On Thi Dai Hoc Chuyen Hinh Hoc Giai Tich Khong Gian

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc
231
Chuyen e 8:
HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG KHONG GIAN OXYZ

Van e 1: MAI FHANG VA UONG IHANG
A. FHUONG FHAF GIAI
IOA O
1.
1 2 3 1 2 3
u (u ; u ; u ) u u i u j u k = = + +
2.
1 1 2 2 3 3
a b (a b ; a b ; a b ) =
3. = + +
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b a b a b a b
4.
3 1 1 2
2 3
2 3
3 1 1 2
a a a a
a a
a, b ; ;
b b
b b b b
| |
(
= |

|
\ .

5. = + +
2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a
6.
1 1
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
a b
=
= =

7. =
a.b
Cos(a, b)
a . b

8.
1 2 3 1 2 3
a cu ng phng b a, b 0 a : a : a b : b : b
(
= =

9.
(
=

a, b,c o ng pha ng a, b .c 0
10. Dien tch tam giac:
A
(
=

ABC
1
S AB, AC
2

11. The tch t dien ABCD:
(
=

ABCD
1
V AB, AC AD
6

12. The tch hnh hop ABCD.A'B'C'D':
' ' ' '
( ' =

ABCD.ABCD
V AB,AD AA

MAI FHANG

+ Vect phap tuyen cua mat phang la vect khac vect 0 va co gia vuong goc
mat phang.
+ Phng trnh tong quat: (o): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 ( + + =
2 2 2
A B C 0 )
+
0 0 0
i qua M(x ; y ; z )
( ) :
co vect pha p tuye n : n (A; B;C)
o

=

o + +
0 0 0
( ) : A(x x ) B(y y ) C(z z ) = 0

232
+ Mat phang chan: (o) cat Ox, Oy, Oz lan lt A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c),
(a, b, c khac 0)
o + + =
x y z
( ) : 1
a b c

+ Mat phang ac biet: (Oxy): z = 0, (Oxz): y = 0, (Oyz): x = 0

UONG IHANG

+ Vect ch phng cua ng thang la vect khac vect 0 va co gia cung
phng vi ng thang.
+
0 0 0
1 2 3
i qua M(x ; y ; z )
d :
co vect ch phng a (a ; a ; a )

0 0 0
1 2 3
1 2 3
x x y y z z
Phng trnh tham so : v i (a ; a ; a 0)
a a a

= = =
+ ng thang ac biet:
y 0 x 0 x 0
Ox : ; Oy : ; Oz
z 0 z 0 y 0
= = =

= = =

8. E IHI

Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2011
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz , cho iem A(1; 2; 3) va ng thang d:
x 1 y z 3
2 1 2
+
= =
. Viet phng trnh ng thang A i qua iem A, vuong goc vi

ng thang d va cat truc Ox.
Giai
- Goi M la giao iem cua A vi truc Ox M(m; 0; 0) AM= (m 1; 2; 3)
- Vect ch phng cu a d la a = (2; 1; 2).
- A d AM d AM.a 0 = 2(m 1) + 1(2) 2(3) = 0 m = 1.
- ng thang A i qua M va nhan AM= (2; 2; 3) lam vect ch phng
nen co phng trnh:
x 1 y 2 z 3
2 2 3

= = .
Cach 2.
- A i qua A va cat truc Ox nen A nam tren mat
phang (P) i qua A va cha truc Ox.
- A i qua A va vuong goc vi d nen A nam tren mat
phang (Q) i qua A va vuong goc vi d.
- Ta co: +) Vect phap tuyen cua (P) la
(P)
n OA, i
(
=

.
A
d
A
-
-
O
x
P
Q
M
233
+) Vect phap tuyen cua (Q) la
(Q) d
n a = .
- A = (P)(Q) vect ch phng cua A la:
(P) (Q)
a n ,n
A
(
=

.
Cach 3.
- Mat phang (Q) i qua A va vuong goc vi d (Q): 2x + y 2z + 2 = 0.
- Goi M la giao iem cua Ox va (Q) M(1; 0; 0).
- Vect ch phng cu a A la: AM.
Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2011
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang A:
x 2 y 1 z 5
1 3 2
+ +
= =

va hai iem A(2; 1; 1), B(3; 1; 2). Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang A
sao cho tam giac MAB co dien tch bang 3 5 .
Giai
- ng thang A i qua E(2; 1; 5) va co vect ch phng
( )
a 1; 3; 2 = nen
co phng trnh tham so la:
x 2 t
y 1 3t
z 5 2t
= +
= +
(t e R).
- M e A
( )
M 2 t; 1 3t; 5 2t + +
-
( )
AB 1; 2 ; 1 = ,
( )
AM t; 3t; 6 2t = ,
( )
AB,AM t 12; t 6; t
(
= +

.
- S
AMAB
= 3 5
1
AB, AM 3 5
2
(
=

( ) ( )
2 2
2
t 12 t 6 t 6 5 + + + + =
3t
2
+ 36t = 0 t = 0 hoac t = 12.
Vay M(2; 1; 5) hoac M(14; 35; 19).
+
= =
x 2 y 2 z
1 1 1

va mat phang (P): x + 2y 3z + 4 = 0. Viet phng trnh ng thang d nam trong
(P) sao cho d cat va vuong goc vi ng thang A.
Giai
Toa o giao iem I cua A vi (P) thoa man he:

( )
x 2 y 2 z
I 3; 1; l
1 1 1
x 2y 3z 4 0
+
= =
+ + =

Vect phap tuyen cua (P):
( )
n 1; 2; 3 = ; vect ch phng cu a A:
( )
u 1; 1; 1 =

234
ng thang d ca n tm qua I va co mot vect ch phng:

( )
( )
( )
( )
P P
1 2
n 1; 2; 3 , n 3; 2; 1 = =
Phng trnh d:
= +
x 3 t
y 1 2t
z 1 t
(t e )
Bai 4 :CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2009
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho cac mat phang (P
1
): x + 2y + 3z + 4 = 0
va (P
2
): 3x + 2y z + 1 = 0. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua iem
A(1; 1; 1), vuong goc vi hai mat phang (P
1
) va (P
2
)
Giai
Vect phap tuyen cua hai mat phang (P
1
) va (P
2
):

( )
( )
( )
( )
P P
1 2
n 1; 2; 3 , n 3; 2; 1 = =
(P) vuong goc vi hai mat phang (P
1
) va (P
2
)
(P) co mot vect phap tuyen:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
P P P
1 2
n n ,n 8; 10; 4 2 4; 5; 2
(
= = =

Mat khac (P) qua A(1; 1; 1) nen phng trnh mat phang
(P): 4(x 1) 5(y 1) + 2(z 1) = 0
Hay (P): 4x 5y + 2z 1 = 0
Bai 5: CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2009
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho tam giac ABC co A(1; 1; 0), B (0; 2; 1)
va trong tam G(0; 2; 1). Viet phng trnh ng thang A i qua iem C va
vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC).
Giai
Ta co:
- G la trong tam tam giac ABC C(1; 3; 4)
-
( ) ( )
AB 1; 1; 1 ; AC 2; 2; 4 = =
ng thang A vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC) nen co mot vect ch phng

A
(
=

a AB, AC = 6(1; 1; 0)
Mat khac ng thang A i qua iem C nen
Phng trnh A: ( )
= +
= + e
x 1 t
y 3 t t
z 4

235
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho 3 iem A(0; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1),
C(2; 0; 1)
1. Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua ba iem A, B, C.
2. Tm toa o cua iem M thuoc mat phang 2x + 2y + z 3 = 0 sao cho:
MA = MB = MC.
Giai
1.
i qua A(0; 1; 2)
(ABC) :
co vect pha p tuye n la AB, AC 2(1; 2; 4)
(
=

Phng trnh mp(ABC): 1(x 0) + 2(y 1) 4(z 2) = 0
x + 2y 4z + 6 = 0
2. Cach 1:
Ta co: = AB.AC 0 nen iem M nam tren ng thang d vuong goc vi mp(ABC)
tai trung iem I(0; 1; 1) cua BC.

+
= =
qua I(0; 1; 1)
x y 1 z 1
d : d :
1 2 4
co vect ch phng :a (1;2; 4)

Toa o M la nghiem cua he
=
+ + =

=
+
= =

=

x 2
2x 2y z 3 0
y 3
x y 1 z 1
z 7
1 1 4

Vay M(2; 3; 7).
Cach 2: Goi M(x; y; z)
Ta co
=
e o
MA MB
MA MC
M ( )

+ + = + + +
+ + = + + +
+ + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
(x 0) (y 1) (z 2) (x 2) (y 2) (z 1)
(x 0) (y 1) (z 2) (x 2) (y 0) (z 1)
2x 2y z 3 0

x 2
y 3 M(2; 3; 7)
z 7
=
.

236
Bai 7:CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2008
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(1; 1; 3) va ng thang d
co phng trnh:
= =
x y z 1
1 1 2

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua A va vuong goc vi ng thang d.
2. Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang d sao cho tam giac MOA can tai nh O
Giai
1.
= =
(P) d
qua A(1; 1; 3)
(P) :
co vect pha p tuye n n a (1; 1;2)

Phng trnh mat phang (P): 1(x 1) (y 1) + 2(z 3) = 0
x y + 2z 6 = 0
2. Goi M(t; t; 2t + 1) e d
- Tam giac OMA can tai O MO
2
= OA
2
t
2
+ t
2
+ (2t + 1)
2
= 1 + 1 + 9
6t
2
+ 4t 10 = 0 = v =
5
t 1 t
3

- Vi t = 1 toa o iem M(1; 1; 3).
- Vi =
5
t
3
toa o iem
5 5 7
M ; ;
3 3 3
| |

|
\ .
.
Bai 8 :AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2007
Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz, cho hai iem A(1; 4; 2), B(1; 2; 4)
va ng thang
+
A = =
x 1 y 2 z
:
1 1 2

1. Viet phng trnh ng thang d i qua trong tam G cua tam giac OAB va
vuong goc vi mat phang (OAB).
2. Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang A sao cho MA
2
+ MB
2
nho nhat.
Giai
1. Toa o trong tam: G(0; 2; 4). Ta co: = = OA (1; 4; 2),OB ( 1; 2; 2)
Vect ch phng cu a d la:
( )
= = u (12; 6; 6) 6 2; 1; 1
Phng trnh ng thang d:

= =
x y 2 z 2
2 1 1

2/ V M e A M(1 t; 2 + t; 2t)
MA
2
+ MB
2
= (t
2

+ (6 t)
2
+ (2 2t)
2
) + ((2 + t)
2
+ (4 t)
2
+ (4 2t)
2
)
= 12t
2
48t + 76 = 12(t 2)
2
+ 28
MA
2
+ MB
2
nho nhat t = 2. Khi o M(1; 0; 4)

237
Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(0; 1; 2) va hai ng
thang:

+
= =
1
x y 1 z 1
d :
2 1 1
; ( )
= +
=
e
= +
2
x 1 t
d : y 1 2t
t
z 2 t

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua A, ong thi song song d
1
va d
2
.
2. Tm toa o cac iem M thuoc d
1
, N thuoc d
2
sao cho A, M, N thang hang
Giai
1. Vect ch phng cu a d
1
va d
2
lan lt la:
1
u (2; 1; 1) = va
2
u (1; 2; 1) =
vect phap tuyen cua (P) la
1 2
n u , u ( 1; 3; 5)
(
= =

V (P) qua A(0; 1; 2) (P) : x + 3y + 5z 13 = 0.
Do B(0; 1; 1) e d
1
, C(1; 1; 2) e d
2
nhng B, C e (P), nen d
1
, d
2
// (P).
Vay phng trnh mat phang can tm la (P): x + 3y + 5z 13 = 0
2. V M e d
1
, N e d
2
nen M(2m; 1+ m; 1 m), N(1 + n; 12n; 2 + n)
AM (2m; m; 3 m); AN (1 n; 2 2n; n) = = + .
AM,AN ( mn 2m 6n 6; 3mn m 3n 3; 5mn 5m).
(
=

