CHNG I THNH PHN V TNH CHT NC THI

THNH PHN NC THI Tr n nh in ton cu, nc l mt ti nguy n v cng phong ph nhng nc ch hu dng vi con ngi khi n ng ni, ng ch, ng ng v t cht lng theo yu cu. Hn 99% tr lng nc trn th gii nm dng khng hu dng i vi a s cc mc ch ca con ngi o mn (nc bin), a im, dng ( ng h). Phn b v dng ca nc trn Tri t a im Cc i ng v bin (nc mn) Kh quyn (hi nc) Sng, rch Nc ngm (n su 0,8 km) H nc ngt Tng ng v ng h Ngun: US Geological Survey Con ngi khai thc cc ngun nc t nhi n cung cp nc cho cc nhu cu sinh hot v sn xut. Sau khi s dng nc b nhim bn do cha nhiu vi trng v cc cht thi khc. Nu khng c x l trc khi thi vo cc ngun nc cng cng, chng s lm nhim mi trng. V vy nc thi trc khi thi vo sng, h (ngun nc) cn phi c x l thch ng. Mc x l ph thuc vo nng bn ca nc thi; kh nng pha long gia nc thi vi nc ngun v cc yu cu v mt v sinh, kh nng "t lm sch ca ngun nc". Theo cc qui nh v bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam, nhim nc l vic a vo cc ngun nc cc tc nhn l, ha, sinh hc v nhit khng c trng v thnh phn hoc hm lng i vi mi trng an u n mc c kh nng gy nh hng xu n s pht trin nh thng ca mt loi sinh vt no hoc thay i tnh cht trong lnh ca mi trng an u. Din tch (km2) 361.000.000 510.000.000 ------130.000.000 855.000 28.200.000 Tng th tch nc (km3) 1.230.000.000 12.700 1.200 4.000.000 123.000 28.600.000 % tng lng nc 97.2000 0,0010 0,0001 0,3100 0,0090 2.1500

Theo mt nh ngha khc " nhim nc mt din ra khi a qu nhiu cc tp cht, cc cht khng mong i, cc tc nhn gy nguy h i vo cc ngun nc, vt khi kh nng t lm sch ca cc ngun nc ny" thit k cc cng t nh x l nc thi, trc tin chng ta phi bit c im, thnh phn ca cc cht gy nhim. Cc c im l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ca nc thi v ngun sinh ra n c im L hc

Ngun

Mu Mi Cht rn Nhit

Nc thi sinh hot hay cng nghip, thng do s phn hy ca cc cht thi hu c. Nc thi cng nghip, s phn hy ca nc thi Nc cp, nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, xi mn t. Nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip

Ha hc

Carbohydrate Du, m Thuc tr su Phenols Protein Cht hu c ay hi Cc cht nguy him Cc cht khc Tnh kim Chlorides Kim loi nng

Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi nng nghip Nc thi cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Do s phn hy ca cc cht hu c trong nc thi trong t nhin Cht thi sinh hot, nc cp, nc ngm Nc cp, nc ngm Nc thi cng nghip

Nitrogen pH Phosphorus Sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Methane Oxygen

Nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip; ra tri Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip; nc cp S phn hy ca nc thi sinh hot S phn hy ca nc thi sinh hot Nc cp, s trao i qua b mt tip xc khng kh - nc

Sinh hc

ng vt Thc vt Eubacteria Archaebacteria Viruses

Cc ng chy h v h thng x l Cc ng chy h v h thng x l Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Cc cht nhim quan trng cn ch n trong qu t nh l nc thi Cht gy nhim Cc cht rn l lng Cc cht hu c c th phn hy bng con ng sinh hc Cc mm bnh Nguyn nhn c xem l quan trng To nn bn lng v mi trng ym kh khi nc thi cha x l c thi vo mi trng. Biu th bng n v mg/L. Bao gm ch yu l carbohydrate, protein v cht bo. Thng c o ng ch tiu BOD v COD. Nu thi thng vo ngun nc, qu t nh phn hy sinh hc s lm suy kit oxy ha tan ca ngun nc. Cc bnh truyn nhim c th ly nhim t cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trong nc thi. Thng s qun l l MPN (Most Probable Number). N v P cn thit cho s pht trin ca cc sinh vt. Khi c

Cc ng cht

thi vo ngun nc n c th lm gia tng s pht trin ca cc loi khng mong i. Khi thi ra vi s lng ln trn mt t n c th gy nhim nc ngm. Cc cht nhim nguy hi Cc cht hu c kh phn hy Kim loi nng Cc hp cht hu c hay v c c kh nng gy ung th, bin d, thai d dng hoc gy c cp tnh. Khng th x l c bng cc bin php thng thng. V d cc nng c, phenols... C trong nc thi thng mi v cng nghip v cn loi b khi ti s dng nc thi. Mt s ion kim loi c ch cc qu t nh x l sinh hc Hn ch vic s dng nc cho cc mc ch nng, cng nghip Lm gim kh nng o ha oxy trong nc v thc y s pht trin ca thy sinh vt C kh nng gy nguy hi cho TSV

Cht v c ha tan Nhit nng Ion hydrogen

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Diposal, Reuse, 1989 Low-maintenance Mechanically Simple Wastewater Treatment systems, 1980 cc thnh ph c nhiu nh my, khu cng nghip, nc thi cng nghip nh hng rt ln n thnh phn nc thi chung ca thnh ph, th trn v n cha nhiu cc cht gy nhim nng cao v ty theo tng nh my thnh phn cht gy nhim rt phc tp. Do gim thiu chi ph cho vic qun l v x l, mi nh my cn phi c cc h thng x l ri ng nc thi thi vo cc ngun nc cng cng phi t n mt tiu chun cho php no . Cc loi cht thi v cc ngun thi chnh Loi cht thi T cng rnh, knh thot nc Nc thi sinh hot Cc cht thi cn oxy phn hy Dng cht Nc thi cng nghip T cc ngun chy trn Chy trn t khu sx nng nghip Chy trn khu vc thnh th

Cc mm bnh Cht rn l lng/cn lng Mui Kim loi c Cht hu c c Nhit

CHT RN TRONG NC THI Cht rn trong nc thi bao gm cc cht rn l lng, cht rn c kh nng lng, cc ht keo v cht rn ha tan. Tng cc cht rn (Total soli , TS) trong nc thi l phn cn li sau khi cho nc thi ay hi hon ton nhit t 103 105oC. Cc cht bay hi nhit ny khng c coi l cht rn. Tng cc cht rn c biu th bng n v mg/L. Tng cc cht rn c th chia ra lm hai thnh phn: cht rn l lng (c th lc c) v cht rn ha tan (khng lc c). Cht rn l lng l cc ht nh (hu c hoc v c) trong nc thi. Khi vn tc ca dng chy b gim xung (do n chy vo cc h cha ln) phn ln cc cht rn l lng s b lng xung y h; nhng ht khng lng c s to thnh c (turbidity) ca nc. Cc cht l lng hu c s tiu th oxy phn hy lm gim DO ca ngun nc. Cc cn lng s lm y cc b cha lm gim th tch hu dng ca cc b ny. xc nh hm lng cc cht rn l lng phi tin hnh phn tch chng bng cch lc qua giy lc bng s thy tinh Whatmann 934AH v 948H (Whatmann GF/C) c kch thc cc l khong 1,2 micrometter (m) hoc ca c loi A/E. Lu l cc giy lc cu to bng Polycar onate cng c th s dng c, tuy nhin cc s liu c th chnh lch do cu trc ca cc loi giy ny khc nhau. Cc cht rn l lng b gi li giy lc. em giy lc ny sy kh tuyt i nhit 105oC. Hm lng cht rn l lng s c tnh bng cng thc:

trong TSS: tng cc cht rn l lng (mg/L)

A: trng lng ca giy lc v cc cht rn l lng sau khi sy kh tuyt i (mg) B: trng lng an u ca giy lc (mg) V: th tch mu nc thi qua lc (L) Hm lng cht rn l lng ph thuc ch yu vo lng nc s dng hng ngy ca mt ngi. Lng nc tiu th cng ln th hm lng cc cht rn l lng ni ring v cc cht gy nhim ni chung cng nh v ngc li. Ty theo kch thc ht, trng lng ring ca chng, tc dng chy v cc tc nhn ha hc m cc cht l lng c th lng xung y, ni ln mt nc hoc trng thi l lng. xc nh hm lng cc cht rn c kh nng lng (setta le soli ) ngi ta dng mt dng c thy tinh gi l nn Imhoff c chia vch th tch. Cho 1 lt nc thi vo nn Imhoff cho lng t nhi n trong vng 45 pht, sau khuy nh st thnh nn ri cho lng tip trong vng 15 pht. Sau c th tch cht l lng lng c bng cc vch chia n ngoi. Hm lng cht rn l lng lng c biu th bng n v mL/L. Ch tiu cht rn c kh nng lng biu din gn ng lng bn c th loi b c bng b lng s cp. Ngoi cc cht lng c, trong nc thi cn cha cc tp cht ni (floating solid) c trng lng ring nh hn trng lng ri ng nc. Khi lng cc cht ny ni ln b mt cng trnh. Theo cc tnh ton ca S KHCN & MT Cn Th lng cht rn l lng tng cng do mt ngi khu vc Cn Th thi ra trong mt ngy m l 200 g. Cc cht rn ha tan (khng lc c bao gm cc ht keo v cc cht ha tan. Cc ht keo c kch thc t 0,001 1 mm, cc ht keo ny khng th loi b bng phng php lng c hc. Cc cht ha tan c th l phn t hoc ion ca cht hu c hay v c. xc nh hm lng hu c ca cc cht rn l lng ngi ta s dng ch tiu VSS (volatile suspended solid) bng cch em ha tro cc cht rn 550 50oCtrong 1 gi. Phn ay hi l cc cht hu c (VSS), phn cn li sau khi ha tro l cc cht v c FSS (Fixe suspen e soli ). Lu hu ht cc mui v c u khng b phn hy nhit i 825oC, ch tr magnesium carbonate b phn hy thnh MgO v CO2 nhit 350oC. Ch tiu VSS ca nc thi thng c xc nh bit r kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca n.

Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn cht rn trong nc v nc thi Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Diposal, Reuse, 1989

Bi tp 1.1: Cho cc s liu sau Trng lng ca a ng cha mu l 53,5433 g Trng lng ca a v cc cht rn cn li sau khi cho nc thi ay hi 105oC l 53,5793 g Trng lng ca a v cc cht rn cn li sau khi ha tro nc thi 550oC l 53,5772 g Trng lng giy lc Whatmann l 1,5433 g

Trng lng giy lc Whatmann v cc cht rn trn giy lc sau khi lc mu l 1,5553 g Trng lng sau khi ha tro l 1,5531g Tt c cc mu th u c th tch l 50 mL. Xc nh TS, VS, SS, VSS

Gii:

VI KHUN V SINH VT KHC TRONG NC THI Cc vi sinh vt hin din trong nc thi bao gm cc vi khun, vi rt, nm, to, nguyn sinh ng vt, cc loi ng v thc vt bc cao. Cc vi khun trong nc thi c th chia lm 4 nhm ln: nhm hnh cu (cocci) c ng knh khong 1 3 bacilli) c chiu rng khong 1,5 u di khong 1 10,0 n hnh cho nhm ny l vi khun E. coli c chiu r u di 2 n hnh que cong v xon c, vi khun hnh que cong c chiu rng khong 0,6 1,0 u di khong 2 6 trong khi vi khun hnh xon c c chiu di c th l n n 50 n hnh si c chiu di khong 100 c i hn. Cc vi khun c kh nng phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong t nhi n cng nh trong cc x l. Do c im, chc nng ca n phi c tm hiu k. Ngoi ra cc vi khun cn c kh nng gy nh v c s dng lm thng s ch th cho vic nhim ngun nc bi phn. iu ny s bn k trong phn sau. Nm c cu to c th a o, sng hiu kh, khng quang hp v l loi ha d ng. Chng ly ng cht t cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Cng vi vi khun, nm chu

trch nhim phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. V mt sinh thi hc nm c hai u im so vi vi khun: nm c th pht trin trong iu kin m thp v pH. Khng c s hin din ca nm, chu trnh carbon s chm li v cc cht thi hu c s tch t trong mi trng. To gy nh hng bt li cho cc ngun nc mt v iu kin thch hp n s pht trin nhanh bao ph b mt ao h v cc ng nc gy nn hin tng "to n hoa". S hin din ca to lm gim gi tr ca ngun nc s dng cho mc ch cp nc bi v chng to nn mi v v. Nguyn sinh ng vt c cu to c th n o, hu ht sng hiu kh hoc ym kh khng bt buc ch c mt s loi sng ym kh. Cc nguy n sinh ng vt quan trng trong qu trnh x l nc thi bao gm cc loi Amoeba, Flagellate v Ciliate. Cc nguy n sinh ng vt ny n cc vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc o , n ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cn bng h vi sinh vt trong cc h thng x l sinh hc. Mt s nguy n sinh ng vt gy bnh cho ngi nh Giar alam lia v Cryptosporium. ng vt v thc vt bao gm cc loi c kch thc nh nh rotifer n cc loi gip xc c kch thc ln. Cc kin thc v cc loi ny rt hu ch trong vic nh gi mc nhim ca cc ngun nc cng nh c tnh ca cc loi nc thi. Vi rt l cc loi k sinh bt buc, cc loi vi rt phng thch ra trong phn ngi c kh nng ly truyn bnh rt cao. Mt s loi c kh nng sng n 41 ngy trong nc v nc thi 20oC v 6 ngy trong nc sng nh thng. Nc thi c cha mt lng kh ln cc sinh vt gy bnh bao gm vi khun, vi rt, nguy n sinh ng vt v cc loi trng. Ngun gc ch yu l trong phn ngi v gia sc. Nm 1986, Shuval v cc cng s vi n xp loi cc nhm vi sinh vt ny theo mc gy nguy him ca n i vi con ngi. ng cng a ra nhn xt l cc tc hi ln sc khe con ngi ch xy ra ng k khi s dng hoc phn ti hoc phn lng cha k, v cc bin php x l thch ng s gp phn ng k trong vic bo v sc khe con ngi. Xem nh mt s vi sinh vt sng trong cc ngun nc Cc vi sinh vt ch th vic nhim bn ngun nc bi phn Coliforms v Fecal Coliforms: Coliform l cc vi khun hnh que gram m c kh nng ln men lactose sinh ga nhit 35 0.5oC, coliform c kh nng sng ngoi ng rut ca ng vt (t nhin), t bit trong mi trng kh hu nng. Nhm vi khun coliform ch yu bao gm cc ging nhCitrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella v c Fecal coliforms (trong E. Coli l loi thng dng ch nh vic nhim ngun nc bi phn). Ch tiu tng coliform khng thch hp lm ch tiu ch th cho vic nhim bn ngun nc bi phn. Tuy nhin vic xc nh s lng Fecal

coliform c th sai lch do c mt s vi sinh vt (khng c ngun gc t phn) c th pht trin nhit 44oC. Do s lng E. coli c coi l mt ch tiu thch hp nht cho vic qun l ngun nc. Fecal streptococci: nhm ny bao gm cc vi khun ch yu sng trong ng rut ca ng vt nh Streptococcus bovis v S. equinus; mt s loi c phn b rng hn hin din c trong ng rut ca ngi v ng vt nhu S. faecalis v S. faecium hoc c 2 biotype (S. faecalis var liquefaciens v loi S. faecalis c kh nng thy phn tinh bt). Cc loi biotype c kh nng xut hin c trong nc nhim v khng nhim. Vic nh gi s lng Faecal streptococci trong nc thi c tin hnh thng xuyn; tuy nhin n c cc gii hn nh c th ln ln vi cc biotype sng t nhin; F. streptococcirt d cht i vi s thay i nhit . Cc th nghim v sau vn khuyn khch vic s dng ch tiu ny, nht l trong vic so snh vi kh nng sng st ca Salmonella. M, s lng 200 F. coliform/100 mL l ngng ti hn trong tiu chun qun l cc ngun nc t nhin bi li. Clostridium perfringens: y l loi vi khun ch th duy nht to bo t trong mi trng ym kh; do n c s dng ch th cc nhim theo chu k hoc cc nhim xy ra trc thi im kho st do sng st lu ca cc bo t. Trong vic ti s dng nc thi ch tiu ny c nh gi l rt hiu qu, do cc bo t ca n c kh nng sng st tng ng vi mt s loi vi rt v trng k sinh trng. Vic pht hin, xc nh tng loi vi sinh vt gy bnh khc rt kh, tn km thi gian v tin bc. Do pht hin ngun nc b nhim bi phn ngi ta dng cc ch nh nh l s hin din ca Fecal Coliforms, Fecal Streptocci, Clostridium perfringens v Pseudomonas acruginosa. Cng cn phi ni thm rng mi quan h gia s cht i ca cc vi sinh vt ch th v vi sinh vt gy bnh cha c thit lp chnh xc. V d khi ngi ta khng cn pht hin c Fecal Coliform na th khng c ngha l tt c cc vi sinh vt gy bnh u cht ht. Trong qu trnh thit k cc h thng x l cc nh khoa hc v k thut phi hn ch ti a cc nh hng ca cht thi ti sc kho cng ng. Mi nc, mi a phng thng c nhng tiu chun ring kim tra khng ch. Do kinh ph v iu kin c gii hn cc S KHCN & MT thng dng ch tiu E. coli hoc tng coliform qui nh cht lng cc loi nc thi.

Xp loi cc vi sinh vt c trong phn ngi v gia sc theo mc nguy him Mc nguy him cao Mc nguy him trung bnh Mc nguy him thp K sinh trng (Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Trichuris v Taenia) Vi khun ng rut (Chloera vibrio, Sallmonella typhosa, Shigellav mt s loi khc) Cc vi rt ng rut

S lng coliform hay E. coli c biu din bng s kh hu MPN (Most Probable Number). V sau khi c kt qu nui cy ta c th dng cng thc Thomas tnh s MPN:

trong Np: s ng nghim pht hin coliform (possitive) Vn: th tch mu trong cc ng nghim khng pht hin coliform (negative) Vt: tng th tch mu trong tt c cc ng nghim. Bi tp: Khi nui cy xc nh s lng coliform, ngi ta c cc kt qu sau Th tch mu (mL) 10.0 1.0 0.1 0.01 ng ng tnh 4 4 2 0 ng m tnh 1 1 3 5

Gii: S ng ng tnh: 4 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 10 Th tch mu trong cc ng m tnh: (1 10) + (1 1,0) + (3 0,1) + (5 0,01) = 11,35 mL

Th tch mu trong tt c cc ng: (5 10) + (5 1,0) + (5 0,1) + (5 0,01) = 55,55 mL

S coliform kh hu/100mL mu

Vic xc nh cc vi sinh vt gy bnh ch yu Cc loi ny ch xc nh c trong phng th nghim bi nhng k thut vin vi trnh thch hp. Salmonella spp.: mt vi loi Salmonella c th hin hin trong nc thi th, k c S. typhi (gy bnh thng hn). Doran et al, 1977 cho rng s lng 700 Salmonella/L; khong chng Shigellae v khong 1.000 Vibrio cholera/L thng pht hin trong nc thi th ca khu vc nhit i. Shigellae v Vibrio cholera nhanh chng cht i khi thi ra mi trng. Do nu chng ta s dng mt bin php x l no loi c Salmonella th cng c th bo m l phn ln cc vi khun kia tiu dit. Enteroviruses: c th gy cc bnh nguy him nh si, vim mng no. Rotaviruses: gy bnh vng v trng. S lng ca chng tng i thp hn enteroviruses. Ngi ta chng minh c rng vic loi b cc loi vi rt c quan h mt thit vi vic loi b cc cht rn l lng. K sinh trng: thng th cc bnh k sinh trng ch yu l do Ascaris lumbricoides, trng ca loi k sinh trng ny c kch thc ln (45 35 50 cc phng php xc nh k sinh trng c thit lp bi WHO, 1989. Cc vi sinh vt ch th dng qun l cho cc ngun nc c mc ch s dng khc nhau

Mc ch s dng ca ngun nc Nc ung Ngun nc ngt cho cc dch v gii tr

Vi sinh vt ch th Coliform tng s (Total coliform) Fecal coliform E. coli Enterococci

Ngun nc l cho cc dch v gii tr

Fecal coliform

Coliform tng s (Total coliform) Enterococci Khu vc sinh trng ca cc loi c, s... Ti tiu trong nng nghip Nc thi sau khi kh trng Fecal coliform Coliform tng s (Total coliform) Coliform tng s (Total coliform) cho nc thi x l Fecal coliform Coliform tng s (Total coliform) i khi chng ta cn phi xc nh l ngun nc b nhim bn bi phn ngi hay phn gia sc c nhng bin php qun l thch hp. Khi ngi ta thng s dng t l Fecal coliform trn Fecal streptococci. Cc s liu v t l Fecal coliform/Fecal streptococci c trnh by trong bng 1.7. S lng cc vi sinh vt ch th trn u ngi v u gia sc

Sinh vt

TB mt c th/g phn Fecal coliform (106) Fecal streptococci (106) 3,4 1,3 54,0 3,0 84,0 38,0 2,8

TB s c th cho ra/u.24 h Fecal coliform (106) 240 5.400 11.000 2.000 8.900 18.000 130 Fecal streptococci (106) 620 31.000 18.000 450 230.000 43.000 1.300 T le FC/FS 0,4 0,2 0,6 4,4 0,04 0,4 0,1

G Bo Vt Ngi Heo Cu Ga loi

1,3 0,23 33,0 13,0 3,3 16,0 0,29

Qua bng 1.7 chng ta thy t l FC/FS ca cc gia sc, gia cm u i 1 trong khi t l FC/FS ca ngi ln hn 4. Nu FC/FS nm trong khong t 1 2 v mu c ly cn

khu vc nghi ng b nhim bi phn, ngi ta c th suy lun l ngun nc b nhim bi c phn ngi v phn gia sc. vic suy lun t c tin cy, cc iu kin sau y phi c tha: pH ca mu phi t 4 9 bo m khng c nh hng xu n c hai nhm vi khun ny. Mi mu phi c m nht 2 ln. gim thiu sai s do t l cht khc nhau, mu phi c ly ti ni cch ngun gy nhim khng qu 24 h (tnh theo vn tc dng chy). oC Ch nhng c th Fecal coliform pht hin php th 44 mi c ng tnh t l FC/FS Loi v s lng cc vi sinh vt trong nc thi sinh hot cha x l

Sinh vt Tng coliform Fecal coliform Fecal streptococci Enterococci Shigella Salmonella Pseudomonas aeroginosa Clostrium perfringens Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cyst nguy n sinh ng vt Cyst ca Giardia Cyst ca Cryptosporium Trng k sinh trng Vi rt ng rut

S lng c th/mL 105 - 106 104 - 105 105 - 104 102 - 103 Hin din 100 - 102 101 - 102 101 - 103 Hin din 101 - 103 10-1 - 102 10-1 - 101 10-2 - 101 101 - 102

Mc nhim bn vi sinh vt ca ngun nc ph thuc nhiu vo tnh trng v sinh trong khu n c v nht l cc bnh vin. i vi nc thi bnh vin, bt buc phi x l cc b trc khi x vo h thng thot nc chung hoc trc khi x vo sng h.

