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h<c =h>n /c b tr@ gi?ng 1$ tr<n 5n trong h<c G[ 50i thXi gian ti a (z tu>nC 4; 5K$) n,n gi0i hn s ./ng 7i h<c =h>n Ghng Au (z ch F) sao cho 7i ch F /c gi?i Au$Ht tr<n 5n trong 76t tu>nC xC +ch 89$ 1ng n6i h#7 3iHn thIc ca 7i ch FQ "Hu th-$ c>n thiHt cO thY n,u nhEng GiHn thIc .i,n Auan trc tiH= Hn ch F) Y ngXi h<c cO GH hoch t nghi,n cIu t*ng h/= .#7 c: s tiH= thu GiHn thIc chu$,n 7n ca ch F /c 1n 1#ngC 3iHn thIc ca 7i ch F =h?i .# nhEng GiHn thIc ct .ei Y trang b_ cho ngXi h<cC fNc @ch) .# 1`ng GiHn thIc ct .ei Y 1$ cch h<c h<c =h>n) nhX O ngXi h<c t =ht triYn 5n GiHn thIc 5F h<c =h>n trong Au tr;nh .#7 5ic sau n#$ 5# th@ch nghi 50i s b`ng n* thng tinC +h Ghi 1$ cc GiHn thIc ct .ei 70i thXi gian Y 1$ nDng .c nhKn thIc) nDng .c t 1u$ 5# 1$ Gi nDng cc 7Ic ch-t ./ng Gh tr .,nC U#7 /c iFu n#$ ta k = 1Nng =h:ng ch97 1| b-t biHn Ing 5n biHnC H#ng nD7) gi?ng 5i,n =h?i cK= nhKt thng tin) thY hin GiHn thIc 70i ca h<c =h>n Y n9ng cao s ch@nh 8c 5# to#n 1in 5F Ghoa h<c ca h<c =h>nC Thc hin /c iFu n#$ cO ngh|a .# ch{ng ta k tiH= cKn G_= thXi s =ht triYn cMng nh Ong gO= bnHu ta t* chIc nghi,n cIu Ghoa h<cc 5#o =ht triYn Ghoa h<c ca ng#nh) .i,n ng#nh #o toC Tu$ nhi,n) nhEng GiHn thIc ti thiYu 5# c>n thiHt =h?i 1$ 5# h<c =h?i 1a tr,n c: s nhEng Gi nDng ngXi h<c c>n t /c Ghi h<c 8ong ch F n#$C fi n6i 1ung GiHn thIc c>n Au$ _nh t 7Ic 6 nh-t _nh thBo thang ch-t ./ng ca B.oo7 bthBo ShN .Nc xc) Y .#7 c: s thc hin trong Au tr;nh 1$ h<cC zC +ch 89$ 1ng n6i h#7 3i nDng ca 7i ch FQ 3hi h<c 8ong ch F) ngXi h<c .#7 /c nhEng Gi nDng g; 5# t 7Ic 6 7-$ thBo thang ch-t ./ng ca B.oo7C 4@ 1NQ Gi nDng ht 5-n F) gi?i Au$Ht 5-n F) Gi nDng t@nh ton) Gi nDng 5Kn 1Nng 5#o thc tH .i,n Auan Hn ch FL yC +ch 89$ 1ng n6i h#7 Thi 6 ca 7i ch FQ Sh?i 5iHt nh thH n#o Y ngXi 1$ 5# ngXi h<c Fu t 8c _nh th-$ ch F n#$ Auan tr<ng) c>n thi,tL Hn 7Ic n#oC !Y t\ O ngXi 1$ 5# ngXi h<c cO thi 6 Ing 8]) tr9n tr<ngL {ng 7Ic trong Au tr;nh 1$ h<c ch Fa 4F n6i 1ung ca Thi 6 Ghng c>n cho 7Ic 6 nh giC

P)Q Qc YJ ^;(0 ").( &': HUc < Oc)q3 1L(0R 8IJ F:i( 3)Uc#T)G: <#Fj (](0 cfX ^ &&HE XE F:i( 3)UcJ C)q3 N: %@(0 V> %Q '3 Th s)dX 1L(0 N)mQ +O thY fIc nhdc .i cc 6 ( thng tin k /c tiH= nhKn tr0c O H:y@Q "d7 /c P ngh|a ca fIc thng tin) thY 6 & hin Aua Gh? nDng 1inn gi?i) su$ 1inn) .i,n h) Ghi Aut V!( %Q(0Q = fIc 1Nng thng tin 6 3 k biHt 5#o 76t t;nh hung) iFu Gin 70i P).( 3>c)Q +hia thng tin th#nh fIc nhEng =h>n nh} 6 x 5# ch ra 7i .i,n h ca ch{ng t0i t*ng thY G() 0:GQ !a ra nhKn _nh) fIc =hn Au$Ht ca 6 z b?n th9n i 50i thng tin 1a tr,n cc chupn 7c) ti,u ch@ G(0 3'&Q c .K= thng tin) s 5Kt 70i tr,n c: s nhEng thng fIc tin) s 5Kt k cO 6 y 4iHt .i 76t cng thIc) <c .i 76t b#i th:) 7 t? .i 76t s Gin) nhKn biHt =h:ng n {ng Ri?i th@ch 76t _nh .uKt) =h9n bit cch s] 1Nng cc thiHt b_) 5iHt tO7 tdt 76t b#i bo) tr;nh b#$ 76t Auan iY7 "hdc .i) 7 t?) .it G,) tr;nh b#$) ch<n .a) g<i t,n) nhKn 1in Ri?i th@ch) tO7 tdt) =h9n bit) 7 r6ng) Ghi Aut hOa) cho 5@ 1N) nhKn _nh) so snh) sd= 8H=