A,M,N thang hang
(
=

AM, AN 0
m = 0, n = 1 M(0; 1; 1), N(0; 1; 1).
Bai 10: E D B 1 - AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2006
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz hai ng thang
A
1
: ( )
= +
=
e
x 1 t
y 1 t
t
z 2
A
2
:

= =
x 3 y 1 z
1 2 1

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang cha ng thang A
1
va song song vi ng
thang A
2
.
2. Xac nh iem A e A
1
, B e A
2
sao cho oan AB co o dai nho nhat.
Giai
1. A
1
qua M
1
(1; 1; 2) co vect ch phng
( )
1
a 1; 1; 0 =
A
2
qua M
2
( )
2
a 1; 2; 1 =
- mp (P) cha A
1
va song song vi A
2
nen (p) co vect phap tuyen:

( )
1 2
n a ,a 1; 1; 1
(
= =

238
Phng trnh: (P): (x 1) (y + 1) + (z 2 ) = 0 (v M
1
(1; 1; 2) e (P))
x + y z + 2 = 0
2/ AB ngan nhat AB la oan vuong goc chung
- Phng trnh tham so A
1
:
( )
1
x 1 t
A A 1 t; 1 t; 2 y 1 t
z 2
= +
eA + =

- Phng trnh tham so A
2
:
( )
2
x 3 t
B B 3 t ; 1 2t ; t y 1 2t
z t
' =
' ' ' ' eA + = +
' =

-
( )
' ' ' = + + AB 2 t t;2 2t t;t 2
Do
A
1
2
AB
AB
nen
' = + =
' = =

' + =
=
1
2
AB.a 0 2t 3t 0
t t 0
3t 6t 0
AB.a 0

A(1; 1; 2); B(3; 1; 0) .
Bai 11:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho iem A(4; 2; 4) va ng thang
d
= +
= +
x 3 2t
y 1 t
z 1 4t
.
Viet phng trnh ng thang A i qua iem A, cat va vuong goc vi d.
Giai
Lay M(3 + 2t; 1 t; 1+ 4t) e (d) AM = (1 + 2t; 3 t; 5 + 4t)
Ta co AM (d) AM.
d
a = 0 vi
d
a = (2; 1; 4)
2 + 4t 3 + t 20 + 16t = 0 21t = 21 t = 1
Vay ng thang can tm la ng thang AM qua A co vevt ch phng la:
AM = (3; 2; 1) nen phng trnh (A):
+ +
= =
x 4 y 2 z 4
3 2 1
.

Van e 2: HNH CHIEU VA OI XUNG

A. FHUONG FHAF GIAI

HNH CHIEU

Phng phap
- Cach 1: (d) cho bi phng trnh tham so:
Bai toan 1: Tm hnh chieu H cua iem A tren ng thang (d).
239
H e (d) suy ra dang toa o cua iem H phu thuoc vao tham so t.
Tm tham so t nh ieu kien
d
AH a
- Cach 2:
(d) cho bi phng trnh chnh tac.
Goi H(x, y, z)

d
AH a (*)
H e (d): Bien oi t le thc nay e dung ieu kien (*), t o tm c x, y, z
- Cach 3:
(d) cho bi phng trnh tong quat:
Tm phng trnh mat phang (o) i qua A va vuong goc vi ng thang (d)
Giao iem cua (d) va (o) chnh la hnh chieu H cua A tren (d).
Bai toan 2: Tm hnh chieu H cua iem A tren mat phang (o).
Phng phap
- Cach 1: Goi H(x; y; z)
H e (o) (*)
AH cung phng
o
n : Bien oi t le
thc nay e dung ieu kien (*), t o tm
c x, y, z.
- Cach 2:
Tm phng trnh ng thang (d) i
qua A va vuong goc vi mat phang (o).
Giao iem cua (d) va (o) chnh la hnh chieu H cua A tren mat phang (o).
Bai toan 3: Tm hnh chieu (A) cua ng thang d xuong mat phang (o).
Phng phap
Tm phng trnh mat phang (|) cha ng
thang d va vuong goc vi mat phang (o).
Hnh chieu (A) cua d xuong mat phang
o chnh la giao tuyen cua (o) va (|).

OI XUNG
Bai toan 1: Tm iem A' oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d.
Phng phap
Tm hnh chieu H cua A tren d.
H la trung iem AA'.
H
o
-
A
(d)
(d)
A
H
o
o
|
d
(A)

240
Bai toan 2: Tm iem A' oi xng vi iem A qua mat phang (o).
Phng phap
Tm hnh chieu H cua A tren (o).
H la trung iem AA'.

Bai toan 3: Tm phng trnh ng thang d oi xng vi ng thang (D) qua
ng thang (A).
Phng phap
- Trng hp 1: (A) va (D) cat nhau.
Tm giao iem M cua (D) va (A).
Tm mot iem A tren (D) khac vi iem M.
Tm iem A' oi xng vi A qua (A).
d chnh la ng thang i qua 2 iem A' va M.

- Trng hp 2: (A) va (D) song song:
Tm mot iem A tren (D)
Tm iem A' oi xng vi A qua (A)
d chnh la ng thang qua A'
va song song vi (A).
Bai toan 4: Tm phng trnh ng thang d oi xng vi ng thang (D) qua
mat phang (o).
Phng phap
- Trng hp 1: (D) cat (o)
Tm giao iem M cua (D) va (o).
Tm mot iem A tren (D) khac vi iem M.
Tm iem A' oi xng vi A qua mat phang (o).
d chnh la ng thang i qua hai iem A' va M.

- Trng hp 2: (D) song song vi (o).
Tm mot iem A tren (D)
Tm iem A' oi xng vi A qua
mat phang (o).
d chnh la ng thang qua A' va
song song vi (D).

(D)
(A)
A
A
d
M
(D)
A
A
(A)
d
(D)
A
o
M
A
d
(D)
A
d
A
241
8. E IHI
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat phang (P): x 2y + 2z 5 = 0
va hai iem A(3; 0;1), B(1; 1; 3). Trong ca c ng thang i qua A va song
song vi (P), ha y vie t phng trnh ng thang ma khoa ng ca ch t B en
ng tha ng o la nho nha t.
Giai
Goi A la ng thang ca n tm; A nam trong
mat phang (Q) qua A va song song vi (P)
Phng trnh (Q): x 2y + 2z + 1 = 0
K, H la hnh chieu cua B tren A, (Q).
Ta co BK > BH nen AH la ng thang can tm
Toa o H = (x; y; z) thoa man:
x 1 y 1 z 3
1 2 2
x 2y 2z 1 0
+
= =
+ + =

1 11 7
H ; ;
9 9 9
| |
|
\ .

26 11 2
AH ; ;
9 9 9
| |
=
|
\ .
. Vay, phng trnh A:
+
= =
x 3 y z 1
26 11 2

Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(1;2;3) va hai ng
thang:
+ +
= = = =

1 2
x 2 y 2 z 3 x 1 y 1 z 1
d : ; d :
2 1 1 1 2 1
.
1/ Tm toa o iem A' oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d
1
.
2/ Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua A, vuong goc vi d
1
va cat d
2
.
Giai
1/ Mat phang (o) i qua A(1; 2; 3) va vuong goc vi d
1
co phng trnh la:
2(x 1) (y 2) + (z 3) = 0 2x y + z 3 = 0.
Toa o giao iem H cua d
1
va (o) la nghiem cua he:

x 0
x 2 y 2 z 3
y 1 H(0; 1; 2)
2 1 1
2x y z 3 0
z 2
=
= =

=

+ =
=

V A' oi xng vi A qua d
1
nen H la trung iem cua AA' A'(1; 4; 1)
2/ Viet phng trnh ng thang A:
V A' oi xng vi A qua d
1
va cat d
2
, nen A i qua giao iem B cua d
2
va (o).
Toa o giao iem B cua d
2
va (o) la nghiem cua he
B
H
K
A
Q

242

x 2
x 1 y 1 z 1
y 1 B(2; 1; 2)
1 2 1
2x y z 3 0
z 2
=
= =

=

+ =
=

Vect ch phng cu a A la: u AB (1; 3; 5) = =
Phng trnh cu a A la:

= =

x 1 y 2 z 3
1 3 5

Bai 3: E D B 1 - AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2006
Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.A'B'C' co
A(0; 0; 0), B(2; 0; 0), C(0; 2; 0), A'(0; 0; 2)
1/ Chng minh A'C vuong goc vi BC'. Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC')
2/ Viet phng trnh hnh chieu vuong goc cua ng thang B'C' tren mat
phang (ABC')
Giai
1/ A(0; 0; 0), B(2; 0; 0), C(0; 2; 0), A'(0; 0; 2) C'(0; 2; 2)
Ta co: ' ' = = AC (0;2; 2), BC ( 2;2;2)
Suy ra ' ' ' ' = + = AC.BC 0 4 4 0 AC BC
Ta co:
' '
' '
'
A C BC
A C (ABC )
A C AB

Suy ra (ABC') qua A(0; 0; 0) va co vect phap tuyen la AC (0; 2; 2) ' = nen co
phng trnh la: (ABC') 0(x 0) + 2(y 0) 2(z 0) = 0 y z = 0
2/ Ta co: BC BC ( 2; 2; 0) ' ' = =
Goi (o) la mat phang cha B'C' va vuong goc vi (ABC')
vect phap tuyen cua (o) la: n BC,AC 4(1; 1; 1)
( ' ' ' = =

Phng trnh (o): 1(x 0) + 1(y 2) + 1(z 2) = 0 x + y + z 4 = 0
Hnh chieu d cu a B'C' len (ABC') la giao tuyen cua (o) vi (ABC')
Phng trnh d:
+ + =
x y z 4 0
y z 0

Bai 4: E D B 1
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1

co A trung vi goc toa o O, B(1; 0; 0), D(0; 1; 0), A
1
(0; 0; 2 ).
a/ Viet phng trnh mp(P) i qua 3 iem A
1
, B, C va viet phng trnh hnh
chieu vuong goc cua ng thang B
1
D
1
len mat phang (P).
b/ Goi (Q) la mat phang qua A va vuong goc vi A
1
C. Tnh dien tch thiet
dien cua hnh chop A
1
ABCD vi mat phang (Q).
243
Giai
Ta co: A(0; 0; 0); B
1
(1; 0; 2 ); C
1
(1; 1; 2 ); D
1
(0; 1; 2 )
a/
( ) ( )
1 1
A B 1; 0; 2 , A C 1; 1; 2 = =

( )
(
= =

P 1 1
n A B; A C 2; 0; 1
(P) qua A
1
va nhan
P
n lam vect phap tuyen
(P):
( ) ( )
( )
+ + = 2 x 0 0 y 0 1 z 2 0
+ = 2.x z 2 0
Ta co
( )
1 1
B D 1; 1; 0 =
- Mat phang (o) qua B
1
(1; 0; 2 )
nhan
( )
P 1 1
n n , B D 1; 1; 2
o
(
= =

lam vect phap tuyen. Nen (o) co phng trnh:
(o): 1(x 1) 1(y 0) + 2 (z 2 ) = 0
x + y = 2z 1 0
D
1
B
1
co hnh chieu len (P) chnh la giao tuyen cua (P) va (o)
Phng trnh hnh chieu la:
+ =
+ =
x y 2z 1 0
2x z 2 0

b/ Phng trnh mat phang (Q) qua A va vuong goc vi A
1
C:
(Q): x + y 2 z = 0 (1)
- Phng trnh A
1
C :
( )
( )
( )
( )
= +
= +
e
x 0 t 2
y 0 t 3
t
z 2 2t 4

- Goi M = A
1
C (Q) thay (2) (3) (4) vao (1) ta c
1 + t
( )
= =
1
2 2 2t 0 t
2

1
x
2
1
y
2
2
z
2
M
1 1 2
; ;
2 2 2
| |
|
|
\ .