Ngun nc b nhim bn sinh hc khng s dng ung c, thm ch nu s lng vi khun gy bnh cao th ngun nc ny cng khng th dng cho mc ch gii tr nh i li, cu c c. Cc loi thy sn trong khu vc nhim khng th s dng lm thc n ti sng c v n l k ch trung gian ca cc k sinh trng gy bnh. S lng 1 s vi sinh vt gy bnh trong phn v nc cng rnh (ca mt cng ng 50.000 dn nhit i) Vi sinh vt gy bnh T l nhim (%) (a) S VSV/g phn (b) Tng VSV/ 1 ngi b nhim/ ngy ( = 100 g phn) (c) Tng VSV/ngy ca TP Nng /L trong nc cng rnh (b)

Vi rt Enteroviruses Vi khun E.Coli (e) Salmonella spp Shigella spp Vibrio Cholerae Protozoa Entamoeba histolyca K sinh trng Ascaris lambricoides Hook worm Schistosoma mansoni Taenia saginata Trichuris trichiara 60 40 25 1 60 104f 800f 40f 104 2 103f 106 8 104 4 103 106 2 105 3 1010 1,6 109 5 107 5 109 6 109 600 32 1 10 120 30 15 104 15 106 2,5 1011 4.500 ? 7 7 1 108 106 106 106 1010 108 108 108 ? 3.5 x 1011 3,5 x 1011 5 x 1010 ? 7.000 7.000 1.000 5 106 108 2, x 1011 5.000

Ngun: Feachem et al. 1983, trch bi Chongrak 1989 ? Khng c s liu chnh xc a. T l nhim nhng cha c triu chng bnh b. Nhng VSV i y c kh nng tn ti ngoi c th ch khc nhau. Mt vi loi cht nhanh chng ngay sau khi thi ra. Lng VSV trong nc cng rnh c tnh ton da tr n c s mi ngi s dng 100 lt nc/ngy v 90% lng VSV trong phn v hiu ha sau vi pht k t lc phn c thi ra ngoi. c. Gi s rng trung bnh mi ngy mt ngi thi ra 100g d. Tnh lun polio, echo v coxsackieviruses e. Tng cc loi E.Coli f. S lng trng k sinh thi ra. g. Ancyclostoma duodenale v Necator americanes c tnh ca nc thi sinh hot (mg/L) Ch tieu Cao BOD5 COD m hu c m amn m tng s Ln tng s Tng s cht rn Cht rn l lng 400 1.000 35 50 85 15 1.200 350 Nong o Trung bnh 220 500 15 25 40 8 720 220 Thap 110 250 8 12 20 4 350 100

Ngun: Metcalf and Eddy, 1979, trch bi Chongrak 1989 CC CHT NHIM KHC TRONG NC THI

pH ca nc thi pH ca nc thi c mt ngha quan trng trong qu trnh x l. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi p dng cc qu trnh sinh hc lm vic tt khi pH nm trong gii hn t 7 7,6. Nh chng ta it mi trng thun li nht vi khun pht trin l mi trng c pH t 7 8. Cc nhm vi khun khc nhau c gii hn pH hot ng khc nhau. V d vi khun nitrit pht trin thun li nht vi pH t 4,8 8,8, cn vi khun nitrat vi pH t 6,5 9,3. Vi khun lu hunh c th tn ti trong mi trng c pH t 1 4. Ngoi ra pH cn nh hng n qu trnh to bng cn ca cc b lng bng cch to bng cn bng phn nhm. Nc thi sinh hot c pH = 7,2 thuc tng loi cng nghip. 7,6. Nc thi cng nghip c pH rt khc nhau ph

Cc x nghip sn xut c th thi ra nc thi c tnh acid hoc kim rt cao chng nhng lm cho ngun nc khng cn hu dng i vi cc hot ng gii tr nh i li, cho thuyn m cn lm nh hng n h thy sinh vt. Nng acid sulfuric cao lm nh hng n mt ca nhng ngi i li ngun nc ny, n mn thn tu thuyn, h hi li nh c nhanh hn. Ngun nc ln cn mt s x nghip c th c pH thp n 2 hoc cao n 11; trong khi c ch c th tn ti trong mi trng c 4,5 < pH < 9,5. Hm lng NaOH cao thng pht hin trong nc thi cc x nghip sn xut bt git, thuc da, nhum vi si... NaOH nng 25 ppm c th lm cht c Cc loi mui Nhiu loi x nghip c nc thi cha hm lng mui kh cao; ngoi ra cc nc n i ngi ta cn dng mui ri ln mt ng vo ma ng v mui b ra tri vo h thng cng rnh. Hm lng mui cao s lm cho ngun nc khng cn hu dng cho mc ch cp nc hay ti tiu, lm hoa mu b thit hi v t b nhim. Cc loi mui khang Ca, Mg cn lm cho ngun nc b "cng", ng cn trong cc ng ng gy tht thot p lc tr n ng ng. Nc cng lm nh hng n vic nhum vi si, sn xut bia v cht lng ca cc sn phm ng hp. Nc cng cn gy ng vy trong cc ng ng ca l hi lm gim kh nng truyn nhit. Magnesium sulfate gy x nh ngi, ion chlori e lm tng dn in ca giy cch in, ion st gy cc vt bn trn vi si v giy, carbonat to vy cng ng tr n u H Lan trong qu trnh ch bin v ng hp chng. Cc loi mui c cha Nitrogen v phosphorus lm cho to pht trin nhanh gy hin tng to n hoa, lm nh hng n h thy sinh vt v mt m quan. Cc kim loi c v cc cht hu c c Nc chy trn khu vc sn xut nng nghip c cha lng thuc tr su v thuc tr c, trong khi nc chy trn cc khu th cha ch v km (ch t khi xe t, km t vic bo mn cc lp xe). Nhiu ngnh cng nghip thi ra cc loi kim loi v

cht hu c c khc. Cc cht ny c kh nng tch t v khuch i trong chui thc n, o cn phi c qun l tt. Hm lng chlori e 4000 ppm gy c cho c nc ngt, Cr6+ gy c cho c nng 5 ppm. ng hm lng 0,1 0,5% gy c cho vi khun v mt s sinh vt khc. P2O5 nng 0,5 ppm gy tr ngi cho qu trnh to bng cn v lng trong cc nh my nc. Phenol nng 1 pp gy n n vn cho cc ngun nc. Nhit Cc nc thi t nh my nhit in v l hi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip c nhit rt cao. Khi thi ra mi trng, n lm tng nhit ca cc thy vc nh hng n mt s thy sinh vt v lm suy gim oxy ha tan trong ngun nc (do kh nng o ha oxy trong nc nng thp hn v vi khun phn hy cht hu c s hot ng mnh hn). Mu (color) Cc nc thi t nh my dt, giy, thuc da, l m... c mu rt cao. N c th lm cn tr kh nng khuch tn ca nh sng vo ngun nc gy nh hng n kh nng quang hp ca h thy sinh thc vt. N cn lm mt v m quan ca ngun nc nn rt d b s phn ng ca cng ng ln cn. Cc cht to bt (foam-producing matter)

Cc nc thi t nh my dt, giy, cc nh my ha cht c ch cc cht to bt, y l mt dng nhim d pht hin v gy phn ng mnh ca cng ng ln cn. Cc cht gy tr ngi cho qu trnh x l

Lng v lm tt nghn ng ng, du m. Cc mnh m nh lm nght cc u m. C rc lm nght cc u m. Cc cht kh c gy nguy hi trc tip n cng nhn vn hnh. Cc cht c kh nng gy chy n.

Chu trnh cng sinh vi khun - to trong h thng x l nc thi (Oswald v Gotaas, 1955; trch dn bi Chongrak, 1989) To sau s b cc loi c n thc vt s dng, c n ng vt s n c n thc vt v sau cng con ngi s n c. y l mt trong nhng c ch t lm sch cc ngun nc m chng ta s n n trong phn sau. Vic thi cc cht thi cha c x l vo ngun nc s gy nn s mt cn bng v mt sinh hc. Khi lng cht thi hu c l n cao th vi khun cn nhiu oxy hn cho qu trnh oxy ha v tng hp ca chng, a n vic suy gim oxy ha tan trong cc ngun

nc gy nguy hi cho cc thy sinh vt. Mc d qu trnh quang hp ca to to nn oxy, nhng v m khi khng c nh sng, to s h hp v tiu th oxy v vic ny cng lm suy gim lng oxy ha tan ca ngun nc. Thm ch khi hm lng cht thi qu cao th ngun nc b cn kit oxy hon ton v c mu en ch c cc vi khun ym kh v mt vi loi trng c th sng c. Bn cnh vn nhim ngun nc s mt m quan v cht lng mi trng sng khu vc xung quanh s b suy gim. Trong k thut x l nc thi, qu trnh sinh ha hiu kh thng c ng dng lm sch nc thi cha cc cht bn hu c ng ha tan v dng keo. Qu trnh sinh ha ym kh c ng dng ch bin v kh c cn trong nc thi. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ym kh cn c ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht hu c vi hm lng ln. QU TRNH NITRT HO - KH NITRT HO Trong nc thi c cha 2 loi cht inh ng cn s quan tm hng u l nitrogen v phosphorus. Cc sinh vt u cn hai ng cht ny pht trin. Tuy nhin nu chng hin din s lng ln s lm mt cn bng inh ng trong thy vc a n mt s loi s pht trin nhanh trong khi mt s loi c th gim s lng c th hoc tiu dit hon ton. Cc ngun chnh ca 2 loi ng cht ny l bt git (nc thi sinh hot), phn n, v nc thi cc nh my ch bin thc phm. Trong cc thy vc nitrogen c th tri qua qu trnh nitrt ha v kh nitrt nh sau: Qu trnh nitrat ha Qu trnh nitrat ha l qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha nit ca cc mui amon u tin thnh nitrit v sau thnh nitrat trong iu kin thch ng (c oxy v nhit trn 4oC). Vi khun tham gia qu trnh nitrat ha gm c 2 nhm:

Vi khun nitrit: oxy ha amoniac thnh nitrit hon thnh giai on th nht; Vi khun nitrat: oxy ha nitrit thnh nitrat, hon thnh giai on th hai.

Cc phn ng c biu din qua cc phng trnh sau:

Nitrosomonas

2NH3 + 3O2

------------Nitrobacter

(1.7) 2HNO2 + 2H2O (1.8) 2HNO3

2HNO2 + O2 hoc:

------------

(NH4)2CO3 + 3O2 = 2HNO2 + CO2 + 3H2O

(1.9)

2HNO2 + O2 = 2 HNO3

(1.10)

Tc ca giai on th nht xy ra nhanh gp 3 ln so vi giai on hai. Bng thc nghim ngi ta chng minh rng lng oxy ti u hao oxy ha 1mg nit ca mui amon giai on to nitrit l 343 mg O2, cn giai on to nitrat l 4,5 mg O2. S c mt ca nitrat trong nc thi phn nh mc khong ha hon thnh cc cht bn hu c. Qu trnh nitrat ha c mt ngha quan trng trong k thut x l nc thi. Trc tin n phn nh mc khong ha cc cht hu c nh trnh y tr n. Nhng quan trng hn l qu trnh nitrat ha tch ly c mt lng oxy d tr c th ng oxy ha cc cht hu c khng cha nit khi lng oxy t o (lng oxy ha tan) ti u hao hon ton cho qu trnh . Qu trnh kh nitrat Qu trnh kh nitrat l qu trnh tch oxy khi nitrit, nitrat i tc dng ca cc vi khun ym kh (vi khun kh nitrat). Oxy c tch ra t nitrit v nitrat c dng li oxy ha cc cht hu c. Lng oxy c gii phng trong qu trnh kh nitrit N2O3 l 2,85 mg oxy/1mg nit. Nit c tch ra dng kh s bay vo kh quyn. NHU CU OXY SINH HO(BOD) V NHU CU OXY HO HC (COD) CA NC THI Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c trong mt khong thi gian xc nh v c k hiu bng BOD c tnh bng mg/L. Ch tiu BOD phn nh mc nhim hu c ca nc thi. BOD cng ln th nc thi (hoc nc ngun) b nhim cng cao v ngc li. Thi gian cn thit cc vi sinh vt oxy ha hon ton cc cht hu c c th ko di n vi chc ngy ty thuc vo tnh cht ca nc thi, nhit v kh nng phn hy cc cht hu c ca h vi sinh vt trong nc thi. chun ha cc s liu ngi ta thng bo co kt qu i dng BOD5 (BOD trong 5 ngy 20oC). Mc oxy ha cc cht hu c khng u theo thi gian. Thi gian u, qu trnh oxy ha xy ra vi cng mnh hn v sau gim dn. V d: i vi nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip c thnh phn gn ging vi nc thi sinh hot th lng oxy ti u hao oxy ha cc cht hu c trong vi ngy u chim 21%, qua 5 ngy m chim 87% v qua 20 ngy m chim 99%. kim tra kh nng lm vic ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi ngi ta thng dng ch tiu BOD5. Khi bit BOD5 c th tnh gn ng BOD20 bng cch chia cho h s bin i 0,68. BOD20 = BOD5 : 0,68

Hoc tnh BOD cui cng khi bit BOD mt thi im no ngi ta c th dng cng thc: BODt = Lo (1 - e-kt) hay BODt = Lo (1 - 10-Kt) trong BODt: BOD ti thi im t (3 ngy, 5 ngy...) Lo: BOD cui cng k: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s e K: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s 10, k = 2,303(K)

Gi tr K v k tiu biu cho mt s loi nc thi Loi nc thi Nc thi th Nc thi c x l tt Nc sng b nhim K (20oC) (day-1) 0,15 0,30 0,05 0,10 0,05 0,10 k (20oC) (day-1) 0,35 0,70 0,12 0,23 0,12 0,23

tnh gi tr k nhit T ta c cng thc

Gii:

Xc nh BOD cui cng

BODt = Lo (1 - e-kt) 200 mg/L = Lo (1 - e-0,23 Lo = 293 mg/L

5

Xc nh BOD ngy th nht

BODt = Lo (1 - e-kt) BODt = 60 mg/L Nhu cu oxy ha hc (Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) Ch tiu BOD khng phn nh y v lng tng cc cht hu c trong nc thi, v cha tnh n cc cht hu c khng oxy ha bng phng php sinh ha v cng cha tnh n mt phn cht hu c ti u hao to nn t bo vi khun mi. Do nh gi mt cch y lng oxy cn thit oxy ha tt c cc cht hu c trong nc thi ngi ta s dng ch tiu nhu cu oxy ha hc. xc nh ch ti u ny, ngi ta thng dng potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) oxy ha hon ton cc cht hu c, sau ng phng php phn tch nh lng v cng thc xc nh hm lng COD. Khi thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi cng nghip hoc hn hp nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip cn thit phi xc nh BOD v COD. C LNG TI LNG NHIM CA NC THI Ti lng cc cht gy nhim Trong qu trnh tnh ton cc cng trnh x l, nh trnh y trn cn phi bit thnh phn ca nc thi qua phn tch ha hc. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp khi thit k trm x l nc thi cho thnh ph, th trn... nhng ni cha c h thng thot nc ang hot ng c th ly mu nc phn tch v thnh phn ca chng. Trong trng hp thit k cc cng trnh x l cho x nghip cng nghip c th tham kho cc s liu v thnh phn nc thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip tng t. Khi thit k khi phc hoc ci to nhng thnh ph th thnh phn ca nc thi phi c xc nh bng tnh ton. tnh ton cn phi bit ti lng nhim ca mt ngi c s dng h thng thot nc trong mt ngy m tnh. Lng cc cht nhim c th tham kho theo bng sau Ti lng nhim nc thi sinh hot tnh cho mt ngi trong ngy m Tc nhn gy nhi m Cht rn l lng (SS) (g/ng) BOD5 (g/ng) COD (g/ng) Tng Nit (g/ng) Ti lng 200 45 54 1,8 COD 6 12

Tng Photpho (g/ng) Du m (g/ng) Tng Coliform (c th) Fecal Coliform (c th) Trng giun sn

0,8 4,0 10 30 106 109 105 106 103

Ngun: S KHCN & MT Cn Th (TM X Nghip Thuc Da MeKo,1995) Ngoi ra cng cn phi bit lng nc tiu th ca mt u ngi. cc thnh ph ca nhng nc pht trin ang pht trin c h cng rnh dn cc nc thi sinh hot n khu x l trung tm. Nc thi ny bao gm phn, nc tiu ngi, nc nh cu, tm git v c pha long ty thuc vo lng nc c s dng ca mt u ngi. Theo White (1977), i vi c n nng thn khng c nc my mi u ngi hng ngy tiu th t vi lt ti 25 lt nc. i vi cc h gia nh c mt ro inet nc th mi u ngi tiu th t 15 90 lt v c nhiu robinet th khong 30 300 lt mi ngy. Nng cc cht gy nhim Nng cc cht gy nhim c xc nh bng cng thc:

trong C: nng cht gy nhim TP: Ti lng nhim (mg) Q: Lng nc tiu th (L/ng) Nhiu khi nc thi sinh hot c trn ln vi nc thi cng nghip, o nh hng n thnh phn ca nc thi. Trong trng hp , cn xc nh nng cht gy nhim ca hn hp nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip. Nng cht gy nhim ca hn hp nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip c tnh theo cng thc:

trong Chh: nng cht gy nhim ca hn hp nc thi (mg/L) Csh v Qsh: nng v lu lng ca nc thi sinh hot

Ccn v Qcn: nng v lu lng ca nc thi cng nghip Dn s tng ng Dn s tng ng l n s gy ra mt lng cht gy nhim tng ng vi lng cht gy nhim o nc thi ca mt x nghip no to nn.

trong Np: dn s tng ng Tp: ti lng nhim ca 1 u ngi Ccn, Qcn: nng v lu lng nc thi cng nghip Dn s tnh ton thit k trm x l c tnh bng tng dn s thnh ph v dn s tng ng. TI S DNG NC THI Nc thi nu khng c x l ng mc s gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin trong nc thi sinh hot c cha mt lng kh ln nng lng, m v cc cht khong nh kali, photpho, canxi... l nhng phn bn c gi tr i vi nng nghip. Cho nn vic ti s dng cc gi tr ny ca cht thi s gp phn bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng. Mc tiu ca vic ti s dng cht thi hu c l x l cc cht thi v gi li cc cht inh ng c gi tr ti s dng. Cc cht inh ng ny gm Carbon, Nitrogen, Phospho v cc khang vi lng. Chng c ti s dng :

Sn xut nng nghip Cc cht thi hu c c th s dng lm phn bn hoc ci to t. Tuy nhin, nu s dng cht thi cha c x l th t c hiu qu khng cao bi v cy trng ch hp thu cc cht inh ng dng v c (v NO3- v PO43-), cc vi khun v k sinh trng trong cht thi cha c x l c th ly nhim cho ngi s dng hoc tiu th cc sn phm. Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh hay ym kh in i cc cht thi hu c thnh cc cht v c thch hp cho cy trng v tiu dit phn ln cc vi khun v k sinh trng. Sn xut Biogas

Biogas, mt sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy ym kh cc cht hu c, c xem l mt ngun nng lng ti ch thay th du ha, ci... Biogas l mt hn hp kh bao g m methane (khong 65%), CO2 (khong 30%) v mt t NH3, H2S v cc cht kh khc. Nng lng ca Biogas ch yu l t kh methane. Methane c nhit tr l 1012 BTU/ft3 (hoc 9.005 Kcal/m3) 15.5oC v 1 atm. Nhit tr ca Biogas khong 500 700 BTU/ft3 (4.450 6.230 Kcal/m3). i vi hm Biogas loi nh (1 5 m3) lp t cho cc h gia nh x l cht thi sinh hot hay phn gia sc, Biogas c s dng un nu, thp sng v si m. i vi hm Biogas loi ln ng x l nc thi cng nghip hoc ca cc tri chn nui ln, Biogas c s dng un nc cho cc ni hi, hoc chy cc ng c t trong. Cht thi ca hm Biogas giu cht inh ng l mt ngun phn bn c gi tr. Nc thi c ng nui to hoc phi u sinh ng vt (Moina) lm thc n cho c hoc bn thng xung ao c. Cht thi rn c phi kh ri ri tr n ng rung, hoc bn cho ao c. Sn xut thy sn nhng vng nhit i cht thi hu c c ti s dng trong sn xut thy sn qua 3 hot ng chnh sau:

Sn xut to (m n o). Phiu sinh thc vt (macrophytes, bo, lc bnh) Nui c

Ti s dng gin tip Khi nc thi c thi trc tip ra sng rch, qu trnh "t lm sch" ngun nc do hot ng phn hy v c nh cc cht hu c trong nc thi ca vi khun c sn trong t nhin s din ra. Do h lu cch xa ngun thi mt khong cch nht nh ngi ta c th s dng ngun nc ti tiu cho cy trng m khng lm nhim mi trng.

CHNG II

CC QUI NH V BO V NGUN NC

QUN L NGUN NC thit k cc h thng x l t yu cu ca cc c quan chc nng qun l mi trng, chng ta cn nm vng cc qui nh v phng php qun l ca cc c quan ny. Sau y, chng ta s n n cc qui nh ny. Qun l cc ngun nc S nhim cc ngun nc c th xy ra do nhim t nhin v nhim nhn to

nhim t nhin l do qu trnh pht trin v cht i ca cc loi thc vt, ng vt c trong ngun nc, hoc l o nc ma ra tri cc cht gy nhim t trn mt t chy vo ngun nc. nhim nhn to ch yu l do x nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip vo ngun nc.

Ngun nc b nhim c cc du hiu c trng sau y:

C xut hin cc cht ni trn b mt nc v cc cn lng chm xung y ngun Thay i tnh cht l hc ( trong, mu, mi, nhit ...) Thay i thnh phn ha hc (pH, hm lng ca cc cht hu c v v c, xut hin cc cht c hi...) Lng oxy ha tan (DO) trong nc gim o cc qu trnh sinh ho oxy ha cc cht bn hu c va mi thi vo Cc vi sinh vt thay i v loi v v s lng. C xut hin cc vi trng gy bnh.

