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Doko - VN 218041 Quy Trinh Cong Nghe San Xuat Xuc Xich Ti
Doko - VN 218041 Quy Trinh Cong Nghe San Xuat Xuc Xich Ti
Seminar:
QUY TRNH CONG NGHE SAN XUAT XUC XCH TIET TRUNG
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MUC LUC
Trang Tong quan ..................4 Phan I: Nguyen lieu.................. .. . . . .6 1/ nguyen lieu chnh ...................................... 6 1.1/ Tht heo ................................................... 6 1.1.1/ Phan loai .............................................. 6 1.1.2/ Cau truc tht ......................................... 6 1.1.3/ Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tht............. 6 1.1.4/ cac dang h hong cua tht .................. 8 1.2/M heo...................................................... 9 1.3/ Da heo...................................................... 9 1.4/Tieu chuan anh gia nguyen lieu......... 9 2/Phu lieu .......................................................10 2.1/nc a vay.............................................. 10 2.2/Protein au nanh ..................................... 10 2.3Tinh bot...................................................... 10 3/Gia v............................................................ 11 3.1/Muoi tinh ..................................................11 3.2/Bot ngot.....................................................11 3.3/ng ....................................................... 11 3.4/Bot tieu......................................................12 4/Phu gia ......................................................... 12 4.1/Muoi Nitrite.............................................. 13 4.2/Tari.............................................................13 4.3/Vitamin C................................................ 13 Phan II: S o quy trnh cong nghe........................ 14
1/S o quy trnh cong nghe san xuat xuc xch tiet trung .......... 15 2/Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe............. 16 2.1/ Cap ong ................................................ 16 2.2/Ra ong .................................................... 17 http://www.ebook.edu.vn
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GVGD : TS. Le Van Viet Man 2.3/Ra............................................................ 18 2.4/Qua trnh xay tho..................................... 18 2.5/Qua trnh xay nhuyen.............................. 19 2.6/Qua trnh nhoi & nh lng .................. 20 2.7/Tiet trung ................................................. 20 2.8/Say kho...................................................... 2.9/Hoan thien ................................................ 3/Cac thiet b s dung trong quy trnh ........ 22 Phan III: anh gia chat lng san pham .............. 33 Phan IV: Cac rui ro va cach khac phuc ............... 37 Phan V : Tai lieu tham khao................................... 39
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TONG QUAN
Cuoc song hien ai ngay cang ap ng tot hn nhng nhu cau cua con ngi. Ben canh nhu cau c an mac ep, c song cuoc song thoai mai, tien nghi th con ngi con co nhu cau c an ngon, an ay u chat dinh dng e co sc khoe tot. T o, con ngi co the lam viec tot hn, hieu qua hn. V l do o ma nganh cong nghiep che bien thc pham ngay cang phat trien manh me, gop phan ap ng nhu cau ve an uong cho moi ngi. Cac san pham thc pham c che bien t tht cung cap ay u thanh phan dinh dng can thiet cua c the. Theo so lieu thong ke cua Cuc Thong ke thanh pho th trong nam 2002, nhu cau oi vi cac san pham thc pham che bien t tht tang len rat nhanh tren 12%. Trong o xuc xch la mot trong nhng san pham che bien t tht rat c quan tam. Xuc xch la mot san pham an lien ngay cang pho bien do tnh tien li va co gia tr dinh dng cao. Xuc xch co the c san xuat mot cach thu cong (theo qui mo gia nh ) hoac theo qui mo cong nghiep. Hien nay tren th trng co rat nhieu loai xuc xch khac nhau. Tuy theo nguyen lieu ta co the phan loai xuc xch nh sau : xuc xch ga ,xuc xch bo, xuc xch tom, xuc xch heo theo phng thc san xuat ta co xuc xch triet trung , xuc xch xong khoi Trong khuon kho cua quyen tieu luan nay , nhom chung em xin gii thieu qui trnh cong nghe san xuat xuc xch triet trung.