Tng t A
1
D (Q) = N
2 2
0; ;
3 3
| |
|
|
\ .
; A
1
B (Q) = L
2 2
; 0;
3 3
| |
|
|
\ .

B
1
A
1 D
1
C
1
A
D
C
B
x
y
z

244
-
( ) ( )
= =
1 1
AM 1;1; 2 ; AL 2; 0; 2
2 3

( )
(
=

1
AM, AL 2; 2; 2
6

AML
1 2
S AM; AL
2 6
A
(
= =

-
( )
=
2
NL 1; 1; 0
3
va
( )
=
1
NM 3; 1; 2
6

( )
(
=

2
NL, NM 1; 1; 2
9

A
(
= =

NML
1 2
S NL, NM
2 9
(vdt)
Vay dien tch thiet dien hnh chop A
1
ABCD vi (Q) la:

A A
= + = + =
AML NLM
2 2 5 2
S S S
6 9 18
(vdt)
Bai 5: E D B 2
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho cac iem A(2; 0; 0), B(2; 2; 0), S(0; 0; m)
a/ Khi m = 2. Tm toa o iem C oi xng vi goc toa o O qua mat phang
(SAB).
b/ Goi H la hnh chieu vuong goc cua O tren ng thang SA. Chng minh
rang vi moi m > 0 th dien tch tam giac OBH nho hn 2.
Giai
a/ Khi m = 2. Ta co:
-
(
= = = =

SA 2(1; 0; 1), SB 2(1; 1; 1), n SA,SB 4(1; 0; 1)
- Mat phang (SAB) qua A(0; 0; 2) va co = n 4(1;0;1) , (SAB): x + z 2 = 0 (1)
- d i qua O va d (SAB)
d
a (1; 0; 1) = .
Phng trnh tham so d: ( )
=
=
e
x t (2)
y 0 (3)
t
z t (4)

- I = d (SAB) ta thay (2), (3), (4) vao (1) t = 1 I(1; 0; 1)
- V C, O oi xng qua (SAB) nen I la trung iem OC

C I O
C I O
C I O
x 2x x 2
y 2y y 0
z 2z z 2
= =
= =
= =
C(2; 0; 2)
b/ - Phng trnh mat phang (o) qua O va vuong goc SA (nhan SA lam vect phap
tuyen) (o): 2x mz = 0 (1)
245
- Phng trnh tham so SA: ( )
= +
=
e
x 0 2t (2)
y 0 (3)
t
z m mt (4)

Thay (2), (3), (4) vao (1): 4t m
2
+ m
2
t = 0 =
+
2
2
m
t
m 4

SA (o) =
2
2 2
2m 4m
H ; 0;
m 4 m 4
| |
|
|
+ +
\ .

2
2 2 2
2m 4m 2m
OH ; 0; (m; 0; 2)
m 4 m 4 m 4
| |
= =
|
|
+ + +
\ .
; OB (2; 2; 0) 2(1; 1; 0) = =
-
2
4m
OH, OB ( 2; 2; m)
m 4
(
=

+

-
A
+
(
= = + = <

+ + +
4 2
2
OBH
2 4 2
1 2m m 8m
S OH,OB 8 m 2 2
2
m 4 m 8m 16
(pcm)
Bai 6:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai ng thang:

= +
+ =

A A = +

+ + =

= +
1 2
x 1 t
x 2y z 4 0
va y 2 t
x 2y 2z 4 0
z 1 2t

a/ Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang A
1
va song song ng
thang A
2
.
b/ Cho iem M(2; 1; 4). Tm toa o iem H thuoc ng thang A
2
sao cho
oan thang MH co o dai nho nhat.
Giai
a/ Ta co
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2
a 2; 3; 4 , a 1; 1; 2 , qua M 0; 2; 0
A A
= = A
Mat phang (P) co vect phap tuyen
( ) A A
(
=

1 2
a ,a 2;0; 1
Vay (P) qua M(0; 2; 0), va vect phap tuyen n = (2; 0; 1)
Nen phng trnh (P): 2(x 0) + 0 (y + 2) 1 (z 0) = 0
2x z = 0
b/ A
min 2
MH MH H la hnh chieu cua iem M tren A
2

Cach 1: Goi (Q) la mat phang qua M va vuong goc vi A
2
Phng trnh (Q): x + y + 2z 11 = 0
{H} = (Q) A
2
H(2; 3; 3)

246
Cach 2:
( )
= + + + e A
2
MH 1 t;1 t; 3 2t v i H
Do
A
= =
2
MH . a 0 t 1. Vay iem H(2; 3; 3).
Bai 7: E D B 2
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz.
Cho mat phang (P): x y + z + 3 = 0 va 2 iem A (1; 3; 2), B (5; 7; 12).
a/ Tm toa o iem A' iem oi xng vi iem A qua mat phang (P).
b/ Gia s M la mot iem chay tren mat phang (P). Tm gia tr nho nhat cua
bieu thc MA + MB.
Giai
a/ (P): x y + z + 3 = 0 (1) =
p
n (1; 1; 1)
Goi d qua A va d P = =
d p
a n (1; 1; 1)
d qua A(1; 3; 2) co vect ch phng =
d
a (1; 1; 1)
Phng trnh d:
= +
= +
x 1 t (2)
y 3 t (3)
z 2 t (4)
thay (2), (3), (4) vao (1) ta c: t = 1
Ta co AA' (P) = H(2; 2; 3)
- V H la trung iem AA' (A' la iem oi xng A qua (P)
Ta co: ( )
' '
' '
' '
= =

' = =

= =

A H A A
A H A A
A H A A
x 2x x x 3
A 3 ; 1; 4 y 2y y y 1
z 2z z z 4

b/ Goi f(x; y; z) = x y + z + 3

( )
f( 1; 3; 2) = 1 + 3 2 + 3 = 3 > 0
f 5; 7; 12 5 7 12 3 3 0
`
= + + = >

)
A, B cung pha oi vi (P)
Do A, A' oi xng qua (P) MA = MA'
Ta co: MA + MB = MA' + MB > A'B = 18
Vay gia tr nho nhat cua MA + MB = 18 xay ra A, B, M thang hang
M = A'B (P) M(4; 3; 4).

247
Van e 3: kHOANG CACH VA GOC

A. FHUONG FHAF GIAI

kHOANG CACH
Bai toan 1: Tnh khoang ca ch t iem M(x
0
, y
0
, z
0
) en mat phang (o).
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
= 0)
Phng phap
( )
( )
+ + +
=
o
+ +
0 0 0
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D
d M,
A B C

Bai toan 2: Tnh khoang ca ch t iem M en ng thang (A).
Phng phap
Tm hnh chieu H cua M tren (A).
Khoang cach t M en (A) chnh la o dai oan MH.
Bai toan 3: Tnh khoang ca ch gia 2 ng thang song song d
1
va d
2
.
Phng phap
Tm mot iem A tren d.
Khoang cach gia d
1
va d
2
chnh la khoang cach t iem A en d
2
.
Bai toan 4: Tnh khoang ca ch gia 2 mat phang song song
(o): Ax + By + Cz + D
1
= 0
Va (|): Ax + By + Cz + D
2
= 0
Phng phap
Khoang cach gia (o) va (|) c cho bi cong thc:
( ) ( ) ( )

= |
o
+ +
1 2
2 2 2
D D
d ,
A B C

Bai toan 5: Tnh khoang ca ch gia 2 ng thang cheo nhau d
1
va d
2.

Phng phap
- Cach 1:
Tm phng trnh mat phang (o) cha d
1
va song song vi d
2
.
Tm mot iem A tren d
2
.
Khi o d(d
1
, d
2
) = d(A, (o))
- Cach 2:
Tm phng trnh mat phang (o) cha d
1
va song song vi d
2
.
Tm phung trnh mat phang (|) cha d
2
va song song vi d
1
.
Khi o d(d
1
, d
2
) = d((o), (|))

248
+ Ghi chu:
Mat phang (o) va (|) chnh la 2 mat phang song song vi nhau va lan lt
cha d
1
va d
2
.
- Cach 3:
Viet d
2
di dang phng trnh tham so theo t
1
.
Viet d
2
di dang phng trnh tham so theo t
2
.
Xem A e d
1
dang toa o A theo t
1
.
Xem B e d
2
dang toa o B theo t
2
.
Tm vect ch phng
1
a ,
2
a lan lt cua d
1
va d
2
.
AB la oan vuong goc chung d
1
va d
2
.

1
2
AB a
AB a
tm c t
1
va t
2
.
Khi o d(d
1
, d
2
) = AB
- Cach 4 :
( )
1 2
d d ,d
(

=
(

1 2 1
2
1 2
a ,a .M M
a ,a

GOC
Cho 2 ng thang d va d' co phng trnh:
d:

= =
0 0 0
x x y y z z
a b c
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 0)
d:
' '
= =
' ' '
0 0 0
x x y y z z
a b c

( )
2 2 2
a b c 0 ' ' ' + + =
Cho 2 mat phang o va | co phng trnh:
(o): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
= 0)
(|): A'x + B'y + C'z + D' = 0
( )
2 2 2
A B C 0 ' ' ' + + =
1. Goc gia hai ng thang d va d':

' ' ' + +
=
' ' ' + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
aa bb cc
cos
a b c . a b c

2. Goc gia hai mat phang (o) va (|):

' ' ' + +
=
' ' ' + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
AA BB CC
cos
A B C . A B C

3. Goc gia hai ng thang d va mat phang (o):
249

+ +
=
+ + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
Aa Bb Cc
sin
A B C . a b c

8. E IHI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2011
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai iem A(2; 0; 1), B(0;2; 3) va
mat phang (P): 2x y z + 4 = 0.
Tm toa o iem M thuoc (P) sao cho MA = MB = 3.
Giai
Gia s M(x; y; z).
- M e (P) 2x y z + 4 = 0 (1).
- MA = MB (x 2)
2
+ y
2
+ (z 1)
2
= x
2
+ (y + 2)
2
+ (z 3)
2

x + y z + 2 = 0 (2).
- T (1) va (2) ta co
+ =
+ + =
2x y z 4 0
x y z 2 0

=
y z 2x 4 (a)
y z x 2 (b)

Lay (a) tr (b) c:
+
=
x 2
y
2
. Lay (a) cong (b) c:
+
=
3x 6
z
2

- MA = 3 (x 2)
2
+ y
2
+ (z 1)
2
= 9

( )
| | | | + +
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2 x 2 3x 6
x 2 1 9
2 2

14x
2
+ 12x = 0 x = 0 hoac x =
6
7

Vi x = 0, suy ra y = 1 va z = 3.
Vi x =
6
7
, suy ra y =
4
7
va z =
12
7
.
Vay M(0; 1; 3) hay M
6 4 12
; ;
7 7 7
| |
|
\ .
.
Cach 2 :
- MA = MB M nam tren mat phang trung trc (Q) cua oan AB
- Mat phang (Q) i qua trung iem I(1; 1; 2) cua oan AB va co vect phap
tuyen la
( )
IA 1; 1; 1 = nen co phng trnh x + y z + 2 = 0 .
- Mat khac M con nam tren mat phang (P) nen M nam tren giao tuyen A cua
(P) va (Q)

250
- Giao tuyen A i qua A(0; 1; 3) va co vect ch phng
( )
a 2; 1; 3 = nen co
phng trnh
( )
x 2t
y 1 t t R
z 3 3t
=
= + e
= +

- V Me A nen M(2t; 1 + t; 3 + 3t)
- MA = 3 (2 2t)
2
+ (1 t)
2
+ (2 3t)
2
= 9 t = 0 hoac t =
3
7

Vay M(0; 1; 3) hay M
6 4 12
; ;
7 7 7
| |
|
\ .
.
x 2 y 1 z
1 2 1
+
= =

va
mat phang (P): x + y + z 3 = 0. Goi I la giao iem cua A va (P). Tm toa o iem
M thuoc (P) sao cho MI vuong goc vi A va MI = 4 14 .
Giai
- I la giao iem cua A va (P) nen toa o I la nghiem cua he phng trnh:

x 2 y 1 z
1 2 1
x y z 3 0
+
= =
+ + =

x 2 y 1
1 2
y 1 z
2 1
x y z 3 0
+
+ + =
x 1
y 1
z 1
=
. Suy ra: I(1; 1; 1).

