‘blishod in conjunction with {he exiotion Salsa, Big Changes Now drehecuresof Social Engagement, October, rio January 32012 at ‘The Neseum of Modern Ar Now York, ovganld by Andres epi curator, Departinene sobArcitectre and Design. ‘Thoehbiton i sappored x pare by Thetnternatonal Couns of The [Nuseum of Moder Are Research od tae sapportne provided by ‘e Patricia Cleneros Teel Fond Produced bythe Department of Publcatiens, The Musoumet Tate Lis Hasek Designed by Projet Prejects rnted and aoune by Sing Cheong, Prining Company, Hong Rong “Tis took ntypenein Galante CCapornious hoster Jeskinsand rts Sewersty, 2000), Galante Polaris (Chestr Jenkins 200 and SaineSauneur close berg fnd Rik Bas Backer, 2009) The paper is pn Mer Sik and 100 gsm IKPP Woodfce. 2010 The Museum of Modetn Ar New York Cerna iustrations ae covered byclaims tocopyinht ited cn page37in this volume, Allright reserved Individual works of artappesting 5 thiswoame may he protesed 1 copyright inthe Untied States sf Ameria or elsewhere. andmay ot Beraprodueed without Permission of thee holeee, In reproducing the imases Maseum abained the permission sf therighteholdere whenever osslie In those instances where {ghtsholders, notwithstanding ny comsctinforaation concerning sh sight tle be forwards so thar they may be contacted for brary of congress Cont Number 2010930388 Povisnes oy ‘The Museum of Moders Ar ba West stort Nev York NY vo0.95457 Disttutedin theUnite Stes sind Canadoby D AP,/Distrbuted Are Publishers gs Sints Avene, at Moot, New Yerk, NY 200:3 sreartbockcom Disttutedtside the United Stave and Canad by Birkhiuser mb 20, Box sti.CH 010 Basel Switcrlant vwenelrkheussr archtetate.com cower Dish Panels Kr Primary School Ganda, Barina Froneendpper Map byForeword Glenn D. Lowry Inteaductian Rarry Rergdoll Bullding on Society ‘Andres Lepike hb Projects 122 Project Credits Andses Lepik and Margot Weller 125 Acknowledgments METL= Handmade Schaal J0 Trustees af The Museum Rudrapur, Bongledesh of Modern Art Anna Heringer Primary School Gando, Burkina Faso Diebédo Francis Kéré i Tyre. Lebanon Hashim Sarkis A LUD. Red Location Museum of Struggle Port Elizabeth, South Africa Noero Wolff Architects Los Angeles, California Michael Malizan Architecmure, ity At 420K Heuse VII (Dave's Hatise) Newbern, Alabama Rural Studio, Auburn University Quinta Motirey Housing Iquique, Chile Elemental San Ysidro, Californic Estudio Teddy Cruz Transtarmatian of Tour Boissle-Prétre Poris, France Frédéric Druot, Anne Lacaton, and Jean Philippe Vassal Manguirhos Camplex Rio de Jensira, Brazil Jorge Mario Jéureguil Metropolis Projetos Urbanos Metro Cable Caracas, Venezuela Urben-Think Tank‘Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement invites an aspect of architecture ack to The Museum of Modern Art’s exhibition program that vias inextricably linked with the development of early modern architecture: social relevance. From Le Corbusier's concept for Maison Dom-Ino (1914-15) to Osear Stonorov ‘and Alfred Kastner's Carl Mackley Houses (Philadelphfa, 19331, an important part of the modern ‘movement has always been guided by the vision of creating a better soelety through architecture, The history of the Museum’s engagement with promoting medern architecture has long been bound vp with a sometimes reductively interpreted netion of an aestheti search for modern style, something associated with the supposed single-minded pursuit of the visual agenda of Henry Russell Hitcheoe Philip Johnson, and Alfred Bart's concept of the International Style. ‘The Museum’s seminal exhibition, cf 1932 introducing that style, which gave birth to a Department cf Architecture (combined in 1949 vith the Department of Industrial Design to form today’s Department cof Architecture and Design|, was the first in a long series of exhibisions to include a focus on higher standards for publichousing. Those organized togather with Lewis Mumford and Catherine Baver in the 1930s were to have a substantial influence cn municipal and federal housing policy, but the tradition would continue even Into the 19708, when Arthur Drexler both responded toand helped to fuel the critique of orthodox heraie modernism, notably inan exhibition titled Another Chance for Housing, presented in 1973. [n introducing the book that accompanied the exhibition, Drexler wrote that the Museum “cecognizes~ indeed it insists architecture even more than the other arts is bound up with ethics, justice, vechnology, politics, and finance, along with the lofty desire to improve the haman condition.” His words are worth repeating in introducing this volume, which looks far beyond MoMA’s home city to the global society of which we are now alla par. ‘With recent exhibitions such as Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling and Rising Currents: Projects or New York’s Waterfront, the Architecture and Design Department has again widened its lens to consider aspects beyond thetic iases in the complex art of architecture, With this exhibition, organized by Andres Lepik, Curator, Department of Architecture and Design, and Margot Weller, Curatorial ‘Assistant, MoMA reasserts Its ‘commitment to architecture that fully engaged with and informed by its community and place. The ‘outstanding architects included here, who embody the original spirit of the avant-garde bath in its social sense and its commitment to finding anarchitecture of itstime, together encourage areconsideration of the roles and responsibilities of the designer in the tventy-first century. For its support of this endeavor, Textend my sincere thanks toThe International Council of The Museum, ‘of Modern Art, Lam particularly {grateful to the Patricia Cisneros Travel Fund fer Latin America Research for providing travel support for this project. cial Glenn D. Lowry Director, The Museum of Modern ArtINTRO- DUCTION Barry Bergdoll Architectural modernism, and with itthe mission of The Museum of Modern Art’s Department of Architecture, was forged in avant garde ambitions. Integral to this was an elevated status for the architect, asvisionary, master plannerofcities, and territories—in certain visions, even ofthe planet—in ways pursued. in previous centuries only by all- powerful rulers from pharaohs toemperors (and wentleth-century dictators). Thiscalling was also dreamed of by Freemasons, who imagined avole for the architect as free agent rather than servant ofthe state, and who took their design metaphors from a series of creation, myths as well as from the image of the divine structuring ofthe universe—a complete and perfect system. This view of the architect's role, often laced with technocratic tutopianism, was perhaps mest clearly embodied in Le Corbusier's appeal for a system of modern architecture that was integral to a unified urban vision ((= |). Central tothis were his ive points of a new architecture—design elements that Included raising buildings on piletis and the ample provision of roof gardens~principles atonee urban and architectural For the Corbusian vantgarde, architecture and the large-scale reconstruction of the urban sphere ‘were integral one to another: the ‘comprehensive transformation ofthe built environment was impli in each building block, and a brave new world was anticipated by each new fragment. ‘With the formation, in 1928, ofthe Congrés international architecture moderne (cram), an organization that brought together architects devoted to 2 holistic vision of the task of architecture, that all-encompassingethes found both, arallying point and a codification, ‘most notably in the Athens Charter, Drafted in 1933, and published a decade later, that influential docu- ‘ment epitomizes the moclerni: ideal ofthe architect as the designer not of indivickal structures but of the whole frameworkof life. clam rapidly forged a highly influential consensus, ne that nat only motored much of the urban redevelopment ofthe United States, Latin America, and Western (and to acertain extent Eastern) Europe after the devastation of World Warr, but which wae in turn exported around much of the globe, shaping urbanization even in Africa and Asia in a period of rapid decolonization. While the Athens Charter was not the universal ‘model in the postwar economic and population boom, even prominent dissenters shared in the modemist vision ofthe architect as agenius whose mandate extended to the full range of building types.! Frank Lloyd Wright, for example, drafted hie com- prehensive concept for Broadacre City (2932)—2 decentralized vision of a sprawling suburbanized city dependent on the autmobile—and continued toelaborate ic as a cemplate for remodelingboth American built form and society at large in response to Roosevelt's New Deel Inthe Soviet sphere, the great state architectural cooperatives were equally immersed in the utopian desire to restructure life through physical design. In short, the credo of the modern movement, despite