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Phan I :NGUYEN
1/ Nguyen lieu chnh:
LIEU
1.1/ Tht heo Tht va nhng san phan che bien t tht la mot trong nhng phan c ban trong khau phan thc an. o la nguon quan trong cung cap lng ln protein va cac chat khoang nh sat(Fe),ong (Cu) magie(Mg), photpho(P). Ngoai ra tht con cung cap nhieu vitamin nh : vitamin A, vitamin B1(thiamin), B2(riboflavin), B6, PPva trong tht cha ay u cac acid amin khong thay the vi t le kha can oi. 1.1.1/ Phan loai Tht heo la nguyen lieu chnh trong qua trnh che bien xuc xch. No co vai tro quyet nh chat lng cua san pham. Tht heo c phan thanh cac loai sau: a/ Theo % nac : +Tht heo nac : nac chiem t le cao >80% +Tht heo na nac na m: %nac 50%-80% +Tht heo m : %nac <50% b/ Theo trang thai tht: +Tht bnh thng : Tht co mau sat ti , be mat rao , khong r nc , pH cua tht co tr so 5.6-6.2 +Tht PSE (pale,soft,excudative): Tht co mau b nhat , mem, be mat khong rao co r nc pH cua tht thap <=5.2 +Tht DFD (dark,firm, dry) Loai tht nay co mau b sam, be mat b kho cng, tr so pH kha cao >=6.4 1.1.2/ Cau truc cua tht Phu thuoc vao vai tro ,chc nang va thanh phan hoa hoc ,ngi ta chia tht thanh cac loai mo nh sau: mo c, mo lien ket , mo xng , mo m, mo mau.
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Thanh phan acid amin khong thay the trong protein tht heo: Acid amin Leusin Isoleusin Lyzin Valin methionin % 7.5 4.9 7.8 5.0 2.5 Acid amin Tryptopan Phenylalanine Threonin Arginin Histidin % 1.4 4.1 5.1 6.4 3.2
Ham lng chat khoangtrong tht: (mg/100gr tht) Tht heo Nac Trung bnh M Ca 10.9 13.2 2.5 Mg 29 41 42 Fe 2.2 2.3 2.5 K 442 442 442 Na 161 129 148 P 150 170 180
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o pH +Tht ti: 5.66.0 +Tht lanh: 5.36.0 Lng NH3 +Tht ti: 20 mg/100 g +Tht lanh: 40 mg/100 g Lng H2S: Am tnh Han the:Khong c co Tieu chuan vi sinh +Tong so vi khuan hieu kh: 1 000 000/g +E.coli: 100/g +Staphilococus aureus: 100/g +Salmonella: 0/25g *Tieu chuan m Tuy theo pH cua tht ma dung loai m phu hp : tht co pH cao c phoi tron vi loai m t b phan giai va ngc lai . m c dung phai lang sach gia khong sot xng , long va cac tap chat khac *Tieu chuan dung da Da c s dung phai cao sach long , lang sach m khong co det bam , da khong qua cng va kho , khong dung da heo nai hoac heo noc . 2./ Phu lieu : 2.1/ Nc a vay: Nc a vay co vai tro rat quan trong trong qua trnh che bien, giup cho viec gi nhiet o thap (di 12 0C) trong qua trnh xay (do s ma sat xay ra gia cac dao va nguyen lieu a vao), ngoai ra no con la dung moi giup hoa tan cac chat phu gia. Nc a vay anh hng en kha nang tao nhu tng, tham gia vao viec tao cau truc va trang thai cua san pham thc pham che bien, ong thi lam tang o am cung nh trong lng cua san pham. 2.2/ Protein au nanh : Protein au nanh la mot san pham c che bien bang cach trch ly protein t au nanh vi ham lng protein cao (>90%), e cung cap cho cac nha che bien cac san pham tht. Protein au nanh co tnh nang cai thien cau truc hay tao cau truc trong cac dang san pham khac nhau (dang gel,nhu tng...), co kha nang gi nc, lien ket cac thanh phan chat beo, protein...nhanh chong nen c a vao trc tiep trong qua trnh tao nhu tng. e tao s can bang gia nguon protein ong vat va protein thc vat, cung nh tao cho san pham xuc xch tiet trung co gia tr dinh dng cao, th
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3.3/ ng : ng co tac dung tao v ngot cho san pham, lam du v muoi, lam mem tht. Ngoai ra ng con la chat phu gia lam giam hoat tnh cua nc. ng con ket hp vi muoi lam tang ap suat tham thau, km ham hoat ong cua mot so vi sinh vat khi bao quan. ng co kha nang lien ket vi nc bang lien ket hydro, bien nc t dothanh nc lien ket gop phan lam giam hoat tnh cua nc, c che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. * Tieu chuan dung ng : Cac ch tieu Hnh dang Mui v Mau sac Yeu cau Dang tinh the tng oi eu, ti kho, khong von Tinh the cung nh dung dch ng trong nc cat co v ngot, khong co mui v la Tat ca tinh the eu trang ong anh. Khi pha trong dung dch nc cat th thu c dch trong suot.
