Ch.

11

1. hinge point

2. hinge line

3. fold axis

4. hinge area

5. limb

6. inflection point

Cylindrical fold straight

hinge line
Non-cylindrical

hinge line curves

1. Harmonic

2. Disharmonic

facing

1. anticline

2. syncline

3.
a. synform
b. antiform
hinge line
axial surface
1. bearingplunge
2. strikedip angle

1. parallel fold
2. similar fold

Ramsay outer arc inner arc

class
1. Class1
11A
21B
31C
Dip isogon

2. Class 2

3. Class 3

 The Enveloping Surface

Symmetric and asymmetric fold

1.
2.

axial surface

 Parasitic foldChristmas-tree
1. M M-shaped fold
2. S S-shaped fold
3. Z Z-shaped fold

1. A
2. bulkingflexuralslip S Z
B
Pumpellys Ruleparasitic folds
major fold

1. S Z

2. M

1. Monoclines

2. Kink folds

Kink band
3. Chervon folds
4. -Cuspate-lobate folds

-
competency
competency

5. Box fold

6. Ptygmatic folds

7. Doubly plunging folds

a. axial culmination

b. axial depression

8. Sheath folds

9. Superposed folds

Fold generation
kinematic conditions

1. Active folding

Buckle
Class 1B
1
2

3 Biot-Ramberg equation

2. Bending
Buckle
a
b
3. Passive folding

1. flexural-slip folding

bedding
fault
2. Flexural-flow folding

flow

1.
2.

axialplane cleavage