what historians now recognize as its great variety of positions and practices, was that a new architecture could ultimately serve forthe large-scale transformetion of the inherited -whether the physical order and suburbs or, for the most committed, the transformation of inherited social, political, and even economic structures, It is no mistake that utopian futures, be they political orarchitectural, are understood as"bluepriats,"a technological form ofreprodueingarchitectural plans that first found widespread use in the late nineteenth century, even as Le Cebus Mol of Fan Vin aris 12; Leven) withthe ecitetshend Sulfon plans for wholesale buildingot highly structured new cities and the restructuring ofexistingones began to proliferateaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.directions, that new perceptions shout the needs of a severely challenged developed world can be found in practices developed in the underdeveloped world, particularly asthe issue of appropriate technology becomes the most urgent mantra for architectural practice everywhere, from the villages of Burkina Fasoto the five boroughe of New York City. (One might askif the approaches put forth here representthe final death of the avant-garde or a return, toits transformative aspirations. Itwas the original Saint Simonians, the nineteenth-century social tutopians, who first transferred the terminology ofthe “avant-garde” or “vanguard” from he languageof military operationste anotion ofthe artist ag one who saw clearly ‘what was ahead and sought to address and ameliorate t. The frst uses ofthe term avant-garde 10 refer to anartistic posture were in the 18208, in Paris, and one of the first 10 respond was the architect Henri Labrouste, who in 1830 wrot= to his fellow architectural rebel Louis Duc that he would like to think of the architect asa kind of doctor for society, since he believed the arts could have an influence even on public health, and by extension on the overall health of the society.” ‘And like the visionary role for the architect that the avant-garde presupposed, the architects included inthis volume might be applauded for their commitment torealities ‘ofggreat urgency long before the ‘current global economicdownturn made these necessities painfully ‘obvious to nearly the entire globe. ‘They da net propose a single universal truth in architecture to the exclusion ‘ofother positions. Rather, they ‘champion an activism that has little time for manifestos, preferring, tochannelenergles intothe realization of small projects that hhave an immediate impact on their ‘environments. Though they have generally operated as individuals, these architects nonetheless represent an emerging sensibility that rever- berates with the larger question ‘of where architecture stands against the larger forces that shape the envitonmenttodey. Ifindeed anascent movement is afoot here, thas as its central tenet that, a matter-of-fact pragmatism of small-scale intervention can have fan outsize influence on life in rural Alabama, the outskirts of Paris, or abarrio in Caracas. Mumford, Thecta Disrursron coxrand ase.The wr Press ftheTwenciath Century Ebenezer ‘and LeGorbuser Wow Yorks Basle Books 977 2 uote in Peter Wallerant INelanis Si, Invstbe Ganone The Search er Modernism inte Amoricn Landscape (Cambri, ass. The utr Pres, 608), 9 Dior” e Sorry, Out Ga: Architecture’ Reaponee tthe 4973 08 Criss, od. Giovanna Boraeiand Mirko Zandi (atonteal Canadian Centre fer Arenitectre, 3907 4 In200% forexsmple.the Bll land Melinda Gates Foundation ‘anounced 3 gran‘ of $19 milion te the rongovernnental orga ‘ion Shaek’Siam Dwellers Internationa to supportactions to Improve housing, waterprovision, and sanitation the urban poor In Ais, Asa nd Latin America 5 Imernational insite for Ensironment and Development. milion eho ran poor improve Tivingcanditons,"hupsie ed Intes undstion fives =n0 Ting conditions 6 Manvel So Mone, LotuekenDecees Tico oo Ged ine Phir altel Eyron Raia seahps Inga surFenscgnenent LsConstracton noverne9 (torch 699 268-6,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.and villages in developing countries, where there ‘often a lack ofheavy machinery and energy for construc tion on an industrial level. In such, places, building with materials such as concrete, steel, and glass makes far less sense than turning tomore traditional modes. Building with earth, for example, is one ofmankind's eldest construction methods, and it includes various methods from rammed earth to mud. bricks? This tradition, which dates back to the first settlements in ‘Mesopotamia, has roots that reach into the eatly decades ofthe wentieth century, net only in developing countries but also in Europe and the United States. In the 1930s, for example, the US. government supported a small program that wae devoted torammed earth building in Gardendale, Alabama, and it successfully built seven houses which are still standing? The idea of building with earth was even ‘embraced by masters of modernist architecture such as Frank Lioyd Weight and Le Cortusies, both ‘of whom experimented in the 19408 with reammed-earth walls and compressed-earth blocks in plans for affordable-housing projects.* Despite such examples, however, over the course of the twentieth century this technique has for the ‘most part been stigmatized at backward of primitive. For her Mrri-Hanémade School in Rudrapur, Bangladesh, (pp. 23-32), architect Anna Heringer empleyed molded-earth, orcob, building as the primary technique.’ When she began her proposal for the echool, Heringer, who had spent several extended periods of time in the village, knew that she wanted to utilize cob—a mixture of mud, straw, and waterlong, used throughout the region. Rather than being formed into bricks and dried, cob walls are shaped by hand in layers, ending the final structure a sculptural effect. Though she ‘was consciously reintroducing. a traditional technology. Heringer also improved on the technique by placing her molded walls on concrete foundations, altering the mixture of materials to male i and buildings roof structure out of bamboo that also creates a full second flaar of usable space, Hetinger learned about the advantages of rammed-earth building. in aclass taught by Martin Rauch at the University for Arts and Industrial Design in Li been specializingin earth building tor ‘more than twenty years. He has also tpent time in Afra a8 a development aid worker, which has helped him to understand the challenges of working in remote areas. In 1984 he won the first prize in a competition for low-costhousing models in Africa, for which he developed an improved technology for building with clay. Sine the 1990s, he has been building projects around the world using various earth-building technologies. Heringer, hopingto draw on this depth ofknowledge, asked Rauch if he would travel to Rudrapur to consult onthe tight mixture of materials and precise building methods for her project Hetinger’s school as well as the projects that have followed— village housing and a vocational school for electrical training—have made a significant impact on the village of Rudrapur and beyond by arousing new interest in the use of local, easily sourced materials In March 2009 Heringer and Rauch, along with the Housing and Building Research Institute of Bangladesh, were invited to present a workshop on modern earthen structures more durable, ve, Austria. Rauek hae and sustainable architecture in the country’s capital, Dhaka. The popular course, organized by the Institute of Architects Bangladesh, Introduced more than seventy prominent architects, engineers, and students to technical and structural Innovations in earth: building, a vial step in rekindling, interest in this time-honored and ecologically sound building tradition, Dieaédo Francis Kere is another architect who has focusedon using ‘materials and developing building, strategies that are relaxed w local craftsmanship and iraditions. His primary school in Gand, Burkina Faso (pp. 33-42'—Keré’s home village is constructed of ssm-dried ris bricks, the wery material used inand around the village forvireually all building needs. Kére's design, however, introduced improvements tothe traditional bricks used throughout the country. including using a man-powered mn compres the bricks more than ust, And; ike Heringer, slightly tering their content tomake them more stable and resistantto rin, Keres approach also presents an onporunity for local workers and craftsmen, ‘who learned new sills daring the building ofthe schoo, includingthe raking of the compressed bricks and how tolay foundations, which they can apply to forure prof ‘The transfer of information, however, flows in wo directions, Kéré,who teaches atthe Technical University inBeriin, bs since 2005 regularly brought his students to Gando for site visits and workshops, These architect in-training learn feethand