3.4 / Bot tieu Bot tieu c s dung trong che bien xuc xch e tao vi cay nong ,mui thm lam tang tnh cam quan. * Tieu chuan cua bot tieu : Ten ch tieu Trang thai Yeu cau Ti, mn, kho, khong lan tap chat, c hat nho hn 0,2 mm Mau sac Mau xam Mui v Cay nong t nhien, mui thm ac trng Nam moc, sau mot Khong co Ham lng am <13% Chat khong bay hi chiet c (% khoi 6%
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Ngoai ra trong che bien xuc xch con dung cac phu gia khac nh : toi, bot tnham lam cho san pham co mui v thm ngon hn. 4./ Phu gia : Trong che bien xuc xch thng s dung cac phu gia :muoi nitrite, hng lieu , tari, vitamin . 4.1/ Muoi nitrite :(NaNO2 ) Tnh nang cua muoi nitrite : _ On nh mau hong t nhien cua tht khi gia nhiet, tang mau cua tht a x ly. _ Tang hng v va cau truc cho san pham. _ Tieu diet va c che cac vi sinh vat. _ Km ham s oxy hoa lipid. Tuy nhien muoi nitrite co tnh oc nen khi s dung phai tuan thu ve lieu lng. Lieu lng toi a cho phep la 125ppm. 4.2/ Tari :(polyphosphate) Tari co tnh nang cai thien kha nang nhu hoa va kha nang gi nc cua tht . co nhieu loai tari :tari-l,tari-k, tari-p Lieu lng cho phep :9g/1kg nguyen lieu (tnh theo P205) 4.3/ Vitamin C : Vitamin C giup chong oxy hoa tht trong qua trnh che bien, bao quan. No phan ng vi O2, ngan O2 tiep xuc phan ng vi cac thanh phan cua tht, vi nitrite nen giup nh mau cho san pham, tang nhanh kha nang tao mau cho san pham. Vitamin C lam giam lng nitrite d (neu co), ngan can s tao thanh nitrosamine, lam tang gia tr dinh dng cho san pham. No la loai vitamin rat can thiet oi vi c the con ngi. Vitamin C chiem lay O2 trong khong kh, ngan can s phat trien cua vi khuan hieu kh.
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Phan II :
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1.S o qui trnh cong nghe san xuat xuc xch triet trung
M, da ` Cap ong
Bao quan
Ra ong Ra Can
Ra ong
Xay tho
=3-5mm
tphong =5oC tcuoi <12oC =0.2-0.5mm t=2-4oC p=0.2-0.3at Toco 80110cay/phut t=121oC p=2.1at =12-17phut t=70-80oC =5-10phut
Nhoi nh lng Tiet trung Say kho Lam nguoi Dan nhan Vo thung
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San pham
2/ Thuyet minh quytrnh cong nghe : 2.1/ Cap ong Giai oan cap ong: Nguyen lieu au thng khong s dung lien ma thng a vao cap ong, tr ong roi sau o mi a vao e che bien. Muc ch : Bao quan nguon nguyen lieu , han che s phat trien cua visinh vat , c che cac hoat ong sinh hoa ,giup cho qua trnh bao quan tht c lau . Giup cho viec san xuat dien ra lien tuc,on nh nguon nguyen lieu Nhng bien oi xay ra trong qua trnh lanh ong : Trong qua trnh lanh ong chu yeu xay ra qua trnh bien oi vat l ma cu the la bien oi ve nhiet o. Khi cho nguyen lieu vao moi trong lanh ong nhiet o cua nguyen lieu bien thien nh sau (hnh): nhiet o bat au giam en nhiet o ong bang (tb ). Sau o nhiet o tiep tuc ha mot t roi tang en iem C. tai nhiet o o nc trong san pham bat au ket tinh nhiet o tr nen khong oi. Khi nc trong san pham a ong bang het nhiet o tiep tuc giam xuong en nhiet o cua moi trng lanh ong . to A
