File Goc 774473

Lun Vn Cao Hc GVHD: TS.
Trn Hoi Trung

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI
_______________________
HVTH: Phm Minh Trit
! Ti:
"GH#$" C%& '( TH&)T M#M*+*,DM %"G D-"G T.*"G H/ TH0"G
TH1"G T#" 'H1"G D23
CH&3$" "G4"H: '( TH&)T #/" T5
M6 78 : 9:.;<.=:
L&)" V>" TH?C S@ '( TH&)T
CAn BC HDEng DFn: TS.Trn Hoi Trung
HCMG "gH <I ThAng JJ nm <:JJ
ChuHKn "gnh: 'L Thut iMn TN HVTH: Phm Minh Trit
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Lun Vn Cao Hc GVHD: TS. Trn Hoi Trung
TRCH YU LUN VN CAO HC
H O tKn hc OiKn: Phm Minh Trit "m 7inh: J=P:9PJQIR
CS Tuan cUng tAc: TrDVng C CUng "ghM ThUng Tin TPHCM
'hoA: J9
ChuHKn ngnh: 'L thut WiMn tN M6 78: 9:.;<.=:
CAn XC hDEng YFn: TS. Trn Hoi Trung BC mUn: iMn tN OiZn thUng
J. TKn [un On: "ghiKn c\u ]L thut M#M*+*,DM \ng Y^ng trong hM th8ng
thUng tin ]hUng Y_H.
<. M^c W`ch nghiKn c\u: nghiKn c\u O! ]L thut *,DM O hM th8ng M#M* Wa
]t hbc gida cUng nghM M#M* O ]L thut *,DM nhm Wa tng Yung [Dbng
O chet [Dbng cho hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H.
f. PhDSng chAc nghiKn c\u: "ghiKn c\u [g thuHt nhhm ci mCt cAi nhjn tkng
Tuan O! ]L thut *,DM clng nhD hM cUng nghM M#M* tm Wi ]t hbc [i Wa
to ra nhdng mU hjnh \ng Y^ng cho hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H. Chn Hu
[ hai mU hjnh o[amouti O mU hjnh VpBLoST Wa cqi thiMn chet [Dbng cna
hM th8ng.
iam Xjnh Tu_n mUn hoc: iam Xqo OM [un On:
"gH thAng nm
rAc nhn cna cAn XC hDEng YFn: Hc OiKn
rAc nhn cna XC mUn: Phm Minh Trit
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LI !" #U
"gH naHG nhu cu truH!n thUng ]hUng Y_H cng ngH cng tng. CAc hM
th8ng thUng tin tDSng [ai Wsi hti chqi ci Yung [Dbng cao hSnG tin cH hSnG 7N Y^ng
Xng thUng hiMu Tuq hSnG ]hq nng ]hAng nhiZu t8t hSn. HM th8ng thUng tin truH!n
th8ng O cAc chDSng th\c ghuc ]Knh cl ]hUng csn ci ]hq nng WAc \ng WDbc cAc
HKu cu cna hM th8ng thUng tin tDSng [ai.
*,DM [ mCt chDSng chAc truH!n ]hA ch\c tc trKn ]Knh Ot [gG nguHKn [g
cS Xqn cna chDSng chAc [ 7N Y^ng ]L thut Wa 7ing mang Wa truH!n mCt [Dbng [En
]g tv ti cwng mCt thVi Wiam. TuH nhiKn ]L thut *,DM [i txi ti mCt 78 nhDbc
Wiam nhD WDVng Xao XiKn WC cna t`n hiMu chAt ]hUng Xhng chyng. i!u nH g_H ra
muo chi tuHn z cAc XC ]huHch Wi cUng 7uet z mAH chAt O mAH thu. SN Y^ng
chu{i Xqo OM trAnh WDbc nhiZu ch_n tc Wa WDVng nhDng [m giqm Wi mCt chn hiMu
7uet 7N Y^ng WDVng truH!n.
CUng nghM M#M* ci Du Wiam [ gia tng t8c WC truH!n Yd [iMu O mz rCng
tm chn 7ing trKn cwng mCt Xng thUngG Wxng thVi giqm chi ch` truH!n tqi. CUng
nghM M#M* cho chuc Wu nhn ch_n [oi t`n hiMu O ch| nhn t`n hiMu mnh nhet tm
mCt ant}n ti mCt O~ tr` no Wi.
Trong cUng nghM M#M*G Wu chAt 7ing 7N Y^ng nhi!u ant}n Wa truH!n 7ing
th}o nhi!u WDVng ]hAc nhau nhhm tng [Du [Dbng thUng tin. Dd [iMu truH!n 7au Wi
7 WDbc tc hbc [i z Wu nhn th}o nhdng W~nh Yng W6 WDbc en W~nh. TuH nhiKn X~
giEi hn z hM th8ng Xng hc. Vj th mCt trong nhdng giqi chAc WDbc WDa ra [ 7v
]t hbc gida cUng nghM M#M* O ]L thut *,DM nhhm Wa tng Yung [Dbng O
chet [Dbng cho hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H.
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TV Xja................................................................................................................... J
Tr`ch Hu [un On cao hc................................................................................... <
LVi mz Wu........................................................................................................... f
M^c [^c................................................................................................................. R
Danh m^c cAc chd Oit tt..................................................................................... =
Danh m^c cAc hjnh O......................................................................................... J:
ChDSng # : Tkng Tuan O! hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H.....................................Jf
J.J HM th8ng thUng tin Yi WCng hiMn naH.............................................................Jf
J.< 'Knh truH!n OU tuHn ................................................................................... J;
J.<.J SuH hao WDVng truH!n................................................................................J;
J.<.< HiMu \ng Mu[ticath+,aYing.......................................................................J9
J.<.f HiMu \ng Docc}r....................................................................................... J=
J.<.R 'Knh truH!n ,aYing chyng O chn [c tn 78...........................................JQ
J.<.; 'Knh truH!n Xin Wki nhanh O Xin Wki chm...........................................<J
J.<.9 'Knh truH!n .aH[}igh O ]Knh truH!n .ic}an............................................<f
J.f PhDSng th\c ghuc ]Knh................................................................................<R
J.f.J Ghuc ]Knh ch_n chia th}o tn 78...............................................................<R
J.f.< Ghuc ]Knh ch_n chia th}o thVi gian...........................................................<;
J.f.f Ghuc ]Knh ch_n chia th}o m6....................................................................<;
J.f.R Ghuc ]Knh ch_n chia th}o tn 78 trvc giao................................................<;
J.R. CAc mU hjnh hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H.................................................<9
J.R.J HM th8ng S#S*........................................................................................... <9
J.R.< HM th8ng M#S*......................................................................................... <=
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J.R.f HM th8ng S#M*......................................................................................... <=
J.R.R HM th8ng M#M*........................................................................................ <I
ChDSng ## : 'L thut ghuc ]Knh Wa 7ing mang trvc giao...................................f:
<.J L~ch 7N chAt trian.......................................................................................... f:
<.< CAc Du Wiam O nhDbc Wiam.........................................................................fJ
<.f T`nh trvc giao trong *,DM..........................................................................f<
<.R MU hjnh hM th8ng.......................................................................................... ff
<.R.J M6 hia ]Knh.............................................................................................. fR
<.R.< 'L thut ch_n tAn Yd [iMu...........................................................................fR
<.R.f ChuHan Wki 7ong 7ongP n8i ticG n8i ticP7ong 7ong...................................f;
<.R.R i!u ch 7ing mang con............................................................................f9
<.R.; 'L thut #,TP,,T......................................................................................f=
<.R.9 'hoqng Xqo OM........................................................................................... fQ
<.R.= Bin Wki DPo O oPD.................................................................................Rf
<.R.I &c conO}rt}r O Don conO}rt}r...............................................................RR
<.R.Q BC Tua[i}r.............................................................................................. R;
<.; MU chtng hM th8ng *,DM...........................................................................R=
ChDSng ### : HM th8ng M#M*............................................................................;:
f.J Tkng Tuan O! hM th8ng M#M*.....................................................................;:
f.J.J 'hAi niMm O! hM th8ng M#M*...................................................................;:
f.J.< CAc ]L thut ch_n tc................................................................................. ;J
f.J.f C [bi trong hM th8ng M#M*.....................................................................;R
f.< 'L thut m6 hia ]hUng gian thVi gian trong M#M*.....................................;9
f.<.J M6 ]h8i ]hUng gian thVi gian STBC.........................................................;9