- Gia s M(x; y; z), th:
( )
IM x 1; y 1; z 1 = .
- Vect ch phng cu a ng thang A la:
( )
a 1; 2; 1 = .
- Theo gia thiet ta co :
+) M e (P) x + y + z 3 = 0 (1)
+) MI A = IM a IM.a 0 1(x 1) 2(y 1) 1(z 1) = 0
x 2y z + 2 = 0 (2).
+) MI = 4 14
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
x 1 y 1 z 1 224 + + = (3) .
- Lay (1) cong (2) ta c: 2x y 1 = 0 y = 2x 1.
- The y = 2x 1 vao (1) ta c: x + (2x 1) + z 3 = 0 z = 4 3x.
- The y = 2x 1 va z = 4 3x vao (3) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
x 1 2x 2 3 3x 224 + + =
( )
=
2
x 1 16 x = 5 hoac x =3 .
Vi x = 5 th y = 9 va z = 11. Vi x = 3 th y = 7 va z = 13.
Vay M(5; 9; 11) hoac M(3; 7; 13).
251
Trong khong gian toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang
x 1 y z 2
:
2 1 1
+
A = =
va mat
phang (P): x 2y + z = 0. Goi C la giao iem cua A vi (P), M la iem thuoc A.
Tnh khoang cach t M en (P), biet MC = 6 .
Giai
Ta co: C e A nen C (1 + 2t; t; 2 t) vi t e
C e (P) nen (1 + 2t) 2t 2 t = 0 t = 1. Do o C (1; 1; 1)
M e A nen M (1 + 2m; m; 2 m) (m e )
MC
2
= 6 (2m + 2)
2
+ (m + 1)
2
+ (m 1)
2
= 6 6(m + 1)
2
= 6 m + 1 = 1
m = 0 hay m = 2
Vy M
1
(1; 0; 2) ; M
2
(3; 2; 0)
Do o : d (M
1
, (P)) =

=
1 0 2
1
6 6
; d (M
2
, (P)) =
+ +
=
3 4 0
1
6 6
.
Trong khong gian toa o Oxyz, cho cac iem A (1; 0; 0), B (0; b; 0), C (0; 0; c),
trong o b, c dng va mat phang (P): y z + 1 = 0. Xac nh b va c, biet mat
phang (ABC) vuong goc vi mat phang (P) va khoang cach t iem O en mat
phang (ABC) bang
1
3
.
Giai
Phng trnh mat phang (ABC): + + =
x y z
1
1 b c
bc.x + cy + bz bc = 0
V d (O, ABC) =
1
3
nen =
+ +
2 2 2 2
bc 1
3
b c b c
9b
2
c
2
= b
2
c
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

b
2
+ c
2
= 8b
2
c
2
(1)
(P): y z + 1 = 0 co vect phap tuyen la
( ) P
n (0; 1; 1) = .
(ABC) co vect phap tuyn la n (bc; c; b) = .
V (P) vuong goc vi (ABC) nen =
P P
n n n.n 0 c b = 0 (2) .
T (1), (2) va b, c > 0 suy ra: b = c =
1
2
.
Trong khong gian toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang A:
= =
x y 1 z
2 1 2
. Xac nh
toa o iem M tren truc hoanh sao cho khoang cach t M en A bang OM.

252
Giai
Ta co M e Ox M (m; 0; 0) (me ) suy ra OM = |m| .
ng thang A qua N (0; 1; 0) va co vect ch phng a = (2; 1; 2) .
NM (m; 1; 0) = a , NM (2; 2m; 2 m)
(
=

Ta co: d (M, A) = OM
a, NM
OM
a
(

=
+ +
=
2
5m 4m 8
m
3

4m
2
4m 8 = 0 m = 1 hay m = 2.
Vay M (1; 0; 0) hay M (2; 0; 0) .
Trong khong gian toa o Oxyz, cho hai mat phang (P): x + y + z 3 = 0 va
(Q): x y + z 1 = 0. Viet phng trnh mat phang (R) vuong gocvi (P) va (Q)
sao cho khoang cach t O en (R) bang 2.
Giai
Mat phang (P) co vect phap tuyen la
( ) P
n (1; 1; 1) = .
Mat phang (Q) co vect phap tuyen la
( ) Q
m (1; 1; 1) = .
Mat phang (R) vuong goc vi (P) va (Q) nen co vect phap tuyen la

(Q)
(R) (P)
k n , m (2;0; 2) 2(1; 0; 1)
(
= = =

Do o phng trnh (R) co dang : x z + D = 0.
Ta co: d (O; (R)) = 2 = =
D
2 D 2 2
2
.
Vay phng trnh (R): + = = x z 2 2 0 hay x z 2 2 0
Trong khong gian toa o Oxyz, cho hai ng thang
A
1
:
= +
x 3 t
y t
z t
va A
2
:

= =
x 2 y 1 z
2 1 2
.
Xac nh toa o iem M thuoc A
1
sao cho khoang cach t M en A
2
bang 1.
Giai
M e A
1
M(3 + t; t; t)
A
2
qua A(2; 1; 0) va co vect ch phng
2
a (2; 1; 2) = .
Ta co: AM (1 t; t 1; t) = +
2
[a ,AM] (2 t; 2; t 3) =
253
Gia thiet cho: d(M; A
2
) = 1

2
2
[a , AM]
1
a
=
+ +
=
+ +
2 2
(2 t) 4 (t 3)
1
4 1 4

+ = + =
= =
2 2
2t 10t 17 3 2t 10t 8 0
t 1hayt 4

= = t 1 M(4; 1; 1);t 4 M(7; 4; 4)
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang d:
= =
x y 1 z
2 1 1
va
mat phang (P): 2x y + 2z 2 = 0.
1. Viet phng trnh mat phang cha d va vuong goc vi (P).
2. Tm toa o iem M thuoc d sao cho M cach eu goc toa o O va mat phang (P).
Giai
1. d qua A (0; 1; 0) co 1 vect ch phng la
d
a = (2; 1; 1)
(P) co 1 vect ch phng la
(P)
n = (2; 1; 2)
(o) cha d va vuong goc vi (P) nen:
(o) qua A (0; 1; 0) va co 1 vect ch phng:

(P) (d)
( )
n a , n 3(1; 2; 0)
o
(
= =

Phng trnh mt phng (o): (x 0) + 2(y 1) = 0 x + 2y 2 = 0
2. M e d M (2t; 1 + t; t)
M cach u O va (P) OM = d (M , (P))

+ +
+ + + =
+ +
2 2 2
2( 2t) (1 t) 2(t) 2
4t (1 t) t
4 1 4

+ + = +
2
6t 2t 1 t 1 t = 0 M (0; 1; 0)
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho mat phang (P): x 2y + 2z 1 = 0
va hai ng thang A
1
:
+ +
= =
x 1 y z 9
1 1 6
; A
2
:
+
= =
x 1 y 3 z 1
2 1 2
. Xac nh toa
o iem M thuoc ng thang A
1
sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang A
2

va khoang cach t M en mat phang (P) bang nhau.
Giai
A
2
qua A(1; 3; 1) va co vect ch phng
( )
u 2; 1; 2 =
M e A
1
M(1 + t; t; 9 + 6t)

( ) ( )
MA 2 t; 3 t; 8 6t , MA, u 8t 14; 20 14t; t 4
(
= =

254

(
= +

2
MA, u 3 29t 88t 68
Khoang cach t M en A
2
:
( )
(

A = = +
2
2
MA, u
d M, 29t 88t 68
u

Khoang cach t M en (P):
( ) ( )
( )
+ +
= =
+ +
2
2 2
1 t 2t 12t 18 1 11t 20
d M, P
3
1 2 2

Gia thiet suy ra:
+ =
2
11t 20
29t 88t 68
3

35t
2
88t + 53 = 0 t = 1 hoac t =
53
35

Ta co ( )
53 18 53 3
t 1 M 0; 1; 3 ; t M ; ;
35 35 35 35
| |
= =
|
\ .

Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho t dien ABCD co cac nh A(1; 2; 1),
B(2; 1; 3), C(2; 1; 1) va D(0; 3; 1). Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua A, B
sao cho khoang cach t C en (P) bang khoang cach t D en (P).
Giai
Mat phang (P) thoa man yeu cau bai toan trong hai trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: (P) qua A, B va song song vi CD
Vect phap tuyen cua (P):
(
=

n AB,CD

( ) ( ) ( )
= = = AB 3; 1; 2 , CD 2; 4; 0 n 2 4; 2; 7
Phng trnh (P): 4x + 2y + 7z 15 = 0
Trng hp 2: (P) qua A, B va cat CD. Suy ra (P) cat CD tai trung iem I cua CD.
Ta co I(1; 1; 1)
( )
AI 0; 1; 0 = ; vect phap tuyen cua (P):

( )
n AB, AI 2; 0; 3
(
= =

Phng trnh (P): 2x + 3z 5 = 0
Vay (P): 4x + 2y + 7z 15 = 0 hoac (P): 2x + 3z 5 = 0
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(2; 5; 3) va ng thang

= =
x 1 y z 2
d :
2 1 2

1/ Tm toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem A tren ng thang d.
255
2/ Vie t phng trnh mat phang (o) cha d sao cho khoa ng ca ch t A e n
(o) l n nha t.
Giai
1/ Goi H(1 + 2t; t; 2 + 2t) e d.
- AH (2t 1; t 5; 2t 1) =
- Vect ch phng cua d: a (2; 1; 2) =
- Yeu cau bai toan: AH a 2(2t 1) + (t 5) + 2(2t 1) = 0
t = 1 H(3; 1; 4) la hnh chieu cua A len d.
2/ Phng trnh tong quat cu a d:
=
+ =
x 2y 1 0
2y z 2 0

Cach 1: (o) cha d nen: (o): m(x 2y 1) + n(2y z + 2) = 0 (m
2
+ n
2
= 0)
mx + (2n 2m)y nz m + 2n = 0

( )
+
o =
+
2 2
9m 9n
d M,( )
5m 5n 8mn

V (o) cha d va d(M, (o)) ln nhat d(M, (o)) = AH

= + +
+
2 2
9n 9m
1 16 1
5m 5n 8mn

9(n m)
2
= 2(5m
2
+ 5n
2
8mn) m
2
+ n
2
+ 2mn = 0
Chon n = 1 m = 1
Vay (o): x 4y + z 3 = 0.
Cach 2: Mat phang (o) cha d va d(A; (o)) ln nhat
(o) i qua H va vuong goc AH.

i qua H(3; 1; 4)
( ) :
co vect pha p tuye n: AH (1; 4; 1)
o

=

Phng trnh (o): 1(x 3) 4(y 1) + 1(z 4) = 0 x 4y + z 3 = 0.
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A'B'C'D'
vi A(0; 0; 0), B(1; 0; 0), D(0; 1; 0), A'(0; 0; 1). Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem
cua AB va CD.
1/ Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang A'C va MN.
2/ Viet phng trnh mat phang cha A'C va tao vi mat phang Oxy mot goc
o biet coso =
1
6
.

256
Giai
1/ Goi (P) la mat phang cha A'C va song song vi MN. Khi o:
d(A'C, MN) = d(M, (P)).
Ta co: C(1; 1; 0), M
1
; 0; 0
2
| |
|
\ .
, N
1
; 1; 0
2
| |
|
\ .
, A' C (1; 1; 1), MN(0; 1; 0) =

( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
A C, MN ; ; 1; 0; 1
1 0 0 0 0 1
| |
( ' = =
|

\ .

