7

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. A 50 load resistor is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 10 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 50. The generator's output voltage is a. 10 Vpk-pk. b. 5 Vpk-pk. c. 20 Vpk-pk. d. 3.3 Vpk-pk. Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. A generator has an open circuit voltage of 10 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 600. What value of external load resistor would result in a 5 Vpk-pk output? a. 600 b. 30 c. 60 d. 300 Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. The output impedance of the generator shown is a. 600. b. 60. c. 500. d. 50. CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

3-8

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 Alternating voltage and current differ from direct voltage and current because alternating voltage and current a. maintain a constant polarity. b. change in level and polarity. c. never change level or polarity. d. are not measured in volts or amperes. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 One complete repetition of an ac waveform is called a. the amplitude. b. a cycle. c. the frequency. d. polarity. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 If a 20 kHz sine wave is needed on the output of an ac generator and the multiplier control is set to X100, the frequency control should be set to a. 20. b. 10. c. 100. d. 200. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 A generator has an open circuit voltage of 5 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 50. What value of external load resistor would result in a 2.5 Vpk-pk output? a. 50 b. 25 c. 5 d. 500 Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 A 600 load resistor is connected to a generator with an open circuit voltage of 20 Vpk-pk and an output impedance of 600. The generator's output voltage is a. 20 Vpk-pk. b. 25 Vpk-pk. c. 10 Vpk-pk. d. 6.6 Vpk-pk. 3-9

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 1 The AC Waveform Generator

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 What type of waveform does not change polarity with time? a. sine wave b. square wave c. dc wave d. triangle wave Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 The controls that adjust frequency on an ac generator are the frequency and a. amplitude controls. b. multiplier controls. c. function controls. d. vertical controls. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 When the loaded output voltage of a generator is half of the open circuit output voltage, the external load is a. much greater than the output impedance of the generator. b. twice the output impedance of the generator. c. half of the output impedance of the generator. d. equal to the output impedance of the generator. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 Which control on a generator determines the type of output waveform? a. amplitude b. function c. range d. frequency Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 Which control on a generator adjusts the level of the output waveform? a. function b. frequency c. amplitude d. range

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

UNIT 2 AC MEASUREMENTS

UNIT OBJECTIVE Take amplitude, frequency, and phase measurements of ac waveforms by using an oscilloscope. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf6, Question ID: f6a Which of the following ac instruments can be used to measure the amplitude, frequency, and phase shift of ac waveforms? a. multimeter b. oscilloscope Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a As in a circle, one complete cycle of a sine wave equals 360 degrees. One fourth of a cycle is a. 180 degrees. b. 90 degrees. c. 270 degrees. CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

3-11

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

NEW TERMS AND WORDS phase angle - the angle of separation between two ac waveforms of identical frequency. peak-to-peak value - amplitude between opposite peaks of an ac waveform (Vpk-pk = Vpk x 2). peak value - maximum amplitude in either polarity of an ac waveform (Vpk = Vpk-pk/2). effective value (rms) - an ac value that produces the same heating effect in a resistor as an equivalent dc value does. average value (avg) - the value obtained by dividing the sum of a number of quantities by the number of quantities. For sine waves, Vavg = 0.637 x Vpk. period - time required for an ac waveform to complete one cycle (T = 1/f).

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

3-12

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Exercise 1 AC Amplitude Measurement

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Measure the amplitude of ac waveforms by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with a multimeter. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d1, Question ID: e1d1a If the peak-to-peak value is 15 Vpk-pk, the peak voltage is a. 15 Vpk. b. 30 Vpk. c. 7.5 Vpk. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a The rms value of a sine wave measuring 10 Vpk on an oscilloscope is a. 7.07 Vac. b. 7.07 Vpk-pk. c. 7.07 Vpk. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d8, Question ID: e1d8a The average value of a sine wave measuring 10 Vpk on an oscilloscope is a. 6.37 Vpk. b. 6.37 Vavg. c. 12.7 Vavg. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d10, Question ID: e1d10a Vrms = Vrms

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 4.44 Min/Max Value: (4.351) to (4.529) Value Calculation: 4.44 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 2 Correct Plus Tolerance = 2

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a Vpk-pk Vpk = = 2 Vpk

Recall Label for this Question: Vpk1 Nominal Answer: 3.0 Min/Max Value: (2.7) to (3.3) Value Calculation: 3.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 10 Correct Plus Tolerance = 10 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2c Vrms = Vpk x 0.707 = Vrms

Recall Label for this Question: Vrms1 Nominal Answer: 2.1 Min/Max Value: (1.89) to (2.31) Value Calculation: 2.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 10 Correct Plus Tolerance = 10 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2e Vavg = Vpk x 0.637 = Vavg

Recall Label for this Question: Vavg1 Nominal Answer: 1.9 Min/Max Value: (1.71) to (2.09) Value Calculation: 1.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 10 Correct Plus Tolerance = 10

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a 8. Disconnect the X10 probe from the circuit. Turn on the multimeter and set it for ac voltage measurement. Connect the multimeter across R1, then measure the voltage. VR1 = Vac Recall Label for this Question: Vrms2 Nominal Answer: 2.1 Min/Max Value: (1.68) to (2.52) Value Calculation: 2.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a 9. Compare your multimeter reading of #Vrms2#V with your oscilloscope values, shown above. The multimeter displays values in a. peak-to-peak. b. peak. c. rms. REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. The effective value of an ac waveform is the a. peak-to-peak value. b. peak value. c. rms value. d. average value. Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. The peak value of an ac waveform is a. twice the peak-to-peak value. b. half of the peak-to-peak value. c. 0.707 of the peak-to-peak value. d. 0.637 of the peak-to-peak value.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. The rms value of a sine wave is a. half of the peak-to-peak value. b. twice the peak value. c. 0.637 of the peak value. d. 0.707 of the peak value. Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. When measuring the peak-to-peak value of an ac waveform on the oscilloscope, measure from the a. top of a peak to the bottom of a valley. b. top of a peak to the top of a valley. c. bottom of a peak to the top of a valley. d. bottom of a peak to the bottom of a valley. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. Most digital multimeters display the a. peak-to-peak value of a sine wave. b. peak value of a sine wave. c. rms value of a sine wave. d. average value of a sine wave. CMS AVAILABLE None

FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Exercise 2 Measuring With an Oscilloscope

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Measure voltage by using an oscilloscope and determine current and impedance by using Ohm's law. Verify results with information found in this exercise. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a The circuit shown uses 10 resistor R2 as the current-sensing resistor. If the voltage across R2 is 50 mVpk-pk, what is the circuit current? I = V/R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: IT Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (4.95) to (5.05) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a Placing the oscilloscope input directly across a component, as shown, a. shorts out R2 and L2. b. provides an accurate circuit voltage display.

3-17

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p2, Question ID: e2p2a I= mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 17.2 Min/Max Value: (12.04) to (22.36) Value Calculation: 17.200 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a VR1 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 8.0 Min/Max Value: (5.6) to (10.4) Value Calculation: 8.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. The oscilloscope measures a. voltage only. b. voltage and current only. c. voltage, current, and impedance. d. current only. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. The oscilloscope ground clip and the generator common a. are independent of one another. b. are of opposite polarity. c. are virtually the same point. d. cannot be connected together.

3-18

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. To measure, with an oscilloscope, the voltage drop across an ungrounded component in a system with common grounds, a. place the probe directly across the component being measured. b. use the ALT-INVERT method. c. place the probe in series with the component being measured. d. use the ADD-INVERT method. Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. To measure circuit current with the oscilloscope, a. use a current-measuring inductor. b. place the probe in series with the circuit. c. use a current-sensing resistor. d. divide the source voltage by the generator impedance. Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. To determine circuit impedance, a. divide the source voltage by the measured circuit current. b. measure directly with a multimeter. c. divide the source voltage by the generator impedance. d. assume it is always a constant 50. CMS AVAILABLE CM 7 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Exercise 3 Measuring and Setting Frequency

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Measure and set frequency by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with information found in this exercise. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d4, Question ID: e3d4a To set the generator frequency to 100 Hz, adjust the frequency control on the generator so that the period (T) of the waveform trace on the oscilloscope equals a. 1 ms. b. 10 ms. c. 10 . Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d6, Question ID: e3d6a A waveform trace on the oscilloscope has a measured period of 0.7 ms. The frequency is a. 1.43 kHz. b. 1.42 Hz. c. 14.3 kHz.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p3, Question ID: e3p3a 4. Set the time base control on the oscilloscope to 0.1 ms/div. Adjust the frequency of the generator for a waveform cycle that is seven divisions wide along the horizontal axis (time axis). T (period) = ms Recall Label for this Question: T Nominal Answer: 0.7 Min/Max Value: (0.49) to (0.91) Value Calculation: 0.700 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p3, Question ID: e3p3c 1 f = = T Hz

Recall Label for this Question: f Nominal Answer: 1429.0 Min/Max Value: ( 1000) to ( 1858) Value Calculation: 1429.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p4, Question ID: e3p4a 6. Compare your calculated value of frequency (#f# Hz) with the frequency read from the dial of the generator. The two frequencies do not agree. What method do you think results in the closest setting of the correct frequency? a. generator dial b. oscilloscope (period)

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se3r1, Question ID: e3r1 1. The period (T) of a waveform is a. equal to the frequency. b. the reciprocal of the amplitude. c. the reciprocal of the frequency. d. unrelated to the frequency. Location: Review Questions page: se3r2, Question ID: e3r2 2. The frequency of a waveform is a. equal to the period. b. unrelated to the period. c. the reciprocal of the period. d. unrelated to time. Location: Review Questions page: se3r3, Question ID: e3r3 3. What is the period of a 2 kHz sine wave? a. 2 ms b. 200 s c. 5 ms d. 500 s Location: Review Questions page: se3r4, Question ID: e3r4 4. What is the frequency of a sine wave having a period of 250 s? a. 4 kHz b. 2.5 kHz c. 250 Hz d. 5 kHz Location: Review Questions page: se3r5, Question ID: e3r5 5. The period is the a. number of waveform cycles that occur in one second. b. time it takes a waveform to go from maximum positive value to maximum negative value. c. time it takes a waveform to complete one cycle. d. time it takes a waveform to go from maximum positive value to zero amplitude.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Exercise 4 Phase Angle

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Measure phase angle by using an oscilloscope. Verify results with information found in this exercise. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se4d4, Question ID: e4d4a Suppose the channel 1 oscilloscope display is adjusted so that one cycle is exactly 8 divisions wide. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use CH 1 as the reference)? a. 80 b. 45 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se4d6, Question ID: e4d6a Is the sine wave displayed on CH 2 leading or lagging the reference sine wave displayed on CH 1? a. leading b. lagging EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p2, Question ID: e4p2a 6. Make certain the oscilloscope trigger source control is set to CH 1. Switch the vertical mode to ALT. Set both channel ground references to the center graticule line. Is the phase angle between the input (CH 1) and output (CH 2) waveforms approximately zero? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p2, Question ID: e4p2c 7. Slowly turn potentiometer R2 completely counterclockwise (CCW). Did a phase shift occur? a. yes b. no

3-24

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p3, Question ID: e4p3a 8. Switch the vertical mode to CH 1 (display CH 1 only), and adjust the time base and variable time base controls on the oscilloscope so that one cycle of the waveform is exactly 8 divisions. How many degrees does each horizontal division represent? a. 80 b. 45 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p5, Question ID: e4p5a Phase angle = (d)(45/div) = degrees Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 72.5 Min/Max Value: (50.75) to (94.25) Value Calculation: 72.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p5, Question ID: e4p5c 11. Is the output (CH 2) waveform leading or lagging the reference (CH 1) waveform? a. leading b. lagging REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se4r1, Question ID: e4r1 1. What waveform is usually used as a reference for measuring phase angle? a. the output waveform b. the input waveform c. the line voltage waveform d. the oscilloscope calibrator waveform Location: Review Questions page: se4r2, Question ID: e4r2 2. When the reference waveform is 8 divisions wide (horizontally) on the oscilloscope, how many degrees does each division represent? a. 90 b. 80 c. 45 d. 36

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Location: Review Questions page: se4r3, Question ID: e4r3 3. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use channel 1 as the reference)? a. 45 lagging b. 90 leading c. 45 leading d. 90 lagging Location: Review Questions page: se4r4, Question ID: e4r4 4. What is the phase angle between the two sine waves (use channel 1 as the reference)? a. 90 leading b. 90 lagging c. 45 leading d. 45 lagging Location: Review Questions page: se4r5, Question ID: e4r5 5. When you measure phase angle, both waveforms must be a. of identical frequency. b. of identical amplitude. c. square waves. d. different frequencies. CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 A sine wave has a period (T) of 1 ms. The frequency is a. 1 ms. b. 100 Hz. c. 1000 Hz. d. 10 ms. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 One complete cycle of a sine wave equals a. 360. b. 270. c. 180. d. 90. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 The degree of separation between two sine waves of the same frequency is the a. amplitude. b. period. c. phase angle. d. root mean square. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 The time required for an ac waveform to complete one cycle is the a. amplitude. b. period. c. phase angle. d. root mean square. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 The reciprocal value of the period equals the a. phase angle. b. peak value. c. period. d. frequency.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 2 AC Measurements