Ngun nc b nhim c nh hng rt ln n h thy sinh vt, vic s dng ngun nc vo mc ch cp nc hoc m quan ca thnh ph. m bo ngun nc khi s nhim bn o nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip cng nh trnh s nhim t nhi n, cc c quan chc nng c trch nhim theo di vic x cc loi nc thi vo ngun t ra cc tiu chun kim tra. Tiu chun cht lng mi trng l gii hn cho php ti a v liu lng hoc nng ca cc tc nhn gy nhim trong tng vng c th hoc cho tng mc ch s dng c th i vi tng thnh phn ca mi trng. Hai tiu chun thng c s dng trong vic bo v ngun nc l "tiu chun nc thi" v "tiu chun ngun nc". Theo qui nh cc x nghip phi x l nc thi t n "tiu chun nc thi" cho php mi c x vo ngun nc. Tuy nhin bin php ny gy ra s tranh ci v n ch qun l nng cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi ch khng qun l tng lng cht gy nhim do mt nh my thi. Mt nh my ln tuy thi ra nc thi c hm lng cht gy nhim ging nh mt nh my nh nhng tng th tch ca n ln hn nhiu; o t l ng gp ca n trong vic gy nhim mi trng s ln hn. Bo v cc ngun nc theo

"tiu chun ngun nc" da tr n c s xp loi cc ngun nc v qun l tt c cc ngun x duy tr ngun nc mc ra. Qun l cc ngun nc theo "tiu chun nc thi" d hn theo "ti u chun ngun nc". Gi tr gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc mt (TCVN 5942-1995) So TT pH BOD5 (20oC) COD Oxy hoa tan (DO) Chat ran l lng (SS) Arsen Bari Cadimi Ch Crom (VI) Crom (III) ong Kem Mangan Niken Sat Thuy ngan Thiec mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Thong so n v Gia tr c ban A 6 8,5 <4 >1 0 6 20 0,05 1 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,1 1 0,1 0,1 1 0,001 1 B 5,5 < 25 > 35 2 80 0,1 4 0,02 0,1 0,05 1 1 2 0,8 1 2 0,002 2 9

Amoniac (tnh theo N) Florua Nitrat (tnh theo N) Nitric (tnh theo N) Xianua Phenola (tong so) Dau m Chat tay ra Total Coliform Tong hoa chat bao ve thc vat DDT Tong hoat ong o phong xa Tong hoat ong o phong xa Ghi ch:

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L MPN/100 mL mg/L mg/L Bq/L Bq/L

0,05 1 10 0,01 0,01 0,001 Khong 0,5 5000 0,15 0,01 0,1 1,0

1 1,5 15 0,05 0,05 0,02 0,3 0,5 10000 0,15 0,01 0,1 1,0

Tiu chun ny p dng nh gi mc nhim ca mt ngun nc mt. Ct A p dng i vi nc mt c th dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot (nhng phi qua qu trnh x l nh qui nh) Ct B p dng i vi nc mt dng cho cc mc ch khc. Nc dng cho nng nghip v nui trng thy sn c qui nh ring.

Gi tr ti hn cc thng s v nng cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi cng nghip (TCVN 5945-1995)

So TT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Thong so

n v A

Gia tr ti han B 40 9 20 50 50 0,05 0,01 0,1 1 0,05 0,2 KPH 5 0,2 1 0,2 0,2 0,2 4 1 0,005 0,2 5,5 50 100 100 0,1 0,02 0,5 2 0,1 1 1 10 1 2 1 1 0,5 6 5 0,005 1 9 5 C 45 9

Nhiet o pH BOD5 (20oC) COD Chat ran l lng (SS) Arsen Cadmi Ch Clo d Crom (VI) Crom (III) Dau m khoang Dau ong vat ong Kem Mangan Niken Phot pho hu c Photpho tong so Sat Thuy ngan Thiec

oC 6 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

40

100 400 200 0,5 0,5 1 2 0,5 2 5 30 5 5 5 2 1 8 10 0,01 5

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Tetracloetylen Florua Tong nit Amoniac (tnh theo N) Xianua Phenola (tong so) Tricloetylen Sulfua Total Coliform Tong hoat ong o phong xa Tong hoat ong o phong xa

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L MPN/100 mL Bq/L Bq/L

0,02 1 30 0,1 0,05 0,001 0,05 0,2 5000 0,1 1,0

0,1 2 60 1 0,1 0,05 0,3 0,5 10000 0,1 1,0

0,1 5 60 10 0,2 1 0,3 1 -

Ghi ch: A cc ngun nc dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot B dng cho giao thng thy, ti ti u, i li, thy sn, trng trt... > B v C ch vo cc ni qui nh

> C khng c thi ra mi trng Hai bng trn nu ln cc tiu chun qun l ngun nc v qun l ngun x Vit Nam. M ngi ta phn loi cc ngun nc k hn, v nh: Ngun nc ngt

Loi AA: ngun nc ung sau khi kh trng v x l loi b cc tp cht t nhin (nu cn thit). Loi A: ngun nc ung sau khi x l lng, lc, kh trng v x l loi b cc tp cht t nhin (nu cn thit). Loi B: ngun nc cho i li, tm v cc s dng mc thp hn. Loi C: ngun nc dng cho cc hot ng nh t thy sn hoc cc s dng mc thp hn.

Loi D: ngun nc s dng cho cc hot ng nng nghip, lm ngui cc hoc ch bin cc sn phm cng nghip hoc cc s dng mc thp hn.

Ngun nc l

Loi SA: ngun nc s dng cho cc hot ng nh t cc loi gip xc bun bn v cc hot ng khc. Loi SB: ngun nc s dng cho cc hot ng i li v cc hot ng khc ngoi tr vic nh t cc loi gip xc bn. Loi SC: ngun nc s dng cho cc hot ng nh c v cc hot ng khc ngoi tr vic i li v nh t cc loi gip xc bn. Loi SD: ngun nc s dng cho cc hot ng ngoi tr vic i li, nh t cc loi gip xc, nh t c.

Ngun nc ngm

Loi GA: ngun nc s dng lm nc ung, nu nng, ch bin thc phm v cc mc ch khc. Loi GB: ngun nc s dng cho cng nghip hoc cc mc ch cp nc khc ngoi tr cc mc ch ca loi GA.

S dng phng php qun l ngun nc cng c nhng im bt tin nh sau:

i vi ngun nc c nhn nc thi: nu ngun nc ny c nhiu on c xp loi khc nhau th nc thi khi thi vo cc ngun ny phi x l n mc no? V d nc thi 1 c cn x l n mc t tiu chun thi vo ngun loi B hay khng?

S c tranh ci v t l % ca ngun nc c bo v cho cc hot ng v cng nghip, nng nghip, sinh hot... trong tng lai. Th tc hnh chnh phin h v cc phn ng ca cng ng cng nh ch cc x nghip khi thay i tiu chun ca ngun nc (nng ln hay h xung).

Cn phi tin hnh cc iu tra phc tp, tn thi gian, tin bc sut ngun nc trc khi phn loi. QU TRNH T LM SCH CC NGUN NC

Kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc Kh nng kh c cc cht nhim ca ngun nc c gi l kh nng "t lm sch" (self purification) ca ngun nc. Kh nng c th hin qua 2 qu trnh:

Qa trnh xo trn (pha long ) thun tu l hc gia nc thi vi ngun nc. Qu trnh khong ho cc cht hu c nhim bn trong ngun nc.

Do hai qu trnh trn nng cc cht nhim a vo ngun nc sau mt thi gian s gim xung n mt mc no . i vi ngun nc c dng chy (sng) nc thi c pha long vi ngun nc v theo dng chy ra bin hay mt ni no . Qung ng c c th chia thnh nhng vng nh sau:

Vng ngay ming cng x nc thi Vng phc hi li trng thi nh thng. Qu trnh t lm sch kt thc.

Hoc:

Vng nhim bn nng nht. Hm lng oxy ho tan trong ngun t gi tr nh nht. Vng phc hi li trng thi nh thng. Qu trnh t lm sch kt thc.

Kh nng t lm sch ngun nc ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t: quan trng nht l lu lng ca ngun nc, mt thong ngun nc, su ca ngun nc, nhit ... xc nh mc cn thit lm sch nc thi trc khi cho x ra ngun nc, cn nh gi chnh xc kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc bng cch tin hnh nghin cu cn thn v thu vn, thu sinh v thnh phn ho l ca ngun nc ...

Phn chia cc vng ca dng chy theo kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc Qu trnh xo trn nc thi vi nc ngun Khi xc nh mc xo trn gia nc thi vi nc sng khng ly ton b lu lng nc sng tnh v kha cnh cng x qu trnh xo trn cha th t hon ton ch t m ch t hon ton mt khong cch no xa cng x. mt khc, t l gia lu lng nc thi v lu lng nvs ngun cng lnth khong cch t cng x n im tnh ton (l ni thc hin qu trnh xo trn hon ton) s cng ln. Khong cch t cng x n v tr xo trn hon ton c tnh theo cng thc:

S TIU TH OXY V S HO TAN OXY TRONG NC NGUN S tiu th oxy qu trnh t lm sch din ra mt cch nh thng ngun nc th cn phi c mt lng d tr oxy ha tan (DO). Vic tiu th lng oxy ha tan do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c i cc vi khun (qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha) thc hin qua 2 giai on: Giai on th nht: oxy ha cc cht hu c cao phn t to cac onic v nc (phng trnh 1.1)

Giai on th hai: oxy ha cc cht cha nit thnh nitrit v sau thnh nitrat (phng trnh 1.7 n phng trnh 1.10). S ha tan oxy vo nc ngun Song song vi qu trnh tiu th oxy, oxy ha cc cht hu c trong ngun nc lun xy ra qu trnh b sung lng oxy mi. Ngun b sung oxy l khng kh. Chng ha tan vo ngun nc qua mt thong ca ngun nc. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng oxy b sung vo nc ngun cn do qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt sng trong nc. Cc thc vt ny ng ha cacbon t axt cac onic tan trong nc v gii phng oxy t do (pt 1.6). Nh cc cht kh khc, ha tan ca oxy ph thuc vo nhit , p sut, mn ca nc. ha tan ca oxy vo nc ph thuc vo din tch tip xc gia hai pha oxy v nc. V vy trong iu kin nh nhau, ha tan ph thuc vo mc xo trn gy ra bi dng chy cng nh cc tc nhn nh gi tr n mt thong ca dng chy.

Lng oxy ha tan ca khng kh vo nc theo nhit v mn 1atm ToC DO mg/L 0 ppm salinity 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11,28 11,02 10,77 10,53 10,29 10,07 9,86 9,65 9,45 9,26 5 ppm salinity 10,92 10,67 10,43 10,20 9,98 9,77 9,56 9,36 9,17 8,99 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ToC DO mg/L 0 ppm salinity 8,90 8,73 8,56 8,40 8,24 8,09 7,95 7,81 7,67 7,54 5 ppm salinity 8,64 8,48 8,32 8,16 8,01 7,87 7,73 7,59 7,46 7,33

20

9,08

8,81

31

7,41

7,21

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, disposal, reuse (1991)

NH HNG CA NHIT V CN LNG N OXY HO TAN CA NC NGUN nh hng ca nhit Nhit ca nc ngun cng c nh hng ng k n ch oxy ca ngun nc. V ma h khi nhit ca nc ngun tng, qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c xy ra vi cng mnh hn. Trong khi ha tan ca oxy vo nc li gi m xung. V vy v ma h, thiu ht oxy tng nhanh hn so vi ma ng. V ma ng nhit nc ngun thp n n ha tan tng, tuy nhi n vi nhit thp cc vi khun hiu kh tham gia vo qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c s hot ng yu. Do qu trnh khong ha cc cht hu c xy ra chm chp. Ni mt cch khc, v ma ng qu trnh t lm sch ca nc ngun xy ra mt cch chm chp. nh hng ca cn lng Khi x nc thi cha x l vo ngun nc, cc cht l lng s lng xung y ngun v khi tc dng chy trong ngun khng ln lm th cc cht s lng ngay cnh cng x. Cc cht hu c ca cn lng b phn hy bi vi khun. Nu lng cn lng ln v lng oxy trong nc ngun khng cho qu trnh phn hy hiu kh th oxy ho tan ca nc ngun cn kit (DO = 0). Lc qu trnh phn gii ym kh s xy ra v sn phm ca n l cht kh H2S, CO2, CH4. Cc cht kh khi ni ln mt nc li ko theo cc ht cn phn hy, ng thi cc bt kh v tung v bay vo kh quyn. Chng lm nhim c nc v khng kh xung quanh. Cn ch rng qu trnh ym kh xy ra chm hn nhiu so vi qu trnh hiu kh. Bi vy khi a cn mi vo ngun th qu trnh phn gii ym kh c th xy ra lin tc trong mt thi gian di v qu trnh t lm sch ngun nc c th coi nh chm dt. Ngun nh vy khng th s dng vo mc ch cp nc, c s khng th sng v c th c nhiu thit hi khc na. V vy trc khi x vo sng h, cn phi loi b bt cht rn l lng c trong nc thi.

BO V NGUN NC KHI NHIM DO PHNG X

Ngy nay trn th gii ngi ta cn quan tm n mt dng nhi m na i vi ngun nc, l nhim cht phng x trong nc thi ca mt vi dng cng nghip. Khi x nc thi cng nghip c cha cc cht phng x th hm lng ca chng khng c vt qu gii hn cho php. V d Uran khng c vt qu 1.10-7 curi/L, stranti-90 (Sr-90) l 3.10-11 curi/L. Nhng n v lin quan n phng x n v v vit tt Mc phn r trong 1 giy (dps) Curie (Ci) micro curie (m Ci) Roentgen (R) rad nh ngha v gii thch Mc 1 phn r ht nhn ca cht phng x trong 1 giy 37 t dps (3,7 1010) Mt phn triu ca Curi 37.000 dps Mt n v nng lng nhn c t mt lng phng x. Mt R phng thch 8,4 10-3 J nng lng vo 1 kg khng kh. Mt n v o liu lng phng x, tng ng vi vic hp thu 0,01 J/kg m sinh vt. Rad l ch vit tt ca radiation a sor e ose (lng phng x b hp thu). L n v o nh hng ca phng x l n c th con ngi. Kh nng gy hi da trn nhng ch s gy thit hi cho sinh vt nh sau: Tia X, tia gamma, in t: 1 Ht neutron, proton, alpha: 10 Ht nhn nng, cao tc : 20 Do rem c nh ngha theo mi quan h sau: rem = rad ch s gy thit hi sinh vt V d: 0,01J/kg (x - rays) = 1 rad 1 = 1 rem 0,01 J/kg (neutrons) = 1 rad 10 = 10 rem millirem (m rem) Mt phn ngn ca rem

rem vit tt ca roentgen equivalent man

Cc nguy him khi tip xc vi liu lng phng x 100 rem trong sut i (tnh trn 10.000 ngi)

Ngoi ra nc thi cha cc cht phng x khng cho php x vo cc h nui c, nui vt, ngng... hoc vo cc ngun khc m t c th chy vo cc loi h ni trn. Nh vy vn t ra l cn thit phi x l nc thi cha cht phng x n gii hn cho php trc khi x vo ngun. CC YU T CN THIT LA CHN H THNG X L Nh trnh y phn trc, nc thi trc khi x vo ngun cn thit phi c x l khng lm nhim mi trng. Ty theo loi ngun nc m cht thi s x vo chng ta s tham kho bng "gii hn nng ti a ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi" bit mc cn thit phi lm sch nc thi. Ty theo iu kin ti chnh, din tch, nhn lc ca x nghip la chn cc h thng x l ph hp. bo m cho vic thit k h thng x l cn thit phi thu thp cc s liu sau: Qui trnh sn xut ca x nghip (trong phi xc nh khu no sinh ra nc thi? thnh phn? bao nhiu? k hoch gim thiu nc thi nu c?) V lu lng nc thi cn thit phi xc nh tng lng nc thi/ng., lu lng nc thi theo tng gi trong ngy, s bin thi n lu lng nc thi theo gi, ca, ma v sn xut. V thnh phn nc thi: n n xc nh cc ch ti u nh BOD, COD, mu, SS, VSS, Total coliform, hm lng cc ha cht khc nu c (theo c trng ca tng loi hnh sn xut)

Cc qui nh ca S KHCN & MT v tiu chun nc thi. Khi thit k h thng x l nh ch trng n cc im sau: Nhu cu ca ch nhn h thng x l y l mt yu t quan trng nht l i vi cc cng ng nh cha c kinh nghim v xy dng v vn hnh cc h thng x l. N lin h n vn vn u t, kh nng vn hnh, nhn s iu hnh h thng, cc thit b, kinh nghim v kh nng nh hng n mi trng. i vi tt c cc n, iu cn thit nht l k s thit k v ch nhn phi hiu r cc mc tiu, mc ch chung tha mn c nhu cu ca ch nhn m vn bo m c yu cu c n trong vic la chn phng php x l (t tiu chun nc thi cho php thi vo ngun nc cng cng, c hiu qu kinh t, gim nh cc nh hng xu n mi trng...) Kinh nghim Cc kinh nghim v thit k v vn hnh cc h thng x l gip ta c th d on trc cc kh nng v hn ch ca h thng x l c nhng bin php h tr, ci tin thch hp. Kin thc v cc h thng x l gip cho cc k s loi b c cc yu t khng an ton v tnh ton sai dn n cc thit k khng ph hp, lng ph. i vi cc qui trnh mi, ngi k s cha c kinh nghim th qui trnh ny phi c th nghim cn thn cc m hnh cng nh trong thc tin. Yu cu ca cc c quan qun l mi trng Vit Nam tiu chun nc thi c php thi vo ngun nc cng cng c ban hnh bi B KHCN & MT. Trn nguyn tc, cc S KHCN & MT c quyn a ra cc tiu chun ring ca mnh nhng cc ti u chun ny khng c thp hn ti u chun ca B. Do vic tm hiu cc qui nh, tiu chun ca c quan qun l l ht sc cn thit thit k h thng x l t yu cu ca cc c quan ny. Tng thch vi nhng thit b hay h thng sn c i vi vic nng cng sut, m rng mt h thng x l sn c phi ch n qui trnh v thit b mi phi tng thch vi nhng ci c sn c th tn dng c ngun nhn lc, vt lc sn c, trnh lng ph. Ti chnh Kh thi v mt ti chnh, cc phn tch v mt kinh t nn da trn cc ch ti u nh NPV (net present value), B/C (benefit/cost ratio), IRR (internal rate of return)... Cc yu t v lm pht cng n n a vo tnh ton. Phi c tnh c gi vn hnh v bo tr h thng bao gm cc chi ph v nhn cng vn hnh, nng lng, vt t v ha cht cung cp cho h thng.

Cc h thng nn mang li hiu qu kinh t (thu li do khng phi tr thu mi trng, t ngun nng lng, phn n thu c) Cc vt t, thit b Cc thit b s dng phi l cc loi c sn v d tm trn th trng bo m nhu cu v ph tng thay th khi c s c, khng lm gin on vic vn hnh h thng x l v tin xy dng. Phi d tr v kh nng cung cp cc loi vt t s dng cho h thng k c in nng trong tng lai h thng khng b gin on do vn khan him cc loi vt t ny. Nhn s Nhn s vn hnh v bo tr h thng sau ny k c nhng k thut vin. Cc nhn s ny phi c tp hun v c ch x l, cc s c c th xy ra, cch khc phc... Cc h thng x l phi tng ng vi trnh k thut ca a phng, c th tn dng ngun nhn lc a phng (gim chi ph u t, cng nh dng tm nhn s vn hnh cc thit b). Tnh mm do C kh nng nng cng sut khi nh my c yu cu tng sn lng. PHN III PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI CC PHNG PHP X L Theo bn cht ca phng php x l nc thi, ngi ta c th chia chng thnh phng php l hc, phng php ha hc, phng php sinh hc. Mt h thng x l hon chnh thng kt hp cc thnh phn k trn. Tuy nhin ty theo tnh cht ca nc thi, mc ti chnh v yu cu x l m ngi ta c th ct bt mt s cc cng on. Theo mc x l ngi ta c th chia lm x l s cp, x l th cp, x l tin tin hay x l cp ba S CC QUI TRNH X L S dng b t hoi v bi lc ngm x l s b nc thi sinh hot:

Phn thit k b t hoi v bi lc ngm s c trnh by k trong mn X L Nc Thi II.

Cc qui trnh x l nc cng rnh hoc nc thi cc nh my cng nghip

Nc thi Bn hoc cht rn

Ghi ch: tr n y ch l mt s s tiu biu, ty theo iu kin chng ta c th lp thm hoc thay i cc thnh phn ca qui trnh. Cc im cn ch khi thit k cc qui trnh x l 1. Tnh kh thi ca qui trnh x l: tnh kh thi ca qui trnh x l da trn kinh nghim, cc s liu, cc n bn v cc nghin cu trn m hnh v thc t. Nu y l nhng qui trnh hon ton mi hoc c cc yu t bt thng, cc nghin cu trn m hnh l rt cn thit. 2. Nm trong khong lu lng c th p dng c. V d nh cc h n nh nc thi khng thch hp cho vic x l nc thi c lu lng ln.

3. C kh nng chu c s bin ng ca lu lng (nu s bin ng ny qu ln, phi s dng b iu lu) 4. c tnh ca nc thi cn x l ( quyt nh qui trnh x l ha hc hay sinh hc) 5. Cc cht c trong nc thi gy c ch cho qu trnh x l v khng b phn hy bi qu trnh x l. 6. Cc gii hn o iu kin kh hu: nht l nhit v n nh hng n tc phn ng ca cc qu trnh ha hc v sinh hc. 7. Hiu qu ca h thng x l: thng c ch th bng tnh cht ca nc thi u ra. 8. Cc cht to ra sau qu trnh x l nh n, cht rn, nc v kh u phi c c tnh v s lng. Thng thng th ngi ta ng cc m hnh xc nh phn ny. 9. X l bn: vic chn qui trnh x l bn nn cng lc vi vic la chn qui trnh x l nc thi trnh cc kh khn c th xy ra sau ny i vi vic x l bn. 10. Cc gii hn v mi trng: hng gi thnh trong nm, gn khu n c, xp loi ngun nc... c th l cc yu t gii hn cho vic la chn h thng x l. 11. Cc ha cht cn s dng: ngun v s lng, cc yu t lm nh hng n vic tng lng ha cht s dng v gi x l. 12. Nng lng s dng: ngun v nh hng ca n n gi x l. 13. Nhn lc: k c cng nhn v cn b k thut. Cn phi tp hun n mc no. 14. Vn hnh v bo tr: cn phi cung cp cc iu kin, ph tng c bit no cho qu trnh vn hnh v bo tr. 15. tin cy ca h thng x l bao gm c trng hp chy qu ti hay i ti. 16. phc tp ca h thng x l. 17. Tnh tng thch vi cc h thng v thit b c sn. 18. Din tch t cn s dng, k c khu vc m cho h thng x l. PHN IV X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP L HC LU LNG K (Flow-mettering device) Cc thit b o lu tc c thng mi ha. Tuy nhin vic la chn, s dng v bo tr cho cc thit b o lu tc chnh xc l mt yu t quan trng cho vic vn hnh cc h thng x l t hiu qu. Mt thit b o lu tc bao gm hai b phn l (1) u d; (2) b phn chuyn i cc tn hiu t u d sang kt qu trn bng s ca thit b. Hin nay c nhiu loi lu tc k ca nhiu hng khc nhau, trc khi la chn nn tham kho cc thng tin t nh sn xut v n n lu n cc yu t sau: Loi lu tc k thch hp cho vic o lu tc trong ng cng hay cc rnh h? Kch thc ca n c ph hp vi dng chy cn kho st hay khng?

