Chapter 1 - 3G Technology Funamentals

Content
3G Drive-test and Optimization

3G Technology Fundamentals Parameter Optimization Overview 3G Optimization Technique Drive Test Post Processing & issue Analysis
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Content
3G Technology Fundamental
WCDMA Basic Theory Radio Resource Management HSPA Overview
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Content
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WCDMA Basic Theory

TECHCOM Consulting UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions: 1. WCDMA- FDD 2. WCDMA- TDD
UMTS FDD Uplink 1920MHz-1980MHz Downlink 2110MHz-2170MHz
WCDMA FDD is more widely used solution FDD: Separate UL & DL Frequency band WCDMA TDD technology is used in limited number of Networks TDD: UL & DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands.
This Course concentrate on design principles of WCDMAFDD solution.
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WCDMA Modes
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WCDMA FDD Technology

TECHCOM Consulting Multiple access technology is Wideband CDMA (WCDMA): All cells at same carrier frequency Spreading Codes used to separate cells and users Signal Bandwidth 3.84MHz
Compatibility with GSM Technology: Inter-System Functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
Multiple Carrier can be used to increase the capacity: Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
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WCDMA FDD frame Structure
Middlepoint of WCDMA carrier WCDMA frame 10 ms t
15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms
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Differences between WCDMA & GSM

WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse factor Power control frequency Quality control 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Radio resource management algorithms GSM 200 kHz 118 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity
5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver

Load-based packet scheduling Supported for improving downlink capacity
Frequency hopping
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
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UMTS & GSM Network Planning

3G (WCDMA):
GSM900/1800:
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WCDMA basic Theory
Originating Bit
WCDMA
Received Bit
Power
Frequency Band Spreading Factor
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Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user

Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time Capacity/Interference/Load/Power
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WCDMA Technology
Frequency
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Users share same time and frequency
f 5 MHz
5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers
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CDMA Principle- Chip, Bits & Symbol

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Spreading Code
Chip
+1 -1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
+1 -1
+1
Data
-1
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Spreading Principle
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
Separates users through different codes Codes are used for two purposes: Differentiate channels/users Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
t
MS 1 MS 2 MS 3
Code
WCDMA (5 MHz)
IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
f
5 MHz
CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)
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Spreading Principle
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Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code
Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips) Separates different mobiles (in uplink) Separates different cells (in downlink)
Channelization codes Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes Period depends on data rate 512 DL Primary SCs: separates cells in same carrier frequency 16.7 million UL SCs: separates users
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Scrambling and Channelization Codes
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DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes:
CODE 1
Pilot BCCH Radio frame = 15 time slots
Pilot
X
CODE 2
User 1 User 2 User 3
BCCH
X
CODE 3
SUM
User 1
X
CODE 4
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X
Time
User 2
3.84 MHz RF carrier
X
CODE 5
RF
User 3
X 3.84 MHz bandwidth
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DL & UL Channelization Codes

TECHCOM Consulting Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between different channels can be guaranteed Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256} Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0 In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users of same cell
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Channelisation Code Tree

Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = Orthogonal variable SF Codes OVSF (for UL & DL)
CCn,m generation: CC1 = (1) CC2 = 1 1 1 -1 CCn =
CCn/2 CCn/2 CCn/2 -CCn/2
Walsh Matrix (SF = 512)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4 CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
SF = 256 CC256,0 CC256,1 CC256,2
CC2,0 = (1,1) CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) CC2,1 = (1,-1) CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
CC1,0 = (1)
CC256,254 CC256,255 Spreading Factors in a subtree
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DL & UL Scrambling Codes

Consulting DL TECHCOM Scrambling Codes: Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get the scrambling code of the frame length Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
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Scrambling Code Set
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Channelisation & Scrambling Codes
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Channelisation & Scrambling Codes

Channelisation code Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) from same terminal Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Downlink also 512 chips Different bit rates by changing the length of the code Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling code = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2) 66.7 s = 256 chips Option (2) can be used with advanced base station receivers Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips Uplink: 16.8 million Downlink: 512 Long 10 ms code: Gold code Short code: Extended S(2) code family Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission bandwidth Scrambling code Uplink: Separation of mobile Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Code family
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Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Spread wideband signal
Unspread narrowband signal

Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
Mchip const 3.84

G p dB W R
sec
Processing gain:
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Processing Gain Example

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
Frequency (Hz) Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

R
Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
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QPSK Modulation
The basic idea with QPSK modulation, which is used in WCDMA
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UMTS Protocol Stack
Layer-3
Layer-2U
OSI
Layer-2L
Layer-1
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Radio Protocol Stack Functions

TECHCOM Consulting Physical Layer Functions (Layer-1) -Forward error correction, coding, interleaving -Measurements -Soft handover execution -Multiplexing/mapping of services on dedicated physical code channels -Modulation, spreading, demodulation, dispreading of physical channels -Frequency and time synchronization -Fast closed-loop power control -RF processing
RLC Functions (Layer-2U): -Segmentation and assembly -Transfer of user data -Error correction through retransmission optimized for physical layer -Sequence integrity -Flow control PDCP Function (Layer-2U) -Service specific. Exists only in the User Plane and only for services from PS domain. Contains compression methods needed for better spectral efficiency
MAC Layer Function (Layer-2L) -Selection of appropriate transport format -Service multiplexing on RACH, FACH and dedicated channels -Scheduling -Access resolution on RACH -Contention resolution on RACH etc..
RRC Functions: -Broadcast of system information -Radio Resource handling -Control of requested QOS -UE measurements reporting and control of the reporting
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Channels Overview
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Channels Overview
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UMTS Radio interface Channels
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Logical Channels
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Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) Control Channels Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
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Transport Channel
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Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Common Channels
Random Access Channel (RACH)

Forward Access Channel (FACH) Broadcast Channel (BCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Common Packet Channel (CPCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
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Physical Channel
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PICH (Paging Indicator Channel) AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel) CSICH (CPICH Status Indicator Channel)
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel) PDSCH ( Physical Downlink Shared Channel) Common Channel DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel) PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) PCPCH (Physical Common Packet Channel )
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)

PCCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel)
SCCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)

CPICH (Common Pilot Channel )
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UMTS Radio Channel Mapping

Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
P-SCH
Control Ch Traffic Ch Common Ch (no FPC) Common Ch (FPC) Dedicated Ch (FPC)
S-SCH P-CPICH
Fixed Channels Info Channels Assoc Channels
S-CPICH
BCCH PCCH BCH PCH P-CCPCH PICH
CCCH
CTCH DCCH
FACH
RACH
S-CCPCH
PRACH AICH
DTCH
Key: Uplink Downlink Bidirectional Data Transfer Association
DCH
DPDCH DPCH
DPCCH
DSCH CPCH
PDSCH PCPCH
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Cell Breathing
The more traffic, the more interference and the shorter the distance must be between the NodeB and the UE The traffic load changes in the system causes the cells to grow and shrink with time.
NodeB 1
NodeB 2
Fully loaded system
Unloaded system
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UL/DL Capacity Limitation

Scenario 1: Capacity limitation due to UL interference The cell cant serve UE1 because the increase in UL interference by adding the new user would be too high, resulting in a high risk of drops Scenario 2: Capacity limitation due to DL power The cell cant serve UE2 because its using all its available power to maintain the connections to the other UEs Scenario 1 Scenario 2
UE1
UE2
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Code Blocking
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Base band processing units general

Base band units of Flexi and Ultra BTS product line: Flexi WCDMA System Module (FSM)
Used in Flexi Node B 2 FSMs are allowed in maximum in the NodeB Consists of FSP cards (Functional Signal Processing unit) CE (Channel Element) is basic processing capacity unit
Wideband Signal Processing unit (WSP)

Used in UltraSite and MetroSite NodeB Max No of WSPs per NodeB depends on its type (18 WSPs in maximum) CE is basic processing capacity unit
Both base band units provide Rx and Tx channel processing (scrambling and descrambling, interleaving UL/DL, spreading and despreading, channel coding and decoding)
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Channel Element & Spreading Factor Requirement
Rel1 HW (FSMB)
User data
AMR (voice) WB-AMR PS 16 kbps
CE UL/min
SF
CE DL/min
SF
1/ SF64
1 / SF64
1/ SF128
1 / SF128
1 / SF64
1 / SF128
PS 32 kbps
PS 64 kbps PS 128 kbps
2 / SF32
4 / SF16 4 / SF8
2 / SF64
4 / SF32 4 / SF16
PS 256 kbps
PS 384 kbps CS 64 kbps CS 14.4 kbps
8 / SF4
16 / SF4 4 / SF16 1 / SF64
8 / SF8
16 / SF8 4 / SF32 1 / SF128
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Maximum Ratio Combining

Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between different replica of the desired signal
Multiple path should be at 1 chip delay to make it usable Multipath Propagation Time Dispersion
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The RAKE Receiver

TECHCOM Concept : Consulting Each Multipath component is called a Finger
Estimation of radio channel properties (Dealy, Amplitude & Phase) for each finger
The RAKE receiver combines multi path components by coherent combining of multi patch components belonging to respective user.
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Maximum Ratio Combining- RAKE

Each finger tracks a different multipath component and other cells during Soft Handover A maximum ratio combining produces the output Search Finger is used to determine whne to perform handovers
Buffer/delay Correlators
Channel
Finger #1 C
O
Finger #2 M B Finger #3 I N Sum of individual multipath components
E
Finger #N R Power measurements of neighbouring NodeBs
Searcher Finger
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Power Control- Introduction
One UE can block the whole cell
Signal is blocked by signal from UE near base station
Near & Far Effect in Uplink
In the downlink, the capacity is determined by the transmit code power for each connection. Therefore, it is essential to keep the transmission power at a minimum level while ensuring adequate signal quality at the receiving end.
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Power Control
TECHCOM Concept : Consulting Power is a common resource in WCDMA
Power Control or Rate Control Power control strategy (R99): adjust transmitted power while keeping the data rate constant Rate control strategy (HSDPA): adjust the data rate while keeping the transmitted power constant
Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication links Strategy : Power control on COMMON CHANNELS ensures there is sufficient coverage to establish connections and transfer date on common transport channels
Power control on DEDICATED CHANNELS (DCH) ensures sufficient connection quality while minimizing impact on other connections.
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Power Control
Without power control
PTX
Open loop power Control

Initial power setting
With power control

PTX
Outer Loop (RNC)

Adjust quality target dependent on performance
Inner Loop (fast power controlNode B)

compensates for fading channels
needs dedicated control channel for power control commands
fading channel
PRX
fading channel
PRX
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Power Control
RNC
Quality(BLER) target
Quality New SIR target
Node-B
UE
Send TPC (up/down) to UE Measure received SIR
Adjust power According to Received TPC
Measure quality e.g. CRC Error
Outer loop
Inner loop
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Soft/Softer Handover
Soft/softer handover is important for efficient power control. Without soft/softer handover there would be near- far scenarios of a UE penetrating from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell without being power controlled by the latter. Soft Handover: UE connected to two or more NodeB at the same time Softer Handover: UE connected to two or more sector of the same NodeB
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Soft/Softer Handover & Power Control

Uplink Power is based on information (TPC bits) from both RBSs to which the UE is connected. The UE will decrease its output power in all cases except when both RBSs send increase power commands. Downlink Power control for both RBSs is based on one signal (TPC bits) from the UE (it does not distinguish between RBSs and the decision is base on the combined output from the RAKE receiver
UL Power control
DL Power control
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Soft/Softer Handover & Power Control
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Neighbour list Combination procedure

Active Set may contain cells, which are not necessary adjacencies with each other. The list of cells to be measured is send by the RNC in a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message and is changed at every Active Set Update. The RNC then combines the Neighbour lists according to the following rules:
1. Active set cells are included 2. Neighbour cells which are common to three active set cells are included 3. Neighbours which are common to the controlling cell and a second active set cell are included. (cell, other than the controlling cell, which has the highest CPICH Ec/Io) 4. Neighbour cells which are common to two active set cells are included 5. Neighbour cells which are defined for only one active set cell are included 6. Neighbours which are defined only for the second ranked cell are included 7. Neighbours which are defined only for the third ranked cell are included
If the total number of cells to be measured exceeds the maximum value of 32 during any step then handover control stops the Neighbour list generation
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Neighbour list Combination procedure