how complex the development and realization of building projects in such a rural and remote setting ean be. Ofcourse these and other sch initiatives are not the first toapply ancient building techniques in contemporary ways. One ofthe moat influential modern prac this approach was Egyprian architect Hassan Fathy. By the 19405, Fahy was arguing against the use of industrial materials such as steel and oometsts arqwellaethe me‘ othewy. ‘machinery, instead advocating ‘more trations! means of building. Fathy was instramentalin bringing public attention fo the importance fusing mud bricks ancother carth-building techniques as inex pensive solutions te the housing Shortage in rural Egypt. Fathy’s most renowned projeet vas the village of Now Gourna, complex commissioned by the Egyptian government that was toinelude housing, markets, schools, and more (9. The nev avarters were to house the seven thousand Fesltents of Gourne whe the ners ofgovernment planned to relocate after it was discovered that members cf the community had been looting, the ancient pharaonic tombs of Luxor, above which thelr village was located. Fathy saw hisdesign for New Gourna, which was built berween 1945 ‘and 1947,a8 achance to develop a new paradigm for rural development. He rigorously studied the traditional housing typology of the area and vorked with villagers to understand their specific needs. He recognized that the project weuld only succeed vith the participation of the future users in the planning and construction. And, as always, his esign eschewed highly industrialized building technologies, instead utilizing mud bricks and reintre- ducing the Nubian vault technique, method for vaulting spaces vithout the use of timber. With his bookon New Gourna, published in 1973 in English as Architecture for ‘the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt. he gained awider audience, and was recognized as a forerunner efecological and social planning, Acti .one Swan became enthusiastic about the social impact ofthe useof adobe after reading Fathy’s book and following personal encounter with him in 1976, She proceeded to workin his archive in Egypt, and traveled with him as volunteer when he was invited Hassan Foty. NewGoureVilege. New Gouna, +o build the Dar al Islam mosque i Abiguitl, New Mexico, After studying architectural history and researching, traditional uses oF adobe, in 1994 she founded the Adabe Alliance, ‘a nonprofit organization based in the border region of western Texas, anareawith an extremely high poverty rate, One of the group's main ‘objectives isto aid communities in learning to utilize cooperative building techniques. The alliance, = which advocates the social and political aspects of earth architecture, tries to influence local buildingcodes, which often limit the use of adebe. Inalso aims toedueate people in how to work with traditional materials, and its biannual adobe workshops receive worldwide attention? ‘Camacho Residence, built by the alliance in 1995 inthe Mexican state of Chihuahua, has served as a model of the organization's mission, both for ite use of mud bricks and the extreme low cest of ts erection ($5,000) and because the owner himself became an expert in mud-brick building during the construction process.” Today, numerous initiatives employing such technologies can be found sworldwice, The Oaxaca School of Plastic Arts in Mexico (ie 2), designed by Taller de Arquitectura - Mauricio Rocha, which uses rammed earth for large partsof its construction, successfully merges the needs of a contemporary university setting with the benefits cf traditional building. Constructed largely from material excavated uring the building of this and other on-campus structures, the rammed earth walls not only create surface interest but also help to regulate interior temperatures. In Europe, Martin Rauch, the earth-building expert discussed above, has used the techniqueto build everything from residences tochapels.’ He has provided a highly regarded model ‘yith his own house in the village ef'Schlins, nthe Austrian region cf Vorarlberg ('s, ). Examples such as this, which demonstrate that rammed-earth building ie alao relevant for climates with high precipitation, and extreme winter temperatures, belp to broaden the appreciation for the technique from the associations of din and poverty to ahighly sustain~ able and adaptable technology.” renting Places of Social Identity Underprivileged segments of society generally have no political say in the planning and building of infra- scruciure and community spaces.Asa result, these groupsoften find themselves relegated to less desirable locations without easy access to public services let alone parks, ibraries, or other cultural amenities. ‘The Red Location Museum of Struggle (pp. 53-62), in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, serves as a particularly poignant example of how architecture can pley a role in commemorating even the most severe discrimination, ‘The museum is dedicated tothe history of apartheid andis the first in South Africato be buile in a township. Red Location has long, been hometo black industrial ‘workers, and in the daysof apart heid it was one of the major centers of organized political resistance. Architect Jo Neero, who had worked in the townships long before the end.efapartheid, knew thie history ‘well even before he began his plans for the museum, Heunderstood. that the acceptance of a public building inserted into a township would depend on the meaningful involvement of the community in all phases of planning and construction, andon an architectural language that blends in with its surroundings. Building a museum that memoriclizes the history of apartheid on asite so laden with meaning has | powerful symbolic resonance, but it also holds the ability to address concrete issues that continue to face the community. The museum is only the first part of a master plan that will eventually include an art museum ‘currently under construction), a library, aperforming arts center, and a municipal archive. It is hoped that, such a vibrant urban precinct will have a transformative effect on the entire area. Though since the end of apartheid the government has made an effortto provide the township with the necessary basics, suchas water, ity, and garbage collection, the local population still suffers high unemployment and estreme poverty. It is hoped that the apartheid museum and other aspectsof the master plan ele will play a significant pert in reversing some of that legacy: More than two hundred jobs were created during construction, and about seventy people are now employed bythe museum in various positions. ‘The museum currently draws about nine thousand visitors each month. As this numbercontinues togrow, and more people begin to patronize local businesses, the expectation isthat the cycle of improvement will only accelerate. Cape Town's Dignified Places Programme, iniclated by the cley’s Spatial Planning and Urban Design Department in 1998, is an attempt toreconcile South Afvics’s legacy of apartheid through the crestion of public spaces in all of that city’s townships. Projects were planned in conjunction with major public trans- portation hubs that would allowthe improvementsto reach the greatest number of people and that vould over time become ideal spots for the small businesses and other private initiatives that the planners hoped would follow. To date, more than ninery-seven projects, including, shops and marketplaces, courthouses, schools, bus shelters, and public parks, have been installed. While there is no instant solution to the extreme poverty and other deep-seated problemsthere communities face, the beliefis that such small interven: ‘tions will, over time, Improve living conditions forall residents, Michael Maltzan’s Inner-City Arts (1ca) (pp. 63-72), ia Los Angeles, sims to use architecture to havea lasting influence on a very different community. Ica, a private initiative, tras been providing art instruction to children from low-income families since 1080. The schoolis guided by the conviction that encouraging creativity in children can lead to.other positive results, Including gains in literary and. better academic achievement overall I: offers classes to local public schools ‘as well as after-school end weekend programs. After holding classes in temporary locations for several years, in 1992 the purchase of an 8,000: square-foot (750-square-meter) auto” body shop enabled the organization to establish a permanent home. A three-phase rencvation and expan: sion ensued, culminating ina welcome arts facility for the neighborhood. Within this challenging context, ca serves as a micro-urban oasis and neighborhood magnet. Maltzan has also worked with the Ski Row Housing Trust to develop a concept for longer-term housing for the homeless. The New Carver Apartments (/5. 