C s d liu - DataBase

C S D LIU (DATABASE)
chucnv@ud.edu.vn

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NI DUNG MN HC Cc vn chung v CSDL: Kin thc c bn v d liu, c s d liu cng nh vai tr ca c s d liu trong HTTT Cc m hnh d liu (Data Model) L thuyt thit k CSDL Ngn ng ci t v khai thc d liu trn my tnh (SQL) Kho d liu (Data warehouse) Khai ph d liu (Data Mining)

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Ti liu tham kho: 1. Bi ging ca gio vin 2. Nhp mn c s d liu quan h - tc gi L Tin Vng 3. Principles of DataBase and KnowledgeBase Systems J.Ullman 4. Nguyn l cc h CSDL v CSTT ca J.Ullman- H Thun Dch 5. C s d liu- Trung Tun 6. SQL Language 7. Ti liu v Oracle, SQL SERVER 8. Ti liu v Data Warehouse v Data Mining

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CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V C S D LIU

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1.1.Mt s khi nim c bn D liu (Data): C s d liu (DataBase): H qun tr c s d liu (DataBase Management System- DBMS): Thng tin (Information) Tri thc (Knowledge) Kho d liu (Data Warehouse) Khai ph d liu (Data Mining)

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1.2.Kh nng ca H qun tr c s d liu Qun l d liu bn: y l kh nng lu tr cc c s d liu trn c bn c lu tr phc v cho mc tiu khai thc lu di. Truy cp cc khi lng ln d liu mt cch hiu qu: HQTCSDL cung cp cc thao tc cng nh phng php t chc d liu nhm gip cho ngi s dng truy cp vo cc d liu trong CSDL mt cch nhanh chng v thun li. Ngoi ra cn c mt s kh nng khc c tm thy trong cc h CSDL hin ang c s dng rng ri trn th trng nh sau:

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1.2.Kh nng ca H qun tr c s d liu H tr t nht mt m hnh d liu hay s tru tng ho ton hc m qua ngi s dng c th quan st d liu . H tr mt s ngn ng bc cao no cho php ngi s dng nh ngha d liu, truy cp v x l d liu . H tr mt s truy cp ng thi chnh xc i vi c s d liu bng nhiu ngi s dng iu khin qu trnh truy xut d liu v kh nng bo mt gii hn s truy cp d liu ca ngi khng c php C kh nng phc hi d liu khi h thng b hng .

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1.3.Cc mc tru tng ca cc h QTCSDL Mc vt l (physical Level) : Ti mc ny CSDL c xem l mt b cc tp tin, cc tp tin ch mc hoc cu trc lu tr khc gi chung l CSDL vt l. CSDL vt l tn ti bn trong cc thit b lu tr th cp(HDD, FDD, CD ROM, USB,)

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1.3.Cc mc tru tng ca cc h QTCSDL Mc khi nim (Concept Level): CSDL mc khi nim l s tru tng ha th gii thc khi n gn lin vi ngi s dng CSDL. Mt HQTCSDL cung cp mt ngn ng nh ngha mc khi nim (DDL-Data Definition Language) thng gi l m hnh d liu (data model).

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1.3.Cc mc tru tng ca C s d liu Mc khung nhn (View ): Mc khung nhn ca CSDL l mt phn ca c s d liu khi nim gn lin vi ngi s dng. Cc h qun tr CSDL cung cp phng tin cho s khai bo cc khung nhn gi l ngn ng nh ngha s con (Subscheme data definition Language ).

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Hnh 1. Cc mc tru tng trong CSDL

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V d. Xt mt mng d liu hai chiu n x m phn t . Ti mc quan nim ta c th hnh dung mng ny nh l mt bng c n dng v m ct. Mng ny c c m t trong mt vi ngn ng lp trnh nh sau: Integer array A[1..n,1..m]. mc ny ta khng bit c d liu c lu tr nh th no trong thit b nh m ch c th bit rng phn t dng i ct j l A[i,j]. Mc vt l ca mng chnh l mng c lu tr trong thit b nh. Gi s mng c t chc nh sau: Mi phn t ca mng c lu trong 4 byte v lu tr lin tip theo th t ht dng ny n dng khc bt u t byte c a ch a. Khi v tr lu tr phn t A[i,j] c th c xc nh theo cng thc: a + 4[m(i -1) + j -1]. Mc khung nhn: T mc trng tng trn ta c th m t cc khung nhn ca mng. Chng hn, khung nhn sum(A[i, j]), j=1m cho bit tng tt c cc gi tr trn dng i.

