UNITED STATES PaTENT OFFICE. NIKOLA TESLA, OF NEW. YORK, N._¥. SYSTEM OF SIGNALING: ‘SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No, 798,606, dated April 14, 1903. -Aploaiton Sed Jay 16,1900, era 296847, leeds To att wham it may concern: Bo it known that [,, NiKoLA TESLA, » citl- zen of the United Staies, residing in the bor- ongh of Manhattan, in'the city, consity, aud § Statoof Now York, have invented certain ‘ang usefal Improvements in Systoms of Sig- naling, of which the following: is. specifi tion, reference belog had to the drawings a companying snd forming a part of the sam ‘In certain aystems for transmitting intelli- gible messages or governing the moveuents And operations of distant automata electrical impulses or disturbances: produced by suit- able apparatis are convéyed.throngh the nat- tural media t@ a distant recelving-ofroult ca- pablo. of responding to the impulees, and thereby effeoting the, control of other appli- ‘ances. Generally a special device highly vonsitive is: connected to the ‘receiving-cir- cuit, which in order to render it, still more susceptible and to reduce the liability of its ‘being affected by extraneous disturbances ie carefully adjusted. 60. a8 to be-in tune with the transmitter. | By ascieatific design of the sonding and receiving clronjte and other ap- psratus and skilful adjastment of the same these objects may be in a measure attained but in long experience have found that not- writhitandingalleonsraetiveadvantages and experimental resources: this: method is: in ‘many eases inadequate. ‘Thus while I bave succeeded in. 80 operating selectively under certain favorable conditions more than-one hundred receivers in: most cases it is practi- ‘cable to work suocessfalty bat s few, the number rapidly diminishing as, elther owing ‘to groat distance or other causes, the energy: available’ in, tho tuned ‘circuits becomes ‘smaller isnd thereceiversnecessarily mored 40 cate... Evidently a clroult however well con satructed-and adjosted to respond exclusively tovibrations of one period {8 apt to be affect- ced by. higher harmonics sud atill more #0 by lower ones. “When: the oscillations ure of & 45 very high frequency, the: number of the fective harinouies: ney be large, and the coiver consequently eusily disturbed by ‘taneous. influences to such an extent that when very short-waves, 50. duced by'Hertzian spark apparatu: 5 se. 38 little-advantage in this respect. from tuning the circuits. It-being an im- erative requirement.in most practical. ap- Plications of such systemeof signaling or in- folligonce transmission. that the algnals or ‘messages should be exclusive or private, itis ighly deairable to do away.with the above mitations, especially in view: of which [have obsorvod, that the infiue ‘powerful electrical distarbances upon sensi- live receivers éxtends, even on land, to dis- tances of many hundreds of miles,:and con- wequently in. nesordance ‘with theory still fartheronson. Toovercome these drawbacks. ‘and to enable a great numberof transmitting 65 and receiving stations to be operated select- ively and exclasively snd :wlthout any dau- igerot thesignalsor mossages being disturbed, {nteroepted, or intorfered with in any way 13 the object of my present invention. ‘Broadly stated, this itivention consists in, ‘the combination of means for generating and transmitting two or more:kinds or-classes of disturbances or, impalses of distinctive char- ‘acter with respect to thelr effect upon'a re- ceiving-ciroult, and e distant receiver which ‘comprises two oF more éirouite-of different ‘electrical character or severally tuned, 80 a8 to. be responsive to tho different kinds or lasses of Iuipuleed ‘and which is dependent 80 for operation pon the conjoint or resultant action of the two oF more cirouits or the sev- oral jnstrumentalities cotrolled or Sperated thereby. - By-employing ouly, two. kinds of. ‘isturbances or sories of impulses instead of 8 ‘one, as has heretofore been done to operate 8 recelver of this kind, I havo found that Safety against, the disturbing influences of: ‘other sonrces is increased to such -an extent that I beliove this number to'be amply sufl- ‘clout in’ most. cases for ronidéring tlie ex- ‘change of. signals: or messages reliable and ‘exélusive; but in’ exceptional instances greater number. may be used and a dogreo of ‘afoty against mutudl and extraneons inter- ference attained, such as Is’ comparable to shat afforded by 6. combination-lock. "The liability of receiver being affected by di turbances emanating from other souroes, as well as that of the signals or wessages being received by instruments for which they are not intended, may, however, be'reduced not $5 10 15 9° 982 only by an increased number of the coopera tive disturbances or series of impulses, bat also by a judicious choice of the same.and the order in whieh they are made to act upon 5 the receiver. Evidently there are a great many ways of gonerating impulses or disturbances of any ‘wave length, wave form, number or order of succession, or of any special character such to as will. be capable of faldlliug the require- ‘ments above stated, and there are also many ‘ways in which such impulses or disturbances. may be made to codperate and to cause the receiver to be-actuatod, and inasmach asthe 1 skill and practical knowledge in these novel fields can only be acquired by long expe- riones the degree of safety and perfection at- tained will necessarily depend opontheability and resource of the expert who applies my invention; but in order to enable the saine to bbe successtally practiced by any person pos- ‘sensed only of the more goneral knowledge and experience in these branches I shall describe, tho simplest plan of carrying it out whieh Is at present known to m for 8 better understanding of the subject. reference is now made to the accompanying. drawings, in which— Figures 1 and2 reprosont diagrammatically the apperatos and ‘circuit connections em- ployed at the sonding and receiving station Tespectively; and Figs. 8, 4, and 9 modified tmeaus which may be employed ia the prac; Ucal application of the invention, In Fig. 1, 8' aud S* are two spirally-wound coils of conductors connected with their in- ig to elevated torminals D’ and D', re- spectively, and with thoir outer ends to an plate E.: ‘These two coils, conductors, ems D'S" E-and D!S'E have different and guitably-chosen periods of vibration, and, ‘as pointed out in other patente relating to my system of energy add intelligence transmis- siou, their lengths should be such that the 45 points of maximum pressure developed there- in coincide with the elevated terminals D’ D* ‘The two systems may have olectrical oscil tions impressed upon them in any desired ‘manner, conveniently by energizing them through primaries P and P*, placed In prox- imity to them. Adjustable {nductances 1’ and I? are: preferably inclnded in the pri- ‘mary cironits chiefly for the purpose of rega- lating the rates of the primary oscillations, In the drawings: these primaries P’ and P? wurround the coils §’S* and aro joined in se- ries through the inductances L’ 1, conductor F, condensers C’ and C%, brash-holders B’ and BY, aud a toothed disk D, which is con- nected’ to the conductor F and, if desired, also totheground-plateE, as shown, two inde: pondent primary cirouits boing thus formed. ‘he condensers C’ and C* aro of such eapac- ity and the inductances L’ and L? are 90 ad: justed that each primary is in close resor With ite secondary ystoin, as have explained 3° 38 50 85 65 ‘728,008 in other patents granted to me. . ‘The brash holders 8”-and-B*.aro eapable independently. of angular and, if necessary, also of lateral ‘adjustment, 80 that any desired order of suc- ‘cession or any difference of time interval be- tween. the discharges occurring in the two primary circuits may be obtained: The con- lensers being energized from astitablesource §, preferably of high potential, and the disk D boing rotated, its-projections or teeth p p, ‘coming at periodically-reonrting intervals in very.closo proximity to or, as the-caso may bbe, in contact with conducting rods or brushes ‘nm, cause the condensers to be discharged in rapid succession ‘through their respective circuits. Tn this matter the two secondary. systems D’'S' E and D* $* E are set in vibra- tion and oscillate freely, each at its proper rate, for a cortain period of time at every dis- charge, ‘Tho two vibrations are im upon the ground through the. plate. E and ‘spread to a distance reaching the receiving. station, which has two similar cireuite or sys- is esd’ and ¢ s* d? arranged aud: con- nected in'the same manner and taned to the ‘systems at tho sending-station, so that each responds exclusively to one of the two vibra- tions produced by the transmittin, ‘Tho same rules of ‘adjastment ai with respect to the receiving-cirouils,oare be- ing, farthermore, taken that the tuning is, fected when all the apparatus is connected to the clroults and placed in position, as any. change may more oF loss modify the vibration.. ‘Each of the receiving-eoils s' aud.s*isshant- ‘all joined in series, as shown, ‘The pre- iso coinectioné.and arrangements of the va: rious receiving instruments aro largely im- material and may bo varied in many ways ‘Tho sensitive. dovices a’.a? may be any of the woll-known devices of this kind-—as, for example, two