Mat phang (P) i qua iem A'(0; 0; 1), co vect phap tuyen n (1; 0; 1) = co phng
trnh la: 1.(x 0) + 0.(y 0) + 1.(z 1) = 0 x + z 1 = 0.
Vay d(A'C, MN) = d(M, (P)) =
+
=
+ +
2 2 2
1
0 1
1 2
2 2
1 0 1

Cach khac: d(A'C,MN) =
(

(

A' C, MN A' M
A' C, MN
=
1
2 2

2/ Goi mat phang can tm la (Q): ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
> 0).
V (Q) i qua A'(0; 0; 1) va C(1; 1; 0) nen
+ =
= = +
+ + =
c d 0
c d a b
a b d 0

Do o phng trnh (Q) co dang: ax + by + (a + b)z (a + b) = 0
Mat phang (Q) co vect phap tuyen n (a; b; a b) = +
Mat phang Oxy co vect phap tuyen k (0; 0; 1) =
V goc gia (Q) va (Oxy) la o ma coso =
( )
=
1 1
ne n cos n, k
6 6

+
= + = + +
+ + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b
1
6(a b) 2(a b ab)
6
a b (a b)

a = 2b hoac b = 2a.
Vi a = 2b, chon b = 1, c mat phang (Q
1
): 2x y + z 1 = 0
Vi b = 2a, chon a = 1, c mat phang (Q
2
): x 2y z + 1 = 0
Bai 11: E D B 2- AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2006
Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz cho A(1; 2; 0), B(0; 4; 0), C(0; 0; 3)
1/ Viet phng trnh ng thang qua O va vuong goc vi mat pha ng (ABC)
2/ Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha OA sao cho khoang cach t B en
(P) bang khoang cach t C en (P).
257
Giai
1/ Ta co:
A
(
=

a AB, AC = (6; 3; 4). Nen phng trnh A qua O va vuong goc (ABC)
A: = =
x y z
6 3 4

2/ (P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0; (A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
= 0)
- O e (P): D = 0
- A e (P) A + 2B = 0 A = 2B
- d(B; (P)) = d(C; (P)) + = + = 4B D 3C D 4B 3C
- Chon C = 4 B = 3; A = 6 (P
1
): 6x + 3y + 4z = 0.
- Chon C = 4 B = 3; A = 6 (P
2
): 6x + 3y 4z = 0.
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho ng thang
d:
+
= =
x 1 y 3 z 3
1 2 1
va mat phang (P): 2x + y 2z + 9 = 0
a/ Tm toa o iem I thuoc d sao cho khoang cach t I en mat phang (P) bang 2.
b/ Tm toa o giao iem A cua ng thang d va mat phang (P). Viet phng
trnh tham so cua ng thang A nam trong mat phang (P), biet A i qua A va
vuong goc vi d.
Giai
a/ Phng trnh cu a tham so cua d: ( )
=
= +
e
= +
x 1 t
y 3 2t
t
z 3 t

I e d I(1 t; 3 + 2t; 3 + t),
( )
+
=
2t 2
d I,(P)
3
.

( )
=
= =

=
t 4
d I,(P) 2 1 t 3
t 2

Vay co hai iem I
1
(3; 5; 7), I
2
(3; 7; 1).
b/ V A e d nen A(1 t; 3 + 2t; 3 + t).
Ta co A e (P) 2(1 t) + (3 + 2t) 2(3 + t) + 9 = 0 t = 1.
Vay A(0; 1; 4).
Mat phang (P) co vect phap tuyen n (2; 1; 2). =
ng thang d co vect ch phng u ( 1; 2; 1). =
V A c (P) va A d nen A co vect ch phng
A
(
= = =

u n, u (5; 0; 5) 5(1;0;1).

258
Phng trnh tham so A : ( )
=
=
e
= +
x t
y 1
t
z 4 t

Bai 13:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD
la hnh thoi, AC cat BD tai goc O. Biet A(2; 0; 0); B(0; 1; 0); S(0; 0; 2 2 ).
Goi M la trung iem cua canh SC.
a/ Tnh goc va khoang cach gia hai ng thang SA, BM.
b/ Gia s mat phang (ABM) cat ng thang SD tai iem N. Tnh the tch
khoi chop S.ABMN.
Giai
Cach 1:
T gia thiet suy ra SO (ABCD).
SA = SC = 2 3
a/ Ta co OM // SA
( )
SA, MB la OMB
OB (SAC) OB OM
AOBM co tan OMB =
OB
OM

tan OMB =
1
3
OMB = 30
0

Ve OH SA OH OM va OH OB
OH (OMB)
V SA // OM SA // (OMB) d(SA, MB) = d(H, OMB) = OH =
2 6
3
.
b/ (ABM) SD = N N la trung iem SD
Ta co: = =
SBMN
SBCD
V SM SN 1
.
V SC SD 4
= =
SMNB SBCD SABCD
1 1
V V V
4 8

Tng t : =
SABN SABCD
1
V V
4

Vay = + = =
SABMN SMNB SABN SABCD
3 3 1 1
V V V V . . AC.BD.SO
8 8 3 2

= =
1
4.2.2 2 2
16
(vtt).
Cach 2 : Giai bang hnh gia i tch.
M
A
B
O
z
y
x
N
C
D
S
259
a/ O la trung iem cua BD D(0; 1; 0), O la trung iem AC C(2; 0; 0)
M la trung iem SC M(1; 0; 2 )
SA = (2; 0; 2 2 ) BM = (1; 1; 2 )
Goi la goc nhon tao bi SA va BM.
cos =
+ +
=
+ + +
2 0 4
3
2
4 8 1 1 2
= 30
0

Goi (o) la mat phang cha SA va song song vi BM pt (o): + 2x z 2 2 = 0
Ta co d(SA, BM) = d(B, (o)) =
2 6
3
.
b/ Phng trnh mat phang (ABM): + + = 2x 2 2y 3z 2 2 0
Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang SD
x 0
y 1 t
z 2 2t

N la giao iem cua SD va mp(ABM) N
1
0; ; 2
2
| |
|
\ .

( )
( )
BS 0; 1; 2 2 BA 2; 1; 0 = =

( )
3
BN 0; ; 2 BM 1; 1; 2
2
| |
= =
|
\ .

( )
BS, BN 2 2; 0; 0 BS, BN BA 4 2
( (
= =

va
(
=

BS,BN BM 2 2
= + = + =
SABMN SABN SBMN
1 1
V V V 4 2 .2 2 2
6 6
(vtt) .
Bai 14:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.A
1
B
1
C
1
,
biet A(a; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), C(0; 1; 0), B
1
(a; 0; b) a > 0, b > 0.
a/ Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang B
1
C va AC
1
theo a, b.
b/ Cho a, b thay oi nhng luon luon thoa man a + b = 4.
Tm a, b e khoang cach gia hai ng thang B
1
C va AC
1
ln nhat.
Giai
a/ C
1
(0; 1; b)
Goi (o) la mat phang cha B, C va song song vi AC
1
.

( ) ( )
1 1
B C a; 1; b ; C A a; 1; b = =
( )
1 1
B C,C A 2b; 0; 2a
(
=

Suy ra phng trnh (o): 2b (x 0) + 0 (y 1) 2a (z 0) = 0 bx + az = 0

260
Ta co
( ) ( )
= o = =
+ +
1 1
2 2 2 2
ab
ab
d B C, AC d A,
a b a b

Cach khac:
( )
(

= =
(
+

1 1
1 1
2 2
1 1
B C, AC AC
ab
d B C, AC
B C, AC
a b

b/ Ta co
+
= s = s = =
+
2 2
ab ab ab a b 4
d 2
2ab 2 2 2 2 2
a b

= = =
> >
a = b
Maxd 2 xa y ra a + b = 4 a b 2
a 0, b 0
.
Bai 15:
Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz. Cho hai iem
A(2; 0; 0); B(0; 0; 8) va iem C sao cho AC = (0; 6; 0). Tnh khoang cach t
trung iem I cua BC en ng thang OA.
Giai
AC = (0; 6; 0)
=
c
c
c
x 2
y 6
z 0
C(2; 6; 0)
I la trung iem BC I (1; 3; 4)
Phng trnh tham so OA
x = 2t
y = 0
z = 0

(o) qua I OA = (2, 0, 0) nen (o): 2(x 1) = 0 x 1 = 0
Toa o {H} = OA (o) thoa:
=
x 2t
x = 1
y 0
y = 0
z 0
z = 0
x 1 0
H(1; 0; 0)
d(I, OA) = IH = ( ) ( ) ( )
+ +
2 2 2
1 1 0 3 0 4 = 5.
Cach khac: d(I, OA) =
(

OI,OA
OA
= 5
Bai 16: E D B 1
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz. Cho t dien ABCD
vi A(2; 3; 2), B(6; 1; 2), C(1; 4; 3), D(1; 6; 5). Tnh goc gia hai ng
261
thang AB va CD. Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang CD sao cho tam giac
ABM co chu vi nho nhat.
Giai

( )
AB 4; 4; 4 , CD (2; 10; 8) = =
-
( )
0
AB.CD 0 AB; CD 90 AB CD = =
- Tm M e CD e chu vi A ABM la AB + AM + MB nho nhat
V AB khong oi nen chu vi AABM nho nhat AM + MB nho nhat
- Goi (o) cha AB va (o) CD, (o) CD = M, M la iem can tm
- (o) qua A(2; 3; 2) co vect phap tuyen = n CD = (2; 10; 8)
Phng trnh (o): 2(x 2) + 10(y 3) 8(z 2) = 0
x + 5y 4z 9 = 0 (4)
Phng trnh cua CD qua C(1; 4; 3)
co vect ch phng
1
a CD (1; 5; 4)
2
= =

= +
= +
x 1 t (1)
y 4 5t (2)
z 3 4t (3)

Thay (1), (2) (3) vao (4) ta c t = 1 M(0; 1; 1)
Bai 17: E D B 2
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz. Cho hai iem I(0; 0; 1);
K(3; 0; 0). Viet phng trnh mat phang i qua hai iem I, K va tao vi mat phang
(Oxy) mot goc bang 30
0
.
Giai
- Goi (o) qua I, K va (o) tao (Oxy) goc 30
0

o + + = =
x y z
Phng trnh ( ) : 1 (b 0)
3 b 1
;
Suy ra
o
| |
=
|
\ .
1 1
n ; ; 1
3 b

Mat phang Oxy co vect phap tuyen: = k (0; 0; 1)

o
o = = =
+
+ +
2
2
k
2
n .k
1 3 9b 3
cos( , (Oxy))
2 4
1 1 10b 9 n . k
1
9
b

A
B
C
D
M
z
I
x
y
K

262

= o + + =
= o + =
1 1
2 2
3 2 x 2y z
b ( ) : 1
2 3 1
3 2
3 2 x 2y z
b ( ) : 1
2 3 1
3 2

Van e 4:
V[ IP IUONG OI CUA UONG IHANG VA MAI FHANG

A. FHUONG FHAF GIAI

V[ IP IUONG OI CUA HAI MAI FHANG
Cho hai mat phang o va | co phng trnh:
(o): A
1
x + B
1
y + C
1
z + D
1
= 0
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
A B C 0 + + =
(|): A
2
x + B
2
y + C
2
z + D
2
= 0
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
A B C 0 + + =
Goi
1
n = (A
1
; B
1
; C
1
),
2
n = (A
2
; B
2
; C
2
) lan lt la vect phap tuyen cua 2
mat phang tren va M la mot iem tren mat phang (o).
(o) cat (|)
1
n va
2
n khong cung phng
(o) song song (|)
( )
e |
1 2
n va n cu ngphng
M

(o) trung (|)
( )
e |
1 2
n va n cu ngphng
M

Neu A
2
, B
2
, C
2
, D
2
= 0 th ta co cach khac:
(o) cat (|) A
1
: B
1
: C
1
= A
2
: B
2
: C
2

(o) song song (|) = = =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
A B C D
A B C D

(o) trung (|) = = =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
A B C D
A B C D

V[ IP IUONG OI CUA HAI UONG IHANG
- Cach 1: Xet he phng trnh to a o giao iem cua hai ng thang d
1
va d
2

He co mot nghiem duy nhat: d
1
cat d
2
.
He co vo so nghiem: d
1
va d
2
trung nhau.
He vo nghiem:
+
d
1
a va
d
2
a cung phng: d
1
// d
2

263
+
d
1
a va
d
2
a khong cu ng phng: d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
- Cach 2:
Tm vect ch phng
d
1
a ,
d
2
a cua d
1
va d
2

Tm iem A e d
1
va B e d
2
.
+
d
1
a va
d
2
a cung phng
e
2 1 2
A d : d // d
2
Ae
1 2
d : d d

+
d
1
a va
d
2
a khong cung phng
(

=
d d
1 2
1 2
a , a .AB 0: d che o d
(
=

d d
1 2
1 2
a , a .AB 0: d ca t d

V[ IP IUONG OI GIUA UONG IHANG VA MAI FHANG
- Cach 1:
Xet he phng trnh toa o giao iem cua ng thang d va mat phang o.
He vo nghiem: d // (o)
He co nghiem duy nhat: d cat (o).
He vo so nghiem: d c (o).
- Cach 2:
Tm vect ch phng u cua a, vect phap tuyen n cua (o) va tm iem A e d.

