UNITED StrarEs PaTenT Orrice. NIKOLA TESLA, OF NEW YORK, N. ¥. METHOD OF SIGNALING. SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 723,188, dated March 17, 1603. rigaalapplcntin fle Jely 16,1600 eral a, 33, ¥ 47. Dieided and 328, Oe pplotio Hed Joan 14,1801, serial eal) To all whom it may concern: Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA, 4 citi- zen of the United States, residiug in the bor. gugh of Manbattan, in the eity, county, aud § Stato of New York, have invented certain and nsefal Improvements in Mothods of igneling, of which tho following is a speci- fication, reference being had to thedrawings ‘ecompanying and forming n part of the me. 10 In cortain systems for transmitting intelli- gible messnges or governing the movements ‘and operations of distant automata electrical impulses or disturbances produced by anit able apparatus are conveyed through the nat. ral media to a receiving-ciroult capable of responding to the impulses, and thereby ef- fecting the control of other appliances. Gen- erally & special device, highly sensitive, is ‘connected to the receiving-oireuit, which’ in order to render it still more: susceptible and to reduce the liability of its being affected by extraneous disturbances is carefully ad- Jasted so as to be in tune with the transmit. ter, By-a scientific design of the sending and receiving circuits and other apparatas and skilful adjastimont of the same these objects may be in a measure attained; bat in lovg experience I have found that not- withstanding all constructive advantages and exporimental resources this method is in ‘many cases inadequate. Thus while I have ‘Succeeded in so operating selectively under certain favorable conditions more than one hundred receivers in most enses it is prac. ticable to work successfully but a few, the number rapidly diminishing as, either owing to great distance or other causes, the energy available in the tuned cirenits becomes smaller and the receivers necessarily more Aclicate. Evidently a circuit however well ‘constructed and adjusted to respond exelu- sively to vibrations of one period is apt to ‘be affected: by higher harmonies and still more so by lower ones. When the oscilla- tions aré of a very high frequency, the num. ber of the effective harmonics may be large and the receiver consequently easily dis: turbed by extraneous influences to such an 50 oxtent that when very short waves, such a3 those produced by Hertzian spark apparatus, 8 a5 30 35 ° 4s are used little xdvantage in this respect is to he derived from tuning the cirenits. It be- ing an imperative requirement in inost prae- tical applications of such svatems of nig {ng or intelligence transmission that the aig nals or messages should be exclusive or pri vate, ibis highly desirable to do away with the above limitations, especially ia view of the fact which I have observed that the in- fluenee of powerful electrical disturbances upon sensitive receivers extends even on Innd to distances of many hundreds of malles, and consequently, in accordance with theory, still farther on sea. To overcome thesedraw. backs and to enable a zroat number of trans. mitting and recsiving stations to be operated selectively and exclusively and without any danger of the signals or messages being di turbed, intereepted, or interfered with in any way is the object of my present invention. Broadly stated, this invention consists in generating two or more Kinds or classes of isturbances or impnlses of distinctive char- acter with respect to their effect upon a ro- coiving-cireuit and operating thereby a dis. tant receiver which comprises two or more irenits, each of which is tuned to-respond, exclusively to tho distarbances or impulses ‘of one kind or class and so arranged that the ‘operation of the receiver is dependent upon their conjoint or resultant action. By employing only two kinds of disturh- ‘ances or series of impulses instend of one, hhas heretofore boon done, to operate are ceiver of this kind I have found that satety against the disturbing Influences of ‘other sources ts increased to sch an extent that T veliove this number to be amply sufficient in ‘most cases for rendering the exchange of sig- nals or messages roliable and exclusive; but in exceptional instances a greater number may be used and u dogroo of safety against matual and extraneous interferenco attained, such as is comparable to that afforded by 2 combination-lock, Tho liability of a recotver being affected by disturbances emanating from other sources, as well as that of tho sige nals or messages being received by instra- ments for which they are not intended, may, however, be redaced not only by an ineronsad number of the codperative disturbances or 10 15 80 85 9510 8 35 30 © 4s 55 60 65 2 sories of impulses; bat alsoby jadicious choice of the same and order in which they are made to act upon the receiver: ‘Beldently there are a great many ways of gonorating impulses or disturbances at any, wave length, wave form, number or order of Succession, or of-any special character, such ‘as will be ‘capable of fulfilling the require. ments above stated, and there are also many ‘ways in which such impulses or disturbances may be made to coOperate and to canse the recetver-to be actuated, and