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 Measuring a waveform from the top of a peak to the top of a valley on the oscilloscope accurately measures a. peak-to-peak amplitude. b. peak amplitude. c. the effective value. d. the waveform period. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 The peak value of a 10 Vpk-pk sine wave is a. 10.0 Vpk. b. 5.0 Vpk. c. 7.07 Vrms. d. 6.36 Vavg. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 The reciprocal value of the frequency equals the a. frequency. b. phase angle. c. period. d. peak current. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 The peak value multiplied by 0.707 is the rms value of a. sine waves only. b. sine waves and square waves. c. square waves only. d. sine waves and triangle waves. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 The oscilloscope directly measures a. current only. b. voltage and current. c. voltage only. d. voltage, current, and impedance.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

UNIT 3 INDUCTANCE

UNIT OBJECTIVE Describe the effect of inductance on a circuit by using an oscilloscope. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf2, Question ID: f2a What type of circuit would produce the greatest cemf? a. dc circuit b. ac circuit Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a Which wire configuration would result in the greatest inductance value? a. coil of wire b. straight piece of wire Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a What value of inductance would result in a lower circuit current for any one frequency? a. 5 mH b. 10 mH CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

NEW TERMS AND WORDS inductance (L) - one property of a conductor that opposes change in current flow. counter electromotive force (cemf) - a voltage developed in an inductive circuit by alternating current. The polarity of this voltage is, at every instant, opposite to that of the applied voltage. inductor - a conductor, usually a coil of wire, wound to concentrate its magnetic field, which produces a predicted measure of inductance. henry (H) - unit of inductance. An inductance of one henry will produce one volt of cemf when ac current of one ampere at one hertz is applied. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

3-30

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Exercise 1 Inductors
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Describe the effect an inductor has on dc and ac circuits by using measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope and multimeter. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d2, Question ID: e1d2a If inductance decreases, opposition to current flow will a. increase. b. remain the same. c. decrease. EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a RL3 =

Recall Label for this Question: RL3meas Nominal Answer: 42.0 Min/Max Value: (29.4) to (54.6) Value Calculation: 42.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a Idc = mA

Recall Label for this Question: Idcmeas Nominal Answer: 15.0 Min/Max Value: (10.5) to (19.5) Value Calculation: 15.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

3-31

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a VL3dc = Vdc

Recall Label for this Question: VL3meas Nominal Answer: 0.656 Min/Max Value: ( .459) to ( .853) Value Calculation: 0.656 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a RL3cal =

Recall Label for this Question: RL3cal Nominal Answer: 43.73 * Min/Max Value: (22.83) to (83.68) Value Calculation: (#VL3meas#)/(#Idcmeas#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a 9. Compare the coil resistance of RL3 (#RL3meas#), measured by using the resistance function of the multimeter and the calculated coil resistance of RL3cal (#RL3cal#). Based on this comparison, is inductor L3 producing cemf with constant dc current applied? a. yes b. no

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-32

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iac Nominal Answer: 12.6 Min/Max Value: (8.82) to (16.38) Value Calculation: 12.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a VL3ac = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VL3ac Nominal Answer: 7.5 Min/Max Value: (5.25) to (9.75) Value Calculation: 7.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a ZL3 =

Recall Label for this Question: ZL3 Nominal Answer: 595.2 * Min/Max Value: (310.9) to ( 1139) Value Calculation: #VL3ac#/(#Iac#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-33

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a 15. Compare the coil resistance of RL3 (#RL3meas#) and the calculated coil impedance ZL3 (#ZL3#). Based on this comparison, is L3 producing cemf when ac current is applied? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p16, Question ID: e1p16a 19. Does an increase of inductance increase or decrease circuit current? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p18, Question ID: e1p18a 21. What is the effect of an increase in frequency on circuit current? a. remains the same b. decreases c. increases Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p20, Question ID: e1p20a 25. Does the circuit current lead or lag the inductor voltage? a. lead b. lag REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. When constant dc is applied to an inductor, current flow is opposed by a. cemf only. b. coil resistance only. c. cemf and coil resistance. d. emf only. Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. When the CM is toggled off and on, what can you conclude about the inductance of L3 based on the circuit current? a. The inductance of L3 was reduced in value. b. Changing the inductance of L3 had no effect on circuit current. c. The inductance of L3 increased in value. d. Changing the inductance of L3 decreased the circuit current.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. Decreasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor a. decreases current flow. b. increases cemf. c. neither increases nor decreases the current. d. decreases impedance. Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. In an ideal inductor, a. voltage leads current by 90. b. current leads voltage by 90. c. voltage lags current by 90. d. voltage and current remain in phase. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. An increase in cemf produced by an inductor is seen as a. a decrease in voltage drop. b. an increase in circuit current. c. an increase in impedance. d. a decrease in the coil resistance. CMS AVAILABLE CM 16 TOGGLE CM 17 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Exercise 2 Inductors in Series and in Parallel

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine the total inductance of a circuit containing inductors in series and in parallel. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d3, Question ID: e2d3a LT = mH

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 6.0 Min/Max Value: (5.94) to (6.06) Value Calculation: 6.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a What is the total inductance (LT) in the above circuit? a. 2 mH b. 4 mH c. 1 mH

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a LT = mH

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 4.7 Min/Max Value: (4.653) to (4.747) Value Calculation: 4.700 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a VR2 Iac = R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Iacc Nominal Answer: 12.6 Min/Max Value: (8.82) to (16.38) Value Calculation: 12.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a VL3ac = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VL3acc Nominal Answer: 7.5 Min/Max Value: (5.25) to (9.75) Value Calculation: 7.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a ZL3 =

Recall Label for this Question: ZL33 Nominal Answer: 595.2 * Min/Max Value: (310.9) to ( 1139) Value Calculation: #VL3acc#/(#Iacc#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a LT = mH

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 9.4 Min/Max Value: (9.212) to (9.588) Value Calculation: 9.400 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 2 Correct Plus Tolerance = 2 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a 12. Did adding the inductor in series increase or decrease total circuit inductance (LT)? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a VR2 Iac = = R2 mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Iac1 Nominal Answer: 7.6 Min/Max Value: (5.32) to (9.88) Value Calculation: 7.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30
*

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-38

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a VLT = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VLT Nominal Answer: 8.96 Min/Max Value: (6.272) to (11.65) Value Calculation: 8.960 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a ZLT =

Recall Label for this Question: ZLT Nominal Answer: 1179.0 * Min/Max Value: (615.8) to ( 2256) Value Calculation: #VLT#/(#Iac1#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a 16. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition (impedance) to current flow for the same signal input (VGEN)? a. single inductor circuit b. two-inductor series circuit Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a LT = mH

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 2.35 Min/Max Value: (2.28 ) to (2.421) Value Calculation: 2.350 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-39

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p16, Question ID: e2p16a VR2 Iac = R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Iac2 Nominal Answer: 17.1 Min/Max Value: (11.97) to (22.23) Value Calculation: 17.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p17, Question ID: e2p17a VL = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VL Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (3.5) to (6.5) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p18, Question ID: e2p18a ZL =

Recall Label for this Question: ZL Nominal Answer: 292.4 * Min/Max Value: (152.7) to (559.3) Value Calculation: #VL#/(#Iac2#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-40

AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p19, Question ID: e2p19a 23. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition (impedance) to current flow for the same signal input (VGEN)? a. single inductor circuit b. two-inductor parallel circuit Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p21, Question ID: e2p21a 24. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by pressing <CM>. Based on the circuit's current change, was the new inductor added to the circuit in series or in parallel with L3 and L4? a. series b. parallel REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. The total inductance of inductors in series is a. determined from the reciprocal method. b. the sum of the inductor values divided by two. c. the sum of the inductor values. d. the reciprocal of the sum of the inductors. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. The total inductance of inductors in parallel is a. determined from the reciprocal method. b. the sum of the inductor values. c. the sum of the inductor values divided by two. d. the reciprocal of the sum of the inductors. Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. As more inductors are added in parallel, a. circuit current increases. b. impedance increases. c. circuit current decreases. d. inductance increases.

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Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. As more inductors are added in series, a. inductance decreases. b. circuit current increases. c. circuit current decreases. d. impedance decreases. Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. Toggle the CM off and on by pressing <CM>. Based on the circuit current change, the unseen inductor a. was added in parallel. b. had no effect on circuit current. c. was added in series. d. caused the circuit current to increase. CMS AVAILABLE CM 17 TOGGLE CM 16 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 3 Inductance

UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 Inductance is the property of a conductor that a. aids any change in current flow. b. opposes change in current flow. c. produces a magnetic field. d. opposes unchanging current flow. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 Increasing the number of turns on an inductor a. decreases the inductance. b. increases circuit current. c. increases the inductance. d. decreases impedance. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 When dc is applied to an inductor, the only opposition to current flow is the a. counter electromotive force (cemf). b. changing impedance of the inductor. c. frequency effect on the value of inductance. d. resistance of the wire in the coil. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 Two 10-mH inductors in parallel have a combined inductance of a. 5.0 mH. b. 20 mH. c. 10 mH. d. 3.3 mH. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 A straight piece of wire has relatively little inductance because a. it does not possess any inductive property. b. the magnetic field is spread over a large area. c. cemf is produced only in coils. d. there is no core. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor a. increases current flow. b. increases the inductor impedance. c. decreases the inductor impedance. d. decreases the amount of cemf produced.

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Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 Two 7-mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of a. 7 mH. b. 3.5 mH. c. 7.5 mH. d. 14 mH. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 Increasing the number of inductors in series a. decreases total inductance. b. increases circuit current. c. increases impedance. d. decreases cemf. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 Increasing the number of inductors in parallel a. decreases total inductance. b. decreases circuit current. c. increases impedance. d. increases cemf. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 The current in an inductor a. leads the voltage by 45. b. leads the voltage by 90. c. lags the voltage by 90. d. lags the voltage by 45.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

TROUBLESHOOTING Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across R1, which is the output (VR1) of the full-wave bridge rectifier. Are both alternations of the ac input waveform being rectified to dc pulses atthe output? a. yes b. no Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2c VR1 = Vdc Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 6.93 Min/Max Value: (6.237) to (7.623) Value Calculation: 6.930 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 10 Correct Plus Tolerance = 10 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3 6. The faulty component is a. T1 (an open secondary coil). b. R1 (shorted). c. D2 (shorted). d. T1 (an open primary coil). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across R1, which is the output (VR1) of the full-wave bridge rectifier. Are both alternations of the ac input waveform being rectified to dc pulses at the output? a. yes b. no

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Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2c VR1 = Vdc

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 6.93 Min/Max Value: (6.237) to (7.623) Value Calculation: 6.930 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 10 Correct Plus Tolerance = 10 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3 6. The faulty component is a. T1 (an open secondary coil). b. R1 (shorted). c. D2 (shorted). d. T1 (an open primary coil). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2a Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across the output (R1 and R2). Is the output essentially a constant dc voltage signal with no observable ripple? a. yes b. no Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2c 4. With a multimeter, mesure the dc voltage of the output (Vo). Vo = Vdc Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 20.2 Min/Max Value: (17.17) to (23.23) Value Calculation: 20.2 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 15 Correct Plus Tolerance = 15 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc3, Question ID: trbc3 6. The faulty component is a. CR2 (shorted). b. CR1 (open). c. C2 (open or not connected). d. C1 (open or not connected).

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 3 Inductance

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2a Connect the channel 2 oscilloscope probe across the output (R1 and R2). Is the output essentially a constant dc voltage signal with no observable ripple? a. yes b. no Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2c 4. With a multimeter, mesure the dc voltage of the output (Vo). Vo = Vdc Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 20.2 Min/Max Value: (17.17) to (23.23) Value Calculation: 20.2 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 15 Correct Plus Tolerance = 15 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd3, Question ID: trbd3 6. The faulty component is a. CR2 (shorted). b. CR1 (open). c. C2 (open or not connected). d. C1 (open or not connected). CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE Fault 7 Fault 9 Fault 10 Fault 11

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Unit 3 Inductance

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

UNIT 4 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

UNIT OBJECTIVE Determine the characteristics of resistive-inductive (RL) circuits by using an oscilloscope and given information. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a If the frequency of the power source (Vac) increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, inductive reactance (XL) a. increases. b. decreases. c. remains the same. CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None NEW TERMS AND WORDS inductive reactance (XL) - the opposition to the flow of alternating current by the inductance of a circuit. It is measured in ohms. phasor - a quantity consisting of magnitude and direction used to describe an ac waveform. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Exercise 1 Inductive Reactance

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine inductive reactance (XL) by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a If L1 is decreased from 1 mH to 0.5 mH, inductive reactance a. increases. b. decreases. c. remains the same. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a When a sine wave of 30 kHz is applied to n inductor of 1 mH, inductive reactance is: a. 5000 ohms. b. 5.31 x 10 ohms. c. 188 ohms.