;
f.<.< M6 [DEi ]hUng gian thVi gian STTC..........................................................;Q
f.f MU hjnh hM th8ng M#M*.............................................................................. 9J
f.f.J SS Wx o[amouti.......................................................................................... 99
f.f.< MU hjnh VpBLoST...................................................................................=f
f.R 't Tuq mU chtng hM th8ng M#M*..............................................................I=
f.R.J SS Wx o[amouti.......................................................................................... I=
f.R.< SS Wx V+BLoST........................................................................................ Q:
ChDSng #V : 't hbc ]L thut *,DM OEi hM th8ng M#M* \ng Y^ng trong hM th8ng
thUng tin ]hUng Y_H............................................................................................ Qf
R.J GiEi thiMu...................................................................................................... Qf
R.< HM th8ng M#M*+*,DM..............................................................................QR
R.<.J MU hjnh hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM..............................................................QR
R.<.< MU hjnh hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti..............................................Q=
R.<.f MU hjnh hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST..........................................J:J
R.f MU chtng hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti............................................J:;
R.R MU chtng hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST..........................................J:=
R.; So 7Anh cAc hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM..........................................................J:I
't [un O hDEng nghiKn c\u mz....................................................................JJ:
LVi cqm Sn........................................................................................................ JJ<
Ti [iMu tham ]hqo............................................................................................ JJf
9
DANH !C CC T$ VIT T%T
A&D ona[og to Digita[
AD'L o7Hmm}tric Digita[ SuX7criX}r Lin}
A(GN oYYitiO} hit} Gau77ian "oi7}
B)R Bit rror .at}
BLA'TB}[[+LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim} CoY}
B*+ BanY Pa77 ,i[t}r
B*', BinarH Pha7} Shit '}Hing
B' Ba7} Station
CD! CoY} DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing
C'I Chann}[ Stat} #normation
D&A Digita[ to ona[og
DAB Digita[ ona[og BroaYca7ting
D-BLA'T Diagona[+ B}[[+LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim} CoY}
D+T Di7cr}t} ,ouri}r Tran7orm
D*', Di}r}ntia[ Pha7} Shit '}Hing
DVB -H Digita[ ViY}o BroaYca7ting + HanYh}[Y
DVB -TDigita[ ViY}o BroaYca7ting T}rr}7tria[
+D! ,r}Tu}ncH DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing
+)C ,orarY rror Corr}ction
++T ,a7t ,ouri}r Tran7orm
+IR ,init} #mc[u7} .}7con7}
HD'L Hight+Xir+rat} Digita[ SuX7criX}r Lin}
H./01LAN2 High P}rormanc} .aYio Loca[ or}a "}tor] THc} <
=
ICI #nt}rCarri}r #nt}r}r}nc}
ID+T #nO}r7} Di7cr}t} ,ouri}r Tran7orm
I))) #n7titut} o [}ctrica[ anY [}ctronic7 ngin}}r7
I++T #nO}r7} ,a7t ,ouri}r Tran7orm
I3I3D #nY}c}nY}nt anY #Y}ntica[[H Di7triXut}Y
I'I #nt}rSHmXo[ #nt}r}r}nc}
LAN Loca[ or}a "}tor]
LO' Light * Sight
L*+ Lo Pa77 ,i[t}r
!I!O Mu[tic[} #ncut Mu[ic[} *utcut
!I'O Mu[tic[} #ncut 7ing[} *utcut
!L Maimum Li]}[ihooY
!!') Minimum M}an STar} rror
!!')-IC MMS+#nt}r}r}nc} Canc}[[ation
!' MoXi[} Station
NLO' "on Light * Sight
O+D! *rthogona[ ,r}Tu}ncH DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing
*&' Para[[}[ to S}ria[
*A*R P}a] to oO}rag} Po}r .atio
*D+ ProXaXi[itH D}n7itH ,unction
4A! uaYratur} omc[itut} MoYu[ation
4*', uaYratur} Pha7} Shit '}Hing
R+ .aYio ,r}Tu}ncH
'I!O Sing[} #ncut Mu[tic[} *utcut
I
'I'O Sing[} #ncut Sing[} *utcut
'&* S}ria[ to Para[[}[
'INR Signa[ to #nt}r}r}nc} c[u7 "oi7} .atio
'C Sing[}Carri}r Communication
'TBC Scac}+Tim} B[oc] CoY}
'T!LD Scac}+Tim} Maimum Li]}[ihooY D}coY}r
TG5 Ta7] Grouc "
V-BLA'T V}rtica[+B}[[+LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim}
6+ }ro+,orcing
6+-OIC }ro+,orcing *rY}r}Y #nt}r}r}nc} Canc}[[ation
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DANH !C H7NH V8
Hjnh J.J: uA trjnh chAt trian thUng tin Yi YCng t Xo
Hjnh J.<: MU hjnh ]Knh truH!n ,aYing Wa WDVng
Hjnh J.f: HiMu \ng Docc[}r
Hjnh J.R: Ac \ng ]Knh truH!n ,aYing chyng
Hjnh J.;: Ac \ng ]Knh truH!n ,aYing chn [c tn 78
Hjnh J.9: 'Knh truH!n thaH Wki th}o thVi gian
Hjnh J.=: Hm mt WC Ac 7uet ch_n X8 .aH[}igh O .ic}an
Hjnh J.I: HM th8ng S#S*
Hjnh J.Q: HM th8ng M#S*
Hjnh J.J:: HM th8ng S#M*
Hjnh J.JJ: HM th8ng M#M*
Hjnh <.J: Ceu trc cna mCt t`n hiMu *,DM
Hjnh <.<: SS Wx ]h8i hM th8ng *,DM
Hjnh <.f: BC chuHan Wki SPP
Hjnh <.R: BC chuHan Wki PPS
Hjnh <.;: MU tq \ng Y^ng chu{i Xqo OM trong OiMc ch8ng nhiZu #S#
Hjnh <.9: Trqi trZ nht hSn ]hoqng Xqo OM 7 ]hUng g_H ra #S# O #C#
Hjnh <.=: Thnh chn cna ]g tv *,DM thu WDbc ]hi truH!n Tua ]Knh Mu[ticath
Hjnh <.I: "hdng ]g tv *,DM thu WDbc 7au ]hi truH!n Tua ]Knh truH!n Mu[ticath
Hjnh <.Q: BC chuHan Wki DPo O oPD
Hjnh <.J:: BC uc+conO}rt}r O Yon+conO}rt}r
Hjnh <.JJ: BC Tua[i}r mi!n tn 78
Hjnh <.J<: 't Tuq mU chtng B. *,DM
Hjnh f.J: Tkng Tuan hM th8ng M#M*
Hjnh f.<: Ph_n tc th}o thVi gian
Hjnh f.f: 'L thut B}amorming
Hjnh f.R: Ghuc ]Knh ]hUng gian gic tng t8c WC truH!n
J:
Hjnh f.;: Ph_n tc ]hUng gian gic cqi thiMn S".
Hjnh f.9: MU hjnh hM th8ng Xng g8c
Hjnh f.=: Ma trn m6 STBC
Hjnh f.I: SS Wx m6 [DEi
Hjnh f.Q: MU tq 7S Wx m6 hia OEi ] JG ' f O n <
Hjnh f.J:: LDEi m6 O 7S Wx trng thAi OEi ] JG ' f O n <
Hjnh f.JJ : ChuHan Wki ]Knh truH!n M#M* thnh cAc ]Knh truH!n 7ong 7ong
Hjnh f.J< : MU hjnh ch_n tc ]hi "t"r
Hjnh f.Jf: MU hjnh ch_n tc ]hi "
T
"
.
Hjnh f.JR: SS Wx o[amouti < ant}n chAt O J ant}n thu
Hjnh f.J;: CAc 7HmXo[ chAt O thu trong 7S Wx o[amouti
Hjnh f.J9: SS Wx o[amouti < ant}n chAt O M ant}n thu
Hjnh f.J=: HM th8ng V+BLoST
Hjnh f.JI: MAH thu V+BLoST }ro+orcing
Hjnh f.JQ MAH thu V+BLoST }ro+orcing th}o th\ tv t8i Du
Hjnh f.<:: MAH thu V+BLoST MMS
Hjnh f.<J: 't Tuq mU chtng B. cna o[amouti <J
Hjnh f.<<: 't Tuq mU chtng B. o[amouti <<
Hjnh f.<f: 't Tuq mU chtngM#M* << ,
Hjnh f.<R: MU chtng M#M* MMS <<
Hjnh R.J: CAc chun thUng tin ]hUng Y_H cna #
Hjnh R.<: MU hjnh hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM
Hjnh R.f: Ma trn ]Knh truH!n
Hjnh R.R: MAH chAt M#M**,DM o[amouti
JJ
Hjnh R.;: MAH thu M#M*+*,DM o[amouti
Hjnh R.9: MAH chAt M#M*+*,DM VBLoST
Hjnh R.= : MAH thu M#M*+*,DM VBLoST
Hjnh R.I: ,PMMS D}coY}r
Hjnh R.Q : MU chtng hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti
Hjnh R.J:: MU chtng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST
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CH9NG I: T;NG 4UAN V< H= TH>NG THNG TIN ,HNG D?Y
@3@3 HA BCD5E BCF5E B.5 G. GH5E C.A5 5IJ
Trong hSn mCt thc ] TuaG th giEi W6 ch\ng ]in 7v thnh cUng to [En cna
mng thUng tin Yi WCng th hM th\ hai <G. Mng <G ci tha ch_n ra hai [oi: mng
<G Yva trKn n!n TDMo O mng <G Yva trKn n!n CDMo. Anh Yeu Wiam m8c Xt
Wu cna mng <G [ 7v ra WVi cna mng D+oMPS haH #S+Jf9 Ywng TDMo chk
Xin z ML. Tic th}o [ mng CYma*n} haH #S+Q; Ywng CDMo chk Xin z ch_u
ML O mCt chn cna ch_u G rxi mng GSM Ywng TDMoG ra WVi Wu tiKn z Ch_u
2u O hiMn WDbc trian ]hai rCng ]hc th giEi. Sv thnh cUng cna mng <G [ Yo
Y~ch O^ O tiMn `ch m ni mng [i cho ngDVi YwngG tiKu Xiau [ chet [Dbng thoi O
]hq nng Yi WCng.
Hjnh J.J: uA trjnh chAt trian cna mng thUng tin Yi WCng t Xo.
Tic n8i th hM th\ hai <GG mng thUng tin Yi WCng th hM th\ Xa fG W6 O
Wang WDbc trian ]hai nhi!u nSi trKn th giEi. Cqi tin nki Xt nhet cna mng fG 7o
OEi mng <G [ ]hq nng cung \ng truH!n thUng gii t8c WC cao nhhm trian ]hai cAc
Y~ch O^ truH!n thUng Wa chDSng tiMn. Mng fG Xao gxm mng &MTS 7N Y^ng ]L
Jf
thut CDMoG mng CDMo<::: 7N Y^ng ]L thut CDMo. TuH nhiKn W8i tDbng
7N Y^ng thUng tin Yi WCng ret Wa Yng O nhu cu ngH cng tng YFn Wn HKu cu
X\c thit cho 7v ra WVi O chAt trian cna hM th8ng thUng tin Yi WCng th hM th\ tD RG
,ourth+G}n}ration.