Cc thnh phn ca nc thi c ph hp cho lu tc k hay khng? chnh xc v tin cy? Vic lp lu tc k vo dng chy c lm gim p dng chy hay khng? Cc yu cu v lp t, vn hnh v bo tr? B IU LU (Flow equation tank) Nc thi sinh hot v s bin ng v lu lng ca n theo thi gian v khng gian Theo nh ngha ca mt s nc, nc thi sinh hot ( omestic wastewater) l nc thi ca cc h n c, khu vc thng mi, cc c quan v cc khu vui chi, gii tr. i vi nhng khu n c pht trin n nh, vic xc nh lu lng nn tin hnh bng cch o trc tip. i nhng khu cn ang xy ng v qui hoch pht trin, lu lng nc thi c c tnh theo cc bin php c trnh y sau y (lu rng lu lng nc thi cho mt khu n c c t 1.000 ngi tr xung han ton khc hn vi cc khu dn c ln hn). Khu dn c: i vi khu vc n c, lng nc thi ch yu c xc nh da trn dn s v lng nc thi nh qun tr n u ngi. Cc s liu v lng nc thi trn u ngi cc khu vc n c M c trnh by trong bng 2.1. i vi cc khu cn trong tnh trng pht trin v khu n c ln nn da trn dn s v qui hoch s dng t d o lu lng nc thi. Nu c th nn so snh vi s liu ca mt khu n c c qui m v qui hoch tng t (nn chn cc khu trong cng khu vc). Trc y vic d bo dn s ca khu vc l trch nhim ca cc k s, nhng ngy nay cc s liu ny c th tm thy d dng cc c quan quy hoch cp a phng, khu vc hay quc gia. Lng nc tiu th tr n u ngi cng rt bin ng theo iu kin cp nc.

Lu lng nc thi tiu biu cc khu dn c M Ngun thi n v tnh Lu lng, gal/n v.ngy Khong bin thin Cc h chung c

Thng dng

nh lu nh trt

Mt u ngi Mt u ngi

35 50

75 80

50 65

Khch sn Cc h t

Mt ngi khch

30

55

45

nh thng thng

Mt u ngi

45

90

70

nh tin nghi hn cc h giu cc ngi nh c cc nh ngh h

Mt u ngi Mt u ngi Mt u ngi Mt u ngi

60 75 30 25

100 150 60 50

80 95 45 40

Cc trm xe la

Mt u ngi

30

50

40

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Khu thng mi: cc khu thng mi c lu lng rt bin thin theo loi hnh phc v. Thng ngi ta biu din n v lu lng nc thi cc khu thng mi bng gal/acre.d (m3/ha.d) da trn cc d liu hin ti hoc cc qui hoch tng lai. M lu lng nc thi trung bnh cho khu vc thng mi t 7,5 14 m3/ha. . Lu lng nc thi cho tng loi hnh phc v c tng kt trong bng 4.2. Cc c quan v khu vui chi gii tr: lu lng nc thi cc c quan thng tnh bng gal/nhn vin.ngy v bin ng rt ln theo a phng, kh hu v cc tin nghi lp t trong c quan. Nc thi cc khu vui chi, gii tr bin ng ln theo ma. Cc ngun nc khc c th c trong h thng thu gom nc thi Nc thi c thu gom, a n cc h thng x l nc thi bng cc ng cng hay rnh h. Cc loi nc khc nh nc ngm thm vo cng qua cc mi ni khng k ca ng cng, nc ma c th i vo cc h thng thu gom lm thay i lu lng ca nc thi khi n b x l. "C lp, lm kn" cc h thng thu gom s mang li cc li ch nh khng gy hin tng qu ti cho h thng x l, khng gy ng, ngp cc ng cng.

Cc bc tnh ton, thit k mt b iu lu cho mt x nghip

 khu vc n c (nc thi sinh hot) v khu vc sn xut (nc thi cng nghip) nc thi c thi ra vi lu lng bin i theo gi, thi v sn xut, ma (ma, nng). Trong khi cc h thng sinh hc phi c cung cp nc thi u n v th tch cng nh v cc cht cn x l 24/24 gi. Do s hin din ca mt b iu lu l ht sc cn thit. B iu lu c chc nng iu ha lu lng nc thi v cc cht cn x l bo m hiu qu cho cc qui trnh x l sinh hc v sau, n cha nc thi v cc cht cn x l cc gi cao im, phn phi li trong cc gi khng hoc t s dng cung cp mt lu lng nht nh 24/24 gi cho cc h thng x l sinh hc pha sau. Cc li ch ca b iu lu nh sau: B iu lu lm tng hiu qu ca h thng sinh hc do n hn ch hin tng "shock" ca h thng do hot ng qu ti hoc i ti v lu lng cng nh hm lng cc cht hu c, gim c din tch xy dng cc b sinh hc (do tnh ton chnh xc). Hn na cc cht c ch qu trnh x l sinh hc s c pha long hoc trung ha mc thch hp cho cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Cht lng ca nc thi sau x l v vic c c bn y lng th cp c ci thin o lu lng np cc cht rn n nh. Din tch b mt cn cho h thng lc nc thi gim xung v hiu sut lc c ci thin, chu k lm sch b mt cc thit b lc cng n nh hn.

Cch tnh ton b iu lu: Bc 1: o lu lng nc thi tng gi t 0 gi ngy hm trc n 0 gi ngy hm sau (c th thng qua vic o lu lng nc s dng tr i lng nc gi li trong cc sn phm). Bc 2: tnh ton tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi (V d lu lng nc thi 0 1 gi l 10 m3/h, lu lng nc thi 1 2 gi l 20 m3/h, lu lng nc thi 2 3 gi l 20 m3/h , Tng lng nc thi thi ra mi trng 0 gi l 0 m3, 1 gi l 10 m3, 2 gi l 30 m3. V th biu din tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi v tng lng nc thi theo lu lng trung bnh thi ra mi trng theo tng gi. Bc 3: xc nh im bng ca th, v ng tip tuyn vi th ti im bng, hiu s khong cch thng ng chiu t im bng ca ng biu din tng lng nc thi ra mi trng theo tng gi n ng biu din tng lng nc thi theo lu lng trung bnh thi ra mi trng theo tng gi l th tch cn thit ca b iu lu. Trong thc t b iu lu thng c thit k ln hn th tch tnh ton t 10 20% phng nga cc trng hp khng ti n on c ca s bin ng hng ngy ca lu lng; trong mt s h thng x l ngi ta c th m hon lu mt s nc thi v b iu lu (mc iu ny khng c khuyn co). Nn lu thm yu t bin ng ca nc thi theo ma v sn xut trong nm.

S cch tnh th tch cn thit ca b iu lu Bi tp: Tin hnh o lu lng nc thi ca mt x nghip, ngi ta ghi nhn c cc s liu c trnh by trong bng n i; hy xc nh th tch b iu lu cn thit. Gi Lu lng trung bnh (ft3/s) Lu lng cng dn (1000 ft3)g Thc t M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 9.7 7.8 5.8 4.6 3.7 3.5 4.2 7.2 12.5 0 34.9 63 83.9 100.5 113.8 126.4 141.5 167.4 212.4 Trung bnh 0 38.88 77.76 116.64 155.52 194.4 233.28 272.16 311.04 349.92

10 11 N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 M Avg

14.5 15 15.2 15 14.3 13.6 12.4 11.5 11.5 11.6 12.9 14.1 14.1 13.4 12.2 10.8

264.6 318.6 373.3 427.3 478.8 527.8 572.4 613.8 655.2 697 743.4 794.2 844.9 893.2 937.1

388.8 427.68 466.56 505.44 544.32 583.2 622.08 660.96 699.84 738.72 777.6 816.48 855.36 894.24 933.12

Gii: V th th tch nc thi cng dn theo lu lng thc t v theo lu lng trung bnh. Xc nh im bng ca ng biu din th tch cn dn nc thi theo lu lng thc t v v ng tip tuyn ti im ny. Tnh khong gia im bng v im chiu ca n l n ng biu din th tch nc thi cng dn theo lu lng trung nh. chnh l th tch b iu lu theo l thuyt. Th tch b iu lu theo thc t l (+20%) 180000 ft3

SONG CHN RC (Bar racks) Chc nng, cu to v v tr Song chn rc ng gi li cc cht thi rn c kch thc ln trong nc thi m bo cho cc thit b v cng trnh x l tip theo. Kch thc ti thiu ca rc c gi li ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc thanh kim loi ca song chn rc. trnh ng rc v gy tn tht p lc ca dng chy ngi ta phi thng xuyn lm sch song chn rc bng cch co rc th cng hoc c gii. Tc nc chy (v) qua cc khe h nm trong khong (0,65m/s v 1m/s). Ty theo yu cu v kch thc ca rc chiu rng khe h ca cc song thay i. Cc gi tr thng dng thit k song chn rc Ch tiu Kch thc ca cc thanh

Co rc th cng

Co rc c gii

B dy (in) B bn (in)

0,2 1,0 1,0

0,6 1,5 2,0

0,2 1,0 0,6

0,6 1,5 3,0

Khong cch gia cc thanh (in)

 nghing song chn rc theo trc thng ng () Van toc dong chay (ft/s)

30 1,0

45 2,0

0 2,0

30 3,25

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ghi ch: in x 25,4 = mm ft/s x 0,3048 = m/s Song chn rc vi co rc th cng ch dng nhng trm x l nh c lng rc < 0,1m3/ng.. Khi rc tch ly song chn, mi ngy vi ln ngi ta dng co kim loi ly rc ra v cho vo mng c l thot nc y ri vo cc thng kn a i x l tip tc. Song chn rc vi co rc c gii hot ng lin tc, rng co lt vo khe h gia cc thanh kim loi; co c gn vo xch bn l hai bn song chn rc c lin h vi ng c in qua b phn truyn ng. Xem cc nh chp v song chn rc (lu kch thc file ln, bn phi i lu) Co rc c gii c th chuyn ng t trn xung i hoc t i l n theo ng nc. Khi lng rc c gi li ln hn 0,1 m3/ng. v khi ng song chn rc c gii th phi t my nghin rc. Rc nghin c cho vo hm Biogas hoc cho v k nh trc song chn. Khi lng rc tr n 1 T/ng. cn phi thm my nghin rc d phng. Vic vn chuyn rc t song n my nghin phi c c gii ha. Song chn rc c t nhng k nh trc khi nc vo trm x l. Hai n tng knh phi cha mt khe h d dng lp t v thay th song chn. V song chn lm co hp tit din t ca dng chy nn ti v tr t song chn tit din knh phi c m rng. trnh to thnh dng chy ri knh phi m rng dn dn vi mt gc = 20o.

M rng knh ni t song chn rc (Trn Hiu Nhu & Lm Minh Trit, 1978) Song chn rc phi t tt c cc trm x l khng phn bit phng php n nc ti l t chy hay c p. Nu trong trm m c song chn rc vi khe h 16 mm th c th khng t song chn rc trm x l na. Hiu sut ca song chn ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc chnh xc trong tnh ton kch thc v tn tht p lc ca nc qua n. Kch thc song chn S khe h n gia cc thanh ca song chn rc c xc nh theo cng thc: q = WVS = b. n . h1 .VS (4.1) (4.2.) trong qmax: lu lng ti a ca nc thi (m3/giy) b: chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh (m) W: din tch tit din t ca song chn (m2) (W khng nh hn 2Wk khi co rc th cng v khng nh hn 1,2Wk khi co rc c gii, vi Wk din tch tit din t ca knh dn nc vo) VS: tc nc qua song chn (m/sec), chn Vs = 0,7 m/giy khi lu lng trung bnh v > 1 m/giy khi lu lng ti a trnh va chm gia rc v song chn h1: chiu su lp nc qua song chn (m), thng bng chiu su lp nc trong knh dn vo.

Cng thc (4.2) khng tnh ti thu hp ca dng chy khi ng co rc c gii. tnh ti thu hp ngi ta a h s ko = 1,05. Khi : (4.2a) Chiu rng tng cng ca song chn l: BS = b(n - 1) + S.n vi S: chiu dy ca mi thanh Chiu i on knh m rng trc song chn rc: (4. 4) N u = 20o th (4 .4a) (4.3)

L1 = 1,37 (BS - BK) vi BK: chiu rng ca knh dn vo Chiu i on thu hp li sau song chn chn bng: L2 = 0,5 L1 Trong trng hp song chn rc t cho mt gc bng (hnh 4.4) c th chn: BS = 0,83 BS

(4.5) so vi hng nc chy trn mt

(Cc cng thc trn trch dn t ti liu ca Trn Hiu Nhu & Lm Minh Trit, 1978) trnh lng cn, tc ca nc on knh m rng trc song chn khng c i 0,4 m/giy khi lu lng nh nht. Hin nay mt s nc trn th gii ngi ta cn dng my nghin rc (communitor) nghin rc c kch thc ln thnh rc c kch thc nh v ng nht d dng cho vic x l cc giai on k tip, my nghin rc c thit k hon chnh v thng mi ha n n trong gio trnh ny khng a ra cc chi tit ca n. Tuy nhin nu lp t my nghin rc trc b lng ct nn ch l ct s lm mn cc li dao v si c th gy kt my. Mc gim p ca dng chy bin thin t vi inches n 0,9 m.

S lp t ca mt my nghin rc Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

B LNG CT (Grit-Chamber) Chc nng, v tr B lng ct nhm loi b ct, si, m, cc loi x khi nc thi. Trong nc thi, bn thn ct khng c hi nhng s nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca cc cng trnh v thit b trong h thng nh ma st lm mn cc thit b c kh, lng cn trong cc knh hoc ng dn, lm gim th tch hu dng ca cc b x l v tng tn s lm sch cc b ny. V vy trong cc trm x l nht thit phi c b lng ct. B lng ct thng c t pha sau song chn rc v trc b lng s cp. i khi ngi ta t b lng ct trc song chn rc, tuy nhin vic t sau song chn c li cho vic qun l b lng ct hn. Trong lng ct cc thnh phn cn loi b lng xung nh trng lng bn thn ca chng. y phi tnh ton th no cho cc ht ct v cc ht v c cn gi li s lng xung cn cc cht l lng hu c khc tri i. C ba loi b lng ct chnh: b lng ct theo chiu chuyn ng ngang ca dng chy (dng ch nht hoc vung), b lng ct c sc kh hoc b lng ct c dng chy xoy.

Cc gi tr tham kho thit k b lng ct theo chiu chuyn ng ngang ca dng chy (hnh ch nht)

Thng s

Gi tr Khong bin thin Gi tr thng dng 60 1,0

Thi gian lu tn nc (giy) Vn tc chuyn ng ngang ft/s Tc lng ca cc ht ft/min

45 0,8

90 1,3

Gi li tr n li Gi li tr n li

0,21 mm 0,15 mm

3,2 2,0 30

4,2 3,0 40

3,8 2,5 36

gim p % su din tch t trong knh dn

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Ghi ch: ft/s

0,3048 = m/s ft/min

0,3048 = m/min

Ch thi gian lu tn nc nu qu nh s khng bo m hiu sut lng, nu ln qu s c cc cht hu c lng. Cc b lng thng c trang b thm thanh gt cht lng i y, gu mc cc cht lng chy trn ng ray c gii ha vic x cn. Loi b lng ct theo chiu chuyn ng ngang ca dng chy hnh vung c p dng hn 50 nm qua v c th lp t thm b phn c gii ly ct y .

Din tch cn thit cho b lng ct c trng lng ring 2,65 (oF - 32 = oC)

Cc cng thc tnh: Kch thc b lng ct ngang phi c xc nh chnh xc, nu qu nh s khng bo m hiu qu lng, nu qu ln th cn lng s cha nhiu cht bn hu c. Chiu di b xc nh theo cng thc: L = Vmax . t trong Vmax: tc dng chy khi lu lng ti a (m/sec) t: thi gian nc lu li trong b (chn bng 30 T iu kin lin tc ca dng chy ta c: 60 sec) (4.6)

(4.7)

trong : din tch tit din t ca b (m2) qmax: lu lng ti a ca nc thi (m3/sec) S ngn trong b:

(4.8)

trong b: chiu rng ca mi ngn (thng chn 0,6 v 4 6 m i vi b lng ct c thanh gt) 1,6 m i vi b lng ct thng thng

h1: chiu su cng tc ca b, chn ln hn chiu su ng nc trong knh dn nc vo b mt cht nhng khng qu 1,2 (thng h1 = 0,5 1,2m)

n: phi l mt s trn. Sau khi xc nh c kch thc ca b phi kim tra li trng hp nc chy vi lu lng nh nht (qmin) vn bo m c vn tc Vmin > 0,15 m/giy. Chiu su lp cn lng xung h2 ph thuc lng cn lng v thi gian gia hai ln x. Th tch phn cn lng xung l: (m3) trong Ntt: dn s tnh ton theo cht l lng (ngi) P: lng cn theo u ngi, i vi nc thi sinh hot P = 0,02 L/ng.ng. T: thi gian gia hai ln x cn, thng T = 2 4 ngy m. (4.9)

cc b lng ct ngang lm vic tt th cn lng xung c tro ti 85% trong ct chim 60%. m ca cn 60% v trng lng th tch 1,5 T/m3. Chiu su lp cn h2 l:

(4.10)

i vi h thng thot nc chung, th tch cn lng trong b lng ct tng gp 1,5 ln. Chiu su tng cng ca b lng ct: H = h 1 + h2 + h 3 vi h3: chiu cao phn tng k t mt nc tr ln. Chn h3 = 0,2 B lng ct c sc kh 0,4m.

(4.11)

c thit k loi cc ht ct c kch thc ln hn 0,2 mm. Cc ng phn phi kh t cch y 0,45 0,6 m.

Cc gi tr tham kho thit k b lng ct c sc kh

Thng s

Gi tr Khong bin thin Gi tr thng dng 3

Thi gian lu tn nc lu lng cc i (pht) kch tht

Su(ft) Di (ft) Rng (ft) t l su : rng t l di : rng

7 25 8 1:1 3:1 2,0 0,5

16 65 23 5:1 5:1 5,0 27 2 1,5:1 4:1

Lng khng kh cn (ft3/min.ft chiu di) Lng ct ft3/Mgal

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ghi ch: ft/s ft/min 0,3048 = m/s

0,3048 = m/min 0,0929 = m3/min.m

ft3/min.ft chiu di ft3/Mgal

0,00748 = m3/103 m3

S b lng ct c sc kh v dng chy trong b

Tnh ton: (m2) trong qmax: lu lng ti a ca nc thi (m3/sec) Vt: tc thng ca dng chy (m/sec) n: s ngn W: tit din ngang ca b T xc nh c kch thc ca tit din. Nn chn t l gia chiu rng : chiu su tng cng l1 :1,5, di : rng = 4 :1 B lng ct ng c dng chy xoy Sn phi ct Cn x ra t b lng ct cn cha nhiu nc nn phi phi kh sn phi ct hoc h cha ct t gn b lng ct.

(4.12)

Chung quanh sn phi ct phi c b p cao 1

2 m.

Kch thc sn phi ct c xc nh vi iu kin tng chiu cao lp ct h chn bng 3 5 m/nm. Ct kh thng xuy n c chuyn i ni khc. Din tch hu ch ca sn phi ct xc nh theo cng thc sau: (m) trong p: lng cn lng tnh theo u ngi. Chn p = 0,02 L/ng.ng. Ntt: dn s tnh ton theo cht l lng. S ca sn phi ct phi chn khng qu 2. Sn phi ct c th xy dng trn nn t t nhin hoc nhn to. Khi t thm tt (ct, ct) th xy dng sn phi ct vi nn t nhin. Nu l t thm nc km hoc khng thm nc ( st, st) th phi xy dng nn nhn to. Khi phi t h thng ng ngm c l thu nc thm xung. Nc ny c th dn v trc b lng ct. KHUY TRN (Mixing devices) Khuy trn l mt hot ng quan trng trong nhiu giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh x l nc thi nhm: (1) trn ln hon ton cht ny vi cht khc; (2) khuy trn duy tr cc cht rn l lng trng thi l lng; (3) khuy trn cc git cht lng trng thi l lng; (4) trn ln cc cht lng; (4) to bng cn; (5) trao i nhit. Thng qu trnh khuy trn cn to ra c hiu qu ph l vic cung cp thm oxy ho tan cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh. Trong x l nc thi, ngi ta thng s dng hai kiu khuy trn: Khuy trn nhanh, lin tc (continuous rapid mixing): thi gian khuy t 30 giy tr xung nhm trn cc ha cht vo nc. Qu trnh khuy trn ny c th din ra bi (1) vic thay i p sut t ngt cc rnh; (2) cc ng hay mng khuch tn; (3) trong ng ng; (4) bi cc m; (5) thit b khuy tnh; (6) cc thit b khuy c hc (moteur gn cnh khuy). Khuy lin tc (continuous mixing): gi cc ht cht rn, lng trong b trng thi l lng. Qu trnh khuy trn ny c th din ra bi (1) cc thit b khuy c hc; (2) khuy kh ng hc; (3) khuy tnh v (4) m. (4.37)

Hai loi thit b khuy

B LNG S CP (primary sedimentation tank) gi li cc cht hu c khng tan trong nc thi trc khi cho nc thi vo cc b x l sinh hc ngi ta dng b lng s cp. B lng s cp ng loi b cc cht rn c kh nng lng (t trng ln hn t trng ca nc) v cc cht ni (t trng nh hn t trng ca nc). Nu thit k chnh xc b lng s cp c th loi c 50 70% cht rn l lng, 25 40% BOD ca nc thi. Nu b lng s cp c thit k nh l giai on sa son cho qu trnh x l sinh hc th cc thng s tnh ton c th thay i nh l thi gian lu tn ngn hn lu lng np cho mt n v din tch ln hn so vi trng hp b lng s cp l phng php x l duy nht. Trc khi vo b lc sinh hc hoc b aeroten, hm lng cht l lng trong nc khng c qu 150mg/l. Thi gian lng khi chn khng i 1,5 gi. Nu hm lng cht l lng cho php li trong nc lng trn 150 mg/l (chng hn khi x l nc thi cnh ng lc, cnh ng ti) thi gian lng c th gim xung 0,5 1 gi. B lng s cp c th c hnh ch nht hoc hnh tr trn, c trang b thm thit b gt vng trn b mt v cn i y , cc thit b ny c thng mi ha nn trong gio trnh ny khng cp n vn tnh ton thit k. Phn loi cc hin tng lng trong vic x l nc thi Loi Lng tng ht ring l M t Xy ra i vi nc thi c hm lng cht rn l lng thp. Cc ht c lng xung ring l, khng xy ra phn ng ng k no i vi cc ht ln cn. ng dng Loi b , ct trong nc thi.