tb tmt
B C D E bao quan
QT lanh ong
Do s thay oi nhiet o dan en thay oi ham am trong tht nen khoi lng cua tht thay oi. ay la yeu to can c quan tam v no anh hng en tnh kinh te cua qua trnh cong nghe Ngoai ra con co s bien oi ve chat , nc trong nguyen lieu se chuyen pha. Nc t do ket tinh trc sau o en nc lien ket . qua trnh ket tinh trai qua cac vung sau : - Vung 1: Nhiet o t :-1oC en -1,5oC nc t do bat dau ket tinh
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C. Khi ra ong phai thc hien cham e giam s hao hut ve lng va chat. Chon che o ra ong nh sau: Moi trng: khong kh t nhien, van toc oi lu vkk = 1 m/s. Nhiet o phong: tph = 5 0C. o am: = 85%. Thi gian ra ong r. = 18-24 gi. Nhiet o tam tht: ttam = -4 -2 0C. 2.3/ Ra Nguyen lieu khi ra ong thng co lp mang nhn bao phu ben
ngoai, khi gap ieu kien thch hp vi khuan se phat trien manh. V the ta phai ra va lam sach nguyen lieu e loai tr vi khuan phat trien trong qua trnh che bien. Qua trnh c thc hien trong phong chuan b, ra bang voi nc ap lc manh Tht sau khi ra c lam rao bang cach thong gio t nhien hay nhan tao. 2.4/ Xay tho Muc ch Qua trnh xay tho nham lam giam kch thc cua khoi tht lanh ong e tao ieu kien cho qua trnh xay nhuyen, phoi tron ve sau tren may cutter. Cac bien oi xay ra :
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C tren thiet b la may mincer. Kch thc hat tht sau xay hat = 3 5 mm
May mincer khi xay thc hien 2 che o tron va xay ong thi, nang suat cua thiet b co the en 500kg/h.
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Qua trnh nhoi nham tao cho san pham co hnh dang , kch thc on nh va ong nhat . Ngoai ra , qua trnh nhoi ( chan khong ) cong vi viec vo bao b va ong clip con co tac dung han che s xam nhap cua oxy va cac loai vi sinh vat gay hai cho san pham. Hn na, qua trnh nhoi & vo bao con ong vai tro nh mot qua trnh chuan b cho qua trnh tiet trung , lam cho san pham co o ket dnh cao , ong thi co nh gel va lam cho san pham cang eu , tang gia tr cam quan . Hon hp nhu tng sau khi xay nhuyen se c chuyen qua may nhoi .Tai ay, hon hp se c a qua mot he thong ng ong va c bao goi . Mot he thong can ien t se lap chng trnh san e ieu khien li dao cat san pham v nhng khoang bang nhau ( tc khoi lng tng ng nhau ) ( Qui trnh nay co 2 loai san pham: cay xuc xch 40 g & 70 g ). Sau o , san pham se c ong clip nhom 2 au va c a ra khoi may nhoi e chuan b cho qua trnh tiet trung . Toan bo qua trnh c thc hien che o chan khong nham han che toi a s nhiem khuan cho san pham . Cac thong so ky thuat: + Nhiet o may : 2 40 C. + Ap suat :0.2 0.3 at. + Nang suat : 80 cay 70g/phut hay 110 cat 40 g/ phut. Thiet b : May Vacuum filler L5FSHB 2.7/ Tit trng Mc ch : + Lm chn sn phm + Tiu dit vi sinh vt + Ci thin cu trc Nhng bin i din ra: nhit v p sut cao, cc thnh phn trong cy xc xch c lm chn, cy xc xch s trng n ng u .