4), Maltzan’s second collaboration withthe rust, is an innovative and sophisticated response to creating housing on a particularly inhospitable parcel of land adjacent toa major highway interchange. His solution wae to erect to fan-shaped buildings that curve toward one another, each containing five stories of private living spaces above communal facilities. Given the highly exposed site, thoughtfully placed windows, [Apernens Lesage, Clforia 2008-09 help to mitigate concerns about noise and privacy. Because the interior courtyard is open to the sky, however, the overall effect of the design is one ‘of openness as well as refiage. Ax vith Ica, here Maltzan overcame anumber of challenges in order to provide a hopeful space toan underserved and typically marginalized communi ng by Exomp ‘Throughout the 19902, a number of design-build programs got their start. ‘These initiatives focus on taking students or recent graduates from the beginning planning phases of a project through construction, often with an ‘emphasis on building forunderserved ‘communities. Those who are directly involved in practical works ean take away lessons about collaborative design practices, budgeting, and hands-on experience—things that are ‘generally not taught in architecture school, Working with marginalized ‘communities also gives students a deeper understanding ofthe possible impact oftheir future profession. One fuential program is Bryan Bell’s Design Corps, established in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1901. The studio has focused largely on providing design and building assiscance 10 poor, rural areas, One focus ofthe program has been to design mobile housing units for migrant workers indifferent parts of the country In 2000 Bell organized a conference, which since 2002 has become an annual event, titled Structures for Inclusion. Through these gatherings, ‘96 well az his writings, Bell hae advancedthe notion that architecture has asocial responsibility oan even, wider audience. In 1093 Samuel Mockbee and D.K. Ruth founded Rural Studio (pp. 73-82), an offshoot of the archi- tecture school of Auburn University, in Alabama.!? The program was set up inan cld farmhouse in Newbern, small Hale County town roughly three-hour drive from the unier- sity'smaia campus in Auburn. For Mockbee, the studio was begun as adirect reaction against the archi: tecture of his time, which he felt was becoming more and more ablivious to social issues. His declared intention vas to develop projects with his students, from housing to community centers and parks, that would benefit the poor in rural Hele County (9. 9,Livingconditions there have barely changed since James Agee ‘and Walker Evans captured their indelible Great Depression images of poverty and hardship inthe region. From the beginning, how- ever, Mockbee was interested in providing more than simply low-costsolutions—each proect was to meet jigher design standard. ‘Begun as a one-year experiment, the program has become a permenent institution. Sines Mockhee’s death in 2001, the program has been directed by Andrew Freear, a former teacher atthe school. To date, Rural Studio hhas built more than 130 structures within 25 mile (40 kilometer) radius. Each project has been a response toa perceived need, and was created in consultation with the people who would benefit from it. The program. has left its mark not only on the Hale County community but also on the approximately six hundred students who have part elpated so far. ts Influence can also be felt in the numerous programs based on its model that have been initiated elsewhere HankLouis, who was inspired bya lecture Mockbee gave atthe University of Utah, Salt Lake City, when he was an architecture student there, wenton to found a program called DesignBuildBLUFF, also at the University of Utah. His progeam, begun in 2000, works with studente inthe Navsjo Nation in southeast Utah, There is also «design-build workshop focusing on underserved communities at the Department of Housing and Design at the Vienna University of Technology. One of the program's earliest projects, in 2000, Was to redesign the containers in a special transit area of Vienna's airport that houses asylum-seakers changing thedrab and poorly furnished interiors to well-designed spaces with kitchens, places tosleep, and Internet stations. In 2903, the program became active abroad as well Among their completed projects are a day-care center and a kindergarten in a township outside of Johannesburg, South Africa. Another important educational program with a global scope is the University of Washington’s BuildingSustaineble Communities Initiative (UW BasiC), established by Sergio Palleroni in 1995." It invoives faculty and students in the developmentof ecologically sustain- able projects both in the Seattle areaand the rural regions of eastern Washington, as well as in Native American communities inthe United States and in Latin America, Afriea, and India, Many of the ideas behind these initiatives go baek tothe 19703, When Steve Badanes founded the innevative design-build firm Jersey Devil, which traveled around the country following work wherever it ‘was needled. Such programs show how architecture schools can furnish students with the practical experience needed ta bring about social change with acombination of creativity and hard work, New Models for Building ‘The past decade or so has seen a growing number of architects take a freth look at the economict of building for the underserved. Architecture firm Elemental, for example, is redefining the perception of such work from beingnecessarily pro bono or charity to being a profit: able enterprise, With their design for a low-income housing project in Iquique, Chile (pp. 83-92), the architects took on the challenge of bullding and selling a house for just $7500—the support the Chilean, government was offering foreach family participating in the project, including the lot. After much experimentation, they decided this could only be achieved by building just half ofeach house, leaving the ther half to be finished by the new occupants.“ By makingit necessary for residents toshare structural elements, the growth ofhouses would aim to cultivate social cohesion aswell. Elemental has successfully translated this business model to many other housing projects in Chile and Mexico. For architect Teddy Cruz, anew approach to building means challenging the traditional top-down planning process, confronting bureau cratic challenges, and encouraging dialogue among local constituencies. For the past decade, Cruz has studied the relationships between social and urban structures, and his work hhas Jong focused on the issues facing, unplanned settlements along the border between the United States ‘and Mexico, He is an ourspoken eritie ofthe way architectare is typically practiced in highly developed counties, where it primarily serves financial interests. “The most inventive, progressive, experimental projects have not happened in Chinacr the Emirates (where architecture is go often treated aa an object cr icon)," he has said, “but within the context of infrastructure, in Latin Amarioa.” Cruz has mainly communicated his ideas through lectures, publica- tions, and exhibitions, but now, with project underway in the San Diego community of San Ysidro, California, (pp. 93-102), he is translating them to built form. In cellaboration with, the community-bated, nonprofit organization Casa Familiar, Cruz has developed a new concept for suburban living for a low-income immigrant community accustomed to living in close proximity with extended family. Because the existing zoning only permitted large single-family houses, meant to result in the low density typical ofa suburban neighborhood, cone of the basic challenges was 10 increase the building density allowed in the area. In order to get permission for Cruz's project, which called for multiple dwellings and mixed-use structures built ona single lot, Cruz demonstrated to the local plan: ning agency that awell-conceived neighborhood district would be preferable to the ad hoe building currently taking place. He ultimately ‘won approval for his plan, and construction is slated to begin in mid-2011. Cruz is currently working to apply thie experience to other communities in all states along the border with Mexico. ‘One of the greatest challenges for the future of the world’s population is theunchecked spread of informal settlements, usually by the poorest of residents, in maior citiesand megs lopolises. Historically, this growth thas been virtually ignored by public policymakers. Prior to she first conference sponsored by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, in Vancouver in 1976, itoceasioned only slight political interest. City planaing, especially in the countries below what Teddy Cruz thas dubbed the “political equator” (Oy 9), where such settlements have proliferated