RG ci HKu cu ]L thut Yung [Dbng [En O t8c WC Yd [iMu cao trong ]hi Xng
thUng cho chuc [i ]hUng WDbc mz rCng. 3Ku cu Wi W6 thc WH nhdng nghiKn c\u
O! hM th8ng Wa Wu Oo Wa Wu ra M#M* Mu[ti #ncut Mu[ti *utcut O Wt WDbc
nhi!u thnh cUng WAng ]a. "hD ta W6 Xit mUi trDVng truH!n YFn OU tuHn ret ch\c
tc Yo 7uH haoG }n nhiZu aYingG hiMu \ng Docc[}r W6 g_H ra nhi!u ]hi ]hn
cho OiMc nhn Yng t`n hiMu ti Wu thu. CAc ]L thut ch_n tc gic chn WAng ]a
trong trong OiMc giqm aYing Wa WDVng. M#M* [ mCt hM th8ng Wa ant}n z Wu chAtG
Wu thuG Ac Y^ng ]L thut ch_n tcG m6 hoA nhhm tng Yung [Dbng ]Knh truH!nG cqi
thiMn hiMu Tuq chk m ]hUng chqi tng cUng 7uet chAt haH Xng thUng. "hi!u ceu
trc M#M* W6 WDbc W! uet O Wt WDbc nhi!u hiMu Tuq to [En nhD ceu trc ]hUng
gian+thVi gian [Ec Yc cna chsng th` nghiMm B}[[ V+BLoST V}rtica[+B}[[
LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim}G m6 hoA ]h8i ]hUng gian+thVi gian STBC
Scac}+Tim} B[oc] CoYingG m6 hoA Tr}[[i7 ]hUng gian+thVi gian STTC Scac}+
Tim} Tr}[[i7 CoYing
'hi t8c WC truH!n YFn tng cao trKn cAc ]Knh truH!n Xng rCngG Wt XiMt [
cAc ]Knh aYing [va chn tn 78G nhiZu [iKn ]g tv #nt}r+SHmXo[ #nt}r}r}nc} uet
hiMn Yo WC trZ cna ]Knh truH!nG [m tng t8c WC [{i Xit B. Bit rror .at} mCt
cAch WAng ]a. a giqi TuHt Oen W! nHG mCt ]L thut Wi!u ch Wa 7ing mang mang
tKn ghuc ]Knh ch_n chia th}o tn 78 7ing mang trvc giao *,DM *rthogona[
,r}Tu}ncH DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing WDbc Ac Y^ng cho cAc hM th8ng truH!n YFn.
"guHKn [g cS Xqn cna *,DM [ chia mCt [uxng Yd [iMu t8c WC cao thnh cAc [uxng
Yd [iMu t8c WC thec hSn O chAt Wxng thVi trKn mCt 78 cAc 7ing mang con trvc giao.
Vj ]hoqng thVi gian 7HmXo[ tng [Kn cho cAc 7ing mang con 7ong 7ong t8c WC thec
hSnG cho nKn [Dbng nhiZu g_H ra Yo WC trqi trZ Wa WDVng WDbc giqm u8ng. "hiZu
[iKn ]g tv #S# WDbc hn ch hu nhD hon ton Yo OiMc WDa Oo mCt ]hoqng thVi
JR
gian Xqo OM trong m{i 7HmXo[ *,DM. Trong ]hoqng thVi gian Xqo OMG m{i 7HmXo[
*,DM WDbc Xqo OM th}o chu ] Wa trAnh nhiZu gida cAc 7ing mang #C#.
"hn theH nhdng ti!m nng to [En cna M#M* O *,DMG cAc nh thit ] W6
]t hbc cq hai Oo mCt hM th8ng truH!n YFn Wa tn Y^ng Du Wiam cna chng. Thnh
cUng rvc r W6 Wt M#M*+*,DM [m n!n tqng cho 7v chAt trian RG. Trong tDSng
[aiG nhi!u nghiKn c\u 7 WvSc chAt trian Wa cqi tin chet [DbngG Yung [Dbng cna hM
th8ng M#M*+*,DM.
@323 ,K5C B1LJM5 NF BLJO5
Trong hM th8ng thUng tin Yi WCngG ]Knh truH!n OU tuHn [ mCt Hu t8 WDbc
Tuan t_m nhi!u. Bqn chet thaH Wki ngFu nhiKn th}o thVi gian O ]hUng gian cna
]Knh truH!n g_H ra nhdng qnh hDzng [En Wn hot WCng hM th8ng. a hn ch qnh
hDzng cna ]Knh truH!n O thit ] hM th8ng OEi cAc thUng 78 t8i DuG ta chqi hiau
WDbc cAc Wc t`nh cna ]Knh truH!n OU tuHn O mU hjnh hia ]Knh truH!n hbc [g.
@323@3 'LJ CIP QRS5E B1LJM5
Trong 7u8t TuA trjnh truH!nG t`n hiMu OU tuHn X~ Hu Yn th}o ]hoqng cAchG
Xzi Oj 7ing cna t`n hiMu OU tuHn [an truH!n 7 X~ [an tta ra O Yo Wi mt WC cUng
7uet 7 X~ 7uH giqm. Trong ]hUng gian tv YoG 7ing truH!n 7 X~ [an tta ra ci Yng
hjnh cu O YFn Wn mt WC cUng 7uet 7 giqm t [M OEi YiMn t`ch X! mt cna hjnh
cu nH.
CUng 7uet ti chà thu trong ]hUng gian tv Yo [.
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@32323 H.AL T5E !LUB./IBC-+IG.5E
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a WDVng trong ]Knh truH!n Yi WCng to ra ]t Tuq ,aYing YiMn hc. T`n hiMu
Wn chà thu tm nhi!u WDVng ]hAc nhauG m{i WDVng [ mCt Xqn 7ao cna t`n hiMu
g8c.T`n hiMu trKn m{i WDVng nH ci WC trqi trZ ]hAc nhau O WC [bi ]hAc nhau. Sv
trqi trZ nH [m cho t`n hiMu tm m{i WDVng X~ Yich cha 7o OEi t`n hiMu g8c. chà
thu 7 tkng hbc cAc t`n hiMu tm cAc WDVng nHG ]t Tuq [ chà thu 7 ci XiKn WC O
cha thaH Wki ret nhi!u 7o OEi t`n hiMu chAt. ,aYing ci tha [ Du Wiam ]hi cAc t`n hiMu
Wa WDVng cwng cha OEi nhau [m tng cDVng WC t`n hiMu z XKn thuG clng ci tha g_H
ra triMt tiKu cAc t`n hiMu Wa WDVng ]hi ngDbc cha nhau to thnh hiMn tDVng ,aYing
7_u.
Hjnh J.<: MU hjnh ]Knh truH!n ,aYing Wa WDVng
[ WC [bi WDVng th\ L.
WC trZ WDVng th\ L.
a 7o 7Anh t`nh chet cna ]Knh truH!nG ngDVi ta 7N Y^ng thUng 78 tAn thVi
gian nhD: trZ ODbt m\c }c}77 Y}[aH 7cr}aYG trZ trung Xjnh ODbt m\c m}an
}c}77 Y}[aH O trZ hiMu Y^ng rm7 Y}[aH 7cr}aY. V cAc thUng 78 nH ci tha WDbc
t`nh tm Wc t`nh tm XC thu cna cAc thnh chn Wa WDVng co}r Y}[aH croi[}. Po}r
Y}[aH croi[} WDbc Wo Xhng thvc nghiMm.
@323V3 H.AL T5E DP//U01
'hi nguxn t`n hiMu O XKn thu chuHan WCng tDSng W8i OEi nhauG tn 78 t`n
hiMu thu ]hUng gi8ng XKn chà chAt. 'hi chng Yi chuHan cwng chi!u hDEng O!
nhau thj tn 78 nhn WDbc [En hSn tn 78 t`n hiMu chAtG O ngDbc [i ]hi chng Yi
J9
chuHan ra a nhau thj tn 78 t`n hiMu thu WDbc [ giqm u8ng ngDVi ta gi [ hiMu
\ng Docc[}r.

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Vt Yi chuHan OEi On t8c O.
'hi Wi 7v thaH Wki O! cha gida < Wiam r O 3 [:
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G G c [ [n [Dbt [ tn 78 7ing mangG XDEc 7ing 7ing mang O On t8c Anh 7Ang.
ThVi gian ]t hbc T
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[ W8i ngFu trong mi!n thVi gian cna trqi Docc[}rG Ywng
Wa mU tq 7v tAn tn 78 O Xqn chet thaH Wki th}o thVi gian cna ]Knh truH!n O thVi
gian ]t hbc t [M ngh~ch OEi trqi Docc[}r cvc Wi
m
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ThVi gian ]t hbc [ ]hoqng thVi gian m WAc \ng ung ]Knh truH!n ]hUng
thaH Wki O Wi [ ]hoqng thVi gian m < t`n hiMu ci 7v tDSng Tuan O! XiKn WC.
VEi hm tDSng Tuan [En hSn ;:.
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Ph_n [oi i!u ]iMn ,aYing
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,aYing chyng
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,aYing chn [c tn 78
D~ch Docc[}r
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W
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@323W3 ,K5C B1LJM5 XIG.5E /CY5E NZ [K5C B1LJM5 XIG.5E \C]5 U]\ B^5 _D
'Knh truH!n aYing chyng:
Hjnh J.R: Ac \ng cna ]Knh truH!n ,aYing chyng
Phk t`n hiMu ci Xng thUng nht hSn Xng thUng ]t hbc ]Knh truH!n O chu
] 7HmXo[ [En hSn trqi trZ cna ]Knh truH!n. CAc Wc t`nh cna chk t`n hiMu truH!n Wi
WDbc Xqo tonG mi thnh chn tn 78 ]hi truH!n Tua ]Knh 7 ch~u 7v 7uH giqm O
Y~ch tn gn nhD nhau nhDng cDVng WC t`n hiMu thu [i thaH Wki th}o thVi gian Yo
qnh hDzng hiMn tDbng Wa WDVng.T`n hiMu 7 thaH Wki th}o thVi gian nhDng chk t`n
hiMu ]hUng Wki. 'Knh truH!n aYing chyng WDbc }m nhD ]Knh truH!n thaH Wki XiKn
WC O csn WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n Xng hc.
'Knh truH!n aYing chn [c tn 78:
JI
Hjnh J.;: Ac \ng ]Knh truH!n chn [c tn 78
Phk t`n hiMu ci Xng thUng [En hSn Xng thUng ]t hbc ]Knh truH!n O chu
] 7HmXo[ nht hSn trqi trZ cna ]Knh truH!n. 'Knh truH!n chn [c tn 78 [ ]Knh
truH!n ci WAc \ng tn 78 ]hAc nhau trKn mCt Yqi tn 78G t\c WAc \ng tn 78 ]hUng
Xhng chyng trong ton XC Yqi tn WiG Yo Wi t`n hiMu ti cAc tn 78 ]hAc nhau ]hi Tua
]Knh truH!n 7 ci 7v 7uH hao O oaH cha ]hAc nhau. MCt ]Knh truH!n ci X~ }m [
chn [c tn 78 haH ]hUng csn twH thuCc Oo Xng thUng cna t`n hiMu truH!n Wi. "u
trong ton ]hoqng Xng thUng cna t`n hiMu WAc \ng tn 78 [ Xhng chyngG ta nii
]Knh truH!n ]hUng chn [c tn 78 r}Tu}ncH non7}[}ctiO} aYing chann}[G haH
]Knh truH!n chyng [at aYing chann}[.