( )
( ) u.n 0 u kho ng vuo ng go c n : dca t . =
o

( )
= u.n 0 u n
( ) ( ) A : d e c
o o
( ) ( ) A : d // e
o o

8. E IHI
Bai 1 : CAO ANG KHOI A, B, D NAM 2011
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai iem A(1; 2; 3), B(1; 0; 5) va
mat phang (P): 2x + y 3z 4 =0. Tm toa o iem M thuoc (P) sao cho ba iem
A, B, M thang hang.
Giai
Phng trnh AB
x 1 t
y 2 t
z 3 4t
= +
. M AB M( 1 t;2 t;3 4t) e +

M (P) 2(t 1) (2 t) 3(3 4t) 4 0 e + = t 1 = . Vay M(0; 1; 1).
Bai 1 : AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2009

264
Trong khong gian vi he toa Oxyz, cho cac iem A(2; 1; 0), B(1; 2; 2), C(1; 1; 0)
va mat phang (P): x + y + z 20 = 0. Xac nh toa o iem D thuoc ng thang
AB sao cho ng thang CD song song vi mat phang (P).
Giai

( )
x 2 t
AB 1; 1; 2 , phng trnh AB: y 1 t
z 2t
=
= = +

D thuoc ng thang AB D(2 t; 1 + t; 2t)
( )
CD 1 t; t; 2t =
Vect phap tuyen cua mat phang (P):
( )
n 1; 1; 1 =
C e (P) nen CD // (P) = n.CD 0 1.(1 t) + 1.t + 1.2t = 0 t =
1
2

Vay
5 1
D ; ; 1
2 2
| |
|
\ .
.
Bai 2 : AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2007
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai ng thang

+
= =
1
x y 1 z 2
d :
2 1 1
va
= +
= +
2
x 1 2t
d : y 1 t
z 3

1/ Chng minh rang d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
2/ Viet phng trnh ng thang d vuong goc vi mat phang
(P): 7x + y 4z = 0 va cat hai ng thang d
1
, d
2

Giai
1/ + d
1
qua M(0; 1; 2), co vect ch phng
1
u (2; 1; 1)
d
2
qua N(1; 1; 3), co vect ch phng
2
u (2; 1; 0)
+
1 2
u , u ( 1; 2; 4)
(
=

va MN ( 1; 0; 5) =
+
(

1 2
u , u . = = MN 21 0 d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
2/ Gia s d cat d
1
va d
2
lan lt tai A, B. V A e d
1
, B e d
2
nen
A(2s; 1 s; 2 + s), B(1 + 2t; 1 + t; 3) AB (2t 2s 1; t s; s 5) = + +
(P) co vect phap tuyen n (7; 1; 4). =
Lai do AB (P) AB cung phng vi n

+ + = =
+ +
= =

+ + = =

5t 9s 1 0 s 1
2t 2s 1 t s s 5
4t 3s 5 0 t 2 7 1 4

265
A(2; 0; 1), B(5; 1; 3).
Phng trnh cu a d la:
+
= =
x 2 y z 1
7 1 4

Bai 3: E D B 1 AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2006
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz mat phang (P): 4x 3y + 11z 26 = 0
va hai ng thang:
d
1
:
+
= =
x y 3 z 1
1 2 3
d
2
:

= =
x 4 y z 3
1 1 2

1/ Chng minh d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
2/ Viet phng trnh ng thang A nam ten (P), ong thi A cat ca d
1
va d
2
.
Giai
1/ - d
1
qua M
1
1
a ( 1; 2; 3) =
- d
2
qua M
2
2
a (1; 1; 2) =
-
1 2 1 2
a ,a (1; 5; 3), M M (4; 4; 4)
(
= =

-
(
= =

1 2 1 2 1
a ,a .M M 23 0 d cheo d
2

2/ c (P) va cat ca d
1
, d
2
i qua cac giao iem cua d
1
, d
2
va (P)
- =
1
A d (P) : giai he
+
= =
+ =
x y 3 z 1
A ( 2; 7;5)
1 2 3
4x 3y 11z 26 0

- =
2
B d (P) : giai he

= =
+ =
x 4 y z 3
B (3; 1;1)
1 1 2
4x 3y 11z 26 0

- = AB (5; 8; 4)
Phng trnh ng thang can tm
+
= =

x 2 y 7 z 5
AB:
5 8 4

Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz cho hai ng thang

+ +
= =
1
x 1 y 2 z 1
d :
3 1 2
va
+ =
+ =
2
x y z 2 0
d :
x 3y 12 0

a/ Chng minh rang d
1
va d
2
song song vi nhau. Vie t phng trnh mat phang
(P) cha ca hai ng thang d
1
va d
2
.
b/ Mat phang toa o Oxz cat hai ng thang d
1
va d
2
lan lt tai cac iem A, B.
Tnh dien tch tam giac OAB (O la goc toa o).

266
Giai
a/ d
1
i qua M
1
(1; 2; 1) va co vect ch phng
1
u (3; 1; 2) = .
d
2
co vect ch phng la
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
u ; ; (3; 1; 2)
3 0 0 1 1 3
| |
=
|
\ .

V =
1 2
u u va M
1
e d
2
nen d
1
// d
2
.
Mat phang (P) cha d
2
nen co phng trnh dang:
o (x + y z 2) + | (x + 3y 12) = 0 (o
2
+ |
2
= 0).
V M
1
e (P) nen o(1 2 + 1 2) + |(1 6 12) = 0 2o + 17| = 0
Chon o = 17 | = 2. Phng trnh (P) la: 15x + 11y 17z 10 = 0
b/ V A, B e (Oxz) nen y
A
= y
B
= 0
V A e d
1
nen
+
= = = =
A A
A A
x 1 z 1 2
x z 5
2 1 2
A(5; 0; 5)

B B B
2
B B
x z 2 0 x 12
B d B(12; 0; 10)
x 12 0 z 10
= =

e

= =

OA ( 5; 0; 5), OB (12; 0; 10) OA,OB (0; 10; 0).
(
= = =

A
(
= = =

OAB
1 1
S OA,OB .10 5
2 2
(vdt).
Bai 5: E D B 1 AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2005
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho hai ng thang:

=
= = =
= +
1 2
x 1 2t
x y z
d : va d : y t
1 1 2
z 1 t
(t la tham so)
a/ Xet v tr tng oi cua d
1
va d
2
.
b/ Tm toa o cac iem M thuoc d
1
va N thuoc d
2
sao cho ng thang MN
song song vi mat phang (P): x y + z = 0 va o dai oan MN = 2 .
Giai
a/ d
1
qua O(0; 0; 0) co vect ch phng
1
a (1; 1; 2) =
d
2
qua B(1; 0; 1) co vect ch phng
2
a ( 2; 1; 1) =

2 1
a ,a (1; 5; 3)
(
=

, = OB ( 1;0;1)

(
= + = =

2 1
a ,a .OB 1 3 4 0 d
1
cheo d
2
267
b/ Phng trnh tham so
( )
1 1 1
x t
d : y t M t ; t ; 2t d
z 2t
' =
' ' ' ' = e
' =

2 2 2
M d M ( 1 2t; t; 1 t) e + ;
( )
' ' ' = +
1 2
M M 2t t 1;t t ;t 2t 1
Ta co
( )
=
1 2 1 2 p
M M // P M M .m 0
' ' ' ' + + = = 2t t 1 t t t 2t 1 0 t t
' ' ' = + + =
2 2 2
1 2
M M (t 1) 4t (1 3t ) 2
' =
' ' + =

' =
2
t 0
14t 8t 2 2
4
t
7

t' = 0 M(0; 0; 0) e (P) loai .
' =
4
t
7
ta co
4 4 8
M ; ;
7 7 7
| |
|
\ .
;
1 4 3
N ; ;
7 7 7
| |
|
\ .

Bai 6: E D B 1
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho hai iem A(4; 2; 2) B(0; 0; 7) va
ng thang d:

= =
x 3 y 6 z 1
2 2 1
.
Chng minh rang hai ng thang d va AB thuoc cung mot mat phang.
Tm iem C thuoc ng thang d sao cho AABC can tai nh A.
Giai
- = AB ( 4; 2;5)
- d co: M(3; 6; 1) va vect ch phng a ( 2; 2; 1) =
- AB,a ( 12; 6; 12), AM ( 1; 4; 1)
(
= =

-
(
= + =

AB,a .AM 12 24 12 0 AB, d ong phang
- Phng trnh tham so d: ( )
=
= +
e
= +
x 3 2t
y 6 2t
t
z 1 t

- C e d C(3 2t; 6 + 2t; 1 + t)
- = + =
2 2 2
AB 4 2 ( 5) 45
- = + + + + = + +
2 2 2 2
AC (2t 1) (2t 4) (t 1) 9t 18t 18
- V tam giac ABC can tai A nen AB
2
= AC
2
9t
2
+ 18t + 18 = 45
t
2
+ 2t 3 = 0
1 1
2 2
t 1 C (1; 8; 2)
t 3 C (9; 0; 2)
=

268
Bai 7:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho hnh hop ch nhat
ABCD, A'B'C'D' co A trung vi goc toa o B(a; 0; 0), D(0; a; 0), A'(0; 0; b)
(a > 0, b > 0). Goi M la trung iem cua CC'.
a/ Tnh the tch khoi t dien BDA'M theo a va b.
b/ Xac nh t so
a
b
e hai mat phang (A'BD) va (MBD) vuong goc vi nhau.
Giai
A(0; 0; 0); B(a; 0; 0); C(a; a; 0); D(0; a; 0)
A'(0; 0; b); C'(a; a; b); M(a; a;
b
2
)
a/ BD= (a; a; 0); ' BA = (a; 0; b); BM= (0; a;
b
2
)
[ BD, ' BA ] =a(b, b, a)
V =
( '

1
BD, BA BM
6

| |
= + =
|
\ .
2
a ab a b
ab
6 2 4
(vtt).
b/ (A'BD) co vect phap tuyen
(

BD, BA' = a(b, b, a) hay chon

n = (b; b; a)
(MBD) co vect phap tuyen
| |
(
=
|

\ .
2
ab ab
BD, BM , , a
2 2
h
hay
( )
m b; b; 2a = (chon)
Ta co (A'BD) (MBD) m.n = 0
b
2
+ b
2
2a
2
= 0 a = b (a, b > 0)
a
b
= 1.
Bai 8:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho ng thang:
d
k
+ + =
+ + =
x 3ky z 2 0
kx y z 1 0

Tm k e ng thang d
k
vuong goc vi mat phang (P): x y 2z + 5 = 0
Giai

1
n = (1; 3k; 1);
2
n = (k ; 1; 1)
Vect ch phng cu a d
k
:
(
=

1 2
a n , n = (3k 1; k 1;1 3k
2
)
A
B
C
D
A

B

C

D

M
x
z
y
269
Vect phap tuyen cua mat phang (P) n = (1; 1; 2)
Ta co :
k
d (P)
d
a cung phng vi
p
n

= =

v
2
k = 1
3k 1 k 1 1 3k

1
1 1 2 k = 1 k =
3
k = 1.