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iaca Nominal Answer: 5.4 Min/Max Value: (3.78) to (7.02) Value Calculation: 5.400 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a VL3 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VL3a Nominal Answer: 9.6 Min/Max Value: (6.72) to (12.48) Value Calculation: 9.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a XL3 =

Recall Label for this Question: XL Nominal Answer: 1778.0 Min/Max Value: (928.5) to ( 3401) Value Calculation: #VL3a#/(#Iaca#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-51

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a 7. Calculate the value of XL3. XL3 = 2fL = Recall Label for this Question: XL1 Nominal Answer: 1771.0 Min/Max Value: ( 1718) to ( 1824) Value Calculation: 1771.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a 8. Comparing your values of XL3 from the practical method (#XL#) and the calculated method (#XL1#), does it appear that either method can be used? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: IaL3 Nominal Answer: 17.6 Min/Max Value: (12.32) to (22.88) Value Calculation: 17.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a VL3 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VL3L Nominal Answer: 5.6 Min/Max Value: (3.92) to (7.28) Value Calculation: 5.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a Does decreasing inductance increase or decrease inductive reactance? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a VL3 XL3 = Iac = Recall Label for this Question: XL2 Nominal Answer: 592.0 Min/Max Value: (414.4) to (769.6) Value Calculation: 592.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p15, Question ID: e1p15a 14. Compare your values of inductive reactance at 60 kHz (#XL#) and at 20 kHz (#XL2#). Does decreasing the frequency of the applied signal increase or decrease inductive reactance? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p16, Question ID: e1p16a 15. Adjust the frequency of the generator to 60 kHzand VGEN for 8 Vpk-pk. Remeasure the circuit current (Iac) and voltage drop across L3 (VL3). Calculate XL3 with the generator amplitude at 8 Vpk-pk. VL3 XL3 = Iac = Recall Label for this Question: XL3 Nominal Answer: 1777.0 Min/Max Value: ( 1244) to ( 2310) Value Calculation: 1777.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p17, Question ID: e1p17a 16. Compare your value of inductive reactance at a generator input of 10 Vpk-pk (#XL#) and 8 Vpk-pk (#XL3#). Decreasing the amplitude of the applied signal causes inductive reactance to a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1a 1. Locate the INDUCTANCE/INDUCTIVE REACTANCE circuit block on the AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. Connect the circuit shown. Adjust VGEN for a 10 Vpk-pk, 60 kHz sine wave. VL3 XL3 = = Iac Recall Label for this Question: XL4 Nominal Answer: 1777.0 Min/Max Value: ( 1244) to ( 2310) Value Calculation: 1777.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1c 1. CM 16 alters the value of L3. Remeasure the circuit current (Iac) and voltage drop across L3 (VL3). Calculate XL3 with CM 16 activated. VL3 XL3 = = Iac Recall Label for this Question: XL5 Nominal Answer: 5539.0 Min/Max Value: ( 3600) to ( 7478) Value Calculation: 5539.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 35 Correct Plus Tolerance = 35

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. Compare your value of inductive reactance before CM 16 was activated (#XL4#) with the value after CM 16 activated (#XL5#). You conclude that CM 16 a. decreased the inductance. b. increased the amplitude of VGEN. c. increased inductance. d. decreased XL3. Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. A 10 kHz, 12 Vpk-pk sine wave applied to an inductor measuring 1.0 mH has an inductive reactance (XL) of a. 62.8. b. 14.1. c. 590. d. 7.8 k. Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. Increasing the amplitude of the signal applied to an inductor a. decreases inductive reactance. b. has no effect on inductive reactance. c. increases inductive reactance. d. decreases circuit current. Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. Inductive reactance increases when a. frequency increases. b. inductance decreases. c. frequency decreases. d. amplitude increases. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. The equation used to determine inductive reactance (XL = 2fL) in this exercise is valid for a. sine waves and square waves. b. square waves only. c. sine waves only. d. all ac waveforms.

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CMS AVAILABLE CM 17 CM 16 FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Exercise 2 Series RL Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine characteristics of series RL circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a The total value of resistance (RT) in the series RL circuit shown is 1700 (RT = R1 + R2 + R3). The total value of inductive reactance (XLT) is a. 600. b. 2500. c. 1000. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4c __________ Z = RT2 + XLT2 =

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 3023.0 Min/Max Value: ( 2932) to ( 3114) Value Calculation: 3023.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a ______________ Vac = VRT2 + VXLT2 = V Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 10.0 Min/Max Value: (9.7) to (10.3) Value Calculation: 10.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d8, Question ID: e2d8a = degrees Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 52.8 Min/Max Value: (47.52) to (58.08) Value Calculation: 52.800 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 10 Correct Plus Tolerance = 10 EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: IT10 Nominal Answer: 12.7 Min/Max Value: (10.16) to (15.24) Value Calculation: 12.700 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a VL3 XL3 = = IT

Recall Label for this Question: XL6 Nominal Answer: 590.0 Min/Max Value: (472) to (708) Value Calculation: 590.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a VGEN Z = = IT

Recall Label for this Question: Z10 Nominal Answer: 787.0 Min/Max Value: (550.9) to ( 1023) Value Calculation: 787.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a 8. Compare your value of Z (#Z10#) with the individual values of RT and XLT. Can impedance (Z) be determined by directly adding RT and XLT? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a VL3 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VL3d Nominal Answer: 7.5 Min/Max Value: (6) to (9) Value Calculation: 7.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a VR1 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Vr1d Nominal Answer: 5.9 Min/Max Value: (4.72) to (7.08) Value Calculation: 5.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a 12. Compare the applied value of VGEN with VR1 and VL3. In a series RL circuit, does VGEN equal the sum of the individual component drops? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a 13. Observe the phase angle () between the circuit current (circuit current and VR2 have identical phase) and VGEN. Use VGEN as a reference. Does the circuit current lead or lag the applied generator voltage? a. lead b. lag Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a 15. Observe the phase angle () between the circuit current and VGEN. Use VGEN as a reference. Did the added series inductor increase or decrease the phase angle between VGEN and circuit current? a. decrease b. increase REVIEW Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by clicking on <CM>. Based on your observation of the circuit current, you conclude that adding a series inductor to this circuit a. increased circuit current. b. decreased circuit impedance. c. had no effect on circuit current. d. decreased circuit current. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. An RL circuit containing three series-connected inductors with reactances of 200, 500, and 1500 has a total inductive reactance of a. 131. b. 2.5 k. c. 2.2 k. d. 150.

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Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. In a series RL circuit, the applied generator voltage equals the a. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the individual resistors and inductors. b. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistive components. c. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the inductors. d. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistors and inductors. Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. The total inductive reactance of inductors in series is a. determined from the reciprocal formula. b. the sum of the individual reactances. c. the sum of the individual inductances. d. the reciprocal of the individual inductances. Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. The phase angle between the applied generator and circuit current in a series RL circuit is a. 90. b. 180. c. greater than 90. d. less than 90. CMS AVAILABLE CM 17 TOGGLE CM 16 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Exercise 3 Parallel RL Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine characteristics of parallel RL circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d4, Question ID: e3d4a XL1 x XL2 XLT = = XL1 + XL2

Recall Label for this Question: XLTP Nominal Answer: 600.0 Min/Max Value: (582) to (618) Value Calculation: 600.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d9, Question ID: e3d9a Calculate total circuit curent (IT). ________ IT = IR2 + IL2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 17.0 Min/Max Value: (16.49) to (17.51) Value Calculation: 17.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

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EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p4, Question ID: e3p4a IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: ITpar Nominal Answer: 8.2 Min/Max Value: (6.15) to (10.25) Value Calculation: 8.200 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 25 Correct Plus Tolerance = 25 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p5, Question ID: e3p5a Does IT equal the sum of the individual branch currents in a parallel RL circuit? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p8, Question ID: e3p8a Does the added parallel inductor cause total inductive reactance (XLT) to increase or decrease? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p9, Question ID: e3p9a IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: ITpar1 Nominal Answer: 12.1 Min/Max Value: (9.68) to (14.52) Value Calculation: 12.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p11, Question ID: e3p11a 10. Compare your value of circuit impedance with one inductor (# 3/(ITpar/1000)#) to the value of circuit impedance with two inductors of (#3/(ITpar1/1000)). Did the added parallel inductor cause circuit impedance to increase or decrease? a. increase b. decrease

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se3r1, Question ID: e3r1 1. Based on your observation of the circuit, you conclude that adding a parallel inductor to the RL circuit a. decreased circuit current. b. increased circuit impedance. c. decreased circuit impedance. d. had no effect on the circuit. Location: Review Questions page: se3r2, Question ID: e3r2 2. An RL circuit consisting of two parallel-connected inductors with reactances of 750 and 75 k has a total inductive reactance of a. 75.75 k. b. 743. c. 770. d. 75 k. Location: Review Questions page: se3r3, Question ID: e3r3 3. The circuit current of a parallel RL circuit equals the square root of the sum of the a. squares of the resistive and inductive branch voltages. b. resistive and inductive branch voltages. c. squares of the resistive and inductive branch currents. d. resistive and inductive branch currents. Location: Review Questions page: se3r4, Question ID: e3r4 4. The total inductive reactance of inductors in parallel is a. the sum of the individual inductances. b. the sum of the individual reactances. c. determined from the reciprocal formula. d. the reciprocal of the individual inductances. Location: Review Questions page: se3r5, Question ID: e3r5 5. As inductance decreases in a parallel circuit, a. phase angle increases. b. circuit current decreases. c. circuit impedance increases. d. inductive reactance increases.

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CMS AVAILABLE CM 17 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 Inductive reactance depends on a. amplitude and frequency. b. inductance and amplitude. c. frequency and inductance. d. inductance only. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 Inductive reactance a. lies on the negative portion of the Y axis of the X-Y coordinate system. b. is equal to 2fL. c. is added to resistance to yield total circuit impedance. d. is multiplied by resistance to yield total circuit impedance. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 What inductive reactance results when a 7 Vpk-pk, 20 kHz sine wave is applied to an inductor of 10 mH (XL = 2fL)? a. 9.48 k b. 5.95 k c. 1.256 k d. 4.17 M Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 Adding inductors in series to an RL circuit a. decreases inductive reactance. b. increases phase angle. c. increases circuit current. d. decreases circuit impedance. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 Adding inductors in parallel to an RL circuit a. increases inductive reactance. b. increases circuit current. c. increases circuit impedance. d. decreases circuit current.

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Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 The equation XL = 2fL is valid for a. all ac waveforms. b. square waves only. c. sine waves and square waves. d. sine waves only. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 As inductors are added in series, a. circuit impedance decreases. b. circuit current increases. c. inductive reactance increases. d. inductive reactance decreases. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 The current flowing through an inductor a. leads the voltage across the inductor by 90. b. is in phase with the voltage across the inductor. c. lags the voltage across the inductor by 90. d. lags the voltage across the inductor by 45. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 When inductors are added in parallel, a. inductive reactance decreases. b. circuit current decreases. c. inductive reactance increases. d. circuit impedance increases. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to an inductor a. decreases inductive reactance. b. has no effect on inductive reactance. c. increases inductive reactance. d. decreases the voltage drop across the inductor.

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

TROUBLESHOOTING Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across L2 (VL2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VL2 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 4.6 Min/Max Value: (3.22) to (5.98) Value Calculation: 4.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3 5. The faulty component is a. L2 (open). b. L1 (reduced in value). c. L2 (shorted). d. R1 (increased in value). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across L4 (VL4) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VL4 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 5.1 Min/Max Value: (3.57) to (6.63) Value Calculation: 5.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3 5. The faulty component is a. L4 (open). b. L3 (short). c. R1 (decreased in vlaue). d. R1 (increased in value).

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE Fault 7 Fault 8

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Unit 4 Inductive Reactance

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Unit 5 Transformers

UNIT 5 TRANSFORMERS

UNIT OBJECTIVE Describe the transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another by mutual inductance. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a In the figure, which coil, or winding, is the primary? a. L1 b. L2 Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf7, Question ID: f7a What type of core is this transformer wound on? a. air b. ferrite c. iron CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 5 Transformers

NEW TERMS AND WORDS mutual inductance - the ability of one coil to induce voltage into another coil in close proximity by way of a fluctuating magnetic field. transformer - a device used to couple energy from one circuit to another through mutual inductance. primary - a transformer winding connected to the source voltage. secondary - a transformer winding connected to the load. coupling - the transfer of energy from one circuit to another. tap - a fixed electrical connection to a specified position on the winding of a transformer. autotransformer - a transformer consisting of one winding that acts as both primary and secondary. step-down transformer - a transformer whose applied primary voltage is greater than the secondary voltage. step-up transformer - a transformer whose secondary voltage is greater than the applied primary voltage. ferrite - a nonconductive, powered, compressed, magnetic, iron-based material. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

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Unit 5 Transformers

Exercise 1 Transformer Windings

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine the coil resistances of a transformer by using a multimeter. Verify results with information found in this exercise. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a A resistance measurement with a multimeter between the primary and secondary windings measures a. a short circuit. b. 100. c. an open circuit. EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a 2. Locate the symbol for transformer T1 in the TRANSFORMER circuit block. What type of core is indicated by the symbol? a. iron b. ferrite c. air Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a 3. The secondary winding is the winding on the right. Is the secondary of transformer T1 tapped? a. yes b. no

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a RP =

Recall Label for this Question: RP Nominal Answer: 265.0 Min/Max Value: (185.5) to (344.5) Value Calculation: 265.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4c RS =

Recall Label for this Question: RS Nominal Answer: 112.0 Min/Max Value: (78.4) to (145.6) Value Calculation: 112.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a 6. Compare your measured values of primary winding resistance (#RP#) and secondary winding resistance (#RS#) of transformer T1. Which winding has more turns (assuming that both are made from the same type of wire)? a. primary b. secondary Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a 7. Measure the resistance between the primary and secondary windings with a multimeter (leads 1 and 3 or 2 and 4). Does an open circuit exist between the primary and secondary windings? a. yes b. no

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a RS1 =

Recall Label for this Question: RS1 Nominal Answer: 56.0 Min/Max Value: (39.2) to (72.8) Value Calculation: 56.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p8, Question ID: e1p8a RS2 =

Recall Label for this Question: RS2 Nominal Answer: 56.0 Min/Max Value: (39.2) to (72.8) Value Calculation: 56.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a 10. Based on your resistance measurements of RS1 (#RS1#) and RS2 (#RS2#), and assuming the entire secondary winding is made of the same type of wire, is the tap located near the top, center, or bottom of the secondary winding? a. top b. center c. bottom

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Unit 5 Transformers

REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. The winding of a transformer to which an external voltage is applied is called the a. secondary. b. tap. c. primary. d. core. Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. Which symbol indicates a transformer with a ferrite core? a. transformer a b. transformer b c. transformer c d. transformer d Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. A transformer tap may appear a. on the secondary winding only. b. anywhere along a winding. c. at the center of a winding only. d. on the primary winding only. Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. In a regular transformer, no electrical connection exists between the a. primary leads. b. secondary leads. c. primary and secondary windings. d. applied voltage and the primary. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. The resistance in a transformer winding is related to the a. mutual inductance. b. gauge of the wire. c. transformer core. d. tap.