Because of the combination explained in the previous slide, it is possible to measure handover activity between 2 cells which do not have an adjacency defined between them. In this example intra-frequency adjacencies exist between cells 2-6 and 6-7, but not between 2-7. Activity is measured when the lists of cells 2 and 6 are combined and 7 can be added, while 2 is still the best cell in the Active Set. The same effect applies for Inter-System list combining
1 2
Neighboured 4 5 6 7 8
Not neighboured 9
UE path
Hard Handover
Features of hard handover: HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio access bearer and is lossless for Non Real Time bearers (NRT). The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver or support compressed mode to execute inter-system/inter-RAT measurement.
GAP of communication
Data UE received/ sent
Source BS UE move
Target BS
time
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Radio Resource Management

TECHCOM Consulting RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference Logical codes

The trade-off between capacity, coverage & quality is done all the time Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more) Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM functionalities
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RRM Functionality
LC AC Load Control Admission Control
LC RM
PS
For each cell
PS
Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager PC HC Power Control HO Control
AC
PC HC
For each connection/user
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Admission Control (AC)

TECHCOMControl Consulting Admission checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of existing connections
AC is used to decide whether a new RAB can be admitted or a current RAB can be modified. Admission control is done in uplink and downlink separately. The strategy is that a new bearer is admitted only if the total load after admittance stays below the thresholds defined by RNP.
Admission control handles main tasks -Admission decision of new connections -Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new connection -Real-time higher priority than non-real time -In overload conditions no new connections admitted Connection QoS definition -Bit rate, BER target etc. -Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
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Admission Control Strategy
Ltotal old + I < L threshold P totalold + Ptotal < P threshold
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Classification of Load Control

TECHCOM Consulting Technical classification of load control:
Definition of Air interface Load: -Wideband power-based uplink loading:
-Call Admission Control -Load Balance between cells - Congestion Control
UL
I own I oth PrxTotal
-Wideband power-based downlink loading:
DL
PtxTotal Ptx max
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Packet Scheduler (PS)

Consulting PS TECHCOM allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time (NRT) connections
-Each cell separately -In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased PS selects allocated channel type (common or dedicated)
PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach -RT higher priority
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Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation with AC and PS On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates: DL Channelization code UL Scrambling code
Code Type
Scrambling codes Spreading codes
Uplink
User separation
Downlink
Cell separation
Users within one cell
Data & control channels from same UE
Code Tree Management: Code selection Code Tree re-arrangement
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Power Control in WCDMA (PC)

TECHCOM Consulting Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL -UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users -Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
In HSDPA transmit the power is constant Channel conditions are taken into account by changing the signal modulation and coding (Link Adaptation) Higher bit rates in better conditions
Every UE accessing network increase interference -PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (Slow & Fast Fading) -Step up/down 1500 times/second
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Classification of Power Control

Power Control
Uplink power control
Open loop power control Inner loop power control Outer loop power control
Downlink power control

Open loop power control Inner loop power control Outer loop power control
Compared with open loop power control, inner loop and outer loop power control are called closed loop power control
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Open Loop Power Control

TECHCOM Consulting The uplink and downlink frequencies of WCDMA are within the same frequency band.
Uplink open-loop power control -Based on the calculation of the open-loop power control, the UE sets the initial powers for the first PRACH preamble and for the uplink DPCCH before starting the inner-loop power control.
Downlink open-loop power control In the down link, the open-loop power control is used to set the initial power of the downlink channels based on the downlink measurement reports from the UE.
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Open Loop Power Control

Convergence of inner loop power control
power
time
Accurately calculate initial transmitting power of inner loop needed to minimize the time of convergence
Reduce the impact on system load
power
time
Inner Loop Power Control
1500Hz
Measure and compare SIR of received signal
Inner loop Power Control

Set SIRtar
NodeB
Objective of power control: balance the received energy per bit of different UEs at base station
UE
Each UE has its own power control loop
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BLER-SIR
The aim of the outer-loop PC algorithm is to maintain the quality of the connection at the level defined by the quality requirements of the bearer service. According to principles of wireless communication, BLER may change with the wireless environment under fixed SIR.
Different curves correspond with different multi-path environment.
BLER
BLER
SIR
Outer Loop Power Control
Measure BLER of transport channel