Bai 9 : E D B 2

+ =
+
= =

+ =
1 2
3x z 1 0
x y 1 z
d : va d
2x y 1 0 1 2 1

a/ Chng minh rang d
1
, d
2
cheo nhau va vuong goc vi nhau.
b/ Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang d cat ca hai ng thang d
1
, d
2
va
song song vi ng thang A:

= =
x 4 y 7 z 3
1 4 2
.
Giai
a/ - d
1
qua A(0; 1; 0) co vect ch phng a = (1; 2; 1)
- d
2
qua B(0; 1; 1) co vect ch phng b = (1; 2; 3)
- AB = (0; 2; 1),
(

a, b = (8; 2; 4)
-
(

a, b .AB = 4 4 = 8 = 0 vay d
1
cheo d
2

- Ta lai co: a.b= 1 4 + 3 = 0 d
1
d
2
.
Ket luan : d
1
cheo d
2
va d
1
vuong goc d
2
b/ ng thang A co vect ch phng c = (1; 4; 2)
- Goi (o) la mat phang cha d
1
va song song A nen
o
(
=

n a, c = (8; 3; 2)
(o) qua A va co vect phap tuyen
o
n = (8; 3; 2)
(o): 8(x 0) + 3(y + 1) + 2(z 0) = 0
8x 3y 2z 3 = 0
- Goi | la mat phang cha d
1
va song song A nen co ptpt:

|
(
=

n b, c = (8; 5; 6)
(|) qua B co vect phap tyuen
|
n = (8; 5; 6)
(|): 8(x 0) + 5(y 1) + 6(z 1) = 0 8x 5y 6z + 11 = 0
ng thang can tm la giao tuyen cua (o) va (|) co phng trnh

270

=
+ =
8x 3y 2z 3 0
8x 5y 6z 11 0

Bai 10:
Trong khong gian vi he truc ecac Oxyz, cho mat phang (P): 2x y + 2 = 0
va ng thang: d
m
:
( ) ( )
( )
+ + + =
+ + + + =
2m 1 x 1 m y m 1 0
mx 2m 1 z 4m 2 0
(m la tham so)
Xac nh m e ng thang d
m
song song vi mat phang (P).
Giai

1
n = (2m + 1; 1 m; 0);
2
n = (m; 0; 2m + 1)
Mot vect ch phng cua d
m
la

(
=

1 2
a n , n = (2m
2
+ m + 1; (2m + 1)
2
; m(1 m))
Vect phap tuyen cua (P) la n = (2; 1; 0)
ng thang d
m
song song vi mat phang (P). a . n = 0
4m
2
+ 2m + 2 + (4m
2
+ 4m + 1) = 0
6m + 3 = 0 m =
1
2
.
Bai 11: E D B 3

= + =

+ = + =

1 2
x az a 0 ax 3y 3 0
d va d
y z 1 0 x 3z 6 0

a/ Tm a e hai ng thang d
1
, d
2
cat nhau.
b/ Vi a = 2, viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang d
2
va song song
vi ng thang d
1
. Tnh khoang cach gia d
1
va d
2
khi a = 2.
Giai
a/ at z = t Phng trnh tham so d
1
:
= +
= +
x a at
y 1 t
z t

at x = 3t' Phng trnh tham so d
2
:
' =
' =
' =
x 3t
y 1 at
z 2 t

Cach 1: d
1
va d
2
cat nhau
271
He
' + =
' + =
' =
a at 3t
1 t 1 at
t 2 t
co nghiem
' =
' =
2
2
2
3a
t (1)
a 3
6 a
t (2)
3 a
t 2 t (3)

Thay (1), (2) vao (3) ta c:
=
+ +
2
2 2
6 a 3a
2
a 3 a 3

6 a
2
= 2a
2
3a + 6 3a
2
3a = 0 a = 0 v a = 1.
Cach 2: d
1
va d
2
cat nhau
(
=

(
=
1 2 1
2
1 2
a ,a .M M 0
a ,a 0

b/ Khi a = 2 ta co: d
1
:
=
+ =
x 2z 2 0
y z 1 0
d
2
:
+ =
+ =
2x 3y 3 0
x 3z 6 0

d
1
i qua M
1
(0; 2; 1) co mot vect ch phng
1
a = (2; 1; 1)
d
2
i qua M
2
(0; 1; 2) co mot vect ch phng
2
a = 3(3; 2; 1)
V (P) cha d
2
va song song d
1
nen (P) co vect phap tuyen

1 2
n a ,a
(
=

= (1; 5; 7)
(P) qua M
2
(0; 1; 2) va co vect phap tuyen n = (1; 5; 7) nen co phng trnh
(P): (x 0) + 5(y 1) 7(z 2) = 0
x + 5y 7z + 9 = 0
Ta co :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1
0 5. 7 9
6 3 2 1
d d ,d d M ,(P)
15
1 25 49
+ +

= = =
+ +

Cach khac :
( )
1 2
d d ,d
(

=
(

1 2 1
2
1 2
a ,a .M M
a ,a
=
6 3
15

Van e 5: MAI CAU
A. FHUONG FHAF GIAI

1. Phng trnh mat cau
- (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
co tam I(a; b; c) ban knh R
- x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2ax 2by 2cz + d = 0 (vi a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d > 0)
Tam I(a, b, c), ban knh R = + +
2 2 2
a b c d

272
2. ng tron giao tuyen cua mat cau va mat phang
Cho mat cau (S) tam I, ban knh R va mat phang (o) cat mat cau (S) theo giao
tuyen la ng tron (C).
- Tm tam O cua (C)
Tm phng trnh ng
thang d qua I va vuong goc vi (o).
O = d (o).
- Tm ban knh r cua (C): r
2
= R
2
IO
2

8. E IHI
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat cau (S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
4x 4y 4z = 0
va iem A(4; 4; 0). Viet phng trnh mat phang (OAB) biet iem B thuoc (S) va
tam giac OAB eu.
Giai
Gia s B(x; y; z)
Ta co: Be(S) va tam giac OAB eu

2 2 2
2 2
2 2
x y z 4x 4y 4z 0
OA OB
OA AB
+ + =

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z 4(x y z)
32 x y z
32 (4 x) (4 y) z
+ + = + +
= + +
= + +

2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z 8
x y z 32
x y z 8(x y) 0
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =

2 2 2
x y z 8
x y z 32
x y 4
+ + =
+ + =
+ =

2 2
z 4
(x y) 2xy z 32
x y 4
=
+ + =
+ =

x 0
y 4
z 4
=
hoac
x 4
y 0
z 4
=
.
Trng hp 1: Vi B(0; 4; 4).
Mat phang (OAB) co vect phap tuyen la OA,OB (16; 16; 16)
(
=

va i qua
O (0; 0; 0) nen co phng trnh x y + z = 0.
Trng hp 2: Vi B(4; 0; 4).
(S)
(C)
O
I
r
R
o
273
Mat phang (OAB) co vect phap tuyen la OA,OB (16; 16; 16)
(
=

va i qua
O(0; 0; 0) nen co phng trnh x y z = 0.
x 1 y 3 z
2 4 1

= = va
mat phang (P): 2x y + 2z = 0. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam thuoc ng
thang A, ban knh bang 1 va tiep xuc vi mat phang (P).
Giai
Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang A:
x 1 2t
y 3 4t
z t
= +
= +
(t e R) .
Goi I la tam cua mat cau. Ie A I(1 + 2t; 3 + 4t; t).
Mat cau tiep xuc (P) va co ban knh bang 1 d(I, (P)) = 1

( ) ( )
2 1 2t 3 4t 2t
1
4 1 4
+ + +
=
+ +
= 2t 1 3 t = 2 hoac t = 1.
- t = 2 I(5; 11; 2) Phng trnh mat cau: (x 5)
2
+ (y 11)
2
+ (z 2)
2
= 1
- t = 1 I(1;1;1) Phng trnh mat cau: (x + 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
+ (z + 1)
2
= 1
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho ng thang d:
x 1 y 1 z 1
4 3 1
+
= =
.
Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam I (1; 2; 3) va cat ng thang d tai hai iem
A, B sao cho AB = 26 .
Giai
d qua M (1; 1; 1), vect ch phng a = (4; 3; 1), IM (0; 3; 4) = .
a, IM
(

=(9; 16; 12).
d(I,d) =
37
2
. Ta co: R
2
=
2
2
AB 26 37
d (I,d) 25
2 4 2
| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
.
Suy ra: phng trnh
2 2 2
(S) : (x 1) (y 2) (z 3) 25 + + + = .
Trong khong gian toa o Oxyz, cho iem A(0; 0; 2) va ng thang

+ +
A = =
x 2 y 2 z 3
:
2 3 2
.
Tnh khong cach t A en A. Viet phng trnh mat cau tam A, cat A tai hai

274
iem B va C sao cho BC = 8.
Giai
A qua M (2; 2; 3) va co vect ch phng a (2; 3; 2) = ; AM ( 2; 2; 1) =
a, AM ( 7; 2; 10)
(
=

d(A, A) =
a, AM
49 4 100 153
17
4 9 4 a
(
+ +

= =
+ +
= 3 .
Ve AH vuong goc vi A. Ta co: BH = =
BC
4
2
va AH = d(A, A) = 3.
Trong AAHB ta co: R
2
= AB
2
= BH
2
+ AH
2
= 16 + 9 = 25.
Vay phng trnh mat ca u (S): + + + =
2 2 2
x y (z 2) 25 .
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho hai iem A (1; 2; 3), B (1; 0; 1)
va mat phang (P): x + y + z + 4 = 0.
1/ Tm toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua A tam (P).
2/ Viet phng trnh ma t cau (S) co ban knh bang
AB
6
, cua tam thuoc ng
thang AB va (S) tiep xuc vi (P).
Giai
1/ Goi A la ng thang qua A va vuong goc vi (P) th: A:
+
= =
x 1 y 2 z 3
1 1 1

H la hnh chieu cua A la (P) th H = (A) (P) nen toa o H thoa:

+ + + =
+
= =
x y z 4 0
x 1 y 2 z 3
1 1 1

=
x 1
y 4
z 1
. Vay H (1; 4; 1)
2. Ta co AB = (2; 2; 2) va AB = + + = = 4 4 4 12 2 3
Ban knh mat cau (S) la R = =
AB 1
6
3

Phng trnh (AB):
+
= =
x 1 y z 1
1 1 1
.
V tam I e (AB) nen I (t 1; t; t + 1)
(S) tiep xuc (P) nen d (I; (P)) = R + = t 4 1 t = 3 hay t = 5
I(4; 3; 2) hay I(6; 5; 4)
Vay ta co hai mat cau thoa yeu cau e bai:
275
(S
1
): (x + 4)
2
+ (y 3)
2
+ (z + 2)
2
=
1
3

(S
2
): (x + 6)
2
+ (y 5)
2
+ (z + 4) =
1
3

Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho mat phang (P): 2x 2y z 4 = 0
va mat cau (S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x 4y 6z 11 = 0. Chng minh rang: mat phang
(P) cat mat cau (S) theo mot ng tron. Xac nh toa o tam va tnh ban knh
cua ng tron o.
Giai
(S) co tam I(1; 2; 3), ban knh R = 5
Khoang cach t I en (P): d(I, (P)) =

= <
2 4 3 4
3 R
3
;
Suy ra mat phang (P) cat mat cau (S).
Goi H va r lan lt la tam va ban knh cua ng tron giao tuyen, H la hnh chieu
vuong goc cua I tren (P):
IH = d(I,(P)) = 3, r = =
2 2
R IH 4
Toa o H = (x; y; z) thoa man:
= +
x 1 2t
y 2 2t
z 3 t
2x 2y z 4 0

Giai he, ta c H (3; 0; 2)
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho 4 iem A(3; 3; 0), B(3; 0; 3),
C(0; 3; 3), D(3; 3; 3)
1/ Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua bon iem A, B, C, D.
2/ Tm toa o tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC.
Giai
1/ - Goi phng trnh mat ca u (S):
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d > 0)
- Mat cau i qua bon iem A, B, C, D nen

276

e + =

e + = =

e + =

=

e + =

3
a
2
A (S) 18 6a 6b d 0
3
B (S) 18 6a 6c d 0 b
2
C (S) 18 6b 6c d 0
3
c
D (S) 27 6a 6b 6c d 0
2
d 0
nhan
Vay (S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3x 3y 3z = 0
2/
i qua A(3; 3; 0)
(ABC) :
co vect pha p tuye n la AB, AC 9(1; 1; 1)
(
=

Phng trnh mat phang (ABC): x + y + z 6 = 0
- ng tron (C) ngoai tiep tam giac ABC la giao cu a mat phang (ABC) va (S)
Phng trnh ng tron (C):
+ + =
+ + =
2 2 2
x y y 3x 3y 3z 0
x y z 6 0

- Goi d qua tam
3 3 3
I ; ;
2 2 2
| |
|
\ .
cua (S) va vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC)

3 3 3
i qua I ; ;
2 2 1 d :
co vect ch phng a (1; 1; 1)
| |
|
\ .