"gDbc [i nu WAc \ng tn 78 cna ]Knh truH!n ]hUng chyngG ]hUng gi8ng
nhau trong Xng thUng t`n hiMuG ta nii ]Knh truH!n [ ]Knh truH!n chn [c tn 78
r}Tu}ncH 7}[}ctiO} aYing chann}[. Mi ]Knh truH!n OU tuHn W!u ]hUng tha ci
WAc \ng Xhng chyng trong cq Yqi tn OU tuHnG tuH nhiKn ]Knh truH!n ci tha }m [
chyng trong mCt ]hoqng nht tn 78 no Wi. Hjnh J.; cho ta theH ]Knh truH!n 7 [
chn [c tn 78 W8i OEi t`n hiMu truH!n ci Xng thUng [En nhm tm f: MH Wn
Q;MH. "hDng nu t`n hiMu ci Xng thUng nht ]hoqng <: MH thj ]Knh truH!n 7
[ ]Knh truH!n aYing chyng.
'Knh truH!n chn [c tn 78 csn gi [ ]Knh truH!n rCng.
JQ
@323`3 ,K5C B1LJM5 a.O5 Qb. 5CI5C NZ [K5C B1LJM5 a.O5 Qb. \Ccd
'Knh truH!n OU tuHn 7 ci WAc \ng tn 78 ]hUng Wki th}o thVi gian nu ceu
trc cna ]Knh truH!n ]hUng Wki th}o thVi gian. TuH nhiKn mi ]Knh truH!n W!u Xin
Wki th}o thVi gianG Yo cAc Ot tha to nKn ]Knh truH!n [uUn [uUn Xin WkiG [uUn ci Ot
tha mEi uet hiMn O Ot tha cl met WiG } cC [uUn thaH Wki On t8cG nh cNaG cUng
OiKnG ci tha WDbc _H Yvng thKm haH X~ chA hnH Wi Hjnh J.; cho theH cUng 7uet
t`n hiMu thu WDbc thaH Wki th}o thVi gian Yw t`n hiMu chAt Wi ci cUng 7uet ]hUng Wki
t\c [ ]Knh truH!n W6 thaH Wki th}o thVi gian.

Hjnh J.9: 'Knh truH!n thaH Wki th}o thVi gian
'hAi niMm ]Knh truH!n chn [c thVi gian haH ]hUng chn [c thVi gian ch|
mang t`nh tDSng W8iG nu ]Knh truH!n ]hUng thaH Wki trong ]hoqng thVi gian truH!n
mCt ]` tv T
7HmXo[
G thj ]Knh truH!n Wi WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n ]hUng chn [c thVi
gian tim} non7}[}ctiO} ,aYing chann}[ haH ]Knh truH!n Xin Wki chm 7[o
,aYing chann}[G ngDbc [i nu ]Knh truH!n Xin Wki trong ]hoqng thVi gian T
7HmXo[
G
thj ]Knh truH!n Wi WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n chn [c thVi gian tim} 7}[}ctiO} ,aYing
chann}[G haH ]Knh truH!n Xin Wki nhanh a7t ,aYing chann}[. MUi trDVng trong
nh `t thaH Wki nKn ci tha }m [ 7[o aYingG mUi trDVng ngoi trVi thDVng uHKn
thaH Wki nKn WDbc }m [ a7t ,aYing. Trong cAc c}[[ Yi WCngG ]hi thuK Xao MS
MoXi[} Station Yi chuHan 7 [iKn t^c [m thaH Wki O~ tr` gida MS O trm g8c BS
Ba7} Station th}o thVi gianG t\c [ W~a hjnh thaH Wki [iKn t^c. i!u nH ci ngha [
]Knh truH!n cna ta [iKn t^c thaH Wki th}o thVi gian g_H ra hiMu \ng Docc[}r [m Y~ch
tn 7ing mang cna mAH chAt ti mAH thu mCt [Dbng tn 78.
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[ tn 78 ti mAH chAt.
O [ On t8c cna thuK Xao MS.
c [ On t8c Anh 7Ang.
MS Yi chuHan cng nhanh thj
f
cng [En O ngDbc [i.
Sau W_H ta 7 ut ]L hSn cAc thUng 78 Ac W~nh ]Knh truH!n [ 7[o ,aYing haH a7t
,aYing:
Tm cUng th\c trKn nu f : ta ci hm tDSng Tuan oC, ch_n tAn th}o thVi gianG
mU tq tDSng Tuan gida cAc ]hoqng thVi gian t cna ]Knh truH!n :
+

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+ "u ]Knh truH!n ci
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nht hSn nhi!u 7o OEi chi!u Yi cna mCt ]` tv T
7HmXo[
cna
t`n hiMu WDbc truH!nG thj ]Knh truH!n Wi WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n chn [c thVi gian
tim} 7}[}ctiO} chann}[ haH ]Knh truH!n nhanh a7t chann}[.
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7HmXo[
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t`n hiMu WDbc truH!nG thj ]Knh truH!n Wi WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n ]hUng chn [c
thVi gian tim} non7}[}ctiO} chann}[ haH ]Knh truH!n chm 7[o chann}[.
@323e3 ,K5C B1LJM5 RIJU0.EC NZ [K5C B1LJM5 R.\0I5
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Hjnh J.= Hm mt WC Ac 7uet ch_n X8 .aH[}igh O .ic}an.
Ac \ng ]Knh truH!n [ mCt TuA trjnh ch^ thuCc Oo cq thVi gian O XiKn WC.
BiKn WC cna hm truH!n ti mCt tn 78 nhet W~nh tu_n th}o ch_n X8 .aH[}igh O
ch_n X8 .ic}an. "u ]Knh truH!n ]hUng txn ti L*SG ngDVi ta W6 ch\ng minh WDbc
WDVng Xao cna t`n hiMu truH!n Tua ]Knh truH!n ci ch_n X8 .aH[}igh nKn ]Knh
truH!n WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n ,aYing .aH[}igh. 'hi Wi t`n hiMu nhn WDbc z mAH
thu [ tkng hbc cna cAc thnh chn chqn G nhiZu O ]hc . "u ]Knh truH!n
txn ti L*S thj W_H ch`nh [ thnh chn ch`nh cna t`n hiMu ti mAH thuG cAc thnh
chn ]hUng chqi truH!n thyng L*S ]hUng Wing Oai trs Tuan trngG ]hUng qnh
hDzng TuA eu Wn t`n hiMu thu. 'hi nH WDVng Xao t`n hiMu truH!n Tua ]Knh truH!n
ci ch_n X8 .ic}an nKn ]Knh truH!n WDbc gi [ ]Knh truH!n ,aYing .ic}an.
@3V3 *CRf5E BCT\ ECg/ [K5C
@3V3@3 GCg/ [K5C /Ch5 \C.I BC0P B^5 _D
'L thut ,DM ,r}Tu}ncH DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing ra WVi Wu tiKnG OEi g
tDzng [ mCt Xng thUng [En 7 WDbc chia nht thnh nhi!u Xng thUng nht hSn
]hUng chxng [enG gida cAc ]hoqng tn nH cn ci mCt ]hoqng Xqo OM Wa ci tha 7N
Y^ng XC [c [c [eH ]hoqng tn mong mu8n.
<<
'hAi niMm: ghuc ]Knh th}o tn 78 [ tn 78 hoc Xng tn cna cAc ]Knh
]hAc nhauG nhDng WDbc truH!n Wxng thVi Tua mUi trDVng truH!n YFn. Mu8n OH chqi
7N Y^ng XC Wi!u chG giqi Wi!u ch O XC [c XngG cAc XC [c Xng ti nhAnh chAt O
nhAnh thu cna m{i ]Knh ci Xng tn nhD nhau.
u Oo nhAnh thu ci " XC [c Xng n8i 7ong 7ong O Wing Oai trs tAch
]Knh. BC Wi!u ch ti nhAnh chAt 7N Y^ng 7ing mang no thj XC giqi Wi!u ch cna
]Knh eH clng 7N Y^ng 7ing mang nhD OH. T`n hiMu ]Knh WDbc giqi Wi!u ch OEi
7ing mang O Wu ra XC giqi Wi!u ch ngoi Xng _m tn csn ci cAc thnh chn tn
78 cao. BC [c thec [oi Xt cAc thnh chn tn 78 caoG ch| gid [i Xng _m tn.
Ghuc ]Knh th}o tn 78 ci Du Wiam [ cAc XC Wi!u ch O giqi Wi!u ch ci ceu
to WSn giqn 7N Y^ng cAc YioY} XAn YFnG Xng tn m{i ]Knh ch| Xhng R ]H nKn ci
tha ghuc WDbc nhi!u ]Knh.Chyng hnG mAH ghuc ]Knh cAc Wxng tr^c ci tha ghuc tEi
JQ<: ]Knh. TuH nhiKn Yo 7N Y^ng Wi!u XiKn nKn ]hq nng ch8ng nhiZu ]um.
@3V323 GCg/ [K5C /Ch5 \C.I BC0P BCS. E.I5
'L thut TDM Tim} DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing ra WVi OEi hiMu 7uet 7N Y^ng
]Knh truH!n cao hSn. VEi TDM tr^c tn 78 WDbc chia thnh nhi!u ]h} thVi gian
tim} 7[ot. M{i mCt ]Knh Yd [iMu 7 chim gid ton XC tr^c tn 78 z nhdng ]hoqng
thVi gian nhet W~nh. Luxng Xit t8c WC thec cna m{i ]Knh 7 WDbc ghuc [i thnh mCt
[uxng Xit t8c WC cao YuH nhetG O WDa [Kn ]Knh truH!n. Do Wi TDM cn 7v Wxng XC
ch`nh Ac Wa ci tha ghuc ]Knh O tAch ]Knh z nSi chAt O thu. TDM WDbc 7N Y^ng
]hA chk Xin trong cAc hM th8ng thUng tin 78.
Trong hM th8ng GSMG Xng thUng <;MH WDbc chia thnh J<; ]Knh OEi
Xng thUng m{i ]Knh [ <::'H 7N Y^ng ]L thut ,DM. M{i ]Knh <::'H nH
WDbc chia thnh I ]h} thVi gian 7N Y^ng ]L thut TDM. M{i u7}r 7 chim gid mCt
]h} thVi gianG Yo 7N Y^ng ]t hbc ,DM O TDM nKn hiMu 7uet 7N Y^ng ]Knh truH!n
tng [Kn WAng ]a.