Traffic data with steady BLER can be acquired
Measure & compare BLER of received data
Measure & compare
SIR of received signal
Outer loop
Inner loop Power Control
Set BLERtar RNC
Set SIRtar
10-100Hz
NodeB
UE
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Downlink Power Control
Measure and compare BLER
UE Layer 3
1500Hz
Power Control
Inner loop
Outer loop Set SIRtar
10-100Hz
UE physical layer Measure and compare SIR
NodeB
Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control
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Handover Control
Consulting HC TECHCOM is responsible for: -Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the network coverage area -Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Classification of Handover: -Softer Handover -Soft Handover -Hard Handover -Intra-Frequency hard handover -Inter-Frequency hard handover - Inter RAT handover (Between WCDMA & GSM
Intra-frequency hard handover includes two instances: (1)handover between two RNCs without IUR interface (2)code handover in the cell
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Soft/Softer Handover
Consulting For TECHCOM soft handover, the combination of multiple RL uses maximum ratio combination (RAKE combination) in downlink and selection combination in uplink.
Soft Handover Measurement: Active Set: Including all cells currently participating in a SHO connection of a terminal. Neighbour Set/Monitored Set: This set includes all cells being continuously monitored/measured by the UE and which are not currently included in the active set.
When the two cells in soft handover belong to the same NodeB, maximum ratio combination could be used in uplink. In this case the handover is softer handover. Softer handover has higher priority in handover schemes because maximum ratio combination has larger gain than selection combination. For soft handover, selection combination in uplink completes in RNC.
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Soft Handover Measurement
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Hard handover
TECHCOM Features of Consulting hard handover: -HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio access bearer and is lossless for Non Real Time bearers (NRT). -The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver or support compressed mode to execute intersystem/inter-RAT measurement.
Selection of Handover Scheme Handover scheme should be selected based on the traffic QoS -Soft handover can provide better service quality. -Soft handover uses more system resource. -Different sizes of active set and soft handover area use different system resource and provide different QoSs. -Hard handover would bring gap during calls. -Hard handover uses less system resource.
Application of Hard Handover in 3G: Intra-frequency hard handover: When inter-RNC SHO cant be executed or is not allowed. Inter-frequency hard handover: Load balance between frequencies Inter-RAT handover -2G-3G smooth evolution -The finite coverage range of initial phase of 3G
Consider both the QoS requirement and the occupation of system resource by handover. Make a tradeoff between occupation of system resource and QoS
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Compressed Mode
Objective of compressed mode: for UE to realize measurement and synchronization to target cell when inter-frequency handover and inter-RAT handover is required.
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Compressed Mode
TECHCOM Consulting Compressed Mode: Intra-frequency neighbors can be measured simultaneously with normal transmission by UE using a RAKE receiver.
Inter-frequency or inter-RAT neighbors measurements require the UE measuring on a different frequency, this has either to be done with multiple receivers in the UE or in the compressed mode (CM). CM is to stop the normal transmission and reception for a certain period of time, enable the UE to measure on the other frequency.
The usage of compressed mode would reduce the system performance