- Phng trnh tham so ( )
3
x t
2
3
d : y t
t
2
3
z t
2
= +
= +
e
= +

- H = d (ABC) ta giai he
= +
= +

=

=
= +
+ + =
3
x t
2
x 2
3
y t
y 2
2
3
z 2
z t
2
x y z 3 0

Vay tam cua ng tron (C) la H(2; 2; 2)
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz, cho mat cau
(S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x + 4y + 2z 3 = 0 va mat phang (P): 2x y + 2z 14 = 0.
277
1/ Viet phng trnh mat phang (Q) cha truc Ox va cat (S) theo mot ng
tron co ban knh bang 3
2/ Tm toa o iem M thuoc mat cau (S) sao cho khoang cach t M en mat
phang (P) ln nhat.
Giai
1/ (S): (x 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
+ (z + 1)
2
= 9 co tam I(1; 2; 1) va ban knh R = 3.
Mat phang (Q) co cap vect ch phng la: OI (1; 2; 1), i (1; 0; 0) = =
Vect phap tuyen cua (Q) la: = n (0; 1; 2)
Phng trnh cu a (Q) la: 0.(x 0) 1.(y 0) + 2(z 0) = 0 y 2z = 0
2/ Goi d la ng thang i qua I va vuong goc vi (P). ng thang d cat (S) tai
hai iem A, B.
Nhan xet: Neu d(A; (P)) > d(B; (P)) th d(M; (P)) ln nhat khi M A
Phng trnh ng thang d:
+ +
= =
x 1 y 2 z 1
2 1 2

Toa o giao iem cua d va (S) la nghiem cua he:

( )
+ + + + =
+ +
= =

2
2 2
(x 1) (y 2) z 1 9
x 1 y 2 z 1
2 1 2

Giai he ta tm c hai giao iem A(1; 1; 3), B(3; 3; 1)
Ta co: d(A; (P)) = 7 > d (B; (P)) = 1.
Vay khoang cach t M en (P) ln nhat khi M(1; 1; 3)
Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o Oxyz cho hnh lang tru ng ABC.A
1
B
1
C
1

vi A(0; 3; 0), B(4; 0; 0), C(0; 3; 0), B
1
(4; 0; 4).
a/ Tm toa o cac nh A
1
, C
1
. Viet phng trnh mat cau co tam la A va tiep
xuc vi mat phang (BCC
1
B
1
).
b/ Goi M la trung iem cua A
1
B
1
. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua hai
iem A, M va song song vi BC
1
. Mat phang (P) cat ng thang A
1
C
1
tai iem
N. Tnh o dai oan MN.
Giai
a/ A
1
(0; 3; 4), C
1
(0; 3; 4);
1
BC ( 4; 3; 0), BB (0; 0; 4) = =
Vect phap tuyen cua mp(BCC
1
B
1
) la
1
n BC, BB (12; 16; 0)
(
= =

Phng trnh mat phang (BCC
1
B
1
): 12(x 4) + 16y = 0 3x + 4y 12 = 0.

278
Ban knh mat cau:
( ) ( )

= = =
+
1 1
2 2
12 12
24
R d A, BCC B
5
3 4

Phng trnh mat cau: + + + =
2 2 2
576
x (y 3) z
25

b/ Ta co
1
3 3
M 2; ; 4 , AM 2; ; 4 , BC ( 4; 3; 4).
2 2
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Vect phap tuyen cua (P) la
(
= =

p 1
n AM,BC ( 6; 24;12) .
Phng trnh (P): 6x 24(y + 3) + 12z = 0 x + 4y 2z + 12 = 0.
Ta thay B(4; 0; 0) e (P). Do o (P) i qua A, M va song song vi BC
1
.
Ta co
1 1
A C (0; 6; 0) = .
Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang A
1
C
1
la:
=
= +
x 0
y 3 6t
z 4

N e A
1
C
1
N(0; 3 + 6t; 4).
V N e (P) nen 0 + 4(3 + 6t) 8 + 12 = 0 t =
1
3
. Vay N(0; 1; 4).
MN =
| |
+ + + =
|
\ .
2
2 2
3 17
(2 0) 1 (4 4)
2 2

Bai 10: E D B 1 AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2005
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho 3 iem A(1; 1; 0), B(0; 2; 0), C(0; 0; 2)
a/ Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua goc toa o O va vuong goc vi BC.
Tm toa o giao iem cua AC vi mat phang (P).
b/ Chng minh tam giac ABC la tam giac vuong. Viet phng trnh mat cau
ngoai tiep t dien OABC.
Giai
a/ BC (0; 2; 2) =
- Mat phang (P) qua O va vuong goc BC (nhan BC lam vect phap tuyen)
Phng trnh (P): 0(x 0) 2(y 0) + 2(z 0) = 0 y z = 0 (*)
- = AC ( 1; 1;2) nen phng trnh tham so cua AC: ( )
x 1 t (1)
y 1 t (2)
t
z 2t (3)
=
=
e

Thay (1), (2), (3) vao (*) ta c: 1 t 2t = 0 =
1
t
3

279
Thay vao (1), (2), (3) ta co
2 2 2
M ; ;
3 3 3
| |
|
\ .
la giao iem AC (P)
b/ AB ( 1; 1; 0), AC ( 1; 1; 2) = =
= = AB.AC 1 1 0 AB AC AABC vuong tai A.
- De thay ABOC cung vuong tai O. Do o A, O cung nhn oan BC di mot
goc vuong. Do o A, O, B, C eu nam tren mot mat cau tam I la trung iem BC, ban
knh =
BC
R
2
.
- I(0; 1; 1), = R 2 nen phng trnh (S): (x 0)
2
+ (y 1)
2
+ (z 1)
2
= 2 .
Bai 11: E D B 1 AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2005
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho lang tru ng OAB.
1 1 1
O A B vi
A(2; 0; 0), B(0; 4; 0), O
1
(0; 0; 4).
a/ Tm toa o cac iem A
1,
B
1
. Viet phng trnh mat cau qua 4 iem O, A. B, O
1

b/ Goi M la trung iem cua AB. Mat phang (P) qua M va vuong goc vi O
1
A
ong thi cat OA, OA
1
lan lt tai N, K. Tnh o dai oan KN.
Giai
a/ V AA
1
(Oxy) A
1
( 2; 0; 4), BB
1
(Oxy) B
1
(0; 4; 4)
Phng trnh mat cau (S):
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
d > 0)
Mat cau qua 4 iem O, A. B, O
1
nen

e
e
1
O (S)
A (S)
B (S)
O (S)

=
d 0
4 4a 0
16 8b 0
16 8c 0

=
a 1
b 2
c 2
d 0
(nhan)
Vay (S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x 4y 4z = 0
b/ M trung iem AB M(1; 2; 0)
- (P) qua M(1; 2; 0), (P) O
1
A
Vect phap tuyen cua mat phang (P):
P 1
n O A (2; 0; 4) = =
Phng trnh mp(P): 2(x 1) + 0(y 2) 4(z 0) = 0 x 2z 1 = 0
- Phng trnh tham so OA: ( )
=
=
e
x t
y 0
t
z 0

x
y
z
O
A
B
B
1

A
1

280
- N = (P) OA ta co he
=
x 2z 1 0
x t
y 0
z 0

=
x 1
y 0
z 0
N(1; 0; 0)
- Phng trnh tham so OA
1
: ( )
' =
= ' e
' =
x t
y 0
t
z 2t

- K = OA
1
(P) ta co he
=
' =
' =
x 2z 1 0
x t
y 0
z 2t

1
x
3
y 0
2
z
3

1 2
K ; 0;
3 3
| |

|
\ .

-
| | | |
= + + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2
1 2 2 5
KN 1 (0 0) 0
3 3 3

Bai 12:
Trong khong gian vi he toa o Oxyz cho ba iem A(2; 0; 1), B(1; 0; 0),
C(1; 1; 1) va mat phang (P): x + y + z 2 = 0. Viet phng trnh mat ca u i qua ba
iem A, B, C va co tam thuoc mat phang (P).
Giai
Goi I(x; y; z) la tam mat ca u. Gia thiet cho
= =
2 2 2
IA IB IC
I (P)

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
+ + =
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
x 2 y z 1 x 1 y z
x 2 y z 1 x 1 y 1 z 1
x y z 2 0

+ = =

= =

+ + = =

2x 2z 4 0 x 1
2x 2y 2 0 y 0 I (1; 0; 1)
x y z 2 0 z 1
. Ban knh R = IB = 1
Vay phng trnh mat ca u la:
( ) ( )
+ + =
2 2
2
x 1 y z 1 1.
Bai 13: E D B 1
Trong khong gian vi he toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho mat phang
(P): 2x + 2y + z m
2
3m = 0 (m la tham so)
va mat ca u (S): (x 1)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
+ (z 1)
2
= 9.
Tm m e mat phang (P) tiep xuc vi mat cau (S) vi m tm c hay xac nh
281
toa o tiep iem cua mat phang (P) va mat ca u (S).
Giai
- Mat cau (S) co tam I(1; 1; 1), ban knh R = 3
- Mat phang (P) tiep xuc vi (S): d(I, (P)) = R

+ =
+ = + +
+ =
2
2
2
m 3m 1 9
2 2 1 m 3m 3 4 4 1
m 3m 1 9

+ = =

=
+ + =
2
2
m 3m 10 0 m 2
m 5
m 3m 8 0 (VN)

(P): 2x + 2y + z 10 = 0 (1)
- Goi A ng thang qua I va A (P)
A qua I (1; 1; 1) va
p
a n (2; 2; 1).
A
= =
Phng trnh tham so A:
x 1 2t (2)
y 1 2t (3)
z 1 t (4)
= +
= +
= +
.
- Tiep iem M la giao iem cua A va (P), thay (2), (3), (4) vao (1) ta c:
2(1 + 2t) + 2(1 + 2t) + 1 + t 10 = 0 t = 1 M(3; 1; 2).

On Thi Dai Hoc Chuyen Hinh Hoc Giai Tich Khong Gian

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On Thi Dai Hoc Chuyen Hinh Hoc Giai Tich Khong Gian

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Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

. Viet phng trnh ng thang A i qua iem A, vuong goc vi

' ' ' ' eA + = +

. Suy ra: I(1; 1; 1).

. M AB M( 1 t;2 t;3 4t) e +

' ' ' ' = e

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