@3V3V3 GCg/ [K5C /Ch5 \C.I BC0P di
Trong ]L thut CDM CoY} DiOi7ion Mutic[}ing tet cq cAc ]Knh 7 7N
Y^ng Wxng thVi mCt Xng thUng O ]hoqng thVi gianG Xhng cAch 7N Y^ng tc m6 trvc
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giao. M{i ]Knh 7 WDbc gAn mCt m6 nhet W~nh. Dd [iMu cna cAc ]Knh trDEc ]hi chAt
Wi 7 WDbc nh_n OEi mCt m6 trqi chk Wa gi6n chk t`n hiMu ra ton Xng thUngG z chà
thu Yd [iMu 7 WDbc ]hUi ch^c Xhng cAch nh_n [ai OEi m6 trqi chk tDSng \ng. CDM
[ mCt ]L thut ghuc ]Knh ]hA ch\c tc Wsi hti 7v Wxng XC m6 trqi chk O ]L thut
Wi!u ]hian cUng 7uet ch`nh Ac.
@3V3W3 GCg/ [K5C /Ch5 \C.I BC0P B^5 _D B1j\ E.IP
Ghuc ch_n chia th}o tn 78 trvc giao [ mCt cUng nghM trong [nh Ovc truH!n
YFn Ac Y^ng cho mUi trDVng ]hUng Y_HG th` Y^ truH!n thanh raYio. 'hi Ac Y^ng Oo
mUi trDVng ci Y_H nhD WDVng Y_H thuK Xao 78 Xet W8i \ng oDSLG thDVng 7N
Y^ng thut ngd Wa _m rVi rc DMT.
TuH thut ngd ci ]hAc nhau nhDng Xqn chet cna hai ]L thut nH W!u chAt
7inh tm cwng mCt g tDzng. Vj OH trong chn nH ut trDVng hbc 7N Y^ng cho mUi
trDVng ]hUng Y_H.
"hD W6 trjnh XH trong chn ,DMG Xng tn tkng cna WDVng truH!n WDbc
chia thnh " ]Knh tn 78 ]hUng chxng [en nhau. T`n hiMu m{i ]Knh WDbc Wi!u ch
OEi mCt 7ing mang ch^ riKng O " ]Knh WDbc ghuc ch_n chia th}o tn 78. a trAnh
giao thoa gida cAc ]KnhG mCt Xng tn Xqo OM WDbc hjnh thnh gida hai ]Knh ]!
nhau. i!u nH g_H [6ng ch` Xng tn tkng. a ]hc ch^c nhDbc Wiam nH cna
,DMG cn 7N Y^ng " 7ing mang ch^ chxng [enG nhDng trvc giao OEi nhau.
i!u ]iMn trvc giao cna cAc 7ing mng ch^ [ tn 78 cna m{i mCt 7ing mang
ch^ nH Xhng 78 nguHKn [n cna chu ] T ]g hiMu. _H [ Oen W! Tuan trng cna
]L thut *,DM. Ven W! nH 7 WDbc trjnh XH c^ tha hSn z chDSng ##.
@3W3 Ck\ dF Cl5C CA BCD5E BCF5E B.5 [CF5E GhJ3
@3W3@3 HA BCD5E 'I'O
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Hjnh J.I: HM th8ng S#S*
HM th8ng S#S* [ hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H truH!n th8ng ch| 7N Y^ng
mCt ant}n chAt O mCt ant}n thu. MAH chAt O mAH thu ch| ci mCt XC cao tn O mCt
XC Wi!u chG giqi Wi!u ch. HM th8ng S#S* thDVng Ywng trong chAt thanh O chAt
hjnhG O cAc ]L thut truH!n YFn OU tuHn cA nh_n nhD i+,i haH B[u}tooth. Dung
[Dbng hM th8ng ch^ thuCc Oo t| 78 t`n hiMu trKn nhiZu WDbc Ac W~nh th}o cUng th\c
Shanon:
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@3W323 HA BCD5E !I'O
Hjnh J.Q: HM th8ng M#S*
HM th8ng 7N Y^ng nhi!u ant}n chAt O mCt ant}n thu WDbc gi [ hM th8ng
M#S*. HM th8ng nH ci tha cung cec ch_n tc chAt thUng Tua ]L thut o[amouti tm
Wi cqi thiMn [Dbng t`n hiMu hoc 7N Y^ng B}amorming Wa tng hiMu 7uet chAt O
Owng Xao chn. 'hi mAH chAt Xit WDbc thUng ti ]Knh truH!nG Yung [Dbng hM th8ng
tng th}o hm [ogarit cna 78 ant}n chAt O ci tha WDbc Ac W~nh gn Wng th}o cUng
th\c:
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Hjnh J.J:: HM th8ng S#M*
HM th8ng 7N Y^ng mCt ant}n chAt O nhi!u ant}n thu WDbc gi [ hM th8ng
S#M*. Trong hM th8ng nH mAH thu ci tha [va chn hoc ]t hbc t`n hiMu tm cAc
ant}n thu nhhm t8i Wa t 78 t`n hiMu trKn nhiZu thUng Tua cAc giqi thut
X}amorming hoc MM.C Maima[+ .atio .}c}iO} ComXining. 'hi mAH thu Xit
thUng tin ]Knh truH!nG Yung [Dbng hM th8ng tng th}o hm [ogarit cna 78 ant}n thuG
WDbc t`nh th}o cUng th\c:
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Hjnh J.JJ: HM th8ng M#M*
HM th8ng M#M* [ hM th8ng 7N Y^ng Wa ant}n cq nSi chAt O nSi thu. HM
th8ng ci tha cung cec ch_n tc chAt nhV Wa ant}n chAtG cung cec ch_n tc thu nhV
Oo Wa ant}n thu nhhm tng chet [Dbng hM th8ng hoc thvc hiMn B}amorming ti
nSi chAt O nSi thu Wa tng hiMu 7uet 7N Y^ng cUng 7uetG triMt can nhiZu. "goi ra
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Yung [Dbng hM th8ng ci tha cqi thiMn WAng ]a nhV Oo WC [bi ghuc ]Knh cung cec
Xzi ]L thut m6 hoA ]hUng gian + thVi gian V+BLoST. 'hi thUng tin ]Knh truH!n
WDbc Xit ti cq nSi chAt O thuG hM th8ng ci tha cung cec WC [bi ch_n tc cvc cao O
WC [bi ghuc ]Knh cvc WiG Yung [Dbng hM th8ng trong trDVng hbc ch_n tc cvc Wi ci
tha Ac W~nh th}o cUng th\c:
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HM th8ng nH 7 WDbc nghiKn c\u nhi!u hSn trong chDSng ###.
CH9NG II: ,m THUT GHn* ,oNH A 'pNG !ANG TRqC
GIAO
23@3 Lr\C _s /CkB B1.t5
Trong nhdng nm gn W_HG chDSng th\c ghuc ]Knh ch_n chia th}o tn 78
trvc giao *,DM *rthogona[ ,r}Tu}ncH DiOi7ion Mu[tic[}ing ]hUng ngmng WDbc
nghiKn c\u O mz rCng chm Oi \ng Y^ng Xzi nhdng Du Wiam cna ni trong tit ]iMm
Xng tn O ]hq nng ch8ng [i ,aYing chn [c th}o tn 78 clng nhD uHKn nhiZu
Xng hc.
'L thut Wi!u ch *,DM [ mCt trDVng hbc Wc XiMt cna chuSng chAc Wi!u
ch Wa 7ing mang trong Wi cAc 7ing mang ch^ trvc giao OEi nhauG nhV OH chk t`n
hiMu z cAc 7ing mang ch^ cho chuc chxng [en [Kn nhau m chà thu OFn ci tha ]hUi
ch^c [i t`n hiMu Xan Wu.
Sv chxng [Fn chk t`n hiMu [m cho hM th8ng *,DM ci hiMu 7uet 7N Y^ng
chk [En hSn nhi!u 7o OEi cAc ]L thut Wi!u ch thUng thDVng. "hV Wi *,DM [
chia Ysng Yd [iMu t8c WC cao thnh cAc Ysng Yd [iMu t8c WC thec hSn O chAt Wxng
thVi trKn mCt 78 cAc 7ing mangG ta theH rhng trong mCt 78 Wi!u ]iMn c^ thaG ci tha
tng Yung [Dbng WAng ]a cho hM th8ng *,DM Xhng cAch [m th`ch nghi t8c WC Yd
[iMu trKn m{i 7ing mang tu th}o t 78 t`n hiMu trKn tc nhiZu S". cna 7ing mang
Wi.
'L thut *,DM Yo .. Chang chAt minh nm JQ99 z ML. Trqi Tua R: nm
hjnh thnh O chAt trian nhi!u cUng trjnh ]hoa hc O! ]L thut nH W6 WDbc thvc
hiMn z ]hc nSi trKn th giEi. c XiMt [ cAc cUng trjnh cna }i7t}in O X}rtG
<=
ngDVi W6 ch\ng minh rhng chuc Wi!u ch *,DM ci tha thvc hiMn Xhng chuc Xin
Wki #D,T O chuc giqi Wi!u ch Xhng chuc Xin Wki D,T. PhAt minh nH cwng OEi
7v chAt trian cna ]L thut 78 [m cho ]L thut Wi!u ch *,DM WDbc \ng Y^ng rCng
r6i. ThaH Oj 7N Y^ng #D,T ngDVi ta ci tha 7N Y^ng chuc Xin Wki nhanh #,,T cho
XC Wi!u ch *,DMG 7N Y^ng ,,T cho XC giqi Wi!u ch *,DM.
2323 Ck\ RL Q.td NZ 5CRu\ Q.td
u im:
+ *,DM tng hiMu 7uet 7N Y^ng Xhng cAch cho chuc chxng [ec nhdng 7ing
mang con.
+ Bhng cAch chia ]Knh thUng tin ra thnh nhi!u ]Knh con aYing chyng Xng
hcG cAc hM th8ng *,DM ch~u Wvng aYing [va chn tn 78 t8t hSn nhdng hM th8ng
7ing mang WSn.
+ *,DM [oi trm nhiZu 7HmXo[ #S# O uHKn nhiZu gida cAc 7ing mang
#C# Xhng cAch chn thKm Oo mCt ]hoqng thVi gian Xqo OM trDEc m{i 7HmXo[.