conducting-torminals separated by a aninate air-gap or & thia’ film of dielee- trie whieh is strained or woakonod by & bat- tery-or other means to the point of breaking. down and. gives way to tho slightest dis- ‘tarbing influence,’ {ts return to the normal, sensitive state may be secured by momenta- rily. interrupting. the. battery -circnit after each operation or otherwise... The relays R’ R' have armatures 1’, which are conaected by a wire w and when attracted establish olectrical contacts at c' and c%, thus closing 2 circuit-containing a battery’b%, an adjust- ble resistance ri, and a relay RY ‘From the above description it will be rend- ily seon that: the relay RF will be operated only when both contacts ¢! and c* are closed. ~ 'Thie apparatus at the sondi be controlled in an} instance, by moment of the source 8, two tions being emitted simultaneously or in 70 15 Bo. 85 9° 105 10 15 135 130720,008 rapid suocession, as may be-desiréd, at exch closure of the cireait. ‘Tho two receiving-cir- ‘guits at the distant atstion, exch taned to re. ‘pond to the vibrations produced by one of $ the eloments-of the transmitter, affect the ‘sensitive dovicos a’ and a? and cause the re- lays RY and R*to be operated and contacts’. and cto be closed, thus actuating the re- selver or relay RY, which in turn establishes. a vontact cand brings into action a device a! by mesus of a battery di, incladed in a lo- calelréult, asshown; butevidently if through any extraneous disturbance only one of the Ciroaite at the receiving-étation is affected. the relay R* wil fll respond, Ja this wny communication may be carried on with groatly-incroased safety against interference ‘and privacy of the messages may be secured. ‘Tho rodolving-station (shown in’ Fig. 2) is supposed to be one requiring no retarn mes- fags bot if tho uso ofthe eystem is auch that ‘this fg necessary then the two statious will: ‘be: similarly equipped and any well-known moans, which it is not thought necessary’ to ‘lustrate here, may be ronorted to for eri bling the apparatus at exch station to be used in tarn as transmitter and receiver.” Iu like manner the operation’.of a reveiver, as RY, tay Be made dopandont instead of upon to, upon more than two such transmitting sys: toms or élronlts, and this any desired degre of exclusiveness orprivacy and safety against extraneons disturbances may be attained. ~ ‘Phe apparatns as iasirated in Figs 1 and 352 permits, however, special results to be secured by the adjustment of the order of snccession of the discharge of the primary clt- nite P’ and Por of the time interval between "aaah discharges. Toillustrate, the action of 4o the relays RR? may bo rogulated either by adjusting the wolghts of the levers?’ 2, oF the strength of the batterles bY, or the re- sistances r’ 13, or in other well-known ways, 80 that when a certain order of succession of timeinterval betweenthe dischargesof the p niary olroults P’ and Pt exists at the sending: station the levers I’ and? will close the con- tacts ¢’ and'c¥ at the same instant, and thus operate the rélay RY; bat it will fail to. pro- duce this revolt when the order of succession of or the time interval between thedischarges in the primary olreuits is ‘another one. By thete “or similar oieans additional safety °” against disturbances from other sources may 55 De attained and, on the other hand, the pos- aibility afforded of effecting the operation of signaling by varying the order of saecsssion. of the discharges of the two circuits, In. ated of closing and opening the ‘ireiit of 60 the source 8, as before indicated, for the par- pose of sending distinct siguals it way” be convenient to merely alter the period of either of the transmitting-cirouite arbitrarily, as by “+ varjlag the inductance of the primartes. 65 \ Obviously there is no. necessity for using’ 5 as 3° 45 se transmitters with two or more distinct ele-| ince a suc- menta or circuits, as 8’ and S*, 8 cession of wavesor impulses of ditterént char- acteristics maybe produced’ by an instra. ‘ment having but one such cfreuit.” A few of the many ways which will readily: suggest themselves to the expert who applies my in- vention ate: instrated'in Figs. 9, 4; and 5. Ta. Fig. $a transmitting systomest Ms partly shunted by atotatlng wheel ordisk D', whicl ‘aay bo similar to hat iloatratod tn’ Fig which cits out periodically. the coll or conductor sor, it desired, br it-by an adjustable condenser C, ths ing tho vibration of the system e's" at sult- Able intervals and causing two distinct kinds (oF classes of impalses:to bo niftted in rapid succession by thesender. In Fig: 4a similar result is produced ia’ the eystem ¢ *! dé by periodically short-ofreulting, through