most dramatically, was traditionally defined by and for the needs of the middle and upper classes. Such planning has typically meant increasing rads for more private cars, housing built to higher technical standards, and amenities~public ‘squares and buildings, schools, trans: portation, cultural facilities, and so ‘on—designed for a population whose basic needs have more than been met. Litsle fany thought has been given, to the massive influx intocities of the extremely poor, whether they are migrating from the countryside or arriving from another country. ‘These shantytowns, which many eases are growing faster than the planned sections, are generally densely populated, and over the years have tended to develap into clos lenit communities and their own fully functioningecosystems. But their mostly illegal status and the absence of public services has also led. in many cases, to high crime rates and fa general lack of security. For these and ctherreasons, the early 19908 ‘aw a change in plitical thinking. Governments came to accept the idea that illegal, improvised settlements, should no longer be simply tolerated— cr excluded altogether—but rather recognized as established fact and gradually incorporated into the larger urban context Cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Sio Paulo, for example, ‘began to experiment with ways to link favelas totheir urban cores, while ill preserving established social structures to the extent possible. One ‘vital starting point s extending intra structure and basic services. Its also necessary to give the settlements ‘permanent legal status, 90 that their inhabitants enjoy the security of being able to stay in the structures they have ‘built themselves. Given theexplosive growth of such areas, however, improvement in livingconditions ‘yill come only gradually at best.‘The Favela-Bairro Project in Rio de Janeiro represents one success ful strategy for assistingthat city’s innumerable favelas. The program, which was established by the city government with support from the Inter-American Development Bank, was directed by architect Jorge Mario Jéuregui, It was based on the idea of offeringa number of smaller ‘measures, for example providing communal laundry facilities and day-care centers, a meeting place for the elderly, paving streets and bulld- ing stairways, and erecting sports complexes, with the hope that these amenities might lead to swift but essential improvements in local living conditions. Where it was necessary toremove shacks for new buildings, nearby replacement housing was provided (Vs, 7)” Abasle element ofthis program wasto createan infrastructure to support sanitation services, euch at drop-off points for garbage that can be reached by carts. Actual building was accompanied byother measures, including the gradual legalization of the remodeled settlements and the creation of additional social welfare programs. It is estimated by the city's officials that the program reached some 450,000 inhabitants in 105 favelas, and. it servedas the model for the Bairro Legal project in Sio Paulo. In 2008, When the funding of the Favele-Bairro program ended, Jéuregui was given the contract for the Manguinhos Complex (pp. 113-22) in Rio, located ina large area, encompassing some ten favelas, known for its extremely high rime rate, While the Favela- Bairro Project was based on the idea of improvement through small interven: tions, the Manguinhos Complex is a much mare ambitious project that aims to completely transform alarge urban site, Jauregui. who was born in Argentina and moved to Brazil for political reasons in 1978, began studyingthe urban divide in Rio in the 19808. He has long been con- cerned with how illegal eettlemente can be integrated intothe rest of the city so as to begin to bridge the divide between the two populations. He began by concucting intensive research within the favelas, talking with their inhabitants and com toan understanding of their specific circumstances.“‘The faveladas live inan absolutely precarious situation,” Jéuregui has said. “Any proposal for an improvement of their living conditions, to give them a small place isbetter than the present situation, and is welcome, But the most important question is to go further than to introduce an infrastructure, waye and services, All this ie nec essary; but the most important thing is to configure with all these elements anew ‘aura’ of place."* With each new project he brings considerable experience that allows him toeffectively address the particu: lar issues faced by these communities. Urban-Think Tanke another firm that believes small steps.can ultimately add up toa great, improvement. The founders ofthe firm, Alfredo Brillembourg and Hubert Klumpuer, frst developedtheir suggestions for improvingthe shantytovns of Caracas based on thelr own research. In 2004, with the con: struction of the Gimnasio Vertical (ig ©), a three-story sports center next to one of the inner-city barrios, Barrio La Cruz, Urban-Think Tank was able to realize one of its idess: to create ew social facilities while keeping, the high densicy of the neighborhood and not demolishing or foreing people to leave their houses. Its aim was to provide young people wider range cf sports options than the single soccer field they had before. Thanks to its broad offerings, the new center, available to the barrio’s inhabitants at nocost virtually around the clock, hhas been an overwhelming success. ‘The building was designed tomake use of simple materials, and presents a sturdy, noxnonsense appearance. ‘The division of epace is functional, and allows great flexibility. This project began with a long-term conversation with the community, community leaders, and the representatives turban district. Due to its success, ‘the model ofthe Gimnasio Vertical hhas since been adopted by other sections of the city Since 2003 Urban-Think Tank hhas been working on a much larger scale intervention that aims to address the physical divides between arios and urban cores. Metto Cable the (pp. 123-32), which opened in 2010, is an aerial tramway that connects, the barrioSan Agustin, perched in the hills high above Caracas, to the elty below. Previously, this area had been disconnected from the services and amenities of the city by aeislane highway anda river with only one footbridge. The project was initially designed by Brillembourg. and Klumpner in 2003, butdid not receive the necessary approval from the government until 2007.‘The original concept, which included cultural facilities and other services tobe placed at each of the stops on theline, and additional community sports centers in the favela, has only been partislly realized: jst one of the stations has a library attached toit and a sports field on top. Nevertheless, the completion of the essential part ofthe scheme has contributed greatly tolinking the barrio to the center ofthe city. The project's success has alto shown that standard planning strategies that focus on traditional solutions such as simply inserting stieets into the densely populated areas need to be rethought, Architecture fer the ther For some time now a few large organ- zations have devoted themselves tothe task of resolving social conflict, with the help of architecture, For example, together with uwesco, the Union Internationale des Architectes (ura) announced in advance of ite world congress in Beijingin 1999 1 public competition for “design ideas that cculd contribute to the eradi cation of poverty.” There were 385 submissions that, after being juried, were exhibited in Beijing.” The proposals in the competition were never meant tobe realized; instead, the idea was to generate concepts that would initiate dialogue and push the boundaries of what is possible. UN-Habitat, a division of the United Nations, works toward more humane urban development by means of presentations, conferences, and resolutions, and sponsors itsown programs." Other professional ‘organizations focuson single aspects ‘ofhumanitarian assistance, like teaching better buildingtechniques or providing access to drinking water in remote areas. One of the most successful organizations in this area is Architecture for Humanity, founded in 3999 in response to the war in Kosovo. It has taken on the task of promoting design and. development serviees in places where they are urgently needed. In 2007 ic launched the Open Architecture Network, a Web site that helps to bring architects, designers, engineers, nonprofit organizations, political representatives, and others together in order to cellahorate on projects and share expertise." ‘These organizations largely respond directly to natural disasters, the consequences of war, and cther humanitarian emergencies. They ‘must react quickly to specific situations, and in most cases the architects! responses are by neces sity ad hoc design efforts. This work is extremely important