+ SN Y^ng OiMc chn ]Knh O m6 ]Knh th`ch hbcG hM th8ng *,DM ci tha ]hUi
ch^c [i WDbc cAc 7HmXo[ X~ met Yo hiMn tDbng [va chn tn 78 cna cAc ]Knh.
+ 'L thut c_n Xhng ]Knh trz nKn WSn giqn hSn ]L thut c_n Xhng ]Knh th`ch
\ng WDbc 7N Y^ng trong nhdng hM th8ng WSn 7ing mang.
+ SN Y^ng ]L thut D,T Wa Xk 7ung Oo cAc ch\c nng Wi!u ch O giqi Wi!u
ch [m giqm ch\c nng ch\c tc cna *,DM.
+ CAc chDSng chAc Wi!u ch Oi 7ai Yi}r}nta[ moYu[ation gic trAnh HKu
cu Oo Xk 7ung XC giAm 7At ]Knh.
+ *,DM `t X~ qnh hDzng OEi ]hoqng thVi gian [eH mFu 7amc[} timing
o7}t7 hSn 7o OEi hM th8ng WSn 7ing mang.
+ *,DM ch~u Wvng t8t nhiZu ung OEi O nhiZu uHKn ]Knh ]t hbc.
"goi nhdng Du Wiam trKn thj *,DM clng ci nhdng hn ch.
Nh!c im:
+ SHmXo[ *,DM X~ nhiZu XiKn WC OEi mCt ]hoqng WCng [En. Vj tet cq cAc hM
th8ng thUng tin thvc t W!u X~ giEi hn cUng 7uetG t 78 Po.. cao [ mCt Xet [bi
<I
nghiKm trng cna *,DM nu Ywng XC ]huch Wi cUng 7uet hot WCng z mi!n X6o
hsa W!u ]huch Wi t`n hiMu *,DM. "u t`n hiMu *,DM t 78 Po.. [En hSn thj 7
g_H nKn nhiZu uHKn Wi!u ch. i!u nH clng 7 tng WC ch\c tc cna cAc XC Xin
Wki tm ana[og 7ang Yigita[ O tm Yigita[ 7ang ana[og. ViMc rt ngn c[iccing t`n hiMu
clng 7 [m uet hiMn cq muo nhiZu Yi7tortion trong XngG [Fn X\c ngoi Xng.
+ *,DM nhH OEi tn 78 o7}t O 7v trDbt cna 7ing mang hSn cAc hM th8ng
WSn 7ing mang. Ven W! Wxng XC tn 78 trong hM th8ng *,DM ch\c tc hSn hM
th8ng WSn 7ing mang. Tn 78 o7}t cna 7ing mang g_H nhiZu cho cAc 7ing mang
con trvc giao O g_H nKn nhiZu [iKn ]Knh [m giqm hot WCng cna cAc XC giqi Wi!u
ch mCt cAch trm trng.
Vj OHG Wxng XC tn 78 [ mCt trong nhdng nhiMm O^ thit Hu cn chqi Wt
trong XC thu *,DM.
23V3 Tv5C B1j\ E.IP B1P5E O+D!
MCt t`n hiMu WDbc gi [ trvc giao nu ni ci Tuan hM WCc [c OEi t`n hiMu
]hAc. T`nh trvc giao [ mCt Wc t`nh cho chuc truH!n mCt [c nhi!u thUng tin trKn
mCt ]Knh chung m ]hUng g_H ra nhiZu. Ch`nh 7v met t`nh trvc giao [ nguHKn nh_n
g_H ra 7v 7uH giqm t`n hiMu trong OiZn thUng.
*,DM Wt WDbc 7v trvc giao Xhng cAch cec chAt cho m{i nguxn thUng tin
mCt 78 7ing mang nhet W~nh ]hAc nhau. T`n hiMu *,DM Wt WDbc ch`nh [ tkng hbc
cna tet cq cAc 7ing 7in nH. M{i mCt 7ing mang ci mCt chu ]j 7ao cho Xhng mCt 78
nguHKn [n thVi gian cn thit Wa truH!n mCt ]g hiMu 7HmXo[ Yuration. T\c [ Wa
truH!n mCt ]g hiMu chng ta 7 cn mCt 78 nguHKn [n cna chu ]. Hjnh <.J [
trDVng hbc cna t`n hiMu *,DM OEi R 7ing mang ch^.
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Hjnh <.J: Ceu trc cna mCt t`n hiMu *,DM
CAc hjnh JaG <aG faG Ra [ mi!n thVi gian cna cAc 7ing mang WSn tn
OEi cAc ch| 78 JG <G fG R [ 78 chu ] trKn m{i ]g hiMu. CAc hjnh JXG <XG fXG
RX [ mi!n tn 78 nhV 7N Y^ng Xin Wki ,ouri}r nhanh cna t`n hiMu. Hjnh chà YDEi
cwng [ t`n hiMu tkng hbc cna R 7ing mang ch^.
Tc hbc cAc hm WDbc gi [ trvc giao nu thta m6n Xiau th\c <.J
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mang Xet ] O 7au Wi [eH t`ch ch_n trong ]hoqng thVi gian T 7 ci ]t Tuq Xhng
]hUng.
23W3 !F Cl5C CA BCD5E
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Hjnh <.<: SS Wx ]h8i hM th8ng *,DM
23W3@3 !i CwI [K5C
'L thut m6 hoA ]iam 7oAt [{i ci tha tAch O 7Na [{i qH ra ]hi thUng WiMc
WDbc truH!n trKn hM th8ng thUng tin 78. a thvc hiMn Wi!u nHG m6 hoA ]hUng ch|
truH!n ]g tv thUng tin m ni csn truH!n mCt hoc nhi!u ]g tv YD. BC giqi m6 7N
Y^ng ]g tv YD Wa tAch O ch|nh 7Na [{i uet hiMn trong ]hi truH!n. M6 hia ,C
orarY }rror contro[: ]iam 7oAt [{i tin trong hM th8ng thUng tin 78 gxm: M6 hoA
]h8i m6 hoA ]h8i Xao gxm m6 hoA .}}Y+So[omonG BCHG OsngG HammingG O m6
hoA ]h8i tuHn t`nh g}n}ric. M6 hoA chc M6 hoA chc O giqi m6 Vit}rXi.
VEi hM th8ng *,DM Wa 7Na 7ai Xit ]hi 7ing mang con cna hM th8ng X~ qnh
hDzng cna aYing chn [c tn 78 O #C# g_H ra Xzi aYing nhanh thDVng 7N Y^ng
,C [ m6 hia ]h8i .}}Y+So[omon O m6 hia chc.
23W323 ,x BCLcB /Ch5 Bk5 Gy U.AL
Do ,aYing chn [c tn 78 cna cAc ]Knh truH!n OU tuHn Wian hjnhG cAc 7ing
mang con *,DM nhjn chung ci XiKn WC ret ]hAc nhau. SuH hao nhi!u trong chk tn
78 ci tha [m cho 7ing mang con `t tin cH hSn 7ing mang ]hAc. Vj OH chng
thDVng haH to ra chwm [{i [iKn tic hSn [ [{i ch_n tAn ngFu nhiKn nhD YDEi tAc
fJ
WCng cna nhiZu Gau77ian. Hu ht cAc m6 ti!n 7Na [{i ,C ]hUng WDbc thit ] Wa
giqi TuHt [{i chwm.
Vj OH OiMc ch_n tAn ]g tv nhhm ngFu nhiKn hoA 7v uet hiMn cna nhdng Xit
[{i trDEc ]hi giqi m6. Ti mAH chAt Xhng cAch no Wi ngDVi ta 7 hoAn O~ cAc Xit 7au
]hi m6 hoAG 7ao cho m{i Xit ] cn cAch nhau nhi!u Xit 7au ]hi Ao
trCnint}r[}aOing Yd [iMu. Ti mAH thuG OiMc hoAn O~ ngDbc [i 7 WDbc thvc hiMn
trDEc ]hi giqi m6. 'L thut int}r[}aOing thUng thDVng [ ]L thut ch_n tAn th}o ]h8i
X[oc] int}r[}aOingG haH clng ci tha [ ch_n tAn Yng chc conOo[ution
int}r[}aOing.
"hjn chung thj m^c W`ch cu8i cwng cna OiMc thvc hiMn #nt}r[}aOing [ Wqm
Xqo cho Ac 7uet uet hiMn Xit J O Xit : [ W!u nhau.
23W3V3 CCLJt5 Qb. '01.IU&*I1IUU0U NZ *I1IUU0U&'01.IU
Th}o Shanon t8c WC Yd [iMu cao nhet cho ]Knh truH!n ch| ci nhiZu trng oG"
]hUng ci aYing:
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+ SP" [ t| 78 t`n hiMu trKn nhiZu cna ]Knh truH!n.
Vj OH mu8n truH!n Yd [iMu OEi t8c WC cao hSn C
ma
ta chqi chia nht [uxng Yd [iMu
t8c WC cao thnh cAc [uxng Yd [iMu t8c WC thec hSn C
ma
Xhng cAch 7N Y^ng XC
chuHan Wki n8i tic 7ang 7ong 7ong S}ria[PPara[[}[.
T\c [ chia [uxng Yd [iMu Oo thnh tmng ram} nht ci chi!u Yi :
] X Bit ] "
OEi : + X [ 78 Xit trong mU hjnh Wi!u ch 78
+ " 78 7ing mangG
]G " 7 WDbc chn 7ao cho cAc [uxng Yd [iMu 7ong 7ong ci t8c WC Wn thecG Wa Xng
thUng tDSng \ng Wn hcG 7ao cho hm truH!n trong ]hoqng Xng thUng Wi ci tha
}m [ chyng. Bhng cAch 7N Y^ng XC SPP ta W6 chuHan ]Knh truH!n aYing chn [c
tn 78 thnh ]Knh truH!n aYing chyng.
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Hjnh <.f: BC chuHan Wki SPP
"gDbc [i chà chAtG chà thu 7 Ywng XC Para[[}[PS}ria[ Wa ghuc " [uxng Yd
[iMu t8c WC thec thnh mCt [uxng Yd [iMu t8c WC cao YuH nhet.