To bng c n Lng theo vng Nn

Trong qu trnh lng cc ht lin kt li vi nhau hoc to thnh bng cn o tng trng lng v lng nhanh hn. Lc tng tc gia cc ht ln ngn cn cc ht bn cnh. Mt phn cch gia cht lng v cht rn xut hin pha trn khi lng Din ra khi hm lng cht cc ht to nn mt cu trc no v cc ht ny phi c a l n tc vo cu trc .

Loi b mt phn SS nc thi cha x l v nc thi sau qu trnh x l sinh hc. Xy ra b lng th cp t sau b x l sinh hc.

Din ra y ca cc b lng th cp v trong cc thit b c bn.

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Cc s liu tham kho thit k b lng s cp

Thng s

Gi tr Khong bin thin Thng dng

B lng s cp i trc cc h thng x l khc Thi gian lu tn (gi) Lu lng gal/ft2.d

1,5 2,5

2,0

Trung bnh Ti a

800 1200 2000 3000 10000 40000 2500 20000

Lu lng qua ng phn phi nc gal/ft.d B lng s cp c hon lu n hot tnh Thi gian lu tn (gi) Lu lng gal/ft2.d

1,5 2,5

Trung bnh

600 800

Ti a

1200 1700 10000 40000

1500 20000

Lu lng qua ng phn phi nc gal/ft.d

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ch : gal/ft2.d 0,0407 = m3/m2.d gal/ft.d 0,0124 = m3/m.d Cc s liu tham kho thit k b lng s cp hnh ch nht v tr trn Thng s Gi tr Khong bin thin Hnh ch nht

Gi tr thng dng

Su(ft) Di(ft) Rng(ft) Vn tc thit b gt vng v cn (ft/min)

10 15 50 300 10 80 24

12 80 130 16 32 3

Hnh tr trn

Su(ft) ng knh (ft) dc ca y (in/ft) Vn tc thit b gt vng v cn (ft/min)

10 15 10 200 0,75 2 0,02 0,05

12 40 150 1 0,03

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Ch : ft 0,3048 = m in/ft 83,333 = mm/m B KEO T V TO BNG CN (Coagulation and Floculation) Thc t phng php ny l phng php kt hp gia phng php ho hc v l hc. Mc ch ca phng php ny nhm loi b cc ht cht rn kh lng hay ci thin hiu sut lng ca b lng. Cu to ca b ny l loi b lng c hc thng thng, nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh, chng ta thm vo mt s cht keo t nh phn nhm, polymere to iu kin cho qu trnh keo t v to bng cn ci thin hiu sut lng. Qu trnh to bng cn c th n gin ho trong hnh i y.

Cc cht thng dng cho qu trnh keo t l mui st v mui nhm. Cc cht thng ng to bng cn l polyacrilamids. Nu kt hp vi cc loi mui kim loi s cho hiu sut tt hn. B TUYN NI (Floatation - chamber) B tuyn ni c s dng loi b cc ht rn hoc lng ra khi hn hp nc thi v c c bn sinh hc. Khng kh c thi vo b to nn cc bt kh, cc bt kh ny kt vi cc ht v ni ln trn mt nc thi v b loi b bng cc thit b gt bt. Mt s loi ha cht nh phn nhm, mui ferric, silicat hot tnh c th c th m vo nc thi kt dnh cc ht li lm cho n d kt vi cc bt kh ni ln b mt hn. Mt ch s quan trng tnh ton cho b tuyn ni l t l A/S (air/solid ratio), theo thc nghim t l ti u nm trong khong 0,005 0,060 [mL (air)/mg (solid)].

S b tuyn ni kt hp vi c bn

Cc cht rn c a ln mt b tuyn ni

Mt b tuyn ni in hnh

B LC NC THI BNG CC HT LC (Filtration) B lc c ng loi b cc cht rn l lng (v c BOD) ca nc thi sau khi qua x l sinh hc hoc ha hc. Cc ht lc thng dng l ct, si, than...

S mt s b lc

PHN V X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC S LC V CC QU TRNH VI SINH TRONG B X L NC THI Nh ni cc chng trc qu trnh x l sinh hc thng theo sau qu trnh x l c hc loi b cc cht hu c trong nc thi nh hot ng ca cc vi khun. Ty theo nhm vi khun s dng l hiu kh hay ym kh m ngi ta thit k cc cng trnh khc nhau. Ty theo kh nng v ti chnh, din tch t m ngi ta c th dng ao h c sn hoc xy dng cc b nhn to x l. S lc v cc qu trnh vi sinh trong vic x l nc thi Qu trnh hiu kh v hiu kh khng bt buc (ty nghi) thit k v vn hnh mt b x l sinh hc c hiu qu chng ta phi nm vng cc kin thc sinh hc c li n quan n qu trnh x l. Trong cc b x l sinh hc cc vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u v n chu trch nhim phn hy cc thnh phn hu c trong nc thi. Trong cc b bn hot tnh mt phn cht thi hu c s c cc vi khun hiu kh v hiu kh khng bt buc s dng ly nng lng tng hp cc cht hu c cn li thnh t bo vi khun mi. Vi khun trong b bn hot tnh thuc cc ging Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Nocardia, Bdellovibrio, Mycobacterium v hai loi vi khun nitrt ha l Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Ngoi ra cn c ccloi hnh si nh Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Lecicothrix v Geotrichum. Ngoi cc vi khun cc vi sinh vt khc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong cc b bn hot tnh. V d nh cc nguy n sinh ng vt v Rotifer n cc vi khun lm cho nc thi u ra sch hn v mt vi sinh. Khi b x l c xy dng xong v a vo vn hnh th cc vi khun c sn trong nc thi bt u pht trin theo chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun trong mt m cy vi khun. Trong thi gian u, sm a h thng x l vo hot ng n nh c th dng bn ca cc b x l ang hot ng gn cho th m vo mi nh l mt hnh thc cy thm vi khun cho b x l. Chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun trong b x l bao gm 4 giai on: Giai on chm (lag-phase): xy ra khi b bt u a vo hot ng v bn ca cc b khc c cy thm vo b. y l giai on cc vi khun thch nghi vi mi trng mi v bt u qu trnh phn bo. Giai on tng trng (log-growth phase): giai on ny cc t bo vi khun tin hnh phn o v tng nhanh v s lng. Tc phn bo ph thuc vo thi gian cn thit cho cc ln phn o v lng thc n trong mi trng. Giai on cn bng (stationary phase): lc ny mt vi khun c gi mt s lng n nh. Nguyn nhn ca giai on ny l (a) cc cht inh ngcn

thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun s dng ht, (b) s lng vi khun sinh ra bng vi s lng vi khun cht i. Giai on cht (log- eath phase): trong giai on ny s lng vi khun cht i nhiu hn s lng vi khun c sinh ra, o mt vi khun trong b gim nhanh. Giai on ny c th o cc loi c kch thc kh kin hoc l c im ca mi trng.

Mt th in hnh v s tng trng ca vi khun trong b x l Cng cn n thm rng th trn ch m t s tng trng ca mt qun th vi khun n c. Thc t trong b x l c nhiu qun th khc nhau v c th tng trng ging nhau v dng nhng khc nhau v thi gian tng trng cng nh nh ca th. Trong mt giai on bt k no s c mt loi c s lng ch o do thi im cc iu kin nh pH, oxy, inh ng, nhit ... ph hp cho loi . S bin ng v cc vi sinh vt ch o trong b x l c biu din trong hnh n i. Khi thit k v vn hnh h thng x l chng ta phi ti c h vi sinh vt ny, khng n n ngh rng y l mt "hp en" vi nhng vi sinh vt b mt.

 th v s tng trng tng i ca cc vi sinh vt trong b x l nc thi Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Nh ni trn vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u trong cc b x l nc thi. Do trong cc ny chng ta phi duy tr mt mt vi khun cao tng thch vi lu lng cc cht nhim a vo . iu ny c th thc hin thng qua qu trnh thit k v vn hnh. Trong qu trnh thit k chng ta phi tnh ton chnh xc thi gian tn lu ca vi khun trong b x l v thi gian ny phi ln cc vi khun c th sinh sn c. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cc iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun (pH, cht inh ng, nhit , khuy trn...) phi c iu chnh mc thun li nht cho vi khun. Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi hiu kh Loi Bn hot tnh Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng ca cng trnh Loi b phn ng Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong b phn ng Ch np nc thi v cc cht hu c Hiu sut sc kh Thi gian lu tr VSV trong b phn ng T l thc n/vi sinh vt (F/M) T l n m hon lu v b phn ng Cc cht inh ng Cc yu t mi trng (nhit , pH) Loi nguyn liu lm gi bm v chiu cao ca ct nguyn liu ny Ch np nc thi v cc cht hu c Hiu sut thng kh T l hon lu Cch sp xp cc ct lc Cch phn phi lu lng nc S b, a Ch np nc thi v cc cht hu c B phn truyn ng Mt ca nguyn liu cu to a Vn tc quay Cc trc quay ngp nc ca a T l hon lu Cc yu t nh hng n hot ng ca cng trnh Loi b phn ng

B lc sinh hc nh git

a quay sinh hc

Loi Bn hot tnh

Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong b phn ng Ch np nc thi v cc cht hu c Hiu sut sc kh Thi gian lu tr VSV trong b phn ng T l thc n/vi sinh vt (F/M) T l n m hon lu v b phn ng Cc cht inh ng Cc yu t mi trng (nhit , pH) B lc sinh hc nh git Loi nguyn liu lm gi bm v chiu cao ca ct nguyn liu ny Ch np nc thi v cc cht hu c Hiu sut thng kh T l hon lu Cch sp xp cc ct lc Cch phn phi lu lng nc S b, a Ch np nc thi v cc cht hu c B phn truyn ng Mt ca nguyn liu cu to a Vn tc quay Cc trc quay ngp nc ca a T l hon lu

a quay sinh hc

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Qu trnh ym kh Cc h thng ym kh ng dng kh nng phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh vt trong iu kin khng c oxy. Qu trnh phn hy ym kh cht hu c rt phc tp lin h n hng trm phn ng v sn phm trung gian. Tuy nhi n ngi ta thng n gin ha chng bng phng trnh sau y: Cht hu c ----------->
ym kh ln men

CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 + H2S

Hn hp kh sinh ra thng c gi l kh sinh hc hay biogas. Thnh phn ca Biogas nh sau: Methane (CH4) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 55 65% 35 45%

Nitrogen (N2) Hydrogen (H2) Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

0 3% 0 1% 0 1%

Methane c nhit tr cao (gn 9.000 kcal/m3). Do , nhit tr ca Biogas khong 4.500 6.000 kcal/m3, ty thuc vo phn trm ca methane hin din trong Biogas. Qu trnh phn hy ym kh c chia thnh 3 giai on chnh nh sau: 1. Phn hy cc cht hu c cao phn t. 2. To nn cc axt. 3. To methane.

Giai on I Thy phn v ln men

Giai on II To axid acetic, H2

Giai on III Sinh CH4

Ba giai on ca qu trnh ln men ym kh (Mc. Cathy, 1981) Ba nhm vi khun chnh tham gia vo qu trnh l nhm vi sinh vt thyphn ch6t hu c, nhm vi sinh vt to acid bao gm cc loi Clostridium spp., Peptococcus anaerobus, Bifidobacterium spp., Desulphovibrio spp., Corynebacterium spp., Lactobacillus, Actonomyces, Staphylococcus v Escherichia coli, v nhm vi sinh vt sinh methane gm cc loi dng hnh que (Methanobacterium, Methanobacillus), dng hnh cu (Methanococcus, Methanosarcina). Bm chut vo y xem mt on phim ngn v c ch hot ng ca cc vi khun (thuyt minh bng ting Anh) Cc nhn t mi trng nh hng n qu trnh ln men ym kh

Qu trnh ln men ym kh c th c khi ng mt cch nhanh chng nu nh cht thi ca mt hm ang hot ng c ng lm cht mi (a vi khun ang hot ng vo m ). Hm lng cht rn trong nguyn liu np cho hm n n c iu chnh mc 5 10%, 90 95% cn li l nc. nh hng ca nhit Nhit v s bin i ca nhit trong ngy v cc ma nh hng n tc phn hy cht hu c. Thng thng i n nhit sau y c ch n trong qu trnh x l ym kh: 25 40oC: y l khong nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt a m. 50 65oC: nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt a nhit. Ni chung khi nhit tng tc sinh kh tng nhng nhit trong khong 40 45oC th tc sinh kh gim v khong nhit ny khng thch hp cho c hai loi vi khun, nhit trn 60oC tc sinh kh gim t ngt v qu trnh sinh kh b km hm hon ton 65oC tr ln.

nh hng ca nhit ln kh nng sinh kh ca hm (Price and Cheremisinoff, 1981, trch dn bi Chongrak, 1989) Bm chut vo y xem nh ng v nh hng ca nhit n kh nng sinh kh (thuyt minh bng ting Anh) cc nc vng n i nhit mi trng thp; o tc sinh kh chm v nhit i 10oC th tch kh sn xut c gim mnh. ci thin tc sinh kh ngi ta c th ng Biogas un nng nguy n liu np, hoc un nc nng trao i nhit qua cc ng hnh xon c lp t sn trong lng hm . Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng cc tm nha trong bao hm li, nhit bn trong tm nha trong s cao hn nhit mi trng t 5 10oC, hoc thit k cho phn trn hm cha nc v lng nc ny c

un nng l n ng bc x mt tri, hoc to lp cch nhit vi mi trng bng cch ph phn compost hoc l cy ln hm . nh hng ca pH v kim (alkalinity) pH trong hm n n c iu chnh mc 6,6 7,6 ti u trong khong 7 7,2 v tuy rng vi khun to acid c th chu c pH thp khong 5,5 nhng vi khun to methane b c ch pH . pH ca hm c khi h xung thp hn 6,6 o s tch t qu cc acid bo do hm b np qu ti hoc o cc c t trong nguyn liu np c ch hot ng ca vi khun methane. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta lp tc ngng np cho hm vi khun sinh methane s dng ht cc acid tha, khi hm t c tc sinh kh nh thng tr li ngi ta mi np li nguyn liu cho hm theo ng lng quy nh. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th ng vi trung ha pH ca hm . Alkalinity ca hm n n c gi khong 1.000 5.000 mg/L to kh nng m tt cho nguyn liu np. nh hng ca mn Thng trn 90% trng lng nguyn liu l nc. TTNLM tm hiu kh nng sinh Biogas ca hm ty thuc nng mui trong nc. Kt qu cho thy vi khun tham gia trong qu trnh sinh kh methane c kh nng n dn thch nghi vi nng ca mui n NaCl trong nc. Vi nng < 0,3% kh nng sinh kh khng gim ng k. Nh vy vic vn hnh cc h thng x l ym kh ti cc vng nc l trong ma kh khng gp tr ngi nhiu (L Hong Vit, 1988). Cc cht inh ng bo m nng sut sinh kh ca hm , nguyn liu np nn phi trn t c t s C/N t 25/1 30/1 bi v cc vi khun s dng car on nhanh hn s dng m t 25 30 ln. Cc nguyn t khc nh P, Na, K v Ca cng quan trng i vi qu trnh sinh kh tuy nhi n C/N c coi l nhn t quyt nh. nh hng lng nguyn liu np nh hng ca lng nguyn liu np c th biu th bng 2 nhn t sau: Hm lng cht hu c iu th bng kg COD/m3/ngy hay VS/m3/ngy Thi gian lu tr hn hp np trong hm HRT Lng cht hu c np cao s lm tch t cc acid bo do cc vi khun giai on 3 khng s dng kp lm gim pH ca hm gy bt li cho cc vi khun methane. nh hng ca cc cht khang trong nguyn liu np

Cc cht khang trong nguyn liu np c tc ng tch cc hoc tiu cc n qu trnh sinh kh methane. V d nng thp Nikel lm tng qu trnh sinh kh. Cc cht khang ny cn gy hin tng cng hng hoc i khng. Hin tng cng hng l hin tng tng c tnh ca mt nguyn t do s c mt mt nguyn t khc. Hin tng i khng l hin tng gim c tnh ca mt nguyn t do s c mt ca mt nguyn t khc. Hin tng cng hng v i khng ca cc cation i vi qu trnh ln men ym kh (EPA, 1979, trch dn bi Chongrak, 1989) Cations gy c Ammonium - N Ca Mg K Na Ammonium - N, Ca, Mg Cations cng hng Ca, Mg, K Ammniu - N, Mg Ammonium - N, Ca Na K, Na K, Na K, Na K Cations i khng

Khuy trn Khuy trn to iu kin cho vi khun tip xc vi cht thi lm tng nhanh qu trnh sinh kh. N cn lm gim thiu s lng ng ca cc cht rn xung y hm v s to bt v vng trn mt hm .

CAC QUA TRNH X LY HIEU KH (Aeroten, Activated sludge) B BN HOT TNH thit k b bn hot tnh ngi ta phi ch n loi b, lu lng np, lng bn sinh ra, nhu cu v kh nng chuyn ha oxy, nhu cu v inh ng cho vi khun, c tnh ca nc thi u vo v u ra, iu kin mi trng, gi thnh, chi ph vn hnh, bo tr. Xc nh t l thc n tr n s lng vi khun F/M (food to microorganism)

trong F/M: t l thc n tr n s lng vi khun d-1 S0: BOD hoc COD ca nc thi u vo, mg/L (g/m3) [influent soluble BOD] Q: thi gian lu tn nc trong b bn hot tnh = Vr/Q, d Vr: Th tch b, Mgal (m3) Q: Lu lng nc thi np vo b, Mgal/d (m3/d) X: hm lng vt cht rn ay hi (VSS) trong mg/L (g/m3) Lu cc gi tr thc nghim cho thy F/M nm trong khong 0,05 1,0
Vi mt hiu sut s dng thc n U ca vi khun ta c cng thc:

trong E: hiu sut ca qu trnh x l, % E = [(S0 - S)/S0)] 100

Thay vo phng trnh tr n ta c:

trong S: BOD hoc COD ca nc thi u ra, mg/L (g/m3) [ effluent soluble BOD] Thi gian lu nc trong b bn hot tnh c tnh bng cng thc:

Thi gian lu nc trong c h thng c tnh bng cng thc:

trong qs: thi gian lu nc trong h thng Vs: th tch b lng th cp Xc nh thi gian lu tr trung bnh ca vi khun trong b

trong qc: thi gian c tr trung nh ca vi khun trong b theo th tch b, d Vr: th tch b, Mgal (m3)

X: hm lng VSS trong b, mg/L (g/m3) Xw: hm lng VSS trong bn thi b, mg/L (g/m3) Qw: lu lng bn thi b, Mgal/d (m3/d) Xe: hm lng VSS trong nc thi u ra, mg/L (g/m3) Qe: Lu lng nc thi u ra, Mgal/d (m3/d ) Theo cc s liu ca M qc = 3 15 ngy cho hiu qu x l v kh nng lng ca bn tt. Thi gian lu tn nc trong b l 4 8 gi, lu lng np 3 30 kg BOD5/m3.d Nu hm lng VSS trong nc thi u ra l khng ng k ta c:

Nhu cu v ng cht nhm bo m s pht trin ca cc vi khun c th hin qua cng thc:

trong Rs: l lng BOD5 (hay cht nn) c s dng (hay loi b) Rs = Q(S0 - S) R : lng sinh khi c sn sinh ra

trong Y: sn lng biomass tnh bng mgVSS/mg BOD5 Ta c: Kd = 0,48tS-0,415(1,05)t - 20 trong Kd: tc phn hy ts: tui trung bnh ca n i vi b bn hot tnh ( C) Theo thc nghim th t l BOD5 : N : P 100 : 5 : 1 Mt s h s ng cho vic x l nc thi sinh hot bng b bn hot tnh
H s n v Gi Tr Khong bin thin k Ks d-1 mg/L BOD5 mg/L COD 2 10 25 100 17 50 Tiu biu 5 60 40

Y Kc

mg VSS/mg BOD5 d-1

0,4 0,8 0,025 0,075

0,6 0,06

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Cc bc thit k mt b bn hot tnh: 1. Chn thi gian c tr trung bnh ca vi khun trong b. Cc yu t cn bit: BOD5 ca nc thi u ra SS ca nc thi u ra Kh nng chu ng ca b i vi s bin ng ln ca nc thi u vo (lu lng, hm lng cht gy nhim) Nhu cu v nng lng cho cc thit b cung cp kh Nhu cu v ng cht 2. Chn thi gian lu tn ca nc thi trong b. Cc yu t cn bit: Thch hp cho vic loi b cc cht nhim Qu trnh n nh, khng b nh hng ca cc cht c Lng MLSS c gi n nh 3. Xc nh th tch b lng th cp cn thit. Cc yu t cn bit: Din tch b mt ca b lng Din tch cn thit cho vic c c bn 4. Xc nh cng sut thit b sc kh. Cc yu t cn bit: Xc nh nhu cu v oxy Xc nh nhu cu in nng duy tr cc cht rn dng l lng. 5. Chn t l hon lu n 6. c tnh lng bn thi b Cc s c thng gp trong qu trnh vn hnh b bn hot tnh v nguyn nhn
S c Hiu sut loi BOD ho tan thp Nguyn nhn 1. Thi gian c tr ca vi khun trong b qu ngn 2. Thiu N v P pH qu cao hoc qu thp Trong nc thi u vo c cha c t Sc kh cha Khuy o cha hoc do hin tng ngn mch 1. Thi gian c tr ca vi khun trong b qu lu 2. Qu trnh kh nit in ra b lng Do s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt hnh si (trong

Nc thi cha nhiu cht rn

iu kin thi gian c tr ca vi khun ngn, thiu N v P, sc kh khng ) T l hon lu n qu thp 1. Sc kh khng 2. Qu trnh ym kh xy ra b lng Cch hiu chnh cc s c S c Thi gian c tr ca VK Qu thp Gim bt lng bn thi Xy thm b iu lu Tng lng bn thi Cung cp th m ng cht cho nc thi u vo Xy thm b iu lu Trung ha nc thi u vo Xy thm b iu lu Loi b cc cht c trong nc thi u vo Tng cng sut thit b sc Phn b li cc ng phn ph i kh trong b Tng mc sc kh Gn th m cc p phn phi nc Gim thi gian gi bn trong b lng bng cch tng t l hon lu Gn thm gu mc bn Tng lng bn thi Cc phng php tng t phng php p ng trnh qu trnh kh nit ca b lng Cch hiu chnh

Mi

Qu cao Thiu ng cht N v P pH qu cao hoc qu thp

Nc thi u vo c cha c t Sc kh khng

Khuy o khng , "mch ngn" Qu trnh kh nit b lng

Qu trnh ym kh b lng

Xc nh lng oxy cn cung cp cho b bn hot tnh (aeroten) theo cng thc:

trong

f: h s bin i BOD5 sang BOD cui cng (0,68) Px: lng bn sn xut rng trong mt ngy ca b bn hot tnh tnh bng VSS kg/ngy Sau nhn vi hiu sut ca qu trnh trao i kh tnh ra lng oxy cn thit. Lu 1atm v 25oC th 1m3 khng kh nng khong 1,2 kg. Nn gi tr s DO bng 1,5 4 mg/L (thng thng khong 2 mg/L ti trung bnh v 0,5 mg/L ti nh) mi khu vc ca b, tr n 4 mg/L khng tng c hiu sut ca qu trnh m cn tn th m in. i vi F/M ln hn 0,3 lng khng kh cn thit l 30 55 m3/kg BOD5 c x l (h thng sc kh to bt ln), 24 36m3/kg BOD5 (h thng x l to bt mn). Nu F/M nh hn 0,3 lng khng kh cn thit s tng l n. Thng thng khi s dng h thng m nn kh vi h thng khuch tn kh ngi ta cn 3,75 15,0 m3 khng kh/m3 nc thi. i vi cc thit b c kh khuy o sc kh cn 1,0 1,5 kg O2/kg BOD5 c x l. M t cc thit b thng c s dng cung cp kh cho cc b x l
Phn loi Khuch tn kh t ngm c l (bt kh nh) c l (bt kh trung bnh) Khng c l (bt kh ln) ng khuy tnh Cc bt kh thot ra t cc a hnh phng, vm hay ng c c l lm bng s, thy tinh hoc nha. Cc bt kh that ra t cc mng c l hoc cc ng nha Bt kh c that ra trc tip t u ra ca cc thit b cung cp kh. Cc ng ngn, t thng ng, bn trong c cc vch ngn lm chm s that cc bng kh ln mt b. Khng kh c a vo t pha i cc ng ny, khi that ln trn b mt b n tip xc vi nc thi trong ng. Bao gm mt turbine c vn tc chm v mt m nn kh. Kh nn c a vo nc thi khi n c m vi p sut cao vo cc thit b phun tia. Tt c cc loi b bn hot tnh. Tt c cc loi b bn hot tnh. Tt c cc loi b bn hot tnh. Ao thng kh, v b bn hot tnh. M t ng dng

Turbine phn ph i kh Thit b phun tia Thit b khuy b mt

Tt c cc loi b bn hot tnh. Tt c cc loi b bn hot tnh.