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3/ Thiet b va nguyen tac hoat ong cua thiet b: 3.1/ S sap xep thiet b :
1.Dressing table L5-FKC-1/1 2.Boning table L5-FKC-1/3 3.Truck L5-FKM 07.000 4.Truck L5-FKM 07.000 5.Cutter L5-FKM 6.Meat mixer L5-FM2-U-150 7.Vacuum filler (stuffer) L5-FSHA 8.Sausage cording table L5-FKC-1/4
1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1
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11.Sausage cooking unit: 11.1.Sausage cooker L5-FKC-1 11.2.Water heater L5-NA-630 11.3.Overflow tank L5-OS-50/3 11.4.Electric pump 11.5.Set of pipelines and optional equipment 1 1 1 1 1
3.2/ thiet b tr ong : Tht sau khi nhap ve hoac sau khi c giet mo tai lo neu khong s dung ngay th phai em i tr ong e tranh b h thoi . Thiet b tr ong la kho lanh vi nang suat 1000 kg/me Mot vai hnh anh & cac thong so ky thuat cua kho lanh : ( nhiet o tam tht phai at 180 C ).
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: :
10oC -18oC
Thit k v ch to theo tiu chun H.A.C.C.P. Vch v trn c lp ghp bng panel polyurethane (hoc panel polystyrenen), hai mt bc bng tole colorbond (hoc inox) v c cn sng. Nn cch nhit bng foam polyurethane (polystyrene), trn lp cch nhit beton ct thp. Sn phm c xp trn cc khay (nhm) v xp vo cc xe y. Dn lnh kiu t trn sn v x bng nc (hoc gas nng), mi dn c 4 qut loi hng trc. S lng dn lnh ph thuc vo cng sut cp ng.
H thng lnh
Hm ng c thit k ph hp vi :
My nn piston hoc trc vt Dn ngng t kiu ng chm hoc bay hi Mi cht lnh l ammoniac (R717) hoc CHFCl2 (R22)
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THNG S K THUT (TECHNICAL DATA) MODEL DATA Cng sut danh nh (Kg/m) Nomial capacity (Kg/shift) Nhit tm sn phm vo/ra (oC) Products central temperature in/out (oC) S tm plate/s tng Quantity of plates/number of stages Kch thc hiu qu ca tm plate (mm) Dimentions effect of plate (mm)Plate Taiwan Vt liu cch nhit/Vt liu v t Insulated material/cover material Nng sut lnh (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) Ref. capacity (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) (1) Nng sut lnh (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) Ref. capacity (TC= 40oC/Te=40oC) (2) Chiu cao (H mm) Heigh (H mm) 5/4 7/6 RC-CF 500 500 RC-CF 700 700 RC-CF 1000 1000 RC-CF 1500 1500 RC-CF 2000 2000
+10/-18
9/8
13/12
17/16
2600 L x 1250 W x 22 t Polyurethane dy 150 mmm/bc inox 0.7 mm Polyurethane 150 mm thickness/cover by stainless steel 23 000 30 000 30 000 56 000 74 000
30 000
56 000
74 000
115 000
150 000
1512
1656
1800
2088
2376
3.3/ Thiet b ra ong : Sau khi tr ong ( thong thng toi a khoang 6 thang ) ,khi phan xng che bien co nhu cau thi tht phai c ra ong trc khi a vao quy trnh che bien Thiet b ra ong thng la can phong kn ,ngi ta se xep tht vao o & cho luong khong kh lanh ( khoang 5o C ) thoi vao vi mot van toc xac nh .
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Tht sau khi c ra ong se c a vao chao nhap lieu cua may mincer , tai ay tht se c he thong truc vt ay i den li dao cat gan ong truc vi truc vt & se c cat nho .Sat pha sau li dao cat co tam chan dang nh mot tam ray ( tht neu co kch thc nho hn kch thc lo tren tam chan th se cho lot qua ,neu khong th se b gi lai tren tam chan & se c li dao tiep tuc cat ).Nh vay tht sau khi xay tho se co kch thc 3 5 mm & se c thao ra ngoai theo ng ong ong truc vi truc xoan vt. Cac thong so lam viec cua may mincer : Nhiet o :50 C. Nang suat : 800 kg ( m + tht ) /h. 3.5/ thiet b xay nhuyen : Tht,m,da sau khi xay tho c a qua may xay nhuyen e tao cho san pham co dang paste . Nguyen tac lam viec cua may cutter : tht se c o vao chao ,chao nay co the quay c vi toc o cham trong khi do li dao se cat vi van toc nhanh (1500 vong/ph 4500 vong /ph) & se cat hon hp
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Bowl capacity, m3 Number of knives Cutting speed, m/s Overall dimensions, mm: length width height Weight, kg Installed power, kW Cutter drum body Bowl
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3.6/ May nhoi nh lng : Tht sau khi xay nhuyen se c a qua may nhoi & nh lng e nh hnh cay xuc xch . May nhoi la may vacuum filler : Nguyen tac lam viec cua may : tht se c a vao chao nhap lieu ,sau o se c a qua mot ng ong & c ong bao & ong clip nhom hai au e hnh thanh hnh dang cua mot cay xuc xch .