Hjnh <.R: BC chuHan Wki PPS
23W3W3 .ML \CO _w5E dI5E \P5
Sau ]hi W6 WDbc m6 hia O }n rG cAc Ysng Xit trKn cAc nhAnh 7 WDbc Wi!u
ch BPS'G PS'G J9+oMG hoc 9R+oM. Dsng Xit trKn m{i nhAnh WDbc 7c c
thnh cAc nhim ci "
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JG <G RG 9 Xit ]hAc nhau tDSng \ng OEi cAc chDSng chAc
Wi!u ch BPS'G PS'G J9+oMG 9R+oM. HaH nii cAch ]hAc Yng Wi!u ch WDbc
TuH W~nh Xzi 78 Xit z ng Oo O cc giA tr~ #G z ng ra.
Chyng hn: ]hi ta 7N Y^ng chDSng chAc Wi!u ch 9R+oM thj 7 ci 9 Xit Wu
Oo WDbc tk ch\c thnh mCt nhim tDSng \ng cho mCt 78 ch\c trKn Wx th~ hjnh 7ao
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ch Wa 7ing mangG trong Wi Yd [iMu WDbc truH!n 7ong 7ong nhV ret nhi!u 7ing mang
ch^. a [m WDbc Wi!u nHG c\ m{i ]Knh ch^G ta cn mCt mAH chAt 7ing 7inG mCt XC
Wi!u ch O mCt XC giqi Wi!u ch. Trong trDVng hbc 78 ]Knh ch^ [ ]hA [En thj cAch
[m trKn ]hUng hiMu TuqG nhi!u ]hi [ ]hUng tha thvc hiMn WDbc.
"hhm giqi TuHt Oen W! nHG ]h8i thvc hiMn ch\c nng Xin Wki D,TP#D,T WDbc
Ywng Wa thaH th ton XC cAc XC to Yao WCng 7ing 7inG XC Wi!u chG giqi Wi!u ch
Ywng trong m{i ]Knh ch^. ,,TP#,,T WDbc }m [ mCt thut toAn gic cho OiMc thvc
hiMn chuc Xin Wki D,TP#D,T nhanh O gn hSn Xhng cAch giqm 78 chuc nh_n ch\c
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nH. Sv 7ao chuc nH ci tAc Y^ng ch8ng [i nhiZu #S#nhiZu [iKn ]g tv g_H ra Xzi
hiMu \ng Wa WDVng.
"guHKn tc nH WDbc giqi th`ch nhD 7au:
Giq thit mAH chAt chAt Wi J ]hoqng t`n hiMu hjnh 7in ci chi!u Yi [ T
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t`n hiMu nH 7 Wn mAH thu Tua nhi!u tuHn WDVng truH!n OEi trZ truH!n YFn ]hAc
nhau. a WSn giqn cho OiMc giqi th`ch nguHKn [g nHG hjnh YDEi ch| mU tq t`n hiMu
thu WDbc tm hai tuHn truH!n YFnG trong Wi mCt tuHn truH!n YFn ]hUng ci trZG tuHn
csn [i trZ 7o OEi tuHn Wu tiKn [
ma
.
tuHn Wu tiKn ta nhn theH mFu t`n hiMu th\ ]+J ]hUng chxng [en [Kn
mFu t`n hiMu th\ ]. i!u nH [ Yo ta giq 7N rhng tuHn Wu tiKn ]hUng ci trZ truH!n
YFn. TuH nhiKn z tuHn <G mFu t`n hiMu th\ ]+J X~ Y~ch 7ang mFu t`n hiMu th\ ]
mCt ]hoqng [
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7ang t`n hiMu th\ ]J mCt ]hoqng clng [
ma
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tkng cna t`n hiMu tet cq cAc tuHn. Sv Y~ch t`n hiMu Yo trZ truH!n YFn trong cAc
chDSng chAc Wi!u ch thUng thDVng 7 g_H ra nhiZu #S#. TuH nhiKn trong hM th8ng
*,DM ci 7N Y^ng chu{i Xqo OM 7 [oi Xt WDbc nhiZu nH. Trong trDVng hbc T
G
ma
nhD mU tq z hjnh <.;G thj chn X~ chxng [en t`n hiMu g_H nhiZu #S# ch| nhm
trong ]hoqng cna chu{i Xqo OM. 'hoqng t`n hiMu ci `ch ci WC Yi T
S
]hUng X~ chxng
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[en Xzi cAc mFu t`n hiMu ]hAc. chà thuG chu{i Xqo OM 7 X~ gt Xt trDEc ]hi gNi
Wn XC giqi Wi!u ch *,DM. i!u ]iMn TuHt W~nh Wa Wqm Xqo hM th8ng *,DM
]hUng X~ qnh hDzng Xzi nhiZu #S# [:
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Hjnh <.;: MU tq \ng Y^ng cna chu{i Xqo OM trong OiMc ch8ng nhiZu #S#
ViMc 7N Y^ng chu{i Xqo OM 7 Wqm Xqo WDbc t`nh trvc giao cna cAc 7ing
mang ch^G Yo OH WSn giqn hia ceu trc XC DEc [Dbng ]Knh truH!nG XC c_n Xhng t`n
hiMu z chà mAH thu. TuH nhiKn chu{i Xqo OM ]hUng mang thUng tin ci `ch nKn chk
t`n hiMu cna hM th8ng X~ giqm Wi mCt hM 78 [:
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a ]hUng ]hoqng Xqo OMG X ci ]hoqng Xqo OM
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O hjnh <.I minh ha g tDzng Ywng ]hoqng Xqo OM Wa [oi Xt ]hoqng #S# gida
nhdng ]g tv *,DMG z hjnh <.I a thj ]g tv *,DM thu WDbc X~ can nhiZu Xzi ]g tv
*,DM trDEc niG z hjnh <.I X thj ]g tv *,DM thu WDbc ]hUng csn X~ qnh hDzng
cna ]g tv *,DM trDEc Wi. Trong ]hoqng thVi gian Xqo OMG mAH thu Xt Tua tet cq
cAc t`n hiMuG nhD OH ci ngha [ ]hoqng Xqo OM [ ]hoqng OU `chG ni ]hUng mang
fQ
Yd [iMu ci `ch. Lva chn ]hoqng Xqo OM [iKn Tuan Wn thVi gian trZ cna }choG Wxng
thVi clng [iKn Tuan mt thit Wn 78 [Dbng 7ing mang. Trong thvc t ]hoqng thVi
gian Xqo OM WDbc to ra Xhng cAch [c [i mCt t [M cna Ysng Xit t`ch cvc trong chu
] trDEc WiG ]hoqng Xqo OM WDbc chn Yva Oo ]hoqng thVi gian t`ch cvc cna
7HmXo[G ci tha [ JPRG JPIG JPJ9G JPf< thVi gian 7HmXo[ t`ch cvc. Th_t ra g tDzng cna
chDSng chAc nH ci tm gida nhdng nm JQI:. "hDng Yo [c Wi csn hn ch O! mt
cUng nghM ]hi to ra cAc XC Wi!u ch O giqi Wi!u ch Wa 7ing mang giA thnh thec
th}o Xin Wki nhanh ,ouri}r #nO}r7} ,a7t ,ouri}r Tran7orm #,,T nKn cho tEi
naH Yva trKn nhdng thnh tvu cna cUng nghM mch t`ch hbcG chDSng chAc nH mEi
WDbc WDa Oo thvc tiZn.
23W3|3 B.O5 Qb. D&A NZ A&D
Chu{i 7HmXo[ rVi rc 7n 7au ]hi WDbc chn ]hoqng Xqo OM GG 7 WDbc WDa
Oo XC Xin Wki tm 78 7ang tDSng tv DPo O XC [c thUng thec [o ca77 i[t}r to ra
t`n hiMu [iKn t^c 7t Wa ci tha WDa ra ]Knh truH!n OU tuHn.
Hjnh <.Q: BC chuHan Wki DPo O oPD
chà thuG XC oPD [m WCng tAc ngDbc [i XC DPoG XC oPD 7 [eH mFu t`n
hiMu *,DM thu WDbc 7tG [Dbng tN O m6 hia cho ra t`n hiMu 78 rVi rcG 7au Wi t`n
hiMu rVi rc nH 7 Wi Tua XC GuarY #nt}rOa[ .}moOa[ Wa [oi Xt ]hoqng Xqo OM.
R:
23W3}3 U/-CP5N01B01 BH NZ DP~5-CP5N01B01
CAc XC &c+ConO}rt}r O Don+ConO}rt}r ch`nh [ cAc XC Wki tn 78 c_n
Xng Ba[anc} MoYu[ator. Sau ]hi Tua XC Xin Wki DPo O [c thUng thecG t`n hiMu
7t [Kn tn 78 cao to thnh t`n hiMu 7
.,
t Wa ant}n chAt ci tha YZ Yng X\c t`n
hiMu ra ]hUng gian. chà thuG t`n hiMu r
.,
t thu WDbc tm ant}n chAt 7 WDbc Wki tn
u8ng thnh t`n hiMu rt nhV XC Don+ConO}rt}r.
Hjnh <.J:: BC uc+conO}rt}r O Yon+conO}rt}r
23W33 BH )LIU.01
Do cAc ]Knh 7ing mang ch^ ci Xng thUng hc ch| ch~u ,aYing chyngG nKn
mCt XC Tua[i}r WSn giqn WDbc 7N Y^ng nhhm t8i Du t`n hiMu rVi rc trDEc ]hi cho
Tua XC giqi Wi!u ch 78 Y}mou[ation haH Y}+macc}rG Wa giqm XEt t| 78 Xit [{i B.
cna hM th8ng.
ViMc chn CP Oo m{i 7HmXo[ ti chà chAt W6 [m cho chuc chc tuHn t`nh
]a hbc trz thnh chuc chc Osng trong ]hoqng thVi gian t
7
. Phuc chc tuHn t`nh
gida c
n
O 7
n
trong trDVng hbc ]hUng ci nhiZu nhD 7au:
RJ
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'hi nH trong trDVng hbc ]hUng nhiZu th}o W~nh [g chc Osng ta ci:
# # #
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Biau th\c trKn cho theH nu ta DEc [Dbng ch`nh Ac WAc \ng ung cna ]Knh
truH!n ct ta ci tha [oi Xt hon ton qnh hDzng cna ]Knh truH!n Xhng mCt XC
nh_nG ci tAc Y^ng nh_n
J
$
OEi JPC
]
G W_H ch`nh [ mCt XC }Tu[i}r mi!n tn 78 hjnh
<.JJ.
Hjnh <.JJ: BC Tua[i}r mi!n tn 78.