Guetion-coll L* and a rotating disk Df with insulating and condacting segments, & clr cuit p*in indactive relation to sald system. ‘Again, in Fig.’5‘three distinot vibrations are caused to:be emitted by system es @, this result being prodiiced:by inserting periodic- ally suitable number of tarus of au indue- tion-coil Lt in series with the oscillating ays- tom by means of a rotating’disk B with'two projections p* and three rods or brushes n*, Blsced aaa adgleofone hundred and twenty jogrocs relatively to ¢ach' other. ‘The three tranamitting systems of clrealts ‘thus pro- duced may be enorgized in thie satie’ manner as those of Fig.1 oF in aiy other convenient way. Corresponding to exch of these ‘cauds {the recalving-station may beprovided with ‘two or three cireults in an Anslogous manner to that illustrated in Fig. 2, it being ‘under stool, of course, that the Aifterett vibrations oF disturbances emitted by the sender follow fn'guch rapid succession npon sach other that they are pfactically simultaneous, 90 -tar, as the opération of such relays as R” and R¥is concerned, Evidently, however, tis notnec- essary to employ two oF more Tecelving-olr- cuits; buts single ciréult may bé used also ‘at the reoelving-station constructed and ar: ranged like the transmitting ‘citeuite or ays- ‘teins illustrated in Figs. 3,4, and 4,0 which aio the corresponding disks, as D* D‘ Dé, the sending will be driven ia synohronis ‘with thovd at the recoiving stations as far as ‘may be necessary to seoure the desired result; Dut whatever the nature of the specific d vices employed it Will beseen that the finda montal idea in myinvention is the operation of a receiver by the conjoint or resultant of- fect of two or moré circuits each tuaed to re- spond exclusively to waves, impulses, or vi- ‘brations of a certain kind or: class’ produced jer simultaneously oF édecdssively by a suitable trenbmitter. be ‘Tewill be econ from a considenition of the. nature of the inethod hereinbefore described that the invention is applicable not only in the special iiantier dsdcribed; in which the transmission of thé impulses" is “effected throngh natural medis, but for the transmis- 10 1s 80, 105 a5 135 139ca son of energy for any parpose and whatever the medians trough me the pales are conveyed. ‘What I claim is— 51 Inaeystom forthe transinission of eloo- trical onengy, the combination with means for Brodusing! tro or moro datinctivo kinds of isturbaroes or impulses, of Tecetving-olr- cuits, each tuned to respond to the waves or Smpalses of one kind only, and areceiving de- Vice dependent for operation pon the con- Joiut action of the soveral receiviog-cirouits, as set forth. ‘2. Ta a system for the transmission of elec- trical impulses and the operation or control, of algnallog or other apparatas thereby, the combluntion with a tranemitier adapted to produce two or more distinctive. Kinds oF lasses of disturbances oF impulses, of sensi- tive recelving-circulta, each toned to respond to tho impulses or distarbances of one kind or case only, and a receiving device depend Sat for oporation upon the conjoint action of the sensitive cireuita, as set fort 3. In aaystom for the transmission of elec: trical {mpalses, and the operation or control of sigasting, or other apparatus thereby, the Combination with a transmitter adapted to produce two or more distinctive kinds or Elaases of disturbances or impolaes, of sonsi- five elreuits at the recetving polat or atation, tach tunied to respond to the mpulzes or dis farbemees of one kind or clase obly, a local cirouit arranged to be completed by the con Joint action of the seneitive cireuits and a re- delving device connected therewith, ae sat forth, ‘in a system forthe transmission of eleo- trical impulses, and the operstion or control of signaling or other apparatus thoreby, the combloation with a transiting apparat sdaptod to produce two or more distinctive Hinds of disturbances or impnises, of means for varying the time interval of the emission of tho impulses of the several kinds, sons- five clreults each taned to respond to theim- pulses or disturbances of one kind only, and RYocsiving apparatns dependent for opera tion upon the conjoint action of thesousitive sirenita, as eet forth. oe in'e 10 3e 35 ro 4s 5° ich as heroin described, jon with a transmitter adapted to produce s plurality of distinctive kinds of electrical disturbances or impulses, of a re- eolving apparatns comprising a plarality of eircuite, a sensitive device and a relay in eluded in each circuit, and each said eironit ‘being tuned to respond to the impulses or dis- tarbances of one kind only, and a receiving apparatus in a local circuit controlled by the relays and adapted to be completed by the gonjoint action of all of anid relays, a8 set forth. 