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CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 5 Transformers

Exercise 2 Mutual Inductance

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Demonstrate mutual inductance by using a typical transformer. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION No Questions EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a 4. Press and hold down switch S1 while you measure the dc voltage across the secondary winding (VS). Use a multimeter. Is there any dc voltage across the secondary with a constant dc applied to the primary? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a 6. While observing the oscilloscope display, press and release the switch several times. Did pulsing the dc supply on the primary cause a voltage pulse to be induced across the secondary? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a 9. Observe the display on the oscilloscope. Does the ac voltage on the primary induce a voltage in the secondary? a. yes b. no

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Unit 5 Transformers

REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. Voltage induced from the primary winding to the secondary is caused by a. coil resistance. b. mutual inductance. c. constant dc current. d. a center tap. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. Voltage is induced into the secondary a. only when a sine wave is applied to the primary. b. only when the primary current is constant. c. whenever constant dc is applied to the primary. d. whenever the primary current is changing. Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. A fluctuating magnetic field surrounding the primary a. induces a voltage in the secondary. b. induces a voltage in the transformer core. c. is produced by constant dc current. d. is produced by a tapped secondary. Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. An ac waveform applied to the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary because ac a. is unchanging. b. is changing. c. does not produce a changing current. d. maintains constant amplitude. Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. When a dc source connected to the primary of a transformer is pulsed on and off by a switch, voltage is induced into the secondary because a. the pulsing dc current causes the magnetic field to fluctuate. b. only dc current causes a voltage to be induced into the secondary. c. the switch causes the primary and secondary to be directly connected. d. the pulsing dc current prevents mutual inductance.

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CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 5 Transformers

Exercise 3 Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine the turns and voltage ratios of a transformer by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d4, Question ID: e3d4a Suppose a transformer has a primary voltage of 90V and a secondry voltage of 30V. The turns ratio (and voltage ratio) would be a. 10:1 b. 3:1 c. 30:1 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se3d10, Question ID: e3d10a Applying a 100V sine wave to the primary (leads 1 to 2) of this step-down transformer results in what secondary output if you measure from the center tap to one end (leads 3 to 5 or 4 to 5) of the secondary winding? a. 50V b. 100V c. 25V

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Unit 5 Transformers

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p3, Question ID: e3p3a 3. Using an oscilloscope, measure the voltage across the entire secondary winding (VS). VS = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: VS1 Nominal Answer: 4.0 Min/Max Value: (2.8) to (5.2) Value Calculation: 4.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p4, Question ID: e3p4a 4. Comparing the input voltage (VGEN = 8 Vpk-pk) to your measured secondary voltage (VS = #VS1# Vpk-pk), is transformer T1 a step-up or step-down transformer? a. step-up b. step-down Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p5, Question ID: e3p5a VP VGEN Voltage Ratio = = VS VS = Recall Label for this Question: VRatio1 Nominal Answer: 2.0 Min/Max Value: (1.492) to (2.943) Value Calculation: # 8 / VS1 # Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-82

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p6, Question ID: e3p6a VS = V

Recall Label for this Question: VS2 Nominal Answer: 2.0 Min/Max Value: (1.4) to (2.6) Value Calculation: 2.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p7, Question ID: e3p7a VP VGEN Voltage Ratio = = VS VS = Recall Label for this Question: VRatio2 Nominal Answer: 2.0 Min/Max Value: (1.4) to (2.6) Value Calculation: 2.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p8, Question ID: e3p8a 8. Compare your calculated voltage ratio (#VRatio1#, VGEN = 8 Vpk-pk) with your other calculated voltage ratio (#VRatio2#, VGEN = 4 Vpk-pk). Did the voltage ratio remain the same or did it change when the primary voltage was changed from 8 Vpk-pk to 4 Vpk-pk? a. changed b. remained the same Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p9, Question ID: e3p9a VTAP = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: VTAP Nominal Answer: 2.0 Min/Max Value: (1.4) to (2.6) Value Calculation: 2.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p10, Question ID: e3p10a 10. Compare your measured value of VTAP (#VTAP# Vpk-pk) with your previously measured value of VS (#VS1# Vpk-pk). Is the secondary winding tapped at the center? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p11, Question ID: e3p11a VP VGEN Voltage Ratio = = VTAP VTAP = Recall Label for this Question: VRatio3 Nominal Answer: 4.0 Min/Max Value: (2.985) to (5.886) Value Calculation: # 8 / VTAP # Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se3p12, Question ID: e3p12a 12. What voltage ratio would produce the smallest secondary voltage for an 8 Vpk-pk primary voltage? a. 2:1 b. 4:1

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-84

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Unit 5 Transformers

REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se3r1, Question ID: e3r1 1. A transformer with 1800 turns of wire on the primary and 900 turns on the secondary has a turns ratio of a. 1:2. b. 1:3. c. 2:1. d. 3:1. Location: Review Questions page: se3r2, Question ID: e3r2 2. The voltage ratio equals the a. current ratio. b. turns ratio. c. power ratio. d. inverse of the turns ratio. Location: Review Questions page: se3r3, Question ID: e3r3 3. The secondary voltage measured from the center tap a. increases the voltage ratio of a step-down transformer. b. decreases the voltage ratio of a step-down transformer. c. decreases the current ratio of a step-down transformer. d. increases the voltage ratio of a step-up transformer. Location: Review Questions page: se3r4, Question ID: e3r4 4. The voltage ratio is independent of the a. turns ratio. b. current ratio. c. secondary voltage. d. amplitude of the applied signal. Location: Review Questions page: se3r5, Question ID: e3r5 5. A transformer having a greater voltage across the secondary than it has across the primary is a(n) a. step-down transformer. b. iron core transformer. c. step-up transformer. d. autotransformer.

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CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 5 Transformers

Exercise 4 Transformer Secondary Loading

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine the effect of secondary loading by using a typical transformer. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se4d3, Question ID: e4d3a A transformer with a voltage and turns ratio of 10:1 has a secondary current (IS) of 100 mA. What is the primary (IP) current? a. 1000 mA b. 10 mA c. 1 mA Location: Exercise Discussion page: se4d7, Question ID: e4d7a An ideal step-down transformer with a voltage ratio of 10:1 has input power (PP) equal to 500 mW. What is the power out (PS)? a. 50 mW b. 5000 mW c. 500 mW EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p3, Question ID: e4p3a IP = VR1 /R1 = Apk-pk Recall Label for this Question: IPNL Nominal Answer: 283.0 Min/Max Value: (141.5) to (424.5) Value Calculation: 283.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 50 Correct Plus Tolerance = 50

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p4, Question ID: e4p4a IP = VR1 /R1= mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: IPL Nominal Answer: 1.9 Min/Max Value: (1.33) to (2.47) Value Calculation: 1.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p5, Question ID: e4p5a 5. Compare your calculated values of primary current with no load across the secondary (#IPNL# Apk-pk) to the primary current with a 1 k load (#IPL# mApk-pk). Did the primary current increase or decrease with the addition of a load (R2) across the secondary? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p7, Question ID: e4p7a 8 Vpk-pk VGENrms = x 0.707 = 2 Recall Label for this Question: VGENrms Nominal Answer: 2.83 Min/Max Value: (2.745) to (2.915) Value Calculation: 2.830 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Vrms

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p8, Question ID: e4p8a VR1 pk-pk x 0.707 IPrms = 2 x R1 = mArms Recall Label for this Question: IPrms Nominal Answer: 0.68 Min/Max Value: (0.476) to (0.884) Value Calculation: 0.680 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p9, Question ID: e4p9a PP = mW

Recall Label for this Question: PP Nominal Answer: 1.924 Min/Max Value: (1.267) to (2.654) Value Calculation: #VGENrms#*#IPrms# Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p10, Question ID: e4p10a VR2 pk-pk VR2rms = x 0.707 = 2 Vrms

Recall Label for this Question: VR2RMS Nominal Answer: 1.11 Min/Max Value: (0.777) to (1.443) Value Calculation: 1.110 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-89

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p10, Question ID: e4p10c 14. Determine the secondary rms current. VR2rms #VR2RMS2# ISrms = = = R2 1000 Recall Label for this Question: ISRMS Nominal Answer: 1.11 Min/Max Value: ( .754) to (1.486) Value Calculation: #VR2RMS# Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p10, Question ID: e4p10e PS = VR2rms x Isrms = mW Recall Label for this Question: PS Nominal Answer: 1.232 * Min/Max Value: ( .568) to (2.209) Value Calculation: #VR2RMS#*#ISRMS# Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p11, Question ID: e4p11a PS efficiency % = x 100 PP = % Recall Label for this Question: % Nominal Answer: 64.03 * Min/Max Value: (20.76) to (179.6) Value Calculation: (#PS#/#PP#)*100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3

mArms

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-90

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se4p12, Question ID: e4p12a 17. Your calculated value of efficiency for T1 is #%#%. If T1 were an ideal (perfect) transformer, would the percentage of efficiency be higher or lower? a. higher percent b. lower percent REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se4r1, Question ID: e4r1 1. A transformer is a a. nonregulating device. b. self-regulating device. c. nonconductive device. d. self-inhibiting device. Location: Review Questions page: se4r2, Question ID: e4r2a 2. Adjust VGEN for an 8 Vpk-pk, 1 kHz sine wave. Using the oscilloscope, measure the voltage drop across R2 (VR2). Convert your peak-to-peak measurement to an rms value. Vpk-pk x 0.707 VR2rms = 2 = Vrms

Recall Label for this Question: VR2CM Nominal Answer: 0.83 Min/Max Value: (0.581) to (1.079) Value Calculation: 0.830 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Location: Review Questions page: se4r2, Question ID: e4r2c ISrms = mA

Recall Label for this Question: ISCM Nominal Answer: 2.594 Min/Max Value: (1.797) to (3.406) Value Calculation: (#VR2CM#/320)*1000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Review Questions page: se4r2, Question ID: e4r2 2. The secondary power (PS) of T1 equals a. 9.4 mW. b. 2.1 mW. c. 0.4 mW. d. 94.0 mW. Location: Review Questions page: se4r3, Question ID: e4r3 3. The current ratio between the primary and secondary equals the a. voltage ratio. b. power ratio. c. inverse of the power ratio. d. inverse of the voltage ratio. Location: Review Questions page: se4r4, Question ID: e4r4 4. If the load resistance on the secondary increases, the a. voltage ratio increases. b. primary current increases. c. primary current decreases. d. current ratio increases.

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-92

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Review Questions page: se4r5, Question ID: e4r5 5. A transformer with 5 mW of power in the primary and 5 mW of power in the secondary has an efficiency of a. 50%. b. 100%. c. 25%. d. 10%. CMS AVAILABLE CM 5 FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 5 Transformers

UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 An inductor can induce a voltage into another inductor in close proximity a. if the current through the inductor is constant. b. only if the inductors are wound around an iron core. c. if the current through the inductor is changing. d. only if one of the inductors is tapped. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 The voltage in the secondary winding of a transformer is caused by a. mutual inductance. b. constant dc voltage in the primary. c. a center tap. d. the secondary load. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 A transformer with 1200 turns on the primary and 12,000 turns on the secondary has a voltage ratio of a. 2:1. b. 10:1. c. 1:10. d. 1:2. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 A transformer that has a greater voltage across the primary than it has across the secondary is a a. step-up transformer. b. ferrite core transformer. c. power transformer. d. step-down transformer. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 A transformer with a current ratio of 3:1 has a voltage ratio of a. 3:1. b. 1:3. c. 1:1. d. 1:1.5.