3.7/ May hap tiet trung : Luc nay ,san pham con ang dang song ,ta hap tiet trung e lam chn san pham . May hap tiet trung la mot phong hap co dang :
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Nguyen tac hoat ong cua phong hap cung tng t nh noi hap auto clave :
Nhng vi cong suat ln hn e phu hp vi quy mo san xuat cong nghiep ( noi auto clave chu yeu dung trong phong th nghiem ) Sau o ,san pham se c em i say , ong thung & phan phoi .
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Phan III :
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Thc pham la nguon cung cap dong vat chat, nang lng va thong tin cho con ngi. Do o san pham t khi cha mot chat n chat ma thng la to hp cac chat khac nhau, di tac dung cua nhng ieu kien cong nghe xac nh, a tng tac hai hoa vi nhaue cuoi cung tao ra thanh pham co cau truc, hnh dang, mau sac, va tnh cam v...thch hp vi th hieu cua mot cong ong. V vay chat lng cua mot san pham thc pham phai c bao ham cac mat sau: Yeu cau ve hoa ly: TEN CH TIEU o am Phan ng eber (nh tnh NH3) GII HAN TOI A khong qua 17-18% am tnh
Phan ng vi thuoc th ch am tnh acetat (nh tnh H2S) <=40.0 Ham lng NH3 (mg/100g) <=6.20 o PH Cac yeu cau khac: nam trong gii han -Ham lng muoi nitrit, cho phep nitrat cua Na vaK -Pham mau theo quy nh cua thc pham Bang : D lng thuoc tr sau GII HAN TOI A (mg/kg) Ho tetracyclin 0.1 Ho cloramphenicol khong phat hien + oc to nam moc: ham lng aflatoxin B1 cua tht che bien co x ly nhiet khong ln hn 0.005mg/kg Bang: D lng hoocmon: TEN CH TIEU Dietyl stylbestrol Testosterol Estadiol GII HAN TOI A (mg/kg) 0.0 0.015 0.0005 TEN CH TIEU
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Bang : Ham lng kim loai cho phep trong tht va san pham t tht TEN CH TIEU Asen( As ) Ch (Pb) ong (Cu) Thiec (Sn) Kem (Zn) Thuy ngan (Hg) Cadimi (Cd) Antimon (Sb) GII HAN TOI A(mg/kg) 1 2 20 40 40 0.05 1 1
Yeu cau ve ham lng Vi sinh vat: Bang gii han cho phep cua cac VSV co trong san pham che bien t
tht:
TSVKHK Coliforms Escherichia coli Clostridium perfringens Salmonella (trong 25g) Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium botulinum
GII HAN CHO PHEP TRONG 1g HAY 1ml THC PHAM 3.105 50 3 0 0 10 10 0
Yeu cau ve cam quan: + Dang ben ngoai va trang thai c ly: Be mat kho,san, tht nac an hoi, mem va khong b mun, lat cat kho, mn,ti, mau sang. Cay xuc xch s chac tay, ac trng cho san pham. +Mau sac: ac trng cho san pham, mau ti, sang, khong co vet la. +Mui : mui thm rat ac trng, khong co mui la. +V : v ac trng, khong co v la. Yeu cau ve bao b va bao quan:
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Phan IV :
Trong qua trnh che bien xuc xch tiet trung , moi nguy quan tam nhat la vi sinh vat. ay la moi nguy tiem an co nguy c cao. S phat trien cua chung co anh hng khong nho en xuc xch tiet trung . Xuc xch tiet trung la mot loai thc pham dung e an lien khong qua che bien lai va co thi gian bao quan lau, nen van e vi sinh vat gay oc ton tai trong xuc xch phai c nghien cu ky. Nha che bien phai am bao
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Phan V :
1/Le Bach Tuyet va cac cong s Cac qua trnh cong nghe c ban trong san xuat thc pham NXB Giao Duc -1996.
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