inasmuch as the Skill and practical knowledge in these novel fields ean only boacgnired by long experience the degree of safety and perfection attained will necessarily depend upon the ability and resource of the expert who applies my inven tion; bat in order to enable the same to be jeessfally praoticed by any person pos- seasod only of tho more general knowledge ‘and experience in theso branches I sball de- seribe the simplest plan of carrying it out ‘whieh {a at present kaown to me. ‘For a better understanding of the subject reference is now made to the accompanying Arawings, in which— igares 1 and 2 represent diagrammatic ally an apparatusand cireuit connections om- ployed at the sonding and receiving stations, Foapectively, forthe practice of my invention; aod Figs. 3,4, and 5, modified means which ‘may be employed in the practical application of the invention. In Fig. 1, 8° St aro two spirally-wound coils orconductors connected with their inner ends to preferably elevated terminals D’ and D*, reepectively, and with thelr outer ends to an eartb-plate E, ‘These two coils, conductors, or ystems D’ S' Eand D* S* E have different nad sultably-chosen periods of vibration,and, fs pointed cat in other patents relating to my system of euerzy and intelligence transmis- lon, their lengths sbould be: such that the inteof maximum pressure developed there- {o cofmeide with the elevated terminals D’ DA, By auitably-chosen periods of vibration ach periods are meant. as will secaro the greatest safety against interference, both ma nd extinneous, The two systems may jectrical oscillations Impressed upon thei in any desired manor couvententiy by energizing them through primaries P’and P, placed. in proximity to them. Adjustable Joductances L’ and L*are preferably included in the primary circuits chiefly for the pur- pose of reyulatiog the rates of the primary Facillations. Tn the drawings these primaries P'and P* surround the coils S'S and aro joined in series through the inductances Li Lt conductor F, condensers C’ and C*, brush- holders B' and’ B*, and a toothed disk D, ‘which isconneetod to thoconductor F and, it Aosired, also to the ground-plate E, as shown, two independent primary cirenits being thas formed. The condensers C’ and C* are of such eapacity and tho inductances L L? are 0 adjusted thatench primary isin close reso- 728,188 ondary system, as I havé explained in other patents granted to m ‘Tho brush-holders B’ and B* are capable in« Gependently of angolar and, if necessary: M of lateral adjustment, 6othnt any desired order of succession or any difference of time fntorval between the discharges occurring in the two primary cirouits may be obtained. ‘The condensers being energized from a su! ‘able source §, preferably of high potential, and the disk D being rotated, its projections or teath p p coming at periodically-recurring fatervals in very closo proximity to or,s the ‘ease inay be, in contact with conducting rods ‘or brushes nn cause the condensers to be Sischarged in rapid suecession through their Sespeotive circalts, In this manner the two ondary systems D'S’ Eand D' SE aroset in vibration and oscillate freely each at its proper rate for a certain period of time at Every discharge. ‘The two vibrations are im- pressed upon the ground through the plate Fiwnd spread to a distance reaching the re- eeiving-station, which bas two similar cir. cuits or systems es d’ and ¢ sd, arranged ‘and connected in the saine manner and tuned to the systome at the sending-station, so that th responds exclusively to one of the two Vibrations nroduced by the transmitting ap- paratus, ‘The same rules of adjustment are Observed with respect to the raceiving-clr- nits, eare being furthermore taken that the tuning is effected when all the apparatus is ‘eonneeted to the cirenits and placed in post- on, as any change may more or less modify the vibration. exch of the receiving-coils 3° and stis shunted by a local elrouit contai respectively, sensitive devices a’ 2%, battories DT, adjustable resistances 1 13, and sonsi- tive’ relaya R’ RA, all joined in series, a shown. ‘The precise connections a Fangoments of the varions receiving instra Teate are largely immaterial aud may bo varied in. many ways, ‘The sensitive de- ‘vices a’ a? may be any of the well-known Govices of this kind—as, for example, two conducting-terminals separated by x minute ‘Air-gap or a thin film of dielectric which is Stralaed or weakened by & battery or other menus to the point of breaking down and gives way to the slightest disturbing infla- Shee, Its return to the normal sensitivestate aay be secured by momentarily interrapting the battory-eireuits after each operation or otherwise. ‘Tho relays R’ R*have armatures Tt, whieh are connected by a wire w and when attracted establish electrical contacts fate and c% thos closing a cireuit containing fA battery band adjustable resistance 7? and f relay RY, From the above dessription tt Will bo readily seen that the relay R? will be operated only when both contacts c’ aud are closed. ‘The apparatus at the sending-station may ‘be controlled in any suitable maner—as, for instance, by momentarily closing the eireult fof the source §, two different electrical vi- nance with its 15 85 95 105 15 335 130s 5 35 