Turbine vn tc chm Turbine vn tc nhanh Rotor rng lc

Tur ine c ng knh ln, khi quay n bn cc git nc ln kh quyn tip xc vi khng kh. Tur ine c ng knh nh, khi quay n bn cc git nc ln kh quyn tip xc vi khng kh. Cc cnh khuy c gn ln trc trung tm nh mt ci lc. Khi rotor quay oxy c a vo nc thi bi vic bn cc git nc ln kh quyn tip xc vi khng kh Nc thi c cho chy xung thc nc n i kiu nh

Cc b bn hot tnh c in v cc ao thng kh Ao thng kh

Mng oxy ha, k nh thng kh hay ao thng kh. Nng DO ca nc thi sau x l.

Thc nc

Cc thit b cung cp kh cho b x l thng dng (p. 279)

Cc gi tr tham kho v hiu sut cung cp kh ca cc thit b khuch tn kh

Loi thit b, cch lp t Cng sut thi kh (ft3/min.u thi) 0,4 3,4 0,5 2,5 2,0 5,0 Hiu sut cung cp kh (%) su 15 ft 4.6 m 25 40 27 39 26 33

a s c l - t thnh hng thng a s hnh vm c l - t hng thng a s phng c l - t hng thng ng plastic cng c l Hng thng Xon c i Xon c n ng plastic mm c l Hng thng Xon c n ng chm l

2,4 4,0 3,0 11,0 2,0 12,0

28 32 17 28 13 25

1,0 7,0 2,0 7,0

26 36 19 27

Hng thng t 4 gc b Xon c n

1,0 4,0 2,0 6,0 2,0 6,0

22 29 19 24 15 19

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ch : ft3/min x 0,0283 = m3 /min ft x 0,3048 = m Cc gi tr tham kho v hiu sut cung cp kh ca cc thit b c kh khuy o
Loi thit b Hiu sut cung cp kh lb O2/hp.h Tiu chun Khuy o b mt vn tc chm Khuy o b mt vn tc nhanh Khuy ngm 2,0 5,0 2,0 3,6 2,0 4,0 Thc nghim 1,2 2,4 1,2 2,0 1,2 1,8

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ngi ta cn s dng oxy tinh khit hon thnh qu trnh sc kh. Khng ch cc vi sinh vt hnh si S pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt hnh si to nn bn kh lng cho nn phi khng ch s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt ny, bng cch th m chlorine vo n hon lu, thay i DO trong b, thay i im np thay i F/M.

Cc vi sinh vt hnh si tiu biu trong b bn hot tnh (Tri sang phi: Sphaerotilus natans, v 2 loi Thiothrix) Ch trong qu trnh i khi ngi ta cho bn b lng th cp hon lu tr li b bn hot tnh nhm tng lng bn hot tnh trong b b t c hiu sut cao.

B LC SINH HC NH GIT (Trickling Filter) B lc sinh hc nh git c ng x l nc thi hn 100 nm. B lc nh git u tin xut hin Anh nm 1893, hin nay c s dng hu khp cc nc

vi cc trm x l cng sut nh. nc ta b lc sinh hc nh git c xy dng ti nh my c kh H Ni, x nghip ch bin thuc th y H Ty, bnh vin a khoa Gia Lm v.v... Nc thi c phn phi u trn b mt nguyn liu lc (hot ng nh gi m cho vi khun) theo kiu nh git hoc phun tia. Lng khng kh cn thit cho qu trnh c cp vo nh qu trnh thng gi t nhin qua b mt h pha trn v h thng thu nc pha i ca b lc. Ngy nay ngi ta thng s dng chu trnh lc 2 pha bao gm 2 b lc ni tip nhau.

B lc sinh hc nh git chia ra b lc vn tc chm, b lc vn tc trung bnh v nhanh, b lc cao tc, b lc th (x l nc thi s trc giai on x l th cp), b lc hai pha.
B lc vn tc chm: c hnh tr hoc ch nht, nc thi c np theo chu k, ch c khong 0,6 1,2 m nguyn liu lc pha trn c bn vi sinh vt cn lp nguyn liu lc pha i c cc vi khun nitrat ha. Hiu sut kh BOD cao v cho ra nc thi cha lng nitrat cao. Tuy nhin cn phi lu n vn mi hi v s pht trin ca ru i Psychoda. Nguyn liu lc thng ng l si, x. B lc vn tc trung nh v nhanh: thng c hnh tr trn, lu lng np cht hu c cao hn, nc thi c m hon lu tr li b lc v np lin tc, vic hon lu nc thi gim c vn mi hi v s pht trin ca rui Psychoda. Nguyn liu lc thng s dng l si, plastic. B lc cao tc: c lu lng np nc thi v cht hu c rt cao, khc vi b lc vn tc nhanh im c chiu su ct lc su hn o nguy n liu lc lm bng plastic, o nh hn so vi si. B lc th: lu lng np cht hu c ln hn 1,6 kg/m3. , lu lng nc thi l 187m3/m2.d b lc th ng x l s nc thi trc giai on x l th cp.

B lc hai pha: thng s dng x l nc thi c hm lng cht nhim cao v cn nitrat ha m trong nc thi. Gia 2 b lc thng c b lng loi b bt cht rn sinh ra trong b lc th nht. B lc th nht ng kh BOD ca cc hp cht cha carbon, b th hai ch yu cho qu trnh nitrat ha. Mt s gi tr tham kho thit k b lc sinh hc nh git Thng s Nguyn liu lc Lu lng nc thi np gal/ft2.min 0,02 0,06 14 5 25 0,06 0,16 0,16 0,64 10 40 30 60 0,2 1,2 0,8 3,2 0,16 0,64 10 40c 60 120 VT chm si, x VT trung bnh si, x VT nhanh si Cao tc plastic Lc th plastic Hai pha si, plastic

Mgal/acre.d Lu lng np BOD lb/103ft3.d B su ct lc ft T l hon lu Rui Psychoda Lm sch ct lc Hiu sut kh BOD % Nc thi

4 10 15 30

15 90 30 100

50 200c 100 500 15 40 14 rt t khng lin tc 40 65

68 0 nhiu chu k 80 90

68 01 t chu k 50 70 nitrat ha mt phn

36 12 rt t lin tc 65 85

10 40 12 rt t khng lin tc 65 80

68 0,5 2 rt t khng lin tc 85 95

nitrat ha cao

t nitrat ha

t nitrat ha

khng nitrat ha

nitrat ha cao

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Ghi ch: c: khng k lu lng hon lu gal/ft2.min 58,674 = m3/m2.d lb/103ft3.d 0,0160 =kg/m3.d

Tnh ton cc thit b c kh

Vn tc quay ca h thng phn phi nc

trong QT: tng lu lng nc thi np cho b QT = Q + Qr Q: lu lng nc thi u vo Qr: lu lng nc thi hon lu A: s cnh ca h thng phn phi nc DR: dosing rate, in/pass Mt s gi tr DR tham kho
Lu lng np tnh theo BOD lb BOD5/103ft3 < 25 50 75 100 150 200 Dosing rate (in/pass) 3 6 9 12 18 24

Ghi ch: lb/103 ft3 0,0160 = kg/m3 in 2,54 = cm

Mt s c tnh l hc ca cc loi nguyn liu lc

Nguyn liu lc Kch thc thng dng (in) Trng lng ring (lb/ft3) Din tch b mt (ft2/ft3) rng trong ct lc (%)

si sng Nh Ln X l 1 2,5 45 78 90 50 62 17 21 12 50 40 50 50 60

Nh Ln Plastic b Thng dng Loi c din tch b mt ln Cao su Redwood b Random pack

23 35

56 75 50 62

17 21 14 18

40 50 50 60

24 24 48 24 24 48 48 48 20 1 3,5

26 26 9 11 36

24 30 30 60 12 15 38 85

94 97 94 97 70 80 90 95

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Ghi ch: : kch thc ca mt module in 25,4 = mm lb/ft3 16,0815 = kg/m3 ft2/ft3 3,2808 = m2/m3 Nguyn liu lc l tng phi c din tch b mt ln, gi r, bn cao v t b tc nghn. Trc nhng nm 1960 ngi ta thng s dng si v x, nhng sau ngi ta thng s dng plastic hoc cao su re woo tng rng ca ct lc, gim thiu vic tc nghn ct lc.

I TIP XC SINH HC (Rotating Biological Contactor) a tip xc sinh hc u ti n c lp t Ty c vo nm 1960, sau u nhp sang M. M v Canada 70% s a tip xc sinh hc c ng kh BOD ca cc hp cht car on, 25% ng kh BOD ca cc hp cht carbon kt hp vi nitrat ha nc thi, 5% ng nitrat ha nc thi sau qu trnh x l th cp. thit k a tip xc sinh hc cn lu cc thng s sau: cch sp xp cc a tip xc sinh hc, lu lng np, cht lng nc thi u ra v nhu cu ca b lng th cp. Cch sp xp cc a tip xc sinh hc: ngi ta dng cc vch ngn chia b x l thnh nhiu ngn, mi ngn c mt a sinh hc hot ng c lp, hoc s dng nhiu b cha cc a sinh hc ni tip nhau. Ngi ta thng s dng cc h thng x l t a giai on a sinh hc tr ln, vic s dng nhiu giai on a sinh hc nhm nitrat ha nc thi.

Cc cch sp xp a sinh hc

Lu lng np: lu lng np rt quan trng i vi hiu sut ca a sinh hc, np qu ti s lm thiu DO cn thit cho qu trnh, sinh mi thi do kh H2S, sinh ra nhiu vi sinh vt hnh si lm gim din tch tip xc b mt. Cc gi tr tham kho thit k h thng x l bng a sinh hc
Thng s Th cp Lu lng nc thi np gal/ft2.d Lu lng cht hu c np Lb SBOD5/103ft2.d Lb TBOD5/103ft2.d Lu lng np ti a cho giai on 1 Lb SBOD5/103.d Lb TBOD5/103.d Lu lng np NH3 lb /103ft2.d Thi gian lu tn nc (gi) BOD5 nc thi sau x l mg/L NH3 nc thi sau x l mg/L 46 8 12 0,7 1,5 15 30 46 8 12 0,15 0,3 1,5 4 7 15 <2 0,2 0,4 1,2 2,9 7 15 12 0,75 2,0 2,0 3,5 0,5 1,5 1,5 3,0 0,1 0,3 0,2 0,6 2,0 4,0 Cp x l Kt hp nitrat ho 0,75 2,0 Natrat ho ring bit 1,0 2,5

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ghi ch: gal/ft2.d 0,0407 = m3/m2.d lb/103ft2.d 0,0049 = kg/m2.d Cc thit b c kh cho a sinh hc Trc quay: trc quay ng gn kt cc a sinh hc bng plastic v quay chng quanh trc. Chiu di ti a ca trc quay l 27 ft (8,23 m) trong 25 ft (7,62 m) ng gn cc a sinh hc. Cc trc quay ngn hn in thin t 5 25 ft (1,52 7,62 m). Cu trc, c im ca trc quay v cch gn cc a sinh hc vo trc ph thuc vo c s sn xut. a sinh hc: c sn xut t PE c nhiu np gp tng in tch b mt. Ty theo din tch b mt ngi ta chia lm 3 loi: loi c din tch b mt thp (9290m2/8,23m

trc), loi c din tch b mt trung bnh v loi c din tch b mt cao (11.149 16.723m2/8,23m trc). Thit b truyn ng: quay cc a sinh hc ngi ta c th dng motor truyn ng gn trc tip vi trc hoc ng m nn kh. Trong trng hp ng m nn kh cc u phn phi kh t ngm trong b, thi kh vo cc chic tch hng kh to thnh lc y lm quay a sinh hc. Bm nn kh va quay a va cung cp thm oxy cho qu trnh. C hai loi ny u c tin cy cao. B cha a sinh hc: c th tch 45,42 m3 cho 9290 m2 a sinh hc, lu lng np 0,08 m3/m2. thng thng su ca nc l 1,52 m v 40% din tch a sinh hc ngp trong nc thi. Mi che: mi che c th lm bng tm si thy tinh, c nhim v bo v a sinh hc khi b h hi bi tia UV v cc tc nhn vt l khc, gi nhit cn thit cho qu trnh, khng ch s pht trin ca to. Cc s c trong vn hnh bao gm: trc quay b hng do thit k km, s mi kim loi, qu nhiu vi sinh vt m tr n a. a sinh hc b h o tip xc vi nhit, cc dung mi hu c, tia UV. bi b kt do thiu m . Mi hi o lu lng np cht hu c qu cao. gii quyt cc vn trn hin nay ngi ta c khuynh hng t cc a sinh hc su hn trong nc thi lm gim ti trng ca trc v bi.

KT HP CC BIN PHP X L HIU KH a) B lc sinh hc hot tnh: ging nh lc sinh hc nh git cao ti, ch khc l bn t b lng th cp c m hon lu vo lc sinh hc hot tnh tng mt vi sinh vt trong b ny. u im ca b lc sinh hc hot tnh l hiu sut kh BOD cao hn, lu lng np BOD c th tng 4 5 ln so vi b lc sinh hc nh git thng thng. Thng s thit k thng dng l 3,21 4,00 kg/m3.d (hiu sut kh BOD l 60 65%). Hiu sut kh BOD ca b lc sinh hc hot tnh v b lng th cp c tnh theo cng thc:

trong Le: nc thi sau x l L0: nc thi trc x l KT: kh nng kh BOD nhit T (oC) = K20 T-20; K20 = 12,16

TL: lu lng np cht hu c kg/m3.d; = 1,016 i vi nc thi gia dng.

b) B lc sinh hc nh git kt hp vi b sc kh: h thng ny gm b lc sinh hc nh git, b sc kh v b lng th cp. Cc bn vi sinh vt t b lc c a qua sc kh to bng cn v kh cc cht hu c ha tan. c) Kt hp b lc th vi b bn tnh: ging nh lc sinh hc nh git kt hp vi b sc kh, tuy nhin h thng ny c th hot ng c vi lu lng np cht hu c cao hn. B lc th ng kh cht hu c ca nc thi gip cho h thng khi b hot ng qu ti hay i ti. d) Kt hp b lc sinh hc vi b bn hot tnh e) Kt hp b lc sinh hc v b bn hot tnh theo dng ni tip

PHAN VI X LY NC THAI BANG PHNG PHAP HOA HOC GII THIU CC C CH TRONG CNH NG LC Trong mi trng t nhin, cc qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc din ra khi t, nc, sinh vt v khng kh tc ng qua li vi nhau. Li dng cc qu trnh ny, ngi ta thit k cc h thng t nhi n x l nc thi. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin ging nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong cc h thng nhn to, ngoi ra cn c thm cc qu trnh quang hp, quang oxy ha, hp thu ng cht ca h thc vt. Trong cc h thng t nhin cc qu trnh din ra vn tc "t nhin" v xy ra ng thi trong cng mt h sinh thi, trong khi trong cc h thng nhn to cc qu trnh din ra tun t trong cc b phn ng ring bit. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc Gii thiu X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc l vic ti nc thi ln b mt ca mt cnh ng vi lu lng tnh ton t c mt mc x l no thng qua qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc t nhin ca h t - nc - thc vt ca h thng. cc nc ang

pht trin, din tch t cn tha thi, gi t cn r o vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc c coi nh l mt bin php r tin. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc ng thi c th t c ba mc tiu:

X l nc thi Ti s dng cc cht inh ng c trong nc thi sn xut Np li nc cho cc ti nc ngm

So vi cc h thng nhn to th vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn t nng lng hn. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn nng lng vn chuyn v ti nc thi l n t, trong khi x l nc thi bng cc bin php nhn to cn nng lng vn chuyn, khuy trn, sc kh, m hon lu nc thi v bn... Do t s dng cc thit b c kh, vic vn hnh v bo qun h thng x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc d dng v t tn km hn. Tuy nhi n, vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cng c nhng hn ch nh cn mt din tch t ln, ph thuc vo cu trc t v iu kin kh hu. Ty theo tc di chuyn, ng i ca nc thi trong h thng ngi ta chia cnh ng lc ra lm 3 loi:

Cnh ng lc chm (SR) Cnh ng lc nhanh (RI) Cnh ng chy trn (OF)

Cc c ch x l nc thi trong cnh ng lc a) Cc c ch l hc: Khi nc thi ngm qua cc l rng ca t, cc cht rn l lng s b gi li do qu trnh lc. dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc bin thi n theo kch thc ca cc cht rn l lng, cu trc t v vn tc ca nc thi. Lu lng nc thi cng cao, cc ht t cng ln th b dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc cng ln. i vi cnh ng lc chm o lu lng nc thi p dng cho h thng thp nn cc cht rn l lng c kch thc ln s b gi li ngay trn b mt t, cc cht rn l lng c kch thc nh v vi khun b gi li vi centimet t mt. Cc cht ha tan trong nc thi c th b pha long o nc ma, cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc v sinh hc c th loi b c cc cht ny. Tuy nhin nhng vng kh hn c tc bc hi nc cao, cc cht ny c th b tch t li (v d cc mui khong). Mt iu khc cn ch l nu hm lng cht l lng qu cao n s lp y cc l rng ca t lm gim kh nng thm lc ca t, cng nh lm nght cc h thng ti. Trong trng hp ny ta n n cho cnh ng lc "ngh" mt thi gian cc qu trnh t nhin phn hy cc cht rn l lng tch t ny, phc hi li kh nng thm lc ca t.

b) Cc c ch ha hc:
Hp ph v kt ta l hai c ch x l ha hc quan trng nht trong qu trnh. Qu trnh trao i cation chu nh hng bi kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC), thng kh nng trao i cation ca t bin thin t 2 60meq/100g. Hu ht cc loi t c CEC nm trong khong 10 30. Qu trnh trao i cation quan trng trong vic kh nitogen ca amonium. Phospho c kh bng cch to thnh cc dng khng hoc t ha tan. cc vng kh hn kh trnh kh i vic tch t ca cc ion Natri lm ph hy cu trc t v gim kh nng thm l c ca t. nh gi mc nguy hi ca qu trnh ny ngi ta thng dng t l hp ph natri (SAR)

Cc loi t v lu lng nc thi ng dng cho cc cnh ng lc b) Cc c ch ha hc: Hp ph v kt ta l hai c ch x l ha hc quan trng nht trong qu trnh. Qu trnh trao i cation chu nh hng bi kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC),

thng kh nng trao i cation ca t bin thin t 2 60meq/100g. Hu ht cc loi t c CEC nm trong khong 10 30. Qu trnh trao i cation quan trng trong vic kh nitogen ca amonium. Phospho c kh bng cch to thnh cc dng khng hoc t ha tan. cc vng kh hn kh trnh khi vic tch t ca cc ion Natri lm ph hy cu trc t v gim kh nng thm lc ca t. nh gi mc nguy hi ca qu trnh ny ngi ta thng dng t l hp ph natri (SAR) Cc loi t v lu lng nc thi ng dng cho cc cnh ng lc trong o Na, Ca, Mg la nong o cac cation tng ng co trong nc thai c tnh bang meq/L. Khi dung canh ong loc e x ly nc thai cong nghiep can phai co bc tien x ly nham khong che pH cua nc thai trong khoang 6,5 9 e khong lam hai tham thc vat. Neu nc thai co SAR cao phai tm cach loai bo Natri e khong che SAR khong ln hn 8 10. c) C che sinh hoc: Cac qua trnh sinh hoc thng dien ra phan re cua tham thc vat. So lng vi khuan trong dat bien thien t 1 3 t/g at, s a dang cua chung cung giup cho qua trnh phan huy cac chat hu c t nhien hoac nhan tao. S hien dien hay khong cua oxy trong khu vc nay cung anh hng rat ln en qua trnh phan huy va san pham cuoi cung cua he thong. Ham lng oxy co trong khu vc nay tuy thuoc vao cau truc (o rong) cua at. Do s phan huy cua cac vi sinh vat at, cac chat nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur chuyen t dang hu c sang dang vo c va phan ln c ong hoa bi he thc vat. Lu y qua trnh kh nitrat cung co the dien ra neu lu lng nap chat hu c qua cao, at qua mn, thng xuyen ngap nc, mc thuy cap cao, pH at trung tnh hoac kiem nhe, nhiet o am... Cac mam benh, ky sinh trung b tieu diet do ton tai ben ngoai ky chu mot thi gian dai, canh tranh vi cac vi sinh vat at, bam tren cac bo phan cua tham thc vat sau o b tieu diet bi tia UV trong bc xa mat tri.

PHNG PHP KT TA C ch ca qu trnh ny l vic th m vo nc thi cc ha cht lm kt ta cc cht ha tan trong nc thi hoc cht rn l lng sau loi b chng thng qua qu trnh lng cn.