and, unfortunately, wil likely be needed. fongintothe future. But there is equally anced forinstitutions that are able to become familiar with regional needs and can work toward achieving suse One influential organization that concentrates on long-term devel- opment is the Age Khan Development Network, a group of agencies, dedicated to improving the living conditions of the poor primarily in sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South Asia, and the Middle East The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, for example, promotes building pro~ iects or impoverished segments of the population, but also places special emphasis on projects that respect regional traditions. Since 1977 the organization has called attention to the social implications of the profession with the Aga Khan Award for architecture. (Kére’s school in Burkina Faso and Heringer’s Handmade School in Bangladesh won the award in 2004 and 2007, respectively) ‘Another important initiative, known as szxp (Social Economie Environmental Design), was founded in 2005. The aim was to develop away to measure the social, economic, and environmental impact of bullding projects. Thename recalls Lge (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), the “green” buildingcertification system. Whereas nep standards are designed to offer clear definition of environmentally sustainable practices, SEED puts for- ward that sustainability equally refers toa project’s social ramifications. able improvements ‘Communities can measure the social and economic impact ofa project through an evaluation process that can result in a certification, While aesthetics and environmental issues play a role in this evaluation, the social Impact ofa design is. the primary consideration. As the examples included here demonstrate, there is much to be gained when architects become responsive to the community. Their approaches must not be driven by preconceived political orarchitectural theories, but rather consist ofresponses to given realities. To increase the social relevance of architecture at the beginning ofthe twenty first century, architects must no longer think ofthemselves simply as designers of builelings, but rather as moderators ofchange. 1 For rocent dat inthe fight sgaine poversy sce he Milennism Development Gauls Report Unites Nations 2009), serena nillentumgoalsedt 2 According to Joan Dethior, there ae abt twenty different techniques Fbuliing with eat Dethie, Down to aes Adobe Architecture An ld Een, a New crs rane. Rath Eaton (New ‘orks Fats on Fle 198)p.& 8. Beth Hunter,“Rammed Earth Houses An American Vision Inthe Now Deal Vulcan Hisorict Review (Universi of Asbas at Birmingham) 3 2008),pp. 8-57 4. Fo Frank Loyd Wrath se David Easter, TheRemmed arth Howse(Whee Rio Furetion, ‘ts Chelsea reer Publishing Le Corbusier pblsheds small the technigges framed exth Paris Belsane Chiron. s942) techniques.eee Ronald Ras), Earth Irchiteetural Pres, 2000). Rael ,stimately the govern- ‘9 more from their old wiles, sha the propet wis abandonedIn 2010 New Gourna was put ‘onthe Worle Monsmenss Funds ‘atch ist See hese svesong! ojectnew-gournailoge- 7 Realanarchitest Emilio arava is enother gate who Ip aopted the lesons ot Fath, aboveall with respect reviving the techni the [Nablar va Now with is pivate foundation Afresbougs in al: h prometesthe se of wad tonal materials and sustainable spproashes balding choo's fr herpitale antl oan ‘afteen insuch methods sho. then app the ile ‘seewhure,See“Publle Buildings 515 June 2098) 40-4, 8 Rad, Fark Antec, 9. Forexample the Kapeteder Vorsshaungin Belin (990-2300) ss he studing Berle tng this matrialas@constuetive 10 More ans morespscits offering her howled end knowhow in these area to sdaveloped and dewloping counties dike. Dahmen, or sample, scary consis onsamned-enth Projects around the git. Fath Stuctures,anicheconsruction frm, uses cath bllsingtechniques ‘a industlaland eommeish capacities, hile RATere atthe University of Grenoble, Trance coneantresonsrkin developing countres 11 Thevolune Banding Architecture Designas Activin, ff: Bran Ball and Kate Wakeford (ew Yorks Metropolis Books, p08 contains a rum of lectures inven atthe conferencesand sums no new strategies sbouthow Absigncan become more relevant 12 ortho pojcts and history oF Rural Stuy see Andrea tae, Rural Suto Sao! ‘ef Decancy (New Yorks Princeton ‘Achiectural Press, 2008), and ‘he same authors’ Proced ame Deets Rural euler Same Mookbe (New Yor Princeton ‘Archiectaral Press, 2009, 1 Fora buernistoryorUW H9sic, se tui atLarge Avotecure Unsere of lobalcommvunes, 2 BUILOING 2, SoigloPalleroni (Seat end london: University of Washington Pres, 2004) ps 1M The idesofan"incremensal house" had inf: been proposed ssoaryas mys inacompetiion sponsered bythe ity of Berlin. ‘poup that included Welter Crops, nd others worked up propos Sorconstructing single noes la stages, asowners could atord them Someof these were excited fend exible in tho 1932 balding xhibiion Sma, Eafsmd Hane {fiat n Berle, but with te ese ‘sf Foesiem end the arohieetegring ‘pene the Wea id noteake root ‘Tae hatry ofthis enhibiton, swells seme ampli orator fan befound in Anja Files, *Sonae, sf nd Ha ir All Das wachsendefiaus, Ein Versuch tr Lanungder Wohnungatae ‘tnterdesosere erdcksihrigung fer Ree Barcn Wagers" PHD iss. Bauhaus Universi Weim: 15 “Learning trom tian ‘ally Cruzin conversston vith {led Walder plecanopyyno. 7 bepzivwecanopyeanopyeanopy ‘om/learring fom sana. 16 Though-muchhas been ‘written on te topieafsumsand amsparading, 89 very hep ‘vervies about the saaton fan befound in Eso Lopes Mororo and Rasna Wasah Urban tnd Shim Tiendsin thease, Century, UN Chronicle, The tae sf the Worl’ Cites Report 2006/2007: and Robert Neu, Shasdow itis A Billon quater, ‘New Urbas Word (New Yorks Routledge Taylor Francs, 2006) 17 TheFavda Bairro Projects lorge Maria Kiureput Avice ‘Rodolfo Machado (Cami, Gradunte Schoo of Desig, 2908) Publiened on the session othe ‘Prine Urn Desi, hich as Pakentsstornr eon Sheraton ita ih fame sor et Sonn sn e, Sow) 7 Ongnal crane ‘German, transltio fom “uray Web ste, hepsew Jnuregutarg brienevstasinmisc) 19 Inzvo7the Cooper Hewitt [National Design Museum, New York, organized an invent sxhitition tied Designfor ‘he Other p06 tat presented innovator acceableaohutions to prcblemscontfonting the worlz poorest pops ‘The exhibiron wos onvlew May «September 32907, fore tuavetng tofour ether catons. See ntpohern enopeshowt rs 20 Se Jong Sif, 386 ‘orgessonetdeen” Arclthes'> (000 pps 21. The World Uiban Forums, held In Mach 010 inRioceJanvito, focused onthe theme The right te thecybuidging the aban divide 22 For example, Architoets Without de Fugence, Engineers Without orders, arcitertue or Peope tn Need, Habrat for Homanity and uldore wit Hons 23 Inthe book Design Li ou Ge ‘Dawn: drehtccural Response to umanitaran Crises Los Angeles: “Metrcpolis Boots, 20c6), the society presents side range of projets weeldwie that address octal needsRudrapur, Bangladesh 2004-06 Anna Heringer With more than one thousand inhabitants persquare kilometer, Bangladesh is one ofthe most densely populated countries in the world Roughly two-thirds of its people make ‘their living from agriculture, yet a high birthrate means that the amount ‘farable land per capitais shrinking becoming increasinaly difficult. The dearthof lend end extreme poverty are causing increasing numbers of ‘the rural population to migrate to the cities. Concentrating the normally single-story dwellings inthe country closer together and strengthening segional economtes would help to alleviate some of the strains felt ‘byrural communities, but initiatives aimed at addretsing such issues are ‘fien hampered by iocal building traditions end the seareity ofineome= producing employment in rural areas, In 1997-98 Anna Heringer spent year in Rudrapur, a village ofroughiy 1,500 inhabitantsin the north of Bangladesh, She went there asa volunteer with Dipshikha, a Jocal nongovernmental organization that works on development programs in such areas as education, health, income-generation support, and agei ‘culture, She has subsequently returned ‘toRudrapur forseveral weeks each. ‘year. In 2002, a an architecture student atthe University for Arteand Industcial Design in Linz, Austria, she undertook comprenensive analysis ofthe village that she com- pleted, together with three other students, over the course of six months. The goal ofthe study was te identify and document Rudrapur's civicandeconomie structure, begin- ning with making the first map ofthe villageand:hen documenting the building types and materials and techniques they found. The biggest problem they identified isthe scarcity of land for agriculture, which is the only source of income. Based on the insights she gained, ax well as her knowledge of the lackoflecal edu- cational opportunities, in 2004 Heeringer decicedto design a schoo! for