35 be 4“ 4s 55 60 $5 723,188 brations being emitted simaltancously or in rapid succession, as may be desired, at each closure of the olroait. ‘The two rovelvlog- clronite at the distant station, each tuned to respond to the vibrations produced by one of the elements of the transmitter, affect 1 sensitive devices a’ and a? and canso tho lays B’ and R® to be operated and con! cand ¢ to be closed, thas actuating the re- colver or relay BY, which in turn establishes contact c! and brings into action a device @* by means of s battery d¥ included in a local cirenit, as shown. But evidently it through auy extranoous disturbance only one of the circuits at the receiving-station is af- fected the relay R¥ will fail to respond. In this way & communteation may be carried on ‘with greatly-incressod safety against inter- forence and privacy of the messages may be secured. ‘The receiving-station shown in Fig. 2 fs supposed to be one requiring no retura meseage; bat if the uso of the system is such that this {s necessary then the two-stations will be similarly equipped, and any wel Known means, which itis not thought neces- ay be resorted to for at each station to ter and receiver. In like manner the operation of a receiver, as RY may be made dependent instead of ‘pon two upon more than two euch trans- mltting systems or cirenits, and thus any de- sired degree of exclusiveness of privacy and safety against extranoous disturbances may Hained, The apparatus as illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 permits, however, special re- sults to be secured by the adjustment of the order of succession of the discharges of the primary cireaits P’ and P¥ or of the time in- tervals between such discharges, To illus- trate: Tho action of tho relays R’ R* may be regulated either by adjustiog the weights of the levers I’ For the strength of the bat- terles 82%, or the resistances r’ 74, orin other Woll-known ways, so that whon a cortain order of succession or time interval between the di charges of the primary cirenits P’ and Pex. {ta at the sonding-station the levers ?’ and will close the contacts c’ and cat the same instant, and thus operate the relay R®, bat will fail to produce this result whon the crder of suocession of or the time inter the discharges in the primary other one. By these or similar means addi tional safety against disturbances from other sonrces may be attained and, on the other hand, the possibility afforded of effecting th operation of signaling by varying the order ‘of succession of the discharges of the two cir- cuits. Instead of closingand opening thecir- ‘uit of the source 8’, as before indicated, for ‘the purpose of sending distinct signals it may be convenient to merely alter the period of cithor of the trausmitting-circuitsarbitrarily, ‘as by varying the inductance of the primaries. Obviously thero is no necessity for using ‘transmitters with two or more distinct ele- 3 monts ot cirouits, as S' and S*, since a suc- cession of waves ot impulses of different char- acteristics may be produced by an instrament ing but one such eireult. A few of the ‘many ways which will readily sozgest them- selyes to the expert who applies my invention aro illustrated in Figs. 3, 4, and. In Fig. 3 ‘a transmitting systom o $d" is partly shunt. od by a rotating wheel or disk D*, which may bo similar to that illastrated in Fig. 1 and which cute ont periodically « portion of the collor conductors, or, itdesired, bridges it by ‘an adjustable condenser O°, thus altering the vibration of tho system e s* dat suitable in- tervals and causing two distinet kinds or classes of impulses to be emitted in rapid euc- cession by the sender. In Fig. 4 similar re salt is produced in the system ¢ s* d* by pe- Hlodically short-cirenitiog, through an indue- tion-coil L¥and a rotating disk D‘ with inso- lating and conducting segments, » circuit in induetive relation tosaid system. Again, in Fig. 5 threo distinct vibrations are caused to be emitted by a system ¢ s*d°, this renalt being produced by inserting periodically 6 ‘number of turns of an induotion-coll L*in s0- ries with the oselllating system by means of ‘a rotating disk B* with two projections p* p> d three rods or brushes n’, placed at ai an- gl 8 tively to each other. ‘transwnitting aystoms or circuits thus produced may be en- ergizod in tho same manner as those of Fig. 1 orinanyotherconveuieut way. Correspond- ing to each of those cases tho recoiving-sta- tion may be provided with two or three clr- nits in an analogous manner to that illas- trated in Fig. 2, itbeing understood, of course, that the different vibrations or disturbances ‘emitted by the sender follow in such rapid ‘secession upon each other that they are prac- tically slumultaneousso far as the operation of such relays ns R’ and R* isconeerned. Evi- dently, however, it isnot necessary to employ 10 85 105 two oF more recoiving-cfreuits, but a single, cirenit may be used alsoat the receiving-sta- tion constructed and arranged like the tran mitting-cireuits orsystems{ilustrated in Figs. 3, 4, aud 6, in which case the corresponding disks, as b* D¢ DF, at the sending willbe in synchonisi with thosoat the recoiv- ions as far as may be necessary to se- ‘care the desired result; bat whatover the na- {ure of tho specific devics employed it wil be seon that the fundamental idea in my in- a is the operation of a receiver by the conjoint or resnitant effect of two or more Circuits each tuned to respond exclusively to waves, itpulses, or vibrations of certain ‘Kind oF class produced either simultaneously or successively by a suitable transmitter. Tt will be soon from a consideration of the nature of the method hereinbefore described that the invention is applicable not only in the special manner described, ia whtch the transmission of the impulses. is effecled through natural media, but for the transmis- 15 135 130s 5 20 35 30 35 40. 