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Unit 5 Transformers

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 An iron or ferrite core in a transformer a. provides a direct electrical connection between the primary and secondary windings. b. concentrates the magnetic field surrounding the windings. c. suppresses the magnetic field surrounding the windings. d. produces a magnetic field. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 A tap may appear a. only at the center of the primary. b. anywhere on the secondary winding. c. only at the center of the secondary. d. anywhere along any winding. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 If the load resistance on the secondary decreases, the a. primary current increases. b. voltage ratio decreases. c. primary current decreases. d. current ratio increases. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 A transformer is a self-regulating device because the a. primary winding is not connected to the secondary. b. secondary voltage remains constant when the primary voltage changes. c. primary automatically compensates for changes in the secondary load. d. secondary current remains constant when the load changes. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 In an ideal transformer, the turns ratio equals a. the current ratio. b. the power ratio. c. twice the current ratio. d. the voltage ratio.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Unit 5 Transformers

TROUBLESHOOTING Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across R2 (VR2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VR2 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 3.3 Min/Max Value: (2.31) to (4.29) Value Calculation: 3.300 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3 5. The faulty component is a. a shorted turn on the primary. b. an open turn on the primary. c. a shorted turn on the secondary. d. an open turn on the secondary. Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across R2 (VR2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VR2 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 3.3 Min/Max Value: (2.31) to (4.29) Value Calculation: 3.300 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3 5. The faulty component is a. a shorted turn on the primary. b. an open turn on the primary. c. a shorted turn on the secondary. d. an open turn on the secondary.

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Unit 5 Transformers

CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE Fault 4 Fault 5

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Unit 5 Transformers

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Unit 6 Capacitance

UNIT 6 CAPACITANCE

UNIT OBJECTIVE Describe the effect of capacitance on a circuit by using an oscilloscope. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf4, Question ID: f4a A dc voltage source of 25V is applied to a capacitor, and then the voltage source is removed. What is the charge (voltage) across the capacitor? a. 0 volts b. 25 volts Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf9, Question ID: f9a Capacitor C1 is fully charged. What is the voltage drop across R1? a. 0 volts b. 15 volts CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None NEW TERMS AND WORDS capacitance (C) - the property of a capacitor to store charge. capacitor - a device consisting of two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material and possessing a predicted amount of capacitance. farad (F) - unit of measure for capacitance. A farad equals one coulomb of charge stored at a potential of one volt. leakage current - a small, undesirable amount of current that flows through the dielectric of a capacitor. dielectric - the insulating material between the two plates of a capacitor.

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Exercise 1 Capacitors
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Describe the effect a capacitor has on dc and ac circuits by using measured values. Verify results with a multimeter and an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d4, Question ID: e1d4a If the value of C1 were increased to 0.9 F, the circuit current (IC1) would a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d6, Question ID: e1d6a If the frequency of the signal source were changed to 5 kHz, circuit current (IC1) would a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a 5. While monitoring the oscilloscope for voltage across C1, close S1. Does the capacitor charge up when the dc voltage is applied? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a Does the charge on C1 remain even after the dc source is removed? a. yes b. no

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a 9. While monitoring the multimeter display, hold S1 closed for about 15 seconds. Repeat several times (discharge C1 each time by using S2). Based on the reaction of the multimeter display, was current flowing while capacitor C1 was charging? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a 10. Based on the reaction of the multimeter display, did current stop flowing after the capacitor became fully charged? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p10, Question ID: e1p10a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iac Nominal Answer: 4.5 Min/Max Value: (3.15) to (5.85) Value Calculation: 4.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a 13. Does the current flowing in the circuit indicate that C3 is passing ac? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a 15. CM 10 is activated to increase the capacitance of C3 from 0.1 F to 0.2 F. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by clicking on <CM>. Does an increase in capacitance increase or decrease circuit current? a. increase b. decrease

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a 16. Monitor the circuit current on the oscilloscope. Increase the generator frequency. Does increasing the frequency of the applied signal increase or decrease circuit current? a. decrease b. increase Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p15, Question ID: e1p15a 18. Observe the phase angle () between the circuit current (VR2) and VC3. Does the circuit current lead or lag the capacitor voltage? a. lead b. lag REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. A capacitor a. blocks ac and passes dc. b. blocks dc and passes ac. c. passes ac and dc. d. blocks ac and dc. Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. What can you conclude based on the reaction of the circuit current? a. The capacitance of C3 increased in value. b. Changing the capacitance of C3 had no effect on circuit current. c. The capacitance of C3 decreased in value. d. Changing the capacitance of C3 increased circuit current. Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. Decreasing the frequency of the signal applied to a capacitor a. decreases current flow. b. has no effect on current flow. c. increases current flow. d. decreases impedance.

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. In a capacitor, a. current lags voltage by 90. b. current leads voltage by 90. c. voltage leads current by 90. d. voltage and current remain in phase. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. A capacitor allows dc current flow a. only while it is charging. b. when it is fully charged. c. only while it is discharging. d. while it is charging or discharging. CMs AVAILABLE CM 10 TOGGLE CM 9 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Exercise 2 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine total capacitance by using circuits that have capacitors in series and in parallel. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a What is the total capacitance (CT) of this circuit? a. 5 F b. 10 F c. 2.5 F Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a What is CT? a. 0.8 F b. 8.0 F c. 80. F

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Unit 6 Capacitance

EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Iacc Nominal Answer: 4.5 Min/Max Value: (3.15) to (5.85) Value Calculation: 4.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a VC3 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Vc3 Nominal Answer: 7.2 Min/Max Value: (5.04) to (9.36) Value Calculation: 7.200 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a VC3 ZC3 = = Iac 

Recall Label for this Question: Zc3 Nominal Answer: 1600.0 Min/Max Value: (852.9) to ( 3001) Value Calculation: #Vc3#/(#Iacc#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-106

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a C1 x C2 CT = C1 + C2 = F Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 0.05 Min/Max Value: (0.049) to (0.051) Value Calculation: 0.050 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 2 Correct Plus Tolerance = 2 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a 10. Did adding the capacitor in series increase or decrease CT? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iaccc Nominal Answer: 2.8 Min/Max Value: (1.96) to (3.64) Value Calculation: 2.800 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a VCT = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Vct Nominal Answer: 8.9 Min/Max Value: (6.23) to (11.57) Value Calculation: 8.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a 14. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest opposition to current flow (impedance) for the same input signal (VGEN)? a. single-capacitor circuit b. two-capacitor series circuit Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p14, Question ID: e2p14a 17. Determine CT in the two-capacitor parallel circuit. CT = C3 + C4 = F Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 0.2 Min/Max Value: (0.19) to (0.21) Value Calculation: 0.200 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 5 Correct Plus Tolerance = 5 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a 18. Determine Iac by using current-sensing resistor R2. Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iac2 Nominal Answer: 5.8 Min/Max Value: (4.06) to (7.54) Value Calculation: 5.800 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p16, Question ID: e2p16a 19. Measure the voltage drop across parallel capacitors C3 and C4 (VC). VC = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Vc Nominal Answer: 4.6 Min/Max Value: (3.22) to (5.98) Value Calculation: 4.600 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p18, Question ID: e2p18a 21. Compare your data from the two circuits. Which circuit offers the greatest impedance for the same input signal? a. single-capacitor circuit b. two-capacitor parallel circuit Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p19, Question ID: e2p19a 24. Based on the change in circuit current, was the new capacitor added to the circuit in series or in parallel with C3 or C4? a. series b. parallel REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. The total capacitance of capacitors in series is a. determined from the reciprocal formula. b. the sum of the individual capacitor values. c. the sum of the individual capacitor values divided by two. d. the reciprocal of the sum of the capacitors. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel is a. determined from the reciprocal formula. b. the sum of the individual capacitor values. c. the sum of the individual capacitor values divided by two. d. the reciprocal of the sum of the capacitors.

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. As more capacitors are added in parallel, a. circuit current decreases. b. impedance increases. c. capacitance decreases. d. circuit current increases. Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. As more capacitors are added in series, a. circuit current decreases. b. impedance decreases. c. circuit current increases. d. capacitance increases. Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. Based on the reaction of the circuit current, the unseen capacitor a. was added in parallel. b. had no effect on the circuit current. c. was added in series. d. caused the circuit current to increase. CMS AVAILABLE CM 10 TOGGLE CM 9 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 6 Capacitance

UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 The total capacitance of two capacitors in series is a. determined using Ohm's law. b. always less than the smallest individual capacitor value. c. the sum of the individual capacitor values. d. the sum of the individual capacitor values divided by two. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 Capacitance is the ability to a. produce a cemf. b. induce voltage. c. hold electric charge. d. produce a magnetic field. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 A capacitor allows dc current to flow only when it is a. charging or discharging. b. charging. c. discharging. d. fully charged. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 Two capacitors in series, one 2 F and one 1 F, have a combined capacitance of a. 3.0 F. b. 1.5 F. c. 2.0 F. d. 0.66 F. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 Two capacitors in parallel, one 1 F and one 3 F, have a combined capacitance of a. 3.0 F. b. 4.0 F. c. 2.0 F. d. 0.75 F.

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Unit 6 Capacitance

Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 Increasing the number of capacitors in series a. decreases impedance. b. decreases circuit current. c. increases circuit current. d. increases total capacitance. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to a capacitor a. has no effect. b. decreases circuit current. c. increases impedance. d. increases circuit current. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 Increasing the number of capacitors in parallel a. decreases circuit current. b. increases impedance. c. increases circuit current. d. decreases total capacitance. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 A capacitor will a. pass only ac. b. block dc and ac. c. pass only dc. d. block ac. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 The phase difference between the applied voltage and current is a. 45. b. 360. c. 90. d. 180.

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

UNIT 7 CAPACITIVE REACTANCE

UNIT OBJECTIVE Determine the characteristics of resistive-capacitive (RC) circuits by using an oscilloscope and given information. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals Page: sf1, Question ID: f1a If the frequency of the power source (Vac) increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz, the capacitive reactance (XC) a. increases. b. decreases. c. remains the same. CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None NEW TERMS AND WORDS capacitive reactance - the opposition to current flow due to capacitance. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Exercise 1 Capacitive Reactance

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine capacitive reactance (XC) by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a If C1 is increased from 0.1 F to 0.8 F, capacitive reactance a. increases. b. decreases. c. remains the same. Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3c When a sine wave of 1 kHz is applied to a capacitor of 0.2 F, what is capacitive reactance? a. 5000. b. 1.25 x 10-3. c. 796. EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iaca Nominal Answer: 4.5 Min/Max Value: (3.15) to (5.85) Value Calculation: 4.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4c 5. Measure VC3 with the oscilloscope. VC3 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Vc3a Nominal Answer: 7.2 Min/Max Value: (5.04) to (9.36) Value Calculation: 7.200 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a VC3 XC3 = = Iac

Recall Label for this Question: Xc Nominal Answer: 1600 Min/Max Value: (836) to (3061) Value Calculation: #Vc3a#/(#Iaca#/1000) Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 3 Correct Plus Tolerance = 3 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a 1 XC3 = = 2fC

Recall Label for this Question: Xc1 Nominal Answer: 1590.0 Min/Max Value: (1574.1) to (1605.9) Value Calculation: 1590.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-115

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p7, Question ID: e1p7a 8. Comparing your values of XC3 from the practical method (#Xc#) and the calculated method (#Xc1#), does it appear that either method can be used? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9a 9. CM 9 is activated to decrease the value of C3 to 0.05 F. If necessary, readjust VGEN for a 10 Vpk-pk sine wave at 1 kHz. Determine the total circuit current (Iac). Iac = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Iacb Nominal Answer: 2.8 Min/Max Value: (1.96) to (3.64) Value Calculation: 2.800 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p9, Question ID: e1p9c 10. Measure the voltage drop across C3 (VC3) with the oscilloscope. VC3 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Vc3L Nominal Answer: 8.9 Min/Max Value: (6.23) to (11.57) Value Calculation: 8.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11a 12. Compare your values of capacitive reactance with C3 equal to 0.1 F (#Xc#) and 0.05 F (# ( Vc3L / ( Iacb / 1000 ) )#). Does decreasing capacitance increase or decrease capacitive reactance? a. increase b. decrease

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-116

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p12, Question ID: e1p12a VC3 XC3 = = Iac

Recall Label for this Question: Xc2 Nominal Answer: 3180.0 Min/Max Value: (2226) to (4134) Value Calculation: 3180.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p13, Question ID: e1p13a 14. Compare your values of capacitive reactance at 1 kHz (#Xc#) and 500 Hz (#Xc2#). Does decreasing the frequency of the applied signal increase or decrease capacitive reactance? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p14, Question ID: e1p14a VC3 XC3 = = Iac

Recall Label for this Question: Xc3 Nominal Answer: 1600 Min/Max Value: (669) to (3673) Value Calculation: #Xc# Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 20 Correct Plus Tolerance = 20

NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct value. 3-117

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p15, Question ID: e1p15a 16. Compare your values of capacitive reactance at a generator input of 10 Vpk-pk (#Xc#) and at 8 Vpk-pk (#Xc3#). Decreasing amplitude of the applied signal causes capacitive reactance to a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1a VC3 XC3 = = Iac

Recall Label for this Question: XC4 Nominal Answer: 1590.0 Min/Max Value: (1113) to (2067) Value Calculation: 1590.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1c VC3 XC3 = = Iac

Recall Label for this Question: XC5 Nominal Answer: 795.0 Min/Max Value: (556.5) to (1033.5) Value Calculation: 795.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. Compare your value of capacitive reactance before CM 10 was activated (#XC4#) with the value after CM 10 was activated (#XC5#). You conclude that CM 10 a. decreased the capacitance. b. increased the amplitude of VGEN. c. increased capacitance. d. increased XC3. Location: Review Questions Page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. A 750 Hz, 12 Vpk-pk sine wave applied to a capacitor measuring 0.3 F has a capacitive reactance (XC) of a. 708. b. 1.41. c. 59. d. 7.8 k. Location: Review Questions Page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. Increasing the amplitude of the signal applied to a capacitor a. decreases capacitive reactance. b. has no effect on capacitive reactance. c. increases capacitive reactance. d. decreases circuit current. Location: Review Questions Page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. Capacitive reactance decreases when a. frequency increases. b. capacitance decreases. c. frequency decreases. d. amplitude increases. Location: Review Questions Page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. The equation used to determine capacitive reactance in this exercise is valid for a. sine waves and square waves. b. square waves only. c. sine waves only. d. all ac waveforms.