Rudrapuras her master’s thesis, hoping that she could ultimately see _ het project realized. A seminar with Martin Rauch, « leading practitioner of earth architecture, convinced her it would be feasible toadopt tradi- tional building materials in her design. Heringer was aware that there was a tradition inRucrapur of building with earth, but also knew that ft was offen badly executed: the walls were toothin, foundations were rough or nonexistent, roofs were Inadequate. Further, builders in the country tend to consider the material primitive and unstable, and prefer fo work with brick or conezete—both mote expensive and energy-intensive Ways to Dulld. Based on the knovl- ‘edge she gained from Rauchas well asher mentor, University of Arta and Industrial Design professor Roland Gnaiger, Heringer decided rouse cob—clay, earth, sand, and straw mixed with water that is shaped by hand cr trowel in layers and dried—with the hope of ‘creating a new appreciation for this sustainable buileing materiel. Dipsbikha was already operating a school in the village, but in highly ‘unsatisfactory spaces. Ithad drawn ‘up preliminary plans for an expansion, but Heringer approached the organ- ization and its subsidiary agency METI (Modern Education and ‘Training Institute) about adopting her design. She demonstrated how her approach would offer the children brighter, better-venttlated spacesandexplained the benefit ‘ofearth construction in giving chil- ‘dren ahealthier and more pleasant Mester lon environment for learning. The ‘omganization also recognized the potential impact thet building ‘with earth could have for local ‘workers and the village as a whole, and ie eayerly accepted her proposal.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1998-2008 Hashim Sarkis A.LU.D. “Tyre, Lebanon, is an ancient coastal cy located 50 miles (Bo kilometers) south of Beirut that has been burdened bya turbulent recent history. A weak ‘economy and decades of tumult have debilitated the maritime city. Owing {gits location as anentry into the country’s Hezbollah stronghold "and a frequent combat zone, Tyre hss long struggled to msintain a ‘viable infrastructure amicl seemingly constant chaos. While the conditions in Tyre are difficult forall residents, the area's fishermen—many of whom live on aslitte as fifteen dellars.a dy inthe high season—have been particularly. hhard bit. Long-standingcontlict with Israel has directly impacted their lixelihood by preventingthem from dcep'sea fishing in the Mediterranean, leaving small and unprofitable yiolds. ‘Further, ins984, duringthe Lebanese Civil War, the city was added to the ‘vesco World Heritage List thanks twits rich archaeological past and Roman ruins. Though this distinction ‘brought hopes for preservation and ‘immunity from attack, alse brought restrictions within the newly pro: tected coastal area, including strict regulations on new building along ‘the coastline, where the fishermen And their families have traditionally lived. The result has perpetuated ‘overcrowded, damp, and ultimately ‘unsanitary living conditions. Housing forthe Fishermen of Tyre san eighty-fourunitcomplex builton a former radish field a few miles inland from the ancient city harbor. Bulle on one ofthe few larger parcels in Abbassiyeh, an area peppered by disorganized, ‘ad hoc postwar development and subdivisions, the complexis the result ofa decadelongcollaboration betweentthe local organization Al Baga Housing Cooperative, the Asscciation for Development o ‘reas in South Lebanon (apr), and Lebanese architect Hashim Sarkis, whose practice and teaching have long. _ been focusedon architecture in the Islamic world. In ig98the fishermen formed Al Baqaa, persuading the city's Greek Orthedoxarchdiocese to donate the a75-acre (7-heetare). parcel of land on the ggricultural outskirts of Tyre. With three thousand dollars from each family and finaneial support from local and intemational nongovernmental S S were able to work together to create thenecessaryh ovsing._ The concrete complex is « composite ofnine residential tiocks, each with a separate entrance, It is fortified by a rigid outside edge thatdefines the perimeter between the site and the surroundingurban disorder; the building turns in onto itself ike reetilinear nautilus, creating a protected interior court ‘yard. This shared space allows fesidents to gather and forge a sense ‘ofcommunity. Paved and landscaped areas within the courtyard create eee cross ventilation inthe hot sammor months. Local trees such as olive, ‘orange, and ficus alludeto the site’s arleultural past and create an ‘onsislike environment Small passageways andtwomain ‘vehicular access points are incised ico the larger form, generating arteries for circulation throughout. Sarkis also designed networks of | stairs that are open tothe elements, inereasingair circulation and natural It. The result is connection the outside while privileginga sense of enclosure. Balconies, stair profiles, patios, and entryways arc extruded, while other areas of Mas of Tye wit housing cerplx ot nner ant the facades recede, This three= dimensionality creates a dynamic massing and lends the project _ asense of the visual diversity and collectivity ofa neighborhood. Someaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.55 NERO WOLFF ARCHITECTSaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Los Angeles, California 1993-2008 Michael Maltzan Architecture Inner City Arts, located in an impow- ‘erished Los Angeles neighborhood just a shortdrive from the city’s cultural and financial center, offers a.creative refuge to at-risk and disadvantaged children who may not otherwise have access tothe arts. ‘Here, young people have the oppor: tunity to encounter such pursuits as ceramics, painting, sculpture, drama, {ocal community. Their proposal was bards inv eipensats Deopaieltan passed in the late 97es, whichealled for severe taxcaps that ledto, among he tinge iicibainsn ue arts education from many of the state’s public schools, Two decades after its foundling, laner-City Ars offers classes taught by profesional artists to approximately 10,000 clementery-, middle, and high-school-aged children every yeer,atnocost tothe partzipante,andis heralded at being Among the most effective ers-edues- sion organizations inthe country. ‘After several years ofonducting classes in trailers and other temporary. ee aan permanent home. The organization feared up with lecal erchitect Michael Maltzan and his newly formed fim in 1093 0 retrofit an abandoned auto bods shop ina’s dangerous Skid Row neighborhood. The renovation, completed with Marmol Radziner ee eee ees ent 8,009-square foot (750-square-meter) and animation, Founders Bob Bates, an artist and educator, and Irvin Jaeger, an entrepreneur, hoped to address the lack ofarts classes in nearby public schools through a partnership not only ‘with administrators but alsothe garage to its structural elemenis in order to create a cavernous, multipurpose space fer classrooms, performances, and administrative offices. Maltzan aimed to invite in.as much light as possible through three existing garage doors and sky ts, Theresulting space isa simple and highly adaptable backdrop for the various activities of the schoo! ‘Maltzan also designed a seulprural toner, which houses ceramics facilities and a kiln, anda storage shed just north ofthe garage windows. In..g6s, a few years after the completion of tis first phase, 1c purchased an old warehouse building and Jor ust north ofthe autobody shop, an acquisition that allowed the schoolto expand into nearly a whole city block. In response Maltzan developed a master plan that would. accommodate more students at the continuously growing institution. ‘Due to the need to raise func, plan was realized during two different building periods, beginning in +2002, In 2005, the schoo! expanded into the warehouse on the northwest corner ofthe site, nearly tripling their space by adding more visual arts and animation studios, a galiery, and kitchen. The addition of rooftap parking onthis new building was vital for the security ofthe faculty and aciministration. The most revent phase, which added studio and admin- istrative spaces, a resource library, a second ceramics tovier, a black-box theater, and connecting passageways, ‘was completed in 2008. ‘The finished campus employs a restrained and refined architectural Janguage, with simple geometric massing and clean white walls defining the center both inside and. out, Flexible interior and exterior spaces make for an intimate yet airy arena for kids and endow the organization with an adaprable space. One of the biggest challenges ‘was toconnect the aggregate campus ‘with its context while retaining sense of enclosure. Careful cutouts and setbacks along the northeast and northvest corners create interactive sightlines that link the school to its surroundings and make the overall massing