4Kn 1Nng 76t _nh .uKt Y gi?i th@ch 76t hin t/ng) = 1Nng 76t cng thIc Y t@nh ton) thc hin 76t th@ nghi7 1a tr,n Aui tr;nh UP gi?i ngu$,n nh9n th-t bi ca 76t 1oanh nghi=) h thng hOa cc 5Dn b?n =h= Aui) 89$ 1ng biYu q =ht triYn ca 76t 1oanh nghi=

4Kn 1Nng) = 1Nng) t@nh ton) chIng +h-t 7inh) gi?i th@ch) 89$ ./ng 1ng) .K= GH hoch Sh9n t@ch) .P gi?i) so snh) .K= biYu q) +h-t =h9n bit) 7inh h<a) ./ng 89$ 1ng 7i .i,n GhC h) h thng hOa

Sh?n bin 76t nghi,n cIu) !nh gi) cho P b#i boa nh gi Gh? nDng GiHn) b;nh .uKn) t*ng +h-t th#nh cng ca 76t gi?i =h=a h/=) so snh ./ng ch ra cc iY7 $Hu ca 76t cao .K= .uKn

ThiHt GH 76t 72u nh# 70i) ThiHt .K=) t*ng h/=) 89$ 1ng 76t cng thIc 70i) 89$ 1ng) thiHt GH) sng tc 76t b#i hta 89$ sng tc) F 8u-t 1ng h thng cc ti,u ch@ Y +h-t nh gi 76t hot 6nga F ./ng 8u-t h thng cc gi?i =h= r-t nh7 Ghdc =hNc nhEng hn cao chHa 89$ 1ng c: s .P .uKn cho 76t Auan iY7a .K= GH hoch t* chIc 76t s Gin 70i

ME T)G: < '3 fIc 6 ( fIc 6 & fIc 6 3 fIc 6 x fIc 6 z cE Fj (](0 '3 fIc 6 ( fIc 6 & fIc 6 3 fIc 6 x fIc 6 z

N: %@(0 TiH= nhKn hohc ch{ P (cHm gic 2 !c 8C tjn t-i c1a 8C :It a +kng lng ti5p nhIn a kh9ng ch5 h(Sc lCa chn ch` R)@ != Ing (c cc +i76 hin ph$c t>ng l t'nh ng6yn a th(H mmn : 8nn lng)@ !nh gi/"6i t97 ho (th*ng tin ti5p nhIn l g#a t"G th*ng tin a cHm nhIn th*ng tin)@ T* chIc/ThiHt .K= (gi t"G th*ng tin th6 2 !c)@ H;nh th#nh =hp7 cch

C)q3 1L(0

+h-t ./ng +h-t ./ng Gh +h-t ./ng cao +h-t ./ng r-t cao

N: %@(0 C)q3 1L(0 Bdt ch0c (U6an 8t : lSp l-i m;t ko nng n( 2)@ Thao tc (h(n thnh m;t ko nng n( 2 th0( chP +h-t ./ng )pn kh*ng cn +qt ch ,c my mc)@ +hupn hOaQ (lSp l-i ko nng n( 2 m;t cch ch#nh rc/ nhGp nhng/ 2`ng 2qn/ th Vng thCc +h-t ./ng Gh hin m;t cch 2;c lIp/ kh*ng phHi h ,ng )pn)@ Shi h/= (k5t h!p 2 !c nhi36 ko nng th0( thB tC +h-t ./ng cao rc 2Gnh m;t cch nhGp nhng : in 2Gnh)@ T 6ng hOa (h(n thnh m;t hay nhi36 ko nng m;t cch )[ )ng : t"g thnh tC nhin/ kh*ng 2i +h-t ./ng r-t cao hsi 8C gqng 8Bc :3 t"# lCc : th7 lCc)@

Rhi ch{Q +Dn cI thc tH ca trXng) 8k h6i thng nh-t F ngh_ Ghi 89$ 1ng chupn 5F GiHn thIc Gi nDng ca 7i 5-n F nh sauQ +hupn 5F GiHn thIc ch<n 7Ic 6 cao nh-t .# z bt:ng Ing t ch-t ./ng caoc +hupn 5F Gi nDng ch<n 7Ic 6 cao nh-t .# 3 bt:ng Ing t ch-t ./ng GhcC Tu$ nhi,n) nHu iFu Gin ?7 b?o ch-t ./ng Y 1$ h<c h<c =h>n) cO thY cO nhEng n6i 1ung GiHn thIc 5# Gi nDng) 7Ic 6 c>n t /c cO thY /c F 8u-t 7Ic cao h:n Au$ _nh tr,nC/C