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

CMS AVAILABLE CM 9 CM 10 FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Exercise 2 Series RC Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine characteristics of series RC circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a The total value of resistance (RT) in the series RC circuit shown is 2750 (RT = R1 + R2 + R3). The total value of capacitive reactance (XCT) is a. 666. b. 3000. c. 1000. Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4c Using the values of RT and XCT, calculate the impedance of this series RC circuit. ___________ Z = RT2 + XCT2 = Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 5154.0 Min/Max Value: (5102.5) to (5205.5) Value Calculation: 5154.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se2d6, Question ID: e2d6a ______________ Vac = VRT2 + VXCT2 = V Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 11.3 Min/Max Value: (11.18) to (11.41) Value Calculation: 11.300 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se2d8, Question ID: e2d8a = degrees Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 52.8 Min/Max Value: (36.96) to (68.64) Value Calculation: 52.800 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: IT10 Nominal Answer: 4.5 Min/Max Value: (3.15) to (5.85) Value Calculation: 4.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p6, Question ID: e2p6a VGEN Z = = IT

Recall Label for this Question: Z10 Nominal Answer: 2222.0 Min/Max Value: (1555.4) to (2888.6) Value Calculation: 2222.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a 8. Compare your value of Z with the individual values of RT and CT. Can Z be determined by directly adding RT and CT? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9a VC3 = Vpk-pk

Recall Label for this Question: Vc3d Nominal Answer: 7.3 Min/Max Value: (5.11) to (9.49) Value Calculation: 7.300 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p9, Question ID: e2p9c 10. Connect the oscilloscope as shown and use the ADD-INVERT method to measure the voltage drop across R1 (VR1). VR1 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: Vr1d Nominal Answer: 6.9 Min/Max Value: (4.83) to (8.97) Value Calculation: 6.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p11, Question ID: e2p11a 12. Compare your value of VGEN (#( ( ( Vr1d ^ 2) + ( Vc3d ^ 2 ) ) ^ 0.5 ) # Vpk-pk) with the individual voltage drops of VR1 (#Vr1d# Vpk-pk) and VC1 (#Vc3d# Vpk-pk). In a series RC circuit, does the applied voltage (VGEN) equal the sum of the individual component drops? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a 13. Observe the phase angle () between the circuit current (circuit current and VR2 have identical phase) and VGEN. Use VGEN as a reference. Does the circuit current lead or lag the applied generator voltage? a. lead b. lag Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se2p15, Question ID: e2p15a 16. Did the added series capacitor increase or decrease the phase angle between VGEN and the circuit current? a. decrease b. increase REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions Page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. While observing the oscilloscope, toggle the CM off and on by clicking on <CM>. Based on your observation of the circuit current, you conclude that adding a series capacitor to this circuit a. increased circuit current. b. decreased circuit impedance. c. had no effect on circuit current. d. decreased circuit current. Location: Review Questions Page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. An RC circuit containing three series-connected capacitors with reactances of 200, 500, and 1500 has a total capacitive reactance of a. 131. b. 2.5 k. c. 2.2 k. d. 150.

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Location: Review Questions Page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. In a series RC circuit, the applied generator voltage equals the a. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the individual resistors and capacitors. b. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistive components. c. square root of the sum of the squares of the individual voltage drops across the capacitors. d. sum of the voltage drops across the individual resistors and capacitors. Location: Review Questions Page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. The total capacitive reactance of capacitors in series is a. determined from the reciprocal formula. b. the sum of the individual reactances. c. the sum of the individual capacitances. d. the reciprocal of the individual capacitances. Location: Review Questions Page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. The phase angle between the applied generator and circuit current in a series RC circuit is a. 90. b. 180. c. greater than 90. d. less than 90. CMS AVAILABLE CM 9 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Unit 7 Capacitive Reactance

Exercise 3 Parallel RC Circuits

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine characteristics of parallel RC circuits by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se3d3, Question ID: e3d3a XC1 x XC2 XCT = = XC1 + XC2

Recall Label for this Question: XCTP Nominal Answer: 750.0 Min/Max Value: (742.5) to (757.5) Value Calculation: 750.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se3d8, Question ID: e3d8a Calculate total circuit current (IT). ________ IT = IR2 + IC2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 24.0 Min/Max Value: (23.76) to (24.24) Value Calculation: 24.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

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EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se3p4, Question ID: e3p4a IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: ITpar Nominal Answer: 9.1 Min/Max Value: (6.37) to (11.83) Value Calculation: 9.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se3p5, Question ID: e3p5a Does IT equal the sum of the individual branch currents in a parallel RC circuit? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se3p8, Question ID: e3p8a Does the added parallel capacitor cause total capacitive reactance (XCT) to increase or to decrease? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se3p9, Question ID: e3p9a 8. Determine the new total circuit current (IT) by using sensing resistor R2. IT = VR2 /R2 = mApk-pk Recall Label for this Question: ITpar1 Nominal Answer: 14.1 Min/Max Value: (9.87) to (18.33) Value Calculation: 14.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se3p11, Question ID: e3p11a 10. Compare your value of circuit impedance with one capacitor (#10/(ITpar/1000) #). to the value of circuit impedance with two capacitors (#10/(ITpar1/1000)#). Did the added parallel capacitor cause the circuit impedance to increase or decrease? a. increase b. decrease REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions Page: se3r1, Question ID: e3r1 1. Based on your observation of the circuit current, you conclude that adding a parallel capacitor to the RC circuit a. decreased circuit current. b. increased circuit impedance. c. decreased circuit impedance. d. had no effect on the circuit. Location: Review Questions Page: se3r2, Question ID: e3r2 2. An RC circuit consisting of two parallel-connected capacitors with reactances of 750 and 75 k has a total capacitive reactance of a. 75.75 k. b. 743. c. 770. d. 75 k. Location: Review Questions Page: se3r3, Question ID: e3r3 3. The circuit current of a parallel RC circuit equals the square root of the sum of the a. squares of the resistive and capacitive branch voltages. b. resistive and capacitive branch voltages. c. squares of the resistive and capacitive branch currents. d. resistive and capacitive branch currents. Location: Review Questions Page: se3r4, Question ID: e3r4 4. The total capacitive reactance of capacitors in parallel is a. the sum of the individual capacitances. b. the sum of the individual reactances. c. determined from the reciprocal formula. d. the reciprocal of the individual capacitances.

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Location: Review Questions Page: se3r5, Question ID: e3r5 5. As capacitors are added in parallel, a. phase angle increases. b. circuit current decreases. c. circuit impedance increases. d. capacitive reactance increases. CMS AVAILABLE CM 10 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 Capacitive reactance depends on a. amplitude and frequency. b. capacitance and amplitude. c. frequency and capacitance. d. capacitance only. Location: Unit Test Page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 Capacitive reactance a. lies on the positive portion of the Y axis of the X-Y coordinate system. b. equals 1/(2pfC). c. is added to resistance to yield total circuit impedance. d. is multiplied by resistance to yield total circuit impedance. Location: Unit Test Page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 What capacitive reactance results when a 7 Vpk-pk, 20 kHz sine wave is applied to a capacitor of 12 pF [XC = 1/(2fC)]? a. 94.8 k b. 595 k c. 663 k d. 4.17 M Location: Unit Test Page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 Adding capacitors in series to an RC circuit a. decreases capacitive reactance. b. increases phase angle. c. increases circuit current. d. decreases circuit impedance. Location: Unit Test Page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 Adding capacitors in parallel to an RC circuit a. increases capacitive reactance. b. increases circuit current. c. increases circuit impedance. d. decreases circuit current.

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Location: Unit Test Page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 The equation XC = 1/(2fC) is valid for a. all ac waveforms. b. square waves only. c. sine waves and square waves. d. sine waves only. Location: Unit Test Page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 As capacitors are added in series, a. circuit impedance decreases. b. circuit current increases. c. capacitive reactance increases. d. capacitive reactance decreases. Location: Unit Test Page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 The current flowing through a capacitor a. lags the voltage across the capacitor by 90. b. is in phase with the voltage across the capacitor. c. leads the voltage across the capacitor by 90. d. lags the voltage across the capacitor by 45. Location: Unit Test Page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 When capacitors are added in parallel, a. capacitive reactance decreases. b. circuit current decreases. c. capacitive reactance increases. d. circuit impedance increases. Location: Unit Test Page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 Increasing the frequency of the signal applied to a capacitor a. increases capacitive reactance. b. has no effect on capacitive reactance. c. decreases capacitive reactance. d. increases the voltage drop across the capacitor.

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TROUBLESHOOTING Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across C2 (VC2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VC2 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 4.5 Min/Max Value: (3.15) to (5.85) Value Calculation: 4.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3 5. The faulty component is a. C2 (shorted). b. C1 (increased in value). c. R1 (shorted). d. C2 (open). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across C2 (VC2) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VC2 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 4.5 Min/Max Value: (3.15) to (5.85) Value Calculation: 4.500 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3 5. The faulty component is a. C2 (shorted). b. C1 (increased in value). c. R1 (shorted). d. C2 (open). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the output voltage across R3 (VR3) as a result of the input voltage (VGEN). VR3 = Vpk-pk Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 1.0 Min/Max Value: (.7) to (1.3) Value Calculation: 1.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc3, Question ID: trbc3 5. The faulty component is a. C4 (increased in value). b. C4 (open). c. R1 (decreased in value). d. R3 (increased in value). CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE Fault 9 Fault 10 Fault 11

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Unit 8 AC1 Fundamentals

UNIT 8 TIME CONSTANTS

UNIT OBJECTIVE Describe the effects of time constants on ac and dc circuits by using calculated and measured values. UNIT FUNDAMENTALS Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf2, Question ID: f2a The sixth harmonic frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is a. 400 Hz. b. 100 Hz. c. 600 Hz. Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf2, Question ID: f2c Harmonic frequencies that are first, third, fifth, etc. multiples of the fundamental frequency are a. even harmonics. b. odd harmonics. c. fundamental harmonics. CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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NEW TERMS AND WORDS fundamental frequency - the principal component of a wave; the component with the lowest frequency or greatest amplitude. For example, the fundamental frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is 100 Hz. harmonic frequencies - sinusoidal waves having frequencies that are integral (positive whole number) multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, a wave with twice the frequency of the fundamental is called the second harmonic. even harmonics - harmonic frequencies that are even multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, 200 Hz and 400 Hz waves are even harmonics of a 100 Hz wave. odd harmonics - harmonic frequencies that are odd multiples of the fundamental frequency. For example, 300 Hz and 500 Hz waves are odd harmonics of a 100 Hz wave. time constant - time required for voltage or current to rise or fall by 63 percent. It results from the ability of inductance (L) and capacitance (C) to store energy. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED F.A.C.E.T. base unit AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS circuit board Multimeter Oscilloscope, dual trace Generator, sine wave

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Exercise 1 RC Time Constants

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Determine the time constant of an RC circuit by using calculated and measured values. Verify results with an oscilloscope. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a = ms Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 50.0 Min/Max Value: (49.5) to (50.5) Value Calculation: 50.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1 Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3c In this example, the time required for the capacitor to fully charge (or discharge) is a. 250 ms. b. 50 ms. c. 99 ms. Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d10, Question ID: e1d10a The voltage across the capacitor (C1) should be what percent of the original value (10 Vdc) after three time constants? = percent Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (4.95) to (5.05) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

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EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a 2. Locate the RC TIME CONSTANTS circuit block, and connect the circuit shown. While monitoring the voltage across R1 (VR1) with an oscilloscope, press and hold (close) S1. Based on your observation, did the voltage across R1 develop instantaneously or was there a time constant delay? a. delayed b. instantaneous Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3a 4. Connect the oscilloscope input across C1. Make sure the probe is set to 10X. Measure the time required for the capacitor to charge to VA (15 Vdc) by pressing (holding) S1 and using the second hand of a watch or clock. Begin timing at the instant you close S1. Charge time = seconds Recall Label for this Question: tc Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (3) to (7) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 40 Correct Plus Tolerance = 40 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3c 6. Compare your measured value of total charging time (#tc# seconds) to the calculated value of one time constant. Was the total time required to charge C1 to 15 volts approximately equal to five time constants? a. yes b. no Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4a = seconds Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 2.0 Min/Max Value: (1.98) to (2.02) Value Calculation: 2.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 1 Correct Plus Tolerance = 1

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4c 8. Use the universal time constant chart to determine the percentage of voltage across C1 and C2 (VC) after VA is applied for two time constants. Voltage = percent Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 86.0 Min/Max Value: (84.28) to (87.72) Value Calculation: 86.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 2 Correct Plus Tolerance = 2 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p4, Question ID: e1p4e 9. Make sure the capacitors are discharged by pressing S2 (zero volts across C1 and C2). Make sure your probe is set to 10X. Determine VC after 2 time constants (4 seconds) have expired by pressing S1, releasing it after 4 seconds, and immediately taking the measurement. VC after 4 seconds = volts Recall Label for this Question: vc85 Nominal Answer: 12.9 Min/Max Value: (8.385) to (17.42) Value Calculation: 12.900 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 35 Correct Plus Tolerance = 35 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p5, Question ID: e1p5a 10. Compare your measured voltage of VC (#vc85#) with the percentage of applied voltage across C1 and C2 by using the universal time constant chart. Can you accurately predict the voltage across a capacitor by using the universal time constant chart? a. yes b. no

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REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1a 1. While observing an oscilloscope connected across C1, press S1 and measure the time required for the capacitor to charge to 15 Vdc (TC). Start timing at the instant S1 is closed. TC = seconds Recall Label for this Question: tc1 Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (3) to (7) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 40 Correct Plus Tolerance = 40 Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1c 1. Make sure C1 is completely discharged by pressing S2 until you measure zero volts across C1. CM 3 is activated to reduce the value of C1. Remeasure the time required to charge C1. TC = seconds Recall Label for this Question: tc2 Nominal Answer: 0.75 Min/Max Value: (0.3) to (1.2) Value Calculation: 0.750 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 60 Correct Plus Tolerance = 60 Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1 1. You conclude that a. decreasing the capacitance increased the RC time constant. b. changing the capacitance had no effect on the RC time constant. c. decreasing the capacitance decreased the RC time constant. d. the more capacitive the circuit, the shorter the RC time constant.