less imposing, Low walls in places further open the school to itssite, fostering strong relationship with the neighborhood. Becauseaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.be ie a ee: a os gs PT ttc] 1aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.San Ysidro, California 2001-present Estudio Teddy Cruz {le the visionary architectsaF the Mobis apdiro GC leosietern Gar Diego-based architect Teddy Cruz prefers notto build new buildings. However, instead ofthe wild, quixotic ‘concepts of his forebears, Cruz proposes alfecting existing enviton- _ments through shifts in established infrastructure and policy. Estudio ‘Teddy Cruz, established in 1993, takes acollaborative, sociopolitical approsch to design. Togethe: with hhis frm, Cruz is intimately engaged With the highly permeable boundary between the Unitedstates and ‘Mexico at the San Diego-Tijuana border, and his understanding ofthe movement of materials, people, and ideas in both diections dictates “much of his practice. In 2008 Cruz began collabo- rating with community-based nongovernmental organization Casa "Familiar todevelop a pilot project for San Ysidro, located just across the border from Tijuana. Casa Familiar has heen workingsince 1968 tohelp San Yaideo's almost exclusively Latino population, providingadvocacy and programming in such aress as tmmi- tration services, education, and iob placement as well as spearheading ity based development efforts. ‘According toCase Familiar, around are multifamily, and the median income in this area is sixty percent less than the rest of San Diego County. ‘Thouigh the impetus ofthe pro- _ ject was to provide affordable housing, the team sought to develop a concept Raton tis ceeninet ue sigh bothood more holistically. In studying the area, Cruz found a wide variety of ad hoc uses of land—garages and outbuildings chat have been converted. intobedrooms and extensions of living space, and commercial, cultural, and seligiousentities—that have infiltrated the formerly homo- genous suburban area. The architect nd Caea Familiar cought o invent system that would resonate the dense, mutiuse, an oftenillegal developmentthathasbeen common inthe area, The frst and perhaps ‘nos! significant step inthis process was to identify and legalize zoning. tiles appropriateto the density and income levels prezentin San This work stemmed from parcel- ty-parcel observations of so-called ‘nonconforming uses vithin resi- dential ots twas also informed by monthly workshops, known as San ‘os iegr-Tivene berderitutraon ‘Ysidro Sin Limites, shat helped the organization and Cruz to discuss and challenge coneeptions of density, community, communal space, and financing vith the local residents. This decade-long underiaking hes culminated in designs for two projects on abandoned or uncleratilized parcels: Living Rooms «the Border and Senior Housing with Childcare, two small-scale, affordable-housing developments with integrated ‘ultiuse indoor and outdoor spaces, are expected to break ground For Living Rooms atthe Border, Gruz has develepeda flexible, multiuse ‘complex. At the center ofthe site isan abandoned white stucco church, dating from 1927, which will be retro- fitted ind expanded to house Casa Familiar ofices anda community center Flanking this are four parallel buildings that contain both housing and adaptable community space. Ten rental apartments, ranging insize from studio to four-bedroom, are organized In the twooutermost buildings, one for small families and one for larger ones. Units for the smaller families are set upon a concrete frame and share several community kitchens. Inand around this simple, linear structure is where Casa Familia will be able orchestrate {ismany programs, accommodatingaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘Manguinhos and the rest ofthe eity—and alsoto create a new public amenity. Once completed, the park vill function as a central meeting, place for the various parts of the sprawling district. The neighboring favelas, which tend to closein on themselves, will open onto the park. Amenities such as athletic fields, and bicycle paths will aloo be included, ‘Fiuregui began by conducting interviews and hearings with the district's inhabitants and represen tatives sos tobetter understand thelr immediate concerns as well as their longterm requirements, He also strove to include area residents inevery hase of the design, from the initial planning:o bringing in observers during the various construction stages. Particularly important to Huregai vas limiting the number of people ho had to be resettled dueto the construction. Although a number of wellingsadjacent to the train line had to betorn down, the architect ensured that substitute housing was available cen time, thereby ereating greater trust in the entire project, Dueto political contraints, the city initially shelved the 2005 study. ‘Three years later, however, ie was taken up by the state of Riode Janeiro, ‘which assimilated it imo the state~ funded Development Acceleration Program. As with other upgrading projects for the city that are being planned in conjunction with Brazil's hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the project took on a new level of urgency. Although Jéuregui’s original project ws designed to be completed within twenty years and ina number of four-year segments, it was decided to realize all of tin a mere two years, Construction began in 2008 and completion is set for September 2010. ALaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Credits © 2010 iste ights Sozinty (ARS) New YorADAGP Baal. 2 Bilt Aatnor: 4209} en Baan 52 66-67 60 top ona otiom) 130 (top ena eto] 18182136 Bote, Foto Zarich Schweiz elbsttonl Estudio eddy Crue 2.04, 98,06-07 ake onsen 89 bottay altand rh) 00 (tee std ed Cru. inoge Alen {Noses 103 [at ond rah 104 (eopard tao 495:196-97, 18, 208.110.1112 126(eth© Simson ELEMENTALSA-83 66,85, Ame Luis Flgterede 20:anr Hering 25.24 25 topans bottom) i: Kart Herbst 25,21 top ard boom) 28:20 89.32 top ond baton) 133 if Trnohy Hurley 12.89-81 22 ttpandtottn) 195 fftkFodeue Jelchs: 87 forom) 88-89, 92 fo oumensJenhou 45,42 Botton 45.52 em ondaotton). 134 (et “org Marie Juregu, megs Robson Ceatinne 120 (stton.136(contrh ‘earegura 15 to na beter 12 “org Maro iraqi inegs Syn Hébert oa Rony Sineor=18-Jome Mario seuregul nope Moura San) MED: 121lhp nd baton eros Mario burgh roas Eder Toles 120 top Didbede Francia act: 28, 34 35 ep onheton) 40.41 be, carer onsets: @ Christopher troph Menel Walaa Archtectiu, 8304.8 88 ol 7am rbot Robert Meson od resto 02070 The Mane Pane oho No Molt derovweer aereieiPome evar tbottonk Peasy ‘bun von 73.7.2 tn rom 15.05 (op onsotur ah, 40 Dery tf! Se Ab eva Ubon Tn one 129,124, 129, (Gpensoaten eefepenencton)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Trustees of The Museum of Modern Art David Rockefeller" HonoraryChairman Ronald S. Lauder HonoraryChairman Robert B. Menschel* Chatrman Emeritus Agnes Gund PresidentEmerita Donald B. Marron, President Emeritus Jerry Speyer Chairman Marie Josée Kravis President Sid R. Baee Leon. Black ‘Mimi Hass Richard E. Salomen Vice Chairmen Glenn D.Lowry Direcor Richard E. Salomen ‘Treasurer James Gara Assistant Treasurer Patty Lipshutz Secretary Wallis Annenberg Celeste Bartos* SidR. Base Lawrence B. Benenson Leon D. Black Eli Broad* Clarissa Alcock Bronfman Donald L. Bryant, Jr ‘Thomas S. Carroll” Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Mr. Jan Cowles" Douglas S. Cramer? Paula Crown, Lewis B. Cullman** Joel 8. Ehreakranz Jobn Elkana Laurence Fink H.RH. Duke Franz of Bavaria” Kathleen Fuld Gianluigi Gabetsi* Howard Gardner Mourice R. Greenberg’ Vartan Gregorian ‘Agnes Gund Mimi Haas Alexandra A. Herzan Marlene Fess Barbara Jakabson* Werner H. Kramarshy* Jill Keane Marie-Josée Kravis June Noble Larkin’ RonaldS. Lauder ‘Thomas H. Lee Michael Lynne Donald B. Marron ‘Wynton Marsalis” Robert 8. Menachel* HarveyS. Shipley Miller Philip S. Niarchos James G. Niven Peter Norton Maja Ocrt ichard E, Oldenburg"* Michael S. Ovitz Richard D. Parsons Peter G. Peterson" Mrs. Milton Pettie"* Gifford Phillips* Emily Rauh Pulitzer David Rockefeller* David Rockefeller, Jr. Sharon Percy Rockefeller Lord Rogers of Riverside" Richard E. Salomon ‘Ted San” Anna Marie Shapiro Gilbert Silverman” Anna Deavere Smith Jerry. Speyer Joanne M, Stern* Mra. Donald B. Straus* Yoshio Taniguchi" David Teiger Eugene V.Thaw** Jeanne C. Thayer" Joan Tisch* Edgar Wachenheim IIL ‘Thomas W. Weisel Gary Winnick Ex Officio Glenn D. Lowey Director Agnes Gund Chairman of the Beard of MoMAP.S.s Michael R. Bloomberg, ‘Mayor ofthe City of New York. Christine C. Quinn Speaker ofthe Council of theCity of New York John C. Liu Comptroller of the City of New York Sharon Percy Rockefeller Presidentof The International Council Franay Heller Zora and William S, Susman Co-Ciairmen of The Contemporary ‘Arts Council “yfeTrastse