Trc y ngi ta thng ng qu trnh ny kh bt cht rn l lng, sau l BOD ca nc thi khi c s bin ng ln v SS, BOD ca nc thi cn x l theo ma v sn xut; khi nc thi cn phi t n mt gi tr BOD, SS no trc khi cho vo qu trnh x l sinh hc v tr gip cho cc qu trnh lng trong cc b lng s v th cp. Cc ha cht thng s dng cho qu trnh ny c lit k trong bng 6.1. Hiu sut lng ph thuc vo lng ha cht s dng v yu cu qun l. Thng thng nu tnh ton tt qu trnh ny c th loi c 80 90% TSS, 40 70% BOD5, 30 60% COD v 80 90% vi khun trong khi cc qu trnh lng c hc thng thng ch loi c 50 70% TSS, 30 40% cht hu c. Cc ha cht thng s dng trong qu trnh kt ta

Ten hoa chat

Cong thc

Trong lng phan t 666,7 594,3

Trong lng rieng, lb/ft3 Kho 60 75 60 75 Dung dch 78 80 (49%) 83 85 (49%)

Phen nhom

Al2(SO4)3.18H2O Al2(SO4)3.14H2O

Ferric chloride Ferric sulfate

FeCl3 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O

162,1 400 454 278,0 56 theo CaO 62 66 35 50

84 93

70 72

Ferric sulfate (copperas) Voi

FeSO4.7H2O Ca(OH)2

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ghi ch: lb/ft3 16,0185 = kg/m3 S dng ha cht loi cht rn l lng Phn nhm: khi c th m vo nc thi c cha calcium hay magnesium bicarbonate phn ng xy ra nh sau: Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 3Ca(HCO)3 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6CO2 + 18H2O

Aluminum hydroxide khng tan, lng xung vi mt vn tc chm ko theo n l cc cht rn l lng. Trong phn ng tn cn thit phi c 4,5 mg/L alkalinity (tnh theo CaCO3) phn ng hon ton vi 10 mg/L phn nhm. Do nu cn thit phi s dng th m vi alkalinity thch hp. Vi: khi cho vi vo nc thi cc phn ng sau c th xy ra Ca(OH)2 + H2CO3 CaCO3 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Qu trnh lng ca CaCO3 s ko theo cc cht rn l lng. Sulfate st v vi: trong hu ht cc trng hp sulfate st khng s dng ring l m phi kt hp vi vi to kt ta. Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau: FeSO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 2Fe(HCO3)2 + CaSO4 + 2H2O Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)2 + 2CaCO3 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 Khi Fe(OH)3 lng xung n s ko theo cc cht rn l lng. Trong cc phn ng ny ta cn thm 3,6 mg/L alkalinity, 4,0 mg/L vi v 0,29 mg/L oxy. Ferric chloride: phn ng xy ra nh sau FeCl3 + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3Cl 3H+ + 3HCO3 - 3H2CO3 Ferric chloride v vi: phn ng xy ra nh sau FeCl3 + Ca(OH)2 3CaCl2 + 2Fe(OH)3 Ferric sulfate v vi: phn ng xy ra nh sau Fe2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2 3CaSO4 + 2Fe(OH)3 S dng ha cht loi b phospho trong nc thi Vi: nh trnh y cc phng trnh tr n, khi cho vi vo nc thi n s phn ng vi bicarbonate alkalinity to thnh kt ta CaCO3. Trong mi trng pH > 10 cc ion Ca+2 s phn ng vi cc ion PO4-3 to nn hydroxylapatite kt ta. khi

nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc ngi ta thng dng vi liu lng thp 75 250 mg/L Ca(OH)2 v pH t 8,5 9,5. 10 Ca+2 + 6 PO4-3 + 2 OH- 2Ca5(PO4)3OH Phn nhm: phn ng xy ra nh sau Al+3 + HnPO43-n AlPO4 + nH+ Cc liu lng phn nhm thng s dng v hiu sut kh phospho ca n
Hieu suat kh phospho (%) 75 85 95 T le Mole (Al : P) Khoang bien thien 1,25 : 1 1,5 : 1 1,6 : 1 1,9 : 1 2,1 : 1 2,6 : 1 Gia tr thng dung 1,4 : 1 1,7 : 1 2,3 : 1

Ferric: phn ng xy ra nh sau Fe+3 + HnPO43-n FePO4 + nH+

Ty theo bn cht ca nc thi, qui trnh x l m giai on kh phospho ca nc thi c th din ra b lng s cp, b lng th cp, b lng ri ng t sau b lng th cp. Hnh 6.1 ch ra cc s ca qu trnh kh phospho bng phng php ha hc.

Cac s o cua qui trnh kh phospho bang phng phap hoa hoc Lu lng nap nc thai cho be lang trong trng hp co s dung hoa chat tr lang
Loai hoa chat Lu lng nap nc thai gal/ft2.d Khoang cho phep Phn nhm Ferric Vi Nc thi khng ha cht 600 1200 600 1200 750 1500 600 1200 Gia tr thng dung 1200 1200 1500 1200

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ghi ch: gal/ft2.d 0,0407 = m3/m2.d

Kt ta cc kim loi nng Chuyn cc cht thi dng ha tan sang dng khng ha tan sau loi khi dung dch bng qu trnh lng, lc. pH l mt nhn t quan trng cho qu trnh kt ta. Bng i y a ra pH thch hp cho qu trnh kt ta cc kim loi nng. pH thch hp cho viec ket tua cac kim loai
Ion Fe (+3) Al (+3) Cr (+3) Cu (+2) Fe (+2) Pb (+2) pH 2,0 4,1 5,3 5,3 5,5 6,0 Ion Ni (+2) Cd (+2) Co (+2) Zn (+2) Mg (+2) Mn (+2) pH 6,7 6,7 6,9 7,0 7,3 8,5

Kha nang hoa tan cua mot so hydroxide kim loai va sulfide theo pH

PHNG PHP OXY HO KH Qu trnh oxy ha kh cng c s dng x l cc cht thi c hi. Hai bng sau lit k cc cht oxy ha kh v cc loi cht thi thng c p dng phng php ny.

X l cht thi bng cht oxy ha

Cht oxy ha Ozone Khng kh (oxy kh quyn) Kh Chlor Kh chlor v xt Chloride dioxide Hypochlorite natri Hypochlorite canxi Permanganate kali Sulfite (SO3-2), Sulfide (S-2), Fe+2 Sulfide, Mercaptans Cyanide (CN-) Cyanide, thuc tr su (Diquat, Paraquat) Cyanide, ch Cyanide Cyanide, ch, phenol, Diquat, Paraquat, h p cht hu c c lu hunh, Rotenone, formaldehyde Mn Phenol, cyanide, h p cht lu hunh, ch Loi cht thi

Permanganate Hydrogen peroxide

X l cht thi bng cht kh

Cht thi Cht kh

Cr (6) Cht thi c cha thy ngn Tetra-alkyl-lead Bc

SO2, mui sulfite (sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium hydrosulfite), sulfate st, bt st, bt nhm, bt km. NaBH4 NaBH4 NaBH4

Cht oxy ha nh NaOH c s dng nhiu trong vic kh c thuc tr su, cc th nghim cho thy mi trng kim thi gian bn hy ca mt s loi thuc tr su b rt ngn mt cch ng k.

Thi gian bn hy ca mt s thuc tr su trong mi trng kim

Ten nong dc

ieu kien th nghiem Nhiet o (oC) pH 1 N NaOH 1 N NaOH 10,03 8,0 10,04 Kiem 10.0

Thi gian ban huy 32 phut 7.5 phut 28 phut 462 phut 144 gi rat nhanh 40 phut

Parathion Methyl parathion Malathion DDVP Diazinon Carbaryl Propoxur (Baygon) Dillion (1989)

15 15 25 37,5 20 moi trng 20

Cac e ngh ve dung dch va thi gian tiep xuc e kh oc mot so thuoc tr sau
Ten nong dc Dang Dung dch kh oc Ty le s dung DD : Nong dc 4 : 1 (theo the tch) 5 : 1 (theo the tch) 1 gal/lb 8 : 1 (theo the Thi gian tiep xuc 12 h 12 h 12 h 1h

Monocrotophos (Alzodrin)

3.2 lb/gal. WM 4.0 lb/gal. WM 80% WP

10% NaOH 10% NaOH 10% NaOH 10% NaOH

Phosphamidon

8.0 lb/gal.

(Dimeron)

WM 10 lb/gal. WM 6 lb/gal. SC 10% NaOH 5% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol hoac 10% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol

tch) 10 : 1 (theo the tch) 12 : 1 (theo the tch) 1h 4h

Disulfoton (Di-syston)

10% granular 50% granular 2% granular 5% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol 10% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol 10% NaOH 5% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol 5% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol 10% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol

2 qt/lb 1 qt/lb 1 qt/lb 6 : 1 (theo the tch) 8 : 1 (theo the tch) 8 : 1 (theo the tch) 10 : 1 (theo the tch) 2 qt/lb 1 gal/lb 10% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol 10% NaOH 10% NaOH 10% NaOH 2 qt/lb 5 : 1 (theo the tch) 1 gal/lb 1 qt/lb 10 : 1 (theo the

3h 3h 3h 15 phut 15 phut 12 h

Phorate (Thimet) Methamidophos (Monitor) PennCap - M (microencapsulated methyl Parathion) Carbofuran (furadan)

6 lb/gal EC 4 lb/gal 2 lb/gal

4 lb/gal. F 10% granular

30 phut 2h 12 h 12 h 3h 12 h 12 h 15 phut

Aldicarb (Temik)

15% granular 5% hoac 10% granular

Methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin)

1.8 lb/gal . F 90% water sol. dust 2,5% dust

Captafol

4 lb/gal F

80 % WP

10% NaOH trong DD 50% ethanol

tch) 1 gal/lb 1h

EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate F: Flowable SC: Spray Concentrate WM: Water Miscible WP: Wettable Powder
Ngun Dillion (1989

PHNG PHP QUANG XC TC Qu trnh quang xc tc l qu trnh kch thch cc ph n ng quang ha bng cht xc tc, da trn nguyn tc cht xc tc Cat nhn nng lng nh sng s chuyn sang dng hot ha * Cat, sau * Cat s chuyn nng lng sang cho cht thi v cht thi s b bin i sang dng mong mun. Qu trnh c th tm tt nh sau: Cat + nlgs * Cat * Cat + cht thi * cht thi + Cat * Cht thi sn phm Hoc: *Cat + cht thi (cht thi)- + Cat+ (cht thi)- (sn phm)Cat+ + (sn phm)- sn phm + Cat Mt s cht bn dn c s dng lm cht quang xc tc trong zinc oxi e ZnO, titanium dioxide TiO2, zinc titanate Zn2TiO2, ct bin, CdS l cc cht cho hiu qu cao. TiO2 rt hiu qu trong vic phn hy chloroform v urea (Kogo et al., 1980), thuc tr su gc ln hu c nh imethyl phosphate (Hara a et al., 1976). Cyani e (CN-) (10.6 ppm KCH, 0,01 M NaOH) c th b phn hy nhanh chng trong mi trng c cha 5% TiO2 v chiu sng vi ngun sng c c sng 350 nm (Carey an Oliver, 1980). u tin CN- b oxy ha thnh CNO-. Sau hm lng CNOgim dn chng t n tip tc b oxy ha. Qu trnh quang xc tc xy ra vi bc x c c sng nh hn 4200oA to nn oxy hot tnh phn hy hon ton cc cht thi hu c thnh CO2 v nc (Nemerow v Dasgupta, 1991).

X ly dung dch 10,6 ppm KCN, 0,01 M NaOH bang phng phap quang xuc tac vi 5%TiO2 (Carey and Oliver, 1980)

S o qui trnh x ly chat thai oc hai bang phng phap quang xuc tac

PHNG PHP HP PH Qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh tp hp cc cht ha tan trong dung dch ln b mt chung ca cht lng v kh, hai cht lng hoc gia cht lng v cht rn thch hp. Trong gio trnh ny chng ta ch cp n qu trnh hp ph xy ra trn b mt chung ca cht lng v cht rn. X l bng bt than hot tnh: bt than hot tnh v nc thi (thng l nc thi sau x l sinh hc) c cho vo mt b tip xc, sau mt thi gian nht nh bt than hot tnh c cho lng, hoc lc. Do than hot tnh rt mn nn phi s dng thm cc cht tr lng polyelectrolyte. Bt than hot tnh cn c cho vo b aeroten loi b cc cht hu c ha tan trong nc thi. Than hot tnh sau khi s dng thng c ti sinh x dng li, phng php hu hiu ti sinh bt than hot tnh cha c tm ra, i vi than hot tnh dng ht ngi ta ti sinh trong l t oxy ha cc cht hu c m tr n mt ca chng, trong qu trnh ti sinh 5 10% ht than b ph hy v phi thay th bng cc ht mi. Kh nng hp ph ti a ca than hot tnh dng ht c tnh bng cng thc:
[8,34lb/Mgal.(mg/L)]

vi (X/m)b: kh nng hp ph ti a ca than hot tnh dng ht, lb/lb hoc g/g (thc t, bng khong 25 50% gi tr l thuyt) Xb: trng lng ca cht hu c hp ph bi cc ht than hot tnh lb hoc g Mc: trng lng than hot tnh s dng cho ct lc Q: lu lng nc thi, Mgal/d Ci: hm lng cht hu c ca nc thi, mg/L C : hm lng cht hu c hp ph (l thuyt), mg/L tb: thi gian cn thit cho qu trnh hp ph PHNG PHP KH TRNG Kh trng (disinfection) khc vi tit trng (sterilization), qu trnh tit trng s tiu dit hon ton cc vi sinh vt cn qu trnh kh trng th khng tiu dit ht cc vi sinh vt. Qu trnh kh trng ng tiu dit cc vi khun, virus, amoeb gy ra cc bnh thng hn, ph thng hn, l, dch t, si, vim gan...

Cc bin php kh trng bao gm s dng ha cht, s dng cc qu trnh c l, s dng cc bc x. Trong phn ny chng ta ch n n vic kh trng bng cc ha cht. Cc ha cht thng s dng cho qu trnh kh trng l chlorine v cc hp cht ca n, bromine, ozone, phenol v cc phenolic, cn, kim loi nng v cc hp cht ca n, x bng v bt git, oxy gi, cc loi kim v axt.

So snh hiu qu kh trng ca cc phng php

Phng php Lc th Lc tinh B lng ct B lng s hoc th cp c hc B lng s hoc th cp c thm ha cht tr lng B lc sinh hc nh git B bn hot tnh Chlorine ha nc thi sau x l

Hiu qu (%) 05 10 20 10 25 25 75 40 80 90 95 90 98 98 99

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Cl2 ha tan rt mnh trong nc (7160 mg/L 20oC v 1 atm). Khi ha tan trong nc n to thnh hypochlorous acide Cl2 + H2O ------> HOCl + H+ + ClVi hm lng Cl2 thp hn 1000 mg/L v pH > 3 phn ng thy phn trn din ra hon ton. Hypochlorous aci e sau ion ha thnh hypochlorite ion. HOCL ------> OCl- + H+ HOCl v OCl- c coi l lng chlor t do hu dng. Cc dng khc nh calcium hypochlorite cng c s dng

Ca(OCl)2 Ca2+ + 2OClHypochlorous acide s tc dng vi ammonia to nn monochloroamine, dichloramine v nitrogen trichloride NH4+ + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O + H+ NH2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H2O NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H2O Vic sinh ra cc sn phm trn ty thuc vo pH, nhit , thi gian tip xc v t l an u gia chlorine v ammonia (Cl2 : NH4+ - N). Trong khong pH t 7 8 v t l Cl2 : NH4+ - N = 5 : 1 tt c chlorine t do hu dng s chuyn thnh monochloramine trong vng 1 pht tr li, nu t l Cl2 : NH4+ - N ln hn 5 : 1 th s c mt t ichloramine c to nn. Khi pH < 6, mt lng ln nitrogen trichlori e c to thnh, y l mt cht kh c mi hi o cn qun l tt pH trnh xy ra trng hp ny. Chloramine c gi l hp cht chlor hu dng. Trong nc chloramine b thy phn yu to nn hypoclorous acide. Hiu sut kh trng ca chloramine ty thuc vo lng hypochlorous aci e c to nn. Khi cho chlorine vo nc thi c cha cc cht kh (H2S, NO2-, Fe2+, Mn2+...) amonia v cc amine hu c ng biu din lng chlorine sau cc phn ng c biu din trong hnh

D lng chlorine trong qu trnh s dng chlorine kh trng

u ti n khi cho chlorine vo nc thi n s phn ng ht vi cc cht kh o khng c chlorine tha (a - b): H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S Chlorine cn tc dng vi phenol to nn mono-, di- hoc trichlorophenol to mi v v ca nc. N cn tc dng vi mn trong nc to thnh cc hp cht chlor trong c chloroform CHCl3 l cht gy ung th. Cho ti liu lng n tha mn nhu cu v chlor i vi cc cht kh, o nu tip tc cho thm chlor vo n s to nn chloramine, chloramine to nn mt phn lng dng hp cht chlor hu dng. Khi tt c ammonia v cc amine hu c trong nc thi phn ng ht vi chlorine (c) vic tip tc cho thm chlorine vo s to nn phn ng oxy ha chloramine qu trnh ny s lm gim lng chlor (c - d) v to

nn N2, NO3 v NCl3. Vic gim lng chlorine l kt qu ca qu trnh kh cc nguyn t chlorine n mc oxy ha thp nht (chlori e). Sau khi kt thc qu trnh oxy ha cc chloramine nu tip tc cho chlor vo nc thi th s to n n lng chlor t do hu dng o ng biu din t im d s i l n. im c coi nh l "im dng" ca th. Vic xc nh im dng xc nh liu lng chlorine cn s dng cho qu trnh x l ammonia v kh trng nc thi (cn thit phi c lng chlor t do hu dng bo m cho qu trnh kh trng). Tuy nhin vic p dng im dng xc nh liu lng chlorine i hi k thut cao cho n n t c ng dng. n gin ha vn trong vic x l nc thi sinh hot ngi ta xc nh lng hp cht chlor hu dng sau 15 pht tip xc gia nc thi v chlorine nu t nng 0,5 mg/L th liu lng chlorine s dng l v ngi ta gi l lng chlorine cn thit. hon thnh cng on x l nc thi bng chlorine nc thi v dung dch chlor (phn phi qua ng chm l, hoc sut chiu ngang ca b trn) c cho vo b trn trang b mt my khuy vn tc cao, thi gian lu tn ca nc thi v dung dch chlorine trong b trn khng ngn hn 30 giy. Sau nc thi trn ln vi dung dch chlorine c cho chy qua b tip xc c chia thnh nhng knh di v hp theo ng gp khc. Thi gian tip xc gia chlorine v nc thi t 15 45 pht, t nht phi gi c 15 pht ti nh. B tip xc chlorine thng c thit k theo kiu plug-flow (ngon ngoo). T l di : rng t 10 : 1 n 40 : 1. Vn tc ti thiu ca nc thi phi t 2 4,5 m/pht trnh lng bn trong b.

S mt b tip xc chlorine Tng chiu di ca knh c th tnh bng cng thc:

trong o L: tng chiu di ca knh V/Q: thi gian lu tn theo l thuyt (t), hay thi gian tip xc W: chiu rng knh D: chiu su mc nc trong knh Qmax: lu lng nc thi ti nh Ngi ta thng s dng thi gian tip xc l 15 pht chiu rng ca knh l 0,3 m v chiu su ca nc trong knh l 1,33 m. d dng loi b cc cn lng, b tip xc n n c lp t cc ng thot nc i y.

So snh c im ca mt s ha cht s dng cho qu trnh kh trng

c di m c i m mong mun t c Chlorine Sodium hypochloride Calcium hypochloride Chlorine dioxide Bromine chloride Ozone UV

c tnh i vi vi sinh vt ha tan bn

c tnh cao nng cao Phi ha tan trong nc hoc m t gim tnh dit khun theo thi gian

Cao Thp Bn

Cao

Cao

Cao

Cao Thp Hi khng n nh

Cao

Cao

Cao Hi khng n nh

Cao Tng i bn

Cao

Cao

N/A

khng bn sx khi cn

khng bn sx khi cn c

sx khi cn

Khng c i vi sv bc cao Tnh ng nht trong dung dch Tc dng vi c cht khc

c i vi vsv, khng c vi ngi v ng vt Ch tc dng vi vi khun khng tc dng vi cht hu c Gi c c khong bin thin ca nhit mi trng Khng n mn kim loi C kh nng kh mi khi kh trng

Rt c vi sv bc cao ng nht Oxy ha cht hu c

ng nht Cht oxy ha mnh

ng nht Cht oxy ha mnh

ng nht Cao

ng nht Oxy ha cht hu c Cao

ng nht Oxy ha cht hu c

N/A

c tnh cc nhit khc nhau n mn

Cao

Cao

Cao

Cao

Cao

Cao

n mn mnh

n mn

n mn

n mn mnh Cao

n mn

n mn mnh

N/A

Kh nng kh mi

Cao

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Trung bnh

Cao

L: tng chiu di ca knh V/Q: thi gian lu tn theo l thuyt (t), hay thi gian tip xc W: chiu rng knh D: chiu su mc nc trong knh Qmax: lu lng nc thi ti nh Ngi ta thng s dng thi gian tip xc l 15 pht chiu rng ca knh l 0,3 m v chiu su ca nc trong knh l 1,33 m. d dng loi b cc cn lng, b tip xc n n c lp t cc ng thot nc i y.

Nh ni trn cc ha cht thng s dng trong qu trnh kh trng l Cl2, ClO2, Ca(ClO)2, NaOCl. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh l kh nng it khun ca cc ha cht ny, qu trnh khuy trn an u, c tnh cu nc thi, thi gian tip xc gia nc thi v cht kh trng, c im ca cc vi sinh vt. Cc liu lng chlorine thng dng cho cc m c ch khc nhau trong qu trnh x l nc thi
Mc ch s dng Ngn qu trnh n mn o H2S Kh mi hi Khng ch qu trnh pht trin ca cc mng bn vi sinh vt Kh BOD Khng ch rui b lc sinh hc Loi du, m Kh trng nc thi cha qua x l Kh trng nc thi qua x l cp I Kh trng nc thi sau kt ta ha hc Kh trng nc thi qua x l bng b lc sinh hc Kh trng nc thi qua x l bng b bn hot tnh Liu lng mg/L 29a 29a 1 10 0,5 2 b 0,1 0,5 2 10 6 25 5 20 26 3 15 28

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991 Ghi ch: a: trn mg/L H2S b: cho 1 mg/L BOD kh i

TH D IN HNH V LOI KIM LOI NNG C ch ca qu trnh l cc phn ng ha hc lm cho cc kim loi ha tan tr thnh dng kt ta, sau loi ra khi nc thi bng qu trnh lng lc.
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc bng mch in t to ra nc thi c cha mui ng dng ha tan, nh chng ta it Cu(OH)2 v Fe(OH)3 l cc cht khng ha tan, o loi b ng ca nc thi ny ngi ta cho vo nc thi xt, ferric chloride v sc kh cung cp thm oxy cho phn ng. iu chnh pH = 8, sau th m cht tr lng polymer nu cn Cu(OH)2 v Fe(OH)3 lng xung y , m n c cha Cu(OH)2 v Fe(OH)3 ra khi b, kh nc ri xi mng ha n.