Complex algorithm is needed to decide when to enter compressed mode.
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HSPA Objective
TECHCOM Consulting Provide telecommunication professionals with the basic understanding of HSPA, the high speed packet access technologies (HSDPA, HSUPA), and related applications, network architecture, and deployments.
The talk will present: -the market drivers for UMTS HSPA -the basic enabling techniques and terminology associated with HSPA - the basic operations of HSPA - the HSPA implementation and performances
TECHCOM Consulting
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3G Enables Wider Options of Services
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3G Enables Advanced Data Services
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HSPA for Higher Speed
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UMTS Data Rate Evolution
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Applications Benefiting from HSPA
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Release 99 Principles
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DCH/FACH Comparison Summary
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What will HSDPA Address?
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HSDPA Enabling Technologies
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16) Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate 1/4 QPSK 2/4 3/4 5 codes 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 10 codes 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 15 codes 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
2/4
16QAM 3/4 4/4
2.4 Mbps
3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps
4.8 Mbps
7.2 Mbps 9.6 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
10.7 Mbps 14.4 Mbps
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Common Channel for Data
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Multi-Code Operation
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding
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Link Adaptation versus Power Control
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Scheduling Comparison
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HSDPA Scheduling and Retransmissions
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
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HARQ Illustration
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Comparison Summary
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HSDPA Protocol Stack
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HSDPA Channels
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HSDPA Channels (continued)
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HSDPA Operation Overview
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HSDPA Channel Operation Timeline
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HS-PDSCH
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HS-DPCCH
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HS-SCCH
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Data Rate Example
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Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate
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Multi-code Transmission
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Consecutive Assignments
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Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)
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Lower Coding Gain
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Lower Coding Gain (continued)
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16-QAM
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Theoretical HSDPA Maximum Data Rate
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Inter-TTI Interval
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Retransmissions
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ACK/NAK Repetitions
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Node B Implementation Considerations
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OVSF Allocation
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Node B Transmit Power Allocation
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CQI Report Processing
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Node B Scheduler
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HSDPA Cell Re-pointing Procedure
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HSUPA Performance
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)
Coding rate 1/2 3/4 4/4
1 x SF4 480 kbps 720 kbps 960 kbps
2 x SF4 960 kbps 1.46 Mbps 1.92 Mbps
2 x SF2 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 3.84 Mbps
2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
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Release 99 Uplink Packet Data
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Release 99 Uplink Limitations
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High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
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Enhancements Provided by HSUPA
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How are Enhancements Achieved?
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HSUPA vs. HSDPA
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Rise-over-Thermal Noise
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Node B Scheduler for HSUPA
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Rise-over-Thermal Loading
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HSUPA Channel Operation
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HSUPA Channel Operation (continued)
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HSUPA Protocol Stack
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HSUPA Uplink Channels
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HSUPA Downlink Channels
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HSUPA Channel Mapping
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Uplink Channels
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Downlink Channels
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HSUPA Channel Timing
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HSUPA Features (continued)
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E-DCH Active Set and Mobility Support
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HSUPA Serving Cell Change
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Active Set Composition with HSUPA
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Theoretical HSUPA Maximum Data Rate
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E-DPDCH with SF4 and Puncturing
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Lower Spreading Factor SF2
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Multi-code Transmission
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HSUPA UE Capabilities
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HSPA Technology
HSPA technology Channel types Physical Channels Principle of HSPA
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HSxPA Motivation and General Principle

Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:
Significant enhancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2 Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
Rel. 99 Dedicated pipe for every UE HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)

Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL Pipe (codes and grants) changing with time E-DCH scheduling HSDPA (3GPP Rel5) Fast pipe is shared among UEs
HSDPA Overview
15 Code Shared transmission
16QAM Modulation
TTI = 2 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Link Adaptation
Advanced Scheduling
Benefit Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps Higher Capacity: +100-200% Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
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HS-PDSCH Transmit power

The Packet Scheduler is responsible for determining the transmission power on the HS-PDSCH channels Dynamic HSDPA power allocation is always used in BTS HSDPA power can be limited with PtxMaxHSDPA HSDPA Dynamic Resource Allocation feature is activated with RNC parameter HSDPADynamicResourceAllocation
Disabled: PtxMaxHSDPA sent to BTS and used to limit the maximum HSDPA power Enabled: No power limitation sent to BTS, all available power allocated to HSDPA
Ptx
Maximum HSDPA power (PtxMaxHSDPA) Cell maximum TX power
Ptx
Cell maximum TX power
HSDPA
HSDPA
NonHSDPA power
Common chs
Non-HSDPA power
Common chs
Time
Time
HSDPA power is limited by the PtxMaxHSDPA parameter

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HSDPA power is not limited, all available power can be allocated to HSDPA Still PtxMaxHSDPA can be used to limit
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Maximum code allocation for HSDPA