6. In asystem of the kind described, the 65 combination with a transmitter adapted to produce two or more series of electrical oseil- fations or impulses of different frequencies, 3s 60 728,008 of a receiving apparatus comprising a plural- {ty of sensitive circuits each tuned to respond to the impultes of ono of the series produced by the transmitter, and a signaling device de- pendent for its operation upon the ‘eonjoint Retion of said circuits, as set forth. 7. The combination with s plnrality of transmitter elements, each adapted to pro- duce a series of imprises or distarbances of f distinctive character, and means for con- trolling and adjusting the same, of a recelver having a plurality of sensitive ‘cirouite each taned 80 as to bo affected by one of the series 80 of impulses only, and dependent for opera- tion upon the conjoint action of all of ald circuits, as set forth. 8. The combination with @ transmitter adapted to prodace series of electrical im- pulses or disturbances of distinctive charac- tor and in a given order of succession, of receiving apparatus comprising tuned cuits responding to such impulses in a corre ‘sponding order, and dependent for operation ‘upon the conjoint action of said elements, as set forth, 9. In a receiving apparatus, the combina- tion with a plurality of sensitive circuits, sev- erally turned to respond to waves or impulses ‘of a-differeat kind or class, a receiving-clr- cuit controlled by the sensitive cireuits and a dovice connected with the receiving-eiroults adapted to be operated when said cirenit is completed by the conjoint action of two or more of the sensitive circuits, as set forth. 10. A system for the transmission of elec- trical energy, having in combination means for producing and transmitting two or more impulses of different periodictties to form a,305 signalin a predetermined order of succession, ag aot forth. ‘11, Tn aeystem forthe transmission of elec- trical energy, the combination with a trans- mitting apparataa comprising oneor more cit- cuits, means for impressing therefn oscilla. tions or impulses of different character and ving apparatus comprising a plurality reuite each ttinedl to respond to t pulses of ono kind produced by the tra Yor and a receiver dependent for operation ‘upon the conjoint action of the receiving-cir- cuits, as set forth, 12, In aayatem for the transmission ofelec- trical et mitting \d means forimpressiag apon the secondary element of the same oscillations or impulses of diferent character, of a receiving appara- tus comprising a plurality of cirenits each ‘tuned to the impulses of one kind emitted by the secondary of the transmitting - trans- former, and s receiver dependent for opera- tion upon the conjoint action of the receiv- Ing-cirenits, as set forth, 130 13. In system for the transmission of elec- trical energy, the combination with a tra mitting apparatas comprising transformer ‘and means for impressing upon thesecondary 15 85 90 95 110 135725,608 5 cloments of the same oscillations or impulses different periodicities and i order ‘of succession, of a receiving apparatus com- rising a plarality of circuits each tuned to 5 respond to the transmitted impulses of one Period, and.a receiver dependent for opera tion upon the conjoint action of the receiving- elronite, as set forth. 14. In a signaling system, the combination 10 of means for generating series of electrical impulses of diferent periodicities, receiving- olroults of differing electrical periods of vi- bration, and an indleatiog mechanism oper- ated to give an intelligible indication only 415 when currents aro induced in the receiving- clreuitsin a predetermined order, asset forth. 16. In a system for the transmission of en- ‘ergy, the combination of two or more circuits differing with respect of one of their eleé- trioal constants, means for energizing sald efr- cuits, and an indicating mechanism operative only by conjoint action of two or more cur rents generated by waves frow the sending- station, as set forth. 16. In asystem for the transmission of eleo- trical energy, the combination witha traus- miltter adapted to produce electrical waves or oscillations varying in-character in » prede- termined order, of a recoiving instrament re- sponsive to said oscillations and dependent 30 for operation apon the action thereof in a cor- responding order, as get-forth. ‘NIKOLA ‘TESLA. s ‘Witnesses: JouN'C. Ker, ‘Rrcuaxp 8. Donovan.Wo. 726,805 PATENTED APR. 14, 1903, WN, TESLA, SYSTEM OF SIGNALING, APRLIOATION FILED ZULY 1, 1900, 0 wove, Witnesses: Nikola Tesla, Inventor Aitys