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Location: Review Questions page: se1r2, Question ID: e1r2 2. A circuit with resistance of 75 k and capacitance of 4.7 F has an RC time constant of a. 1.59s. b. 353 ms. c. 3.53s. d. 159 ms. Location: Review Questions page: se1r3, Question ID: e1r3 3. Increasing the value of resistance in an RC circuit a. causes the time constant to increase. b. has no effect on the time constant. c. causes the time constant to decrease. d. increases the dc current flow through the circuit. Location: Review Questions page: se1r4, Question ID: e1r4 4. A capacitor is considered to be fully discharged after a. one time constant. b. six time constants. c. two time constants. d. five time constants. Location: Review Questions page: se1r5, Question ID: e1r5 5. Use the universal time constant chart to determine a. charge and discharge times of RC and RL circuits. b. charge and discharge times of RC circuits only. c. only charge times of RC and RL circuits. d. only discharge times of RC and RL circuits. CMS AVAILABLE CM 3 FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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Exercise 2 RC and RL Wave Shapes

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Demonstrate the effects of time constants on RC and RL circuits by using square waves as the applied ac waveforms. Verify results with a universal time constant chart. EXERCISE DISCUSSION Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d2, Question ID: e2d2a With one time constant equal to 2 ms, how long will it take to fully charge the capacitor (C) to the peak voltage of the square wave input? a. 2 ms b. 10 ms c. 4 ms Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d4, Question ID: e2d4a If the value of the resistor (R) increased in value, would the time to fully charge the capacitor increase or decrease? a. increase b. decrease Location: Exercise Discussion page: se2d9, Question ID: e2d9a If the value of the inductor (L) decreased in value, would the charge and discharge time of the inductor increase or decrease? a. increase b. decrease

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EXERCISE PROCEDURE Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p3, Question ID: e2p3a 5. If each major division along the horizontal axis equals one time constant, how many time constants are required for the capacitor to fully charge? a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p4, Question ID: e2p4a VC1 = V

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 6.8 Min/Max Value: (4.76) to (8.84) Value Calculation: 6.800 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p5, Question ID: e2p5a VC1 = V

Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 1.1 Min/Max Value: (0.55) to (1.65) Value Calculation: 1.100 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 50 Correct Plus Tolerance = 50 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p7, Question ID: e2p7a Connect the oscilloscope across C1, and toggle CM 4 off and on by clicking on <CM>. What type of waveform results when CM 4 is activated? a. square wave b. sawtooth wave c. sine wave

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Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p8, Question ID: e2p8a 12. Judging from the waveforms displayed, would you say current flow is maximum at the beginning or at the end of the charge and discharge times? a. beginning b. end Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p10, Question ID: e2p10a Using the oscilloscope, measure the voltage level across the inductor (VL1) after it has charged for 1 time constant (10 s). VL1 = V Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 3.0 Min/Max Value: (1.8) to (4.2) Value Calculation: 3.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 40 Correct Plus Tolerance = 40 Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p12, Question ID: e2p12a 19. Do positive voltage spikes across L1 occur on the rising edges or on the falling edges of VGEN? a. rising edges b. falling edges Location: Exercise Procedure page: se2p13, Question ID: e2p13a 22. Judging from the displayed waveforms, would you say current flow is maximum at the beginning of a charging cycle or at the end? a. beginning b. end

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REVIEW QUESTIONS Location: Review Questions page: se2r1, Question ID: e2r1 1. Based on your observation of the current waveform, what can you conclude about the circuit? a. The RC time constant increased. b. The value of the capacitor increased. c. Changing the value of C2 had no effect on the current. d. The value of the capacitor decreased. Location: Review Questions page: se2r2, Question ID: e2r2 2. Decreasing the value of inductance in an RL circuit ( = L/R) a. increases the RL time constant. b. has no effect on the RL time constant. c. decreases the RL time constant. d. prevents voltage spikes from occurring when a square wave is applied to the circuit. Location: Review Questions page: se2r3, Question ID: e2r3 3. The current in an RL circuit is a. minimum at the beginning of charging time. b. maximum at the beginning of charging time. c. minimim at the end of discharging time. d. maximum at the beginning of discharging time. Location: Review Questions page: se2r4, Question ID: e2r4 4. Applied to an RL circuit is a square wave with a period much longer than the RL time constant. The inductor voltage produces a a. sine wave. b. cosine wave. c. sawtooth wave. d. voltage spike. Location: Review Questions page: se2r5, Question ID: e2r5 5. The voltage across the capacitor in an RC circuit is a. maximum at the beginning of charging time. b. minimum at the end of charging time. c. minimum at the beginning of charging time. d. zero at the end of charging time.

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CMS AVAILABLE CM 4 TOGGLE CM 7 TOGGLE CM 6 TOGGLE FAULTS AVAILABLE None

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UNIT TEST Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1 One time constant is the amount of time required for current in an inductive circuit or for voltage in a capacitive circuit to reach approximately what percent of its maximum value? a. 10 b. 86 c. 63 d. 98 Location: Unit Test Question page: sut2, Question ID: ut2 You can determine the time constant of an RC circuit by using the equation a. R/C. b. R x C. c. C/R. d. 1/RC. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut3, Question ID: ut3 You can determine the time constant of an RL circuit by using the equation a. R/L. b. L/R. c. RL. d. 1/RL. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut4, Question ID: ut4 A capacitor in an RC circuit is considered to be fully charged after a. 4 time constants. b. 1 time constant. c. 3 time constants. d. 5 time constants. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut5, Question ID: ut5 A series RC circuit consisting of a 4.7 F capacitor and a 4.7 k resistor has a time constant value of a. 22.1 ms. b. 45.3s. c. 221 ms. d. 4.53s.

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Location: Unit Test Question page: sut6, Question ID: ut6 A series RL circuit consisting of a 22 mH inductor and a 3.3 k resistor has a time constant value of a. 13.8 ms. b. 6.67 s. c. 667 s. d. 1.38 ms. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut7, Question ID: ut7 In an RC circuit having a time constant of 3 ms, the capacitor will fully charge (assuming there is no initial charge) in a. 9 ms. b. 3 ms. c. 6 ms. d. 15 ms. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut8, Question ID: ut8 The circuit current in an RC circuit is a. maximum at the beginning of charging time. b. minimum at the beginning of charging time. c. maximum at the end of charging time. d. minimum at the beginning of discharging time. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut9, Question ID: ut9 An RC circuit has an applied square wave with a period that is too short to allow the capacitor to fully charge and discharge. The capacitor voltage produces a a. square wave. b. sine wave. c. sawtooth wave. d. cosine wave. Location: Unit Test Question page: sut10, Question ID: ut10 The second harmonic of a 200 Hz square wave is a. 200 Hz. b. 600 Hz. c. 800 Hz. d. 400 Hz.

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TROUBLESHOOTING Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a 2. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for the capacitors to charge to VA (15 Vdc) by pressing (holding) switch S1. Use the second hand of a watch or clock to begin timing at the instant S1 is closed. Charge time (t) = s Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 10.0 Min/Max Value: (6) to (14) Value Calculation: 10.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 40 Correct Plus Tolerance = 40 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba3, Question ID: trba3 4. The faulty component is a. C1 (shorted). b. R2 (decreased in value). c. R2 (open). d. C1 (open). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a 2. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for the capacitors to charge to VA (15 Vdc) by pressing (holding) switch S1. Use the second hand of a watch or clock to begin timing at the instant S1 is closed. Charge time (t) = s Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 10.0 Min/Max Value: (6) to (14) Value Calculation: 10.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 40 Correct Plus Tolerance = 40

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Unit 8 AC1 Fundamentals

Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb3, Question ID: trbb3 4. The faulty component is a. C1 (shorted). b. R2 (decreased in value). c. R2 (open). d. C1 (open). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc2, Question ID: trbc2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for C1 to charge to VGEN (8V). Charge time = ms Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (3.5) to (6.5) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbc3, Question ID: trbc3 5. The faulty component is a. R1 (increased in value). b. C1 (shorted). c. R1 (shorted). d. C1 (increased in value). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd2, Question ID: trbd2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for the voltage across R2 (representing circuit current) to go to zero. time = ms Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 5.0 Min/Max Value: (3.5) to (6.5) Value Calculation: 5.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30

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Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbd3, Question ID: trbd3 5. The faulty component is a. C2 (decreased in value). b. R2 (shorted). c. C2 (shorted). d. R2 (increased in value). Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe2, Question ID: trbe2a 3. To ensure proper circuit operation (performance check), measure the time required for the voltage across R4 (representing circuit current) to go to maximum. time = s Recall Label for this Question: None Nominal Answer: 50.0 Min/Max Value: (35) to (65) Value Calculation: 50.000 Correct Tolerance Percent = true Correct Minus Tolerance = 30 Correct Plus Tolerance = 30 Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbe3, Question ID: trbe3 5. The faulty component is a. R4 (open). b. L2 (decreased in value). c. R4 (decreased in value). d. L2 (shorted). CMS AVAILABLE None FAULTS AVAILABLE Fault 1 Fault 2 Fault 3 Fault 6 Fault 12

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Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

APPENDIX A PRETEST AND POSTTEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen. Pretest Questions 1. One complete repetition of an ac waveform is a. the amplitude. b. the frequency. c. a cycle. d. the polarity. 2. Which oscilloscope control setting is used to measure time? a. trigger mode b. hold off c. level d. time base 3. To view two waveforms on a dual trace oscilloscope simultaneously, you must set the vertical mode to a. ADD. b. CHOP. c. ALT. d. either CHOP or ALT. 4. AC voltage and current differ from dc voltage and current because ac voltage and current a. are not really electricity. b. never change. c. change polarity. d. maintain a constant polarity. 5. When a X10 probe is in use, an oscilloscope screen displays an ac waveform that is ten times a. smaller. b. larger. c. slower. d. faster. 6. An oscilloscope can directly measure ac a. and dc voltage. b. voltage only. c. and dc voltage and current. d. voltage and current.

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Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

7. The oscilloscope screen is divided by a gridwork of horizontal and vertical scale lines called the a. graduate. b. time base. c. graticule. d. grate. 8. The maximum amplitude of an ac waveform in either polarity is the a. peak-to-peak amplitude. b. effective amplitude. c. peak amplitude. d. average amplitude. 9. Which value of an ac waveform delivers the same amount of power as the dc waveform of the same amplitude? a. absolute value b. rms value c. average value d. peak value 10. The reciprocal of the frequency of an ac waveform equals the a. phase angle. b. peak value. c. current. d. period. 11. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, the reference waveform should a. not be used as the trigger source. b. be a square wave. c. be used as the trigger source. d. not be a sine wave. 12. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, a lagging waveform is a. shifted toward the left of the reference waveform. b. smaller in amplitude than the reference waveform. c. shifted toward the right of the reference waveform. d. larger in amplitude than the reference waveform. 13. How many degrees are in one half of one cycle of a sine wave? a. 90 b. 180 c. 360 d. 200

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Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

14. When the magnetic field surrounding a conductor fluctuates due to changing current flow, a. counter electromotive force is produced. b. additional current is produced. c. electromotive force is produced. d. the conductor emits light. 15. Inductance is measured in a. henries. b. ohms. c. hertz. d. angstroms. 16. Winding a conductor into a coil a. cancels out eddy currents. b. concentrates the magnetic field. c. reduces inductance. d. cancels out the magnetic field. 17. The voltage across an inductor a. leads the current by 45. b. leads the current by 90. c. lags the current by 90. d. lags the current by 45. 18. When inductors are connected in parallel a. current flow decreases. b. total inductance increases. c. impedance increases. d. total inductance decreases. 19. When inductors are connected in series, a. current flow increases. b. inductive reactance decreases. c. impedance decreases. d. inductive reactance increases. 20. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RL circuit increases, a. impedance decreases. b. inductive reactance increases. c. current flow increases. d. inductive reactance decreases.