45 se “ sion of energy for any purpose and whatever ‘the mediam throngh which the impulses are conveyed. ‘What I claim is— 1. The method of operating distant. re- ceivers which consists in producing and trans- nitting a plarality of kinds or classes of elec- trical ieapulses or disturbances, actuating by the impulses or disturbances of each kind or class one of a plurality of cireuits toned to respond to impulses of such kind or class and operating or controlling tho operation of & eooiver by the conjoint action of to or more of ‘said circuits, as set forth. 2. ‘The method of signaling, which consists in producing and transmitting a plurality of kinds or classes of electrical impulses or di turbances, developing by theimpulses of eacl class a current in one of aplarality of re ing-cirenita tuned to respond exclusively thereto and controlling by means of the con- joint action of such cireaits a local cirouit, as set forth, '3. The method of signaling which consists in producing a plurality of series of impnlses or disturbances differing from each other in character and order of succession, exciting ‘by the impulses of each series one of a plu- rality of receiving-circuits tuned to respond exolusively thereto and controlling by the conjoint action of auch circuits # local elt- cenit, as set forth. 4.’ The method of signaling which consists inproducing a plurality of series of electrical impulses of different character, varying the time interval betweon the emission of euch impulses, exciting by the impulses of each se- ries one of a plarality of receiving-circuits ‘ned to respond exclusively theretoand con- trolling by the conjoint action of such cir- nits a local cireuit, as sot forth. ‘6. The method of transmitting electrical en- orgy for conveying intelligible signals which consists in producing a plurality of electrical impulsesof differenteharacter, developing by the impolses of oach kind a current in one of a plurality of receiving-cireaits tuned to respond exclusively thereto, controlling the action or effect of the transiuitted impulses Upon the receiving-cirenits by varying the cebaracter of said impulses, and operating or ‘eontrolling the operation of a receiver by the ‘conjoint action of two or moroof said receiv- ing-cirenits, as sot forth. 723,188 6. ‘Themothod of transmitting electrical en- ergy which consists in producing a plurality of electrical waves or impulses of different periodicities, varying the order of transmis- ion of the waves or impulses forming ele- ments of the signal sent, according as ono or another reoaiving-station is to be communi- ated with where (proper cirenitclosing mech anism being provided at exch receiving-sta- tion) the transmitted signal will be intelligi- ble at aud only at the intended reeeiving- station, 7. The method of transmitting intelligence, which consists in selecting and associating to- gether in predetermined order of snecession two or more electrically-generated impulses of different periodicity, forming elements of signals to be sent, and transmitting such se- lected impulses with reference to the conjoint ction of both or all in the production of a signal at adistant point, substantially as sot forth. 8. Taasyetem of telegrapby, wherein siguals or messages are sent by the use of a plurality of electrical impulses of different periodicities fod in s predetermined order of succession, the method of ascertaining at any particular ation the particular signal sent to that sta- tion, which consists in the selection, to form a sigual, of cortain transmitted impalses of different periodicities and of a predetermined order of succession tothe exclusion of all oth- ors, as set forth. 9. The improvement ia the art of transmit- ting electrical energy which consists in oper- fling or controlling a receiving mechanisin by a sories or group of electrical impulses of different periodicities and of a predetermined order of sucession. 10. In a system for the transmission of eleo- (lenergy, for sending signals or messages to any one of two or more receiving-stations, the method of transmitting the mossage with reference to the intelligible receipt thereof at the desired station, which consists in the transmission of electrical waves or impulsc of different periodicities in varying order transmittal by a soparato order or grouping of transmittal for each receiving-station, NIKOLA TESLA. ‘Witnesses: ‘M. LAWSON DyER, BENSAMIN MILLER, 38 60 $5 1° 15 Bo a5 ge 95No. 723,188, PATENTED MAR, 17, 1903. N.-TESLA. METHOD OF SIGNALING. APPLIOATION TILED JURE 14,1801, 9 wopzt, % WITNESSES. . INVENTOR, a . phil. Paso Kon, tage, Peeehess “ATTORNEYS,