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Lc (Scheme) v th hin (Instance) xy dng cc CSDL chng ta phi hoch nh cho cc d liu trong CSDL mt qui cch lu tr. Qui cch ny ny c hnh thc ho nh l b khung(Frame) cho mi d liu trong CSDL, gi l lc CSDL(Scheme DataBase). Chng hn, t chc CSDL v cc nhn vin trong mt c quan chng ta to trc lc NHANVIEN(HOTEN,NAMSINH ,DIACHI, SODT) lu tr cc d liu bao gm: h tn, nm sinh, a ch, s in thoi ca cc nhn vin.

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Ni dung hin thi ca cc d liu trn lc gi l mt th hin ca lc . Chng hn, vi lc trn th bng sau y l mt th hin: Nguyn Vn Hng 1957 14 L li, nng 832456 Hong Th Lan Giao Hong Quang V Thanh T Trng Cng Tun V Vit Hong 1958 1958 1956 1958 1974 4. L Li, Nng 315. Chi Lng,Hu 230 L Li, Nng 230. Chi Lng, Hu 3. Trng nh, Hu 821124 525053 829789 523053 824352

Nh vy mt lc c th c nhiu th hin khc nhau.

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1.4. Cc ngn ng CSDL Trong cc HQTCSDL ni chung c chia thnh hai ngn ng khc nhau. Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (DDL-Data Definition Language) khng phi l ngn ng th tc m ch l m t cc loi i tng v quan h gia cc i tng. Chng hn, cc chuyn bay ca mt hng hng khng Vietnam Airlines c th c lu tr trong mt CSDL c nh ngha nh sau:

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CREATE TABLE CHUYEN-BAY (SO : INT, NG : CHAR(6), CH : INT , TU : CHAR (3) , DEN : CHAR (3) ); trong SO l s hiu chuyn bay, c m t l mt s nguyn; NG l ngy thng thc hin chuyn bay, c m t l mt chui 6 k t; CH l s ch ngi cha c t trn chuyn bay, c m t l mt s nguyn; TU, DEN l k hiu ni xut pht v ni n, mi a im c vit tt bi 3 k t.

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Cc ngn ng x l d liu (DML-Data Manipulation Language) Cc h CSDL i hi phi c ngn ng x l cc php ton trn CSDL gi l DML hoc ngn ng truy vn (Query Language). Chng hn, xt cc yu cu x l di y trn ngn ng SQL i vi c s d liu CHUYEN-BAY. - Gim 4 ch ngi trn chuyn bay 123 ngy 31 thng 8 c th vit: UPDATE CHUYEN-BAY SET CH = CH - 4 WHERE (SO = 123) AND (NG = AUG 31) -Thm vo chuyn bay 147 c 72 ch ngi t H ni (HAN) n Hu (HUE). INSERT INTO CHUYEN-BAY VALUES (147, AUG 21 , 72 , HAN , HUE );

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Cc ngn ng ch (Host Language) Ngoi nhng php x l thng thng sn c trong cc HQTCSDL cc chng trnh ng dng cn phi c thm mt s cng vic phc tp hn. Chng hn, mt chng trnh c s dng bng mt hng hng khng ng k ch khng ch cn truy tm s ch trng t CSDL m cn phi lm cc cng vic phc tp hn nh in v, lm giy hn, i thoi vi ngi s dng,... Nh vy, cc chng trnh x l d liu cn c vit chung trong mt ngn ng ch m n l ngn ng thun tin cho vic lp trnh nh C, COBOL, Mc ch ca ngn ng ch l m rng kh nng ca cc HQTCSDL