PHAN VII X LY NC THAI BANG CAC QUA TRNH T NHIEN GII THIU CC C CH TRONG CNH NG LC Trong mi trng t nhin, cc qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc din ra khi t, nc, sinh vt v khng kh tc ng qua li vi nhau. Li dng cc qu trnh ny, ngi ta thit k cc h thng t nhi n x l nc thi. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin ging nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong cc h thng nhn to, ngoi ra cn c thm cc qu trnh quang hp, quang oxy ha, hp thu ng cht ca h thc vt. Trong cc h thng t nhin cc qu trnh din ra vn tc "t nhin" v xy ra ng thi trong cng mt h sinh thi, trong khi trong cc h thng nhn to cc qu trnh din ra tun t trong cc b phn ng ring bit. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc Gii thiu X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc l vic ti nc thi ln b mt ca mt cnh ng vi lu lng tnh ton t c mt mc x l no thng qua qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc t nhin ca h t - nc - thc vt ca h thng. cc nc ang pht trin, din tch t cn tha thi, gi t cn r o vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc c coi nh l mt bin php r tin. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc ng thi c th t c ba mc tiu:

X l nc thi Ti s dng cc cht inh ng c trong nc thi sn xut Np li nc cho cc ti nc ngm

So vi cc h thng nhn to th vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn t nng lng hn. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn nng lng vn chuyn v ti nc thi l n t, trong khi x l nc thi bng cc bin php nhn to cn nng lng vn chuyn, khuy trn, sc kh, m hon lu nc thi v bn... Do t s dng cc thit b c kh, vic vn hnh v bo qun h thng x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc d dng v t tn km hn. Tuy nhi n, vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cng c nhng hn ch nh cn mt din tch t ln, ph thuc vo cu trc t v iu kin kh hu. Ty theo tc di chuyn, ng i ca nc thi trong h thng ngi ta chia cnh ng lc ra lm 3 loi:

Cnh ng lc chm (SR) Cnh ng lc nhanh (RI) Cnh ng chy trn (OF)

Cc c ch x l nc thi trong cnh ng lc a) Cc c ch l hc: Khi nc thi ngm qua cc l rng ca t, cc cht rn l lng s b gi li do qu trnh lc. dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc bin thi n theo kch thc ca cc cht rn l lng, cu trc t v vn tc ca nc thi. Lu lng nc thi cng cao, cc ht t cng ln th b dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc cng ln. i vi cnh ng lc chm o lu lng nc thi p dng cho h thng thp nn cc cht rn l lng c kch thc ln s b gi li ngay trn b mt t, cc cht rn l lng c kch thc nh v vi khun b gi li vi centimet t mt. Cc cht ha tan trong nc thi c th b pha long o nc ma, cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc v sinh hc c th loi b c cc cht ny. Tuy nhin nhng vng kh hn c tc bc hi nc cao, cc cht ny c th b tch t li (v d cc mui khong). Mt iu khc cn ch l nu hm lng cht l lng qu cao n s lp y cc l rng ca t lm gim kh nng thm lc ca t, cng nh lm nght cc h thng ti. Trong trng hp ny ta n n cho cnh ng lc "ngh" mt thi gian cc qu trnh t nhin phn hy cc cht rn l lng tch t ny, phc hi li kh nng thm lc ca t.

b) Cc c ch ha hc:
Hp ph v kt ta l hai c ch x l ha hc quan trng nht trong qu trnh. Qu trnh trao i cation chu nh hng bi kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC), thng kh nng trao i cation ca t bin thin t 2 60meq/100g. Hu ht cc loi t c CEC nm trong khong 10 30. Qu trnh trao i cation quan trng trong vic kh nitogen ca amonium. Phospho c kh bng cch to thnh cc dng khng hoc t ha tan. cc vng kh hn kh trnh kh i vic tch t ca cc ion Natri lm ph hy cu trc t v gim kh nng thm lc ca t. nh gi mc nguy hi ca qu trnh ny ngi ta thng dng t l hp ph natri (SAR)

Cc loi t v lu lng nc thi ng dng cho cc cnh ng lc b) Cc c ch ha hc:

Hp ph v kt ta l hai c ch x l ha hc quan trng nht trong qu trnh. Qu trnh trao i cation chu nh hng bi kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC), thng kh nng trao i cation ca t bin thin t 2 60meq/100g. Hu ht cc loi t c CEC nm trong khong 10 30. Qu trnh trao i cation quan trng trong vic kh nitogen ca amonium. Phospho c kh bng cch to thnh cc dng khng hoc t ha tan. cc vng kh hn kh trnh khi vic tch t ca cc ion Natri lm ph hy cu trc t v gim kh nng thm lc ca t. nh gi mc nguy hi ca qu trnh ny ngi ta thng dng t l hp ph natri (SAR) Cc loi t v lu lng nc thi ng dng cho cc cnh ng lc trong o Na, Ca, Mg la nong o cac cation tng ng co trong nc thai c tnh bang meq/L. Khi dung canh ong loc e x ly nc thai cong nghiep can phai co bc tien x ly nham khong che pH cua nc thai trong khoang 6,5 9 e khong lam hai tham thc vat. Neu nc thai co SAR cao phai tm cach loai bo Natri e khong che SAR khong ln hn 8 10. c) C che sinh hoc: Cac qua trnh sinh hoc thng dien ra phan re cua tham thc vat. So lng vi khuan trong dat bien thien t 1 3 t/g at, s a dang cua chung cung giup cho qua trnh phan huy cac chat hu c t nhien hoac nhan tao. S hien dien hay khong cua oxy trong khu vc nay cung anh hng rat ln en qua trnh phan huy va san pham cuoi cung cua he thong. Ham lng oxy co trong khu vc nay tuy thuoc vao cau truc (o rong) cua at. Do s phan huy cua cac vi sinh vat at, cac chat nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur chuyen t dang hu c sang dang vo c va phan ln c ong hoa bi he thc vat. Lu y qua trnh kh nitrat cung co the dien ra neu lu lng nap chat hu c qua cao, at qua mn, thng xuyen ngap nc, mc thuy cap cao, pH at trung tnh hoac kiem nhe, nhiet o am... Cac mam benh, ky sinh trung b tieu diet do ton tai ben ngoai ky chu mot thi gian dai, canh tranh vi cac vi sinh vat at, bam tren cac bo phan cua tham thc vat sau o b tieu diet bi tia UV trong bc xa mat tri. CNH NG LC CHM Cnh ng lc chm l h thng x l nc thi thng qua t v h thc vt lu lng nc thi np cho h thng khong vi cm/tun. Cc c ch x l din ra khi nc thi di chuyn trong t v thc vt, mt phn nc thi c th i vo nc ngm, mt phn s dng bi thc vt, mt phn bc hi thng qua qu trnh c hi

nc v h hp ca thc vt. Vic chy trn ra khi h thng c khng ch hon ton nu c thit k chnh xc.

S di chuyn ca nc thi trong cnh ng lc chm

Lu lng np cho h thng bin thin t 1,5 10 cm/tun ty theo loi t v thc vt. Trong trng hp cy trng c s dng lm thc phm cho con ngi nn kh trng nc thi trc khi a vo h thng hoc ngng ti nc thi 1 tun trc khi thu hoch bo m an ton cho sn phm. thit k h thng ny ta cn cc cng thc tnh ton sau: Lh + Pp = ET + W + R (7.1)

trong Lh: lu lng nc thi np cho h thng (cm/tun) Pp: lng nc ma (cm/tun) ET: lng hi nc ay hi o qu trnh c hi nc v h hp ca thc vt (cm/tun) W: lng nc thm qua t (cm/tun) R: lng nc chy trn (cm/tun) (= 0 nu thit k chnh xc)

trong I: kh nng thm lc ca t, mm P": m cui cng ca t, % trng lng P': m an u ca t, % trng lng S: t trng ca t D: b dy ca lp t m o ti nc thi V d: m ca t trc khi ti nc thi l 19% kh nng thm lc ca t l 1.000 m3/ha t trng ca t l 1,5 b dy ca lp t m o ti nc thi l 90 cm Lng nc mt i o ay hi v h hp ca thc vt l 250mm/thng Xc nh chu k ti nc thi, m ca t sau khi ti nc thi?

Gii: Ta c: I = 1.000m3/10.000m2 = 0,1 m = 100 mm

P" = 27,3%

Chu k ti nc thi:
= 12 ngay

Nh vy ta c th dng 5 ngy cho vic ti ti u v 7 ngy t ngh qu trnh phn hy cc cht rn l lng xy ra hi phc kh nng ti tiu ca t. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh ti ti u vo ma ma cng n n tnh n lng nc ma trong tun theo phng trnh 7.1. Mc thy cp phi thp hn mt t 0,6 1,0 m trnh vn nhim nc ngm. dc ca cnh ng c trng trt khng ln hn 20%, ca cnh ng khng trng trt v sn i khng ln hn 40%. Kh nng kh BOD5, SS v coliform trong khong 99%. Nit hp thu bi thm thc vt v nu cc thc vt ny c thu hoch v chuyn i ni khc th hiu sut c th t n 90%. CNH NG LC NHANH X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc nhanh l vic a nc thi vo cc k nh o khu vc t c thm lc cao (mn pha ct, ct) vi mt lu lng np ln. Cc iu kin a l nh thm lc ca t, mc thy cp rt quan trng i vi vic ng dng phng php ny. Nc thi sau khi thm lc qua t c thu li bng cc ng thu nc t ngm trong t hoc cc ging khoan. Mc tiu ca phng php x l ny l:

Np li nc cho cc ti nc ngm, hoc nc mt Ti s dng cc cht inh ng v tr nc thi li s dng cho cc v ma

Phng php ny gip x l trit cc loi nc thi v ngn chn s xm nhp mn ca nc bin vo cc ti nc ngm. Tuy nhin cc dng m hu c c th chuyn ha thnh m nitrt v i vo nc ngm, nu vt qu tiu chun 10mg/L khi s dng chng lm nc sinh hot s gy bnh methemoglobinenia tr em. nu khu vc x l nm trong tnh trng ym kh H2S s sinh ra lm nc ngm c mi hi. Hiu sut x l SS, BOD5, coliform trong phn ca h thng gn nh trit , hiu sut kh nit khong 50%, phospho khong 70 95%. Cc im cn lu cho qu trnh thit k l lu lng np nc thi 10 250 cm/tun. Thi gian np ko di 0,5 3 ngy sau cho t ngh 1 5 ngy. su ca mc nc ngm t 3 2 m. dc thng nh hn 5%. xc nh kh nng thm lc ca t ngi ta thng khoan cc l ng knh 100 300 cm. y ca l nm ngang mc vi tng t cn cho thit k, y nc, thm lc c xc nh theo hai cch: su ca lp nc rt i trong mt khong thi gian nht nh hay l thi gian cn thit nc trong l rt xung mt mc no .

 xc nh lng nit kh i ngi ta dng cng thc:

trong Nt: tng lng nitrogen b kh i mg/L TOC: tng lng carbon hu c trong nc thi an u mg/L -5 o lng TOC cn li sau khi nc thi thm qua lp t dy 1,5 m cn 5 mg/L /2 do cc thc nghim cho thy cn 2 gcarbon hu c khong ha 1g nit Lu lng np nc thi: Lw = (IR in/h) (1 ft/12 in) (24 h/d) (OD d/yr) (F) trong Lw: lu lng nc thi np hng nm; ft/yr IR: tc thm lc ca t; in/h OD: s ngy vn hnh trong nm; F: h s thm lc cho tng loi hnh xc nh thm lc F: 10 15% gi tr thm lc nh nht khi th nghim bng k nh o F: 4 10% gi tr thm lc khi o dn nc ca t theo chiu ng Din tch cn s dng:

Ghi ch: nn cng thm din tch cho ng i ni b, khu vc tr, khu vc m v d tr m rng trong tng lai. CNH NG CHY TRN L phng php x l nc thi trong nc thi c cho chy trn ln b mt cnh ng c dc nht nh xuyn qua cc cy trng sau tp trung li trong cc k nh thu nc. Mc ch:

X l nc thi n mc ca cc qu trnh x l cp II, cp III Ti s dng cht inh ng trng cc thm c hoc to cc vnh ai xanh.

Hiu sut x l SS, BOD5 ca h thng t 95 99%, hiu sut kh nit khong 70 90%, phospho khong 50 60%. Cc im cn lu cho qu trnh thit k:

t t thm nc st hoc st pha ct Lu lng np nc thi th l 10 cm/tun Lu lng np nc thi sau x l cp I l 15 20 cm/tun Lu lng np nc thi sau x l cp II l 25 40 cm/tun.

su ca mc nc ngm khng cn thit. dc khong 2 4%, chiu i ng i ca nc thi khng nh hn 36 m. Thi gian np ko di 6 8 gi sau cho t ngh 16 18 gi, vn hnh 5 6 ngy/tun. Tnh lng BOD5 v TOC b kh theo cng thc:

BOD5:

TOC:

trong o C: BOD5 hoac TOC can at cua nc thai au ra C0: BOD5 hoac TOC cua nc thai au vao A va A': he so thc nghiem ve kha nang kh BOD 5 hoac TOC cua he thong K va k': hang so thc nghiem ve toc o kh BOD5 hoac TOC cua he thong K hoac k' = k/qn k va n: he so thc nghiem q: lu lng nap nc thai cho he thong 0,1 0,37 m3/hr.m (theo chieu doc)

Cac gia tr k va n
Loai nc thai k Cac he so n

Nc thai sau x ly cap I BOD5 TOC Nc thai sau x ly cap II BOD5 TOC 0,030 0,032 0,402 0,350 0,043 0,038 0,136 0,170

Cac gia tr A va A' bien oi ln theo q do o e ap dung cac tnh toan nay ngi ta dung bien phap qui chieu t cac o th sau:

T le BOD5 va TOC con lai theo chieu dai ng i cua nc thai tho

va nc thai a x ly cap I X L NC THI BNG THY SINH THC VT X l nc thi bng to To l nhm vi sinh vt c kh nng quang hp, chng c th dng n o (vi loi c kch thc nh hn mt s vi khun), hoc a o (nh cc loi rong in, c chiu di ti vi mt). Cc nh phn loi thc vt da trn cc loi sn phm m to tng hp c v cha trong t bo ca chng, cc loi sc t ca to phn loi chng.

Mt s loi to tiu biu

To c tc sinh trng nhanh, chu ng c cc thay i ca mi trng, c kh nng pht trin trong nc thi, c gi tr inh ng v hm lng protein cao, o ngi ta li dng cc c im ny ca to :
X l nc thi v ti s dng cht inh ng. Cc hot ng sinh hc trong cc ao nui to ly i cc cht hu c v inh ng ca nc thi chuyn i thnh cc cht dinh ng trong t bo to qua qu trnh quang hp. Hu ht cc loi nc thi th, nng nghip, phn gia sc u c th c x l bng h thng ao to. Bin nng lng mt tri sang nng lng trong cc c th sinh vt. To ng nng lng mt tri quang hp to n n ng, tinh bt... Do vic s dng to x l nc thi c coi l mt phng php hu hiu chuyn i nng lng mt tri thnh nng lng ca c th sng. Tiu dit cc mm bnh. Thng qua vic x l nc thi bng cch nui t o cc mm bnh c trong nc thi s b tiu dit do cc yu t sau y: 1. S thay i pH trong ngy ca ao to do nh hng ca qu trnh quang hp 2. Cc c t tit ra t t bo to 3. V s tip xc ca cc mm bnh vi bc x mt tri (UV)

Thng thng ngi ta kt hp vic x l nc thi v sn xut v thu hoch to loi b cht hu c trong nc thi. Tuy nhin to rt kh thu hoch ( o kch thc rt nh), a s c thnh t o y o cc ng vt rt kh ti u ha, thng b nhim bn bi kim loi nng, thuc tr su, cc mm bnh cn li trong nc thi. Cc phn ng din ra trong ao to ch yu l "hot ng cng sinh gia to v vi khun".

S o cua mot ao nuoi tao tham canh

Cc yu t cn thit cho qu trnh x l nc thi bng to Dng cht: Ammonia l ngun m chnh cho to tng hp nn protein ca t bo thng qua qu trnh quang hp. Phospho, Magnesium v Potassium cng l cc ng cht nh hng n s pht trin ca to. T l P, Mg v K trong cc t bo to l 1,5 : 1 : 0,5.

su ca ao to: su ca ao to c la chn tr n c s ti u ha kh nng ca ngun sng trong qu trnh tng hp ca to. Theo cc c s l thuyt th su ti a ca ao to khong 4,5 5 inches (12,5cm). Nhng nhng th nghim trn m hnh cho thy su ti u nm trong khong 8 10 inches (20 25cm). Tuy nhin trong thc t sn xut, su ca ao to nn ln hn 20cm (v nm trong khong 40 50 cm) to thi gian lu tn cht thi trong ao to thch hp v tr hao th tch mt i o cn lng.

Thi gian lu tn ca nc thi trong ao (HRT): thi gian lu tn ca nc thi ti u l thi gian cn thit cc cht inh ng trong nc thi chuyn i thnh cht inh ng trong t bo to. Thng th ngi ta chn thi gian lu tn ca nc thi trong cc ao ln hn 1,8 ngy v nh hn 8 ngy.

Lng BOD np cho ao to: lng BOD np cho ao to nh hng n nng sut to v nu lng BOD np qu cao mi trng trong ao to s tr nn ym kh nh hng n qu trnh cng sinh ca to v vi khun. Mt s th nghim Thi Lan cho thy trong iu kin nhit i su ca ao to l 0,35 m, HRT l 1,5 ngy v lng BOD np l 336 kg/(ha/ngy) l ti u cho cc ao to v nng sut to t c l 390 kg /(ha/ngy).

Khuy trn v hon lu: qu trnh khuy trn trong cc ao to rt cn thit nhm ngn khng cho cc t bo to lng xung y v to iu kin cho cc inh ng tip xc vi to thc y qu trnh quang hp. Trong cc ao to ln khuy trn cn ngn c qu trnh phn tng nhit trong ao to v ym kh y ao to. Nhng vic khuy trn cng to nn bt li v n lm cho cc c n lng ni l n v ngn cn qu trnh khuch tn nh sng vo ao to. Moraine v cc cng s vin (1979) cho rng tc dng chy trong ao to ch nn khong 5 cm/s. Hon lu gip cho ao to gi li c cc t bo vi khun v to cn hot ng; gip cho qu trnh thng thong kh, thc y nhanh cc phn ng trong ao to.

Thu hoch to: to c th c thu hoch bng li hoc giy lc, thu hoch bng cch to bng cn hoc tch ni, thu hoch sinh hc bng cc loi c n thc vt v ng vt khng xng sng n to.

X l nc thi bng thy sinh thc vt c kch thc ln Thy sinh thc vt l cc loi thc vt sinh trng trong mi trng nc, n c th gy nn mt s bt li cho con ngi do vic pht trin nhanh v phn b rng ca chng. Tuy nhin li dng chng x l nc thi, lm phn compost, thc n cho ngi, gia sc c th lm gim thiu cc bt li gy ra bi chng m cn thu thm c li nhun.

Cc loi thy sinh thc vt chnh

Thy thc vt sng chm: loi thy thc vt ny pht trin i mt nc v ch pht trin c cc ngun nc c nh sng. Chng gy nn cc tc hi nh lm tng c ca ngun nc, ngn cn s khuych tn ca nh sng vo nc. Do cc loi thy sinh thc vt ny khng hiu qu trong vic lm sch cc cht thi.

Thy thc vt sng tri ni: r ca loi thc vt ny khng m vo t m l lng trn mt nc, thn v l ca n pht trin trn mt nc. N tri ni trn mt nc theo gi v ng nc. R ca chng to iu kin cho vi khun m vo phn hy cc cht thi.

Thy thc vt sng ni: loi thy thc vt ny c r m vo t nhng thn v l pht trin trn mt nc. Loi ny thng sng nhng ni c ch thy triu n nh.

Mot so thuy sinh thc vat tieu bieu

Loi Thu sinh thc vt sng chm Tn thng thng Hydrilla Water milfoil Blyxa Thu sinh thc vt sng tri n i tri n i Lc bnh Bo tm Bo tai tng Salvinia Thu sinh thc vt sng ni Cattails Bulrush S y Tn khoa hc Hydrilla verticillata Myriophyllum spicatum Blyxa aubertii Eichhornia crassipes Wolfia arrhiga Pistia stratiotes Salvinia spp Typha spp Scirpus spp Phragmites communis

Nhim v ca thu sinh thc vt trong cc h thng x l

Phn c th R v/hoc thn

Nhim v L gi bm cho vi khu n pht trin Lc v hp thu cht rn

Thn v /hoc l mt nc hoc pha trn mt nc

nHp thu nh mt tri o ngn cn s pht trin ca to lm gim nh hng ca gi ln b mt x l Lm gim s trao i gia nc v kh quyn Chuyn oxy t l xung r

Mt s thu sinh thc vt tiu biu Mt s gi tr tham kho thit k ao Lc Bnh x l nc thi

Thng s

S liu thit k

Cht lng nc thi sau x l

Nc thi th

Thi gian lu tn nc Lu lng np nc thi su ti a Din tch mt n v ao Lu lng np cht hu c T l di : rng ca ao

> 50 ngy 200 m3/(ha.day) < 1,5 m 0,4 ha < 30kg BOD5/(ha.day)

BOD5 < 30mg/L TSS < 30 mg/L

>3:1

Nc thi qua x l cp I

Thi gian lu tn nc Lu lng np nc thi su ti a Din tch mt n v ao Lu lng np cht hu c T l di : rng ca ao

> 6 ngy 800 m3/(ha.day) 0,91 m 0,4 ha < 50kg BOD5/(ha.day)

BOD5 < 10mg/L TSS < 10 mg/L TP < 5 mg/L TN < 5 mg/L

>3:1

O'Brien (1981) trch dn bi Chongrak Polprasert (1989) X L BN Vic x l bn to ra t cc qu trnh x l l, ha, sinh hc cng rt cn thit hon thin mt h thng x l. i vi bn c cha kim loi nng kt ta trong qu trnh x l ha hc ngi ta thng c c, sau xi mng ha v thi i cc khu vc qui nh. i vi cc loi bn t b lng s cp, th cp ngi ta c th x l bng hm Biogas hoc qu trnh phn compost, sn phi n... ty iu kin cho php.

San phi bun