Code tree limitation makes it hard to have 15 codes allocated for HSDPA Still commonly 14 or 12 or lower amounts are easily available Note that current terminals support only 10 codes so 15 codes means more than 1 users per TTI
15 codes is available but not commonly for cells where has reasonable high traffic (noticing terminal limitation 10 codes, thus fully utilise 15 codes needs minimum 2 HSDPA users) Case 1: Allocation of 15 is not possible when more than 2 HSDPA users are active (i.e. 3 HSDPA users) SF=1 Case 2: Allocation of 15 is not possible (with two HSDPA users) when 1 AMR12.2 user exists in the cell SF=2 SF=4
SF=8 SF=16
SF=32 SF=64 SF=128 SF=256
Codes for associated DCHs and non-HSDPA users Codes for common channels in the cell 15 HS-PDSCH codes Up to three HS-SCCH codes
Case2: Case1:
Used by 2 HSDPA UEs no SF256 available for the 3rd UE for associated DCH
Used by AMR user only one SF128 code remains for associated DCH
Case1+2:
Used by HSDPA UE as associated DCH and HS-SCCH

HSDPA - UE Categories
QPSK and 16QAM modulation with multi code transmission used to achieve high data rates 12 different UE categories defined, categories are characterized by Number of parallel codes supported Minimum inter-TTI interval Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14.4 Mbps for category 10 UE using 15 codes and 16QAM
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HSDPA Code Multiplexing

With Code Multiplexing, maximum of three UEs can be scheduled during one TTI from single cell Multiple HS-SCCH channels (max 3 in RAS06) One for each simultaneously receiving UE
HS-SCCH HS-SCCH HS-SCCH
Available HS-PDSCH codes and HS-PDSCH power of cell are divided between UEs HS-PDSCH codes actually used depends on the channel conditions of a UE Important when cell supports more codes than UEs do Cell supports 15 HS-PDSCH codes, Cat6 and Cat8 UEs => 3 users can be scheduled on TTI
BTS must also be capable of 10/15 codes in order to dynamically adjust HS-PDSCH codes
HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH HS-PDSCH cat 8 cat 6 cat 6 cat 6 cat 6
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HSUPA Overview
1-4 Code Multi-Code transmission
TTI = 10 ms
Hybrid ARQ with incr. redundancy
Fast Power Control
NodeB Controlled Scheduling
Benefit Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps Higher Capacity: +50-100% Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
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HSUPA - UE Categories
BPSK modulation with multi-code transmission used to achieve high data rates 6 different UE categories defined, categories are characterized by
Number of parallel codes supported Support of 2ms TTI - 10ms TTI supported by all the HSUPA UEs
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 5.74 Mbps for category 6 UE using 2 ms TTI
No coding and no retransmissions - all bits must be delivered correctly over the air
HSUPA Category
Codes x Spreading TTI
Transport Block size
Data rate
1 2 2
3 4 4 5
1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF4

2 x SF4 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 2 x SF2 2xSF2 + 2xSF4 2xSF2 + 2xSF4
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10 10 2
10 10 2 10 10 2
7110 14484 2798

14484 20000 5772 20000 20000 11484
0.71 Mbps 1.45 Mbps 1.40 Mbps

1.45 Mbps 2 Mbps 2.89 Mbps 2 Mbps
6
6
2 Mbps
5.74 Mbps
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Thank You
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01

Chapter 1 - 3G Technology Funamentals

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Chapter 1 - 3G Technology Funamentals

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3G Drive-test and Optimization

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TA -TC 6250 E01

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TA -TC 6250 E01

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TA -TC 6250 E01

WCDMA Basic Theory

UMTS FDD Uplink 1920MHz-1980MHz Downlink 2110MHz-2170MHz

This Course concentrate on design principles of WCDMAFDD solution.

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TATA -TC -TC 6120 6250 01/2005 E01

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WCDMA FDD Technology

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WCDMA FDD frame Structure

Middlepoint of WCDMA carrier WCDMA frame 10 ms t

15 slots, each of them 2/3 ms

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TA -TC 6250 E01

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

5 MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with Rake receiver

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

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TA -TC 6250 E01

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

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WCDMA basic Theory

Frequency Band Spreading Factor

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High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

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Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode 5 MHz in TDD mode

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA 5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM) 5 MHz, 25 carriers

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CDMA Principle- Chip, Bits & Symbol

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IS-95 (1.25 MHz)

CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)

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Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

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TATA -TC -TC 6120 6250 01/2005 E01

Scrambling and Channelization Codes

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DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

User 1 User 2 User 3

3.84 MHz RF carrier

X 3.84 MHz bandwidth