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Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

21. A phasor a. has magnitude only. b. is a phase angle. c. has magnitude and direction. d. is measured in cycles per second. 22. Inductive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane? a. negative Y b. negative X c. positive Y d. positive X 23. An increase in the measure of inductance a. decreases inductive reactance. b. increases current flow. c. increases inductive reactance. d. decreases impedance. 24. Total impedance of an RL circuit is determined from the equation __________ 2 a. R + XL2. b. R + L. c. RL. d. R2 + XL2. 25. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to an inductor a. decreases inductive reactance. b. increases inductive reactance. c. increases current flow. d. does not affect inductive reactance. 26. The reciprocal value of a waveform's period is its a. phase angle. b. amplitude. c. frequency. d. peak value. 27. The peak value multiplied by 0.707 yields the rms value of a. sine waves only. b. square waves only. c. sine waves and square waves. d. any ac waveform.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

28. Two 6 mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of a. 3 mH. b. 0.33 mH. c. 12 mH. d. 24 mH. 29. You can determine the total inductance of several inductors in series by a. adding the individual inductances. b. the product-over-sum method. c. the reciprocal method. d. multiplying the individual inductances. 30. The equation XL = 2fL is valid for a. all ac waveforms.. b. square waves only. c. sine waves and square waves.. d. sine waves only. 31. A transformer works on the principle of a. self-inductance. b. mutual conduction. c. mutual inductance. d. self-conduction. 32. In a transformer, a voltage appears across the secondary windings only when the voltage across the primary is a. changing. b. dc voltage. c. ac voltage. d. unchanging. 33. In a step-down transformer, the voltage on the primary is a. equal to the voltage on the secondary. b. zero. c. greater than the voltage on the secondary. d. less than the voltage on the secondary. 34. The transfer of energy from one circuit to another is a. the conduction angle. b. coupling. c. decoupling. d. inductance.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

35. The turns ratio of a transformer equals the a. current ratio. b. power ratio. c. voltage-to-current ratio. d. voltage ratio. 36. Capacitance is the ability to a. induce voltage. b. produce a magnetic field. c. produce an electric field. d. hold electric charge. 37. Which type of capacitor uses a molecularly thin metal oxide to produce relatively high values of capacitance in a very small space? a. electrolytic b. mylar c. ceramic d. mica 38. The voltage across the capacitor a. lags the current by 45. b. lags the current by 90. c. leads the current by 90. d. leads the current by 45. 39. When capacitors are connected in parallel, a. current flow decreases. b. total capacitance decreases. c. impedance decreases. d. total capacitance increases. 40. A charged capacitor a. blocks dc current and passes ac current. b. blocks ac current and passes dc current. c. blocks both ac and dc current. d. passes both ac and dc current. 41. When capacitors are connected in series, a. current flow decreases. b. capacitive reactance increases. c. impedance decreases. d. capacitive reactance decreases.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

42. When the capacitance of an RC circuit increases, a. current flow decreases. b. capacitive reactance increases. c. impedance increases. d. capacitive reactance decreases. 43. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RC circuit decreases, a. current flow increases. b. capacitive reactance decreases. c. impedance decreases. d. capacitive reactance increases. 44. Capacitive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane? a. negative X b. negative Y c. positive X d. positive Y 45. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to a capacitor a. increases current flow. b. increases capacitive reactance. c. decreases capacitive reactance. d. does not affect capacitive reactance. 46. A capacitor is considered to be fully charged after how many time constants? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 47. The first harmonic frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is a. 200 Hz. b. 10 Hz. c. 100 Hz. d. 1000 Hz 48. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RL circuit, current flow is a. minimum at the end of charging time. b. maximum at the beginning of charging time. c. minimum at the beginning of charging time. d. maximum at the end of charging time.

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Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

49. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RC circuit, current flow is a. minimum at the beginning of charging time. b. maximum at the end of charging time. c. maximum at the beginning of charging time. d. minimum at the beginning of discharge time. 50. The time constant () of an RL circuit is determined from the equation a. R x L. b. L/R. c. R/L. d. 1/(R x L).

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

Posttest Questions 1. Which value of an ac waveform delivers the same amount of power as the dc waveform of the same amplitude? a. absolute value b. rms value c. average value d. peak value 2. How many degrees are in one half of one cycle of a sine wave? a. 90 b. 180 c. 360 d. 200 3. The oscilloscope screen is divided by a gridwork of horizontal and vertical scale lines called the a. graduate. b. time base. c. graticule. d. grate. 4. The voltage across an inductor a. leads the current by 45. b. leads the current by 90. c. lags the current by 90. d. lags the current by 45. 5. When the magnetic field surrounding a conductor fluctuates due to changing current flow, a. counter electromotive force is produced. b. additional current is produced. c. electromotive force is produced. d. the conductor emits light. 6. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, the reference waveform should a. not be used as the trigger source. b. be a square wave. c. be used as the trigger source. d. not be a sine wave.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

7. When a X10 probe is in use, an oscilloscope screen displays an ac waveform that is ten times a. smaller. b. larger. c. slower. d. faster. 8. When phase angle is measured by an oscilloscope, a lagging waveform is a. shifted toward the left of the reference waveform. b. smaller in amplitude than the reference waveform. c. shifted toward the right of the reference waveform. d. larger in amplitude than the reference waveform. 9. An oscilloscope can directly measure ac a. and dc voltage. b. voltage only. c. and dc voltage and current. d. voltage and current. 10. When inductors are connected in series, a. current flow increases. b. inductive reactance decreases. c. impedance decreases. d. inductive reactance increases. 11. The reciprocal of the frequency of an ac waveform equals the a. phase angle. b. peak value. c. current. d. period. 12. AC voltage and current differ from dc voltage and current because ac voltage and current a. are not really electricity. b. never change. c. change polarity. d. maintain a constant polarity. 13. When inductors are connected in parallel a. current flow decreases. b. total inductance increases. c. impedance increases. d. total inductance decreases.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

14. Inductance is measured in a. henries. b. ohms. c. hertz. d. angstroms. 15. The maximum amplitude of an ac waveform in either polarity is the a. peak-to-peak amplitude. b. effective amplitude. c. peak amplitude. d. average amplitude. 16. One complete repetition of an ac waveform is a. the amplitude. b. the frequency. c. a cycle. d. the polarity. 17. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RL circuit increases, a. impedance decreases. b. inductive reactance increases. c. current flow increases. d. inductive reactance decreases. 18. The reciprocal value of a waveform's period is its a. phase angle. b. amplitude. c. frequency. d. peak value. 19. A phasor a. has magnitude only. b. is a phase angle. c. has magnitude and direction. d. is measured in cycles per second. 20. Which oscilloscope control setting is used to measure time? a. trigger mode b. hold off c. level d. time base

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

21. Winding a conductor into a coil a. cancels out eddy currents. b. concentrates the magnetic field. c. reduces inductance. d. cancels out the magnetic field. 22. Total impedance of an RL circuit is determined from the equation a. R2 + XL2. b. R + L. c. RL. d. R2 + XL2. 23. To view two waveforms on a dual trace oscilloscope simultaneously, you must set the vertical mode to a. ADD. b. CHOP. c. ALT. d. either CHOP or ALT. 24. The equation XL = 2fL is valid for a. all ac waveforms.. b. square waves only. c. sine waves and square waves.. d. sine waves only. 25. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to an inductor a. decreases inductive reactance. b. increases inductive reactance. c. increases current flow. d. does not affect inductive reactance. 26. Capacitance is the ability to a. induce voltage. b. produce a magnetic field. c. produce an electric field. d. hold electric charge. 27. A transformer works on the principle of a. self-inductance. b. mutual conduction. c. mutual inductance. d. self-conduction.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

28. Two 6 mH inductors in series have a combined inductance of a. 3 mH. b. 0.33 mH. c. 12 mH. d. 24 mH. 29. Inductive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane? a. negative Y b. negative X c. positive Y d. positive X 30. In a transformer, a voltage appears across the secondary windings only when the voltage across the primary is a. changing. b. dc voltage. c. ac voltage. d. unchanging. 31. An increase in the measure of inductance a. decreases inductive reactance. b. increases current flow. c. increases inductive reactance. d. decreases impedance. 32. The voltage across the capacitor a. lags the current by 45. b. lags the current by 90. c. leads the current by 90. d. leads the current by 45. 33. The turns ratio of a transformer equals the a. current ratio. b. power ratio. c. voltage-to-current ratio. d. voltage ratio. 34. The peak value multiplied by 0.707 yields the rms value of a. sine waves only. b. square waves only. c. sine waves and square waves. d. any ac waveform.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

35. When capacitors are connected in series, a. current flow decreases. b. capacitive reactance increases. c. impedance decreases. d. capacitive reactance decreases. 36. A capacitor is considered to be fully charged after how many time constants? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 37. Capacitive reactance lies on which axis of the X-Y coordinate plane? a. negative X b. negative Y c. positive X d. positive Y 38. In a step-down transformer, the voltage on the primary is a. equal to the voltage on the secondary. b. zero. c. greater than the voltage on the secondary. d. less than the voltage on the secondary. 39. A charged capacitor a. blocks dc current and passes ac current. b. blocks ac current and passes dc current. c. blocks both ac and dc current. d. passes both ac and dc current. 40. The first harmonic frequency of a 100 Hz square wave is a. 200 Hz. b. 10 Hz. c. 100 Hz. d. 1000 Hz 41. When capacitors are connected in parallel, a. current flow decreases. b. total capacitance decreases. c. impedance decreases. d. total capacitance increases.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

42. You can determine the total inductance of several inductors in series by a. adding the individual inductances. b. the product-over-sum method. c. the reciprocal method. d. multiplying the individual inductances. 43. The transfer of energy from one circuit to another is a. the conduction angle. b. coupling. c. decoupling. d. inductance. 44. When the frequency of the signal applied to an RC circuit decreases, a. current flow increases. b. capacitive reactance decreases. c. impedance decreases. d. capacitive reactance increases. 45. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RC circuit, current flow is a. minimum at the beginning of charging time. b. maximum at the end of charging time. c. maximum at the beginning of charging time. d. minimum at the beginning of discharge time. 46. Which type of capacitor uses a molecularly thin metal oxide to produce relatively high values of capacitance in a very small space? a. electrolytic b. mylar c. ceramic d. mica 47. When the capacitance of an RC circuit increases, a. current flow decreases. b. capacitive reactance increases. c. impedance increases. d. capacitive reactance decreases. 48. The time constant () of an RL circuit is determined from the equation a. R x L. b. L/R. c. R/L. d. 1/(R x L).

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers

49. When dc is applied to an initially uncharged RL circuit, current flow is a. minimum at the end of charging time. b. maximum at the beginning of charging time. c. minimum at the beginning of charging time. d. maximum at the end of charging time. 50. An increase in the amplitude of the signal applied to a capacitor a. increases current flow. b. increases capacitive reactance. c. decreases capacitive reactance. d. does not affect capacitive reactance.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)

APPENDIX B FAULTS AND CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS (CMS)

CM 3 SCHEMATIC SWITCH NO. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 32 3 FAULT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 ACTION opens C1 shorts C1 R1 = 0 opens T1 primary opens T1 secondary R2 = 0 shorts L2 opens L4 opens R4 places 1 F in series with 10 F C1 R1 = 1 M places 470 in parallel with 1 k R2 places 0.001 F in series with 0.01 F C2 places 1 mH in parallel with 10 mH L1 L3 = 14.7 mH places 1 mH in parallel with 4.7 mH L3

4 5

4 5

16 17

16 17

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting

APPENDIX C BOARD AND COURSEWARE TROUBLESHOOTING

Circuit Board Problems The F.A.C.E.T. equipment is carefully designed, manufactured, and tested to assure long, reliable life. If you suspect a genuine failure in the equipment, the following steps should be followed to trace a problem. A. ALWAYS insert the board into a base unit before attempting to use an ohmmeter for troubleshooting. The schematic diagrams imprinted on the boards are modified by the absence of base unit switch connections; therefore, ohmmeter checks will produce erroneous results with disconnected boards. Do not apply power to the base unit when you perform resistance checks. B. Information describing fault switch functions is provided in Appendix B in this instructor guide. Courseware Problems The F.A.C.E.T. courseware has been written to meet carefully selected objectives. All exercises have been tested for accuracy, and information presented in discussions has been reviewed for technical content. Tolerances have been computed for all procedure and review question answers to assure that responses are not invalidated by component or instrument errors. Nevertheless, you or your students may discover mistakes or experience difficulty in using our publications. We appreciate your comments and assure you that we will weigh them carefully in our ongoing product improvement efforts. As we address courseware problems, we will post corrections for download from our web site, www.labvolt.com. Select the customer support tab, and then choose product line: F.A.C.E.T. Select a course, select from a list of symptoms that have been addressed, and follow the instructions.

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AC1 Fundamentals

Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting

We will do our best to help you resolve problems if you call the number below. However, for best results, and to avoid confusion, we prefer that you write with a description of the problem. If you write, please include the following information: Your name, title, mailing address, and telephone number (please include the best time to reach you). Publication title and number. Page number(s), and step and/or figure number(s) of affected material. Complete description of the problem encountered and any additional information that may help us solve the problem.

Send your courseware comments to: techsupport@labvolt.com Lab-Volt Systems P.O. Box 686 Farmingdale, NJ 07727 ATTN: Technical Support If you prefer to telephone regarding hardware or courseware problems, call us between 9:00 AM and 4:30 PM (Eastern time) at: (800) 522-4436 or (888)-LAB-VOLT.

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