"goi ra Wa cqi thiMn B. ngDVi ta csn 7N Y^ng thKm cAc ]h8i ,C
,orarY rror Corr}ction Wa 7Na [{i WSnG 7N Y^ng thKm ]h8i #nt}r[}aO}r7 Wa hoAn
Wki O~ tr` Xin cAc Xit [{i Yng chwm thnh cAc Xit WSn Wa ,C ci tha 7Na WDbc.
23`3 !F /C5E CA BCD5E O+D!
MU chtng *,DM Yva trKn cAc ch| tiKu ]L thut cna # I:<.JJa.
TCF5E _D G.k B1r
,,T . n,,T 9R
S8 7ing mang con WDbc Ywng. nDSC ;<
Tn 78 [eH mFu ,,T <:MH
Tn 78 7ing mang con fJ<.;]H
'hoqng 7ing mang con +<9 to +JG J to <9
C Yi ]hoqng Xqo OMG Tcc :.Iu7
C Yi ]g tv Yd [iMuG TY f.<u7
C Yi 7HmXo[G T7 Ru7
c Y^ng cho ]Knh .aH[}igh Wa WDVngG Yv ]in Xit [{i WDbc t`nh nhD 7au:
Rf
P J
J
< P J
+ ,
+
+ ,
- N
P
- N

+
uA trjnh mU chtng WDbc thvc hiMn nhD 7au:
+ To chuki Xit nh~ ch_n ngFu nhiKn.
+ Dwng Wi!u ch BPS'.
+ GAn cAc ]g mFu *,DM cho nhi!u 7ing mang con Yd [iMu tm +<9 Wn +J O J Wn <9.
+ Chn ]Knh ,aYing .aH[}igh.
+ Sc c cAc mFu Wa to thnh mCt chuki truH!n Yi.
+ ThKm nhiZu Gau77ian.
+ Ph_n nhim O}ctor nhn [oi Xt ti!n t8.
+ ChuHan Wki trong mi!n thVi gian thnh mi!n tn 78.
+ Ph_n chia cAc Xiau tDbng nhn WDbc OEi cAc WAc \ng cna ]Knh tn 78.
+ Thvc hiMn cAc 7ing mang con mong mu8n.
+ Giqi Wi!u ch O chuHan Wki Xit.
+ m 78 [Dbng cAc Xit [{i.
+ Lc [i OEi nhi!u giA tr~ BXP"o
Ta ci ]t Tuq 7au:
RR
Hjnh <.J<: 't Tuq mU chtng B. *,DM
x th~ B. cna hM th8ng *,DM OEi chDSng chAc Wi!u ch BPS' OEi ]Knh
aYing raH[}igh. TuH Xng thUng ]hA rCng nhDng Yo 7N Y^ng nhi!u 7ing mang ch^
nKn Xng thUng cna m{i ]Knh ]hA hc. "Kn ]hi ta tng t| 78 t`n hiMu trKn nhiZu S".
thj B. cna hM th8ng 7 giqm.
't Tuq mU chtng hon ton chw hbc OEi ]t Tuq [g thuHt.
R;
CH9NG III: H= TH>NG !I!O
V3@3 Tb5E LI5 NM CA BCD5E !I!O
V3@3@3 ,Ck. 5.Ad NM CA BCD5E !I!O:
'L thut M#M* mu[tic[} incut mu[tic[} outcut trong truH!n thUng [ ]L thut 7N
Y^ng nhi!u ant}n chAt O nhi!u ant}n thu Wa truH!n Yd [iMu.
-u Wiam cna M#M*:
+ Tng WC ch_n tc cna ]Knh truH!n aYingG Yo Wi ci tha giqm Ac 7uet [{i.
+ Tng Yung [Dbng cna ]Knh truH!n Yo Wi ci tha tng WDbc t8c WC Yd [iMu.
TuH nhiKn chi ch` cho thit X~ cao hSn nhi!u Yo 7N Y^ng nhi!u ant}n chAt O thuG
cwng OEi giqi thut N [g t`n hiMu ch\c tc hSn.
Hjnh f.J: Tkng Tuan hM th8ng M#M*
Vo nm JQIRG ac] int}r7 thuCc chsng th` nghiMm B}[[ W6 in cec Xhng
7Ang ch O! OiMc 7N Y^ng Wa ant}n trong hM th8ng OU tuHn. "m JQI;G Wxng nghiMc
cna int}r7 ti chsng th` nghiMm B}[[ [ ac] Sa[ W6 uet Xqn cUng trjnh O! M#M*
Yva tKn nhdng nghiKn c\u cna int}r7. Tm nm JQI9 tEi nm JQQ;G nhi!u Xi XAo
O! M#M* [iKn t^c WDbc WDa ra. Vo nm JQQ9G trong ]hi Wang nghiKn c\u ti Wi
R9
hc 7tanorYG Gr}g .a[}igh O V' on}7 W6 ]hAm chA ra hiMn tDbng chqn Wa
WDVng Yo 7ing OU tuHn Oa chm cAc Ot cqn W6 to ra cAc ]Knh truH!n qo riKng r
trong hM th8ng M#M*G tm Wi Gr}g .a[}igh W6 Oit mCt Xi XAo ch| ra rhng hiMn
tDbng Wa WDVng [ Hu t8 gic tng Yung [Dbng ]Knh truH!n. Clng trong nm JQQ9
G..,o7chini thuCc chsng th` nghiMm B}[[ W6 WDa ra ]in trc D+BLoS Diagona[+
B}[[ LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim} cho truH!n YFn OU tuHn trong mUi trDVng
aYing ]hi 7N Y^ng Wa ant}n M#M*. "m JQQIG P..o[nian7]H O cAc Wxng
nghiMc thuCc chsng th` nghiMm B}[[ W6 WDa ra ]L thut V+BLoST V}rtica[+ B}[[
LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim} OEi hiMu 7uet 7N Y^ng Xng thUng [n Wu tiKn
[Kn tEi <:+R: Xc7PHG SiaOa7h M.o[amouti clng WDa ra 7S Wx ch_n tc chAt WSn giqn
7N Y^ng < ant}n chAt O J ant}n thuG 7S Wx nH ci tha mz rCng ra M ant}n thu Wa
cung cec WC [bi ch_n tc <M. "m <::fG oirgo W6 tung chic M#M* Wu tiKn. "m
<::RG # W6 [c nhim TGn nghiKn c\u chun I:<.JJn Yva trKn hM th8ng M#M*
]t hbc OEi ] thut *,DM. "m <::9G TGn W6 WDa ra Xqn nhAc Wu thiKn cna
I:<.JJn Wa thqo [un nhhm WDa ra cAc thaH Wki 7Na [{i O cqi tin.
V3@323 Ck\ [x BCLcB /Ch5 Bc/
Trong cAc hM th8ng thUng tin OU tuHn Yi WCngG cAc ]L thut ch_n tc WDbc
7N Y^ng rCng r6i Wa giqm qnh hDzng cna ,aYing Wa WDVng O cqi thiMn WC tin cH
cna truH!n YFn m ]hUng chqi tng cUng 7uet chAt hoc mz rCng Xng thUng. 'L
thut ch_n tc Yva trKn cAc mU hjnh m z Wi ti XC thu 7 nhn WDbc cAc Xqn 7ao
chuc cna t`n hiMu chAtG tet cq cAc 7ing mang 7 ci cwng mCt thUng tin nhDng 7v
tDSng Tuan O! ,aYing th8ng ]K [ ret nht. tDzng cS Xqn cna ch_n tc [ z ch{G
nu hai hoc nhi!u mFu WCc [c cna t`n hiMu WDbc WDa tEi O cAc mFu Wi X~ qnh
hDzng cna ,aYing [ WCc [c OEi nhauG ci ngha [ trong 78 chngG ci nhdng t`n hiMu
X~ qnh hDzng nhi!uG trong ]hi cAc mFu ]hAc X~ qnh hDzng `t hSn. i!u Wi ci ngha
[ ]hq nng cna cAc mFu Wxng thVi ch~u qnh hDzng cna ,aYing YDEi mCt m\c cho
trDEc [ thec hSn nhi!u 7o OEi ]hq nng mCt Oi mFu WCc [c X~ nhm YDEi m\c Wi.
Do OHG Xhng cAch ]t hbc mCt cAch th`ch hbc cAc mFu ]hAc nhau 7 YFn tEi giqm
qnh hDzng cna ,aYing O Yo Wi tng WC tin cH cna OiMc chAt t`n hiMu. MCt 78
R=
chDSng chAc ch_n tc WDbc 7N Y^ng Wa ci WDbc chet [Dbng nhD mong mu8n tDSng
\ng OEi chm Oi ch_n tc WDbc giEi thiMuG cAc ]L thut ch_n tc WDbc ch_n [Ec
thnh ch_n tc thVi gianG tn 78 O ch_n tc ]hUng gian.
+ Phn tp thi gian
Ph_n tc th}o thVi gian ci tha thu WDbc Tua m6 hia O }n ]Knh. Sau W_H ta
7 7o 7Anh hai trDVng hbc: truH!n ]g tv [iKn tic O Ywng }n ]Knh ]hi WC [bi ]Knh
truH!n ret nht.
Hjnh f.<: Ph_n tc th}o thVi gian
Tm hjnh O ta theH rhng: tm m6
<
X~ triMt tiKu Xzi ,aYing nu ]hUng Ywng XC
}n ]KnhG nu Ywng XC }n ]Knh thj m{i tm m6 ch| met mCt ]g tv O ta ci tha ch^c
hxi [i tm f ]g tv `t X~ qnh hDzng Xzi ,aYing.
Ph_n tc thVi gian ci tha Wt WDbc Xhng cAch truH!n Yd [iMu gi8ng nhau Tua
nhdng ]h} thVi gian ]hAc nhauG ti nSi thu cAc t`n hiMu ,aYing ]hUng tDSng Tuan
OEi nhau. 'hoqng cAch thVi gian HKu cu `t nhet Xhng thVi gian nhet TuAn cna ]Knh
truH!n hoc ngh~ch Wqo cna t8c WC ,aYing.
c d
f v
c
f .
J
.
RI
M6 Wi!u ]hian [{i thDVng WDbc 7N Y^ng trong hM th8ng truH!n thUng Wa cung
cec WC [bi m6 coYing gain 7o OEi hM th8ng ]hUng m6 hia. Trong truH!n thUng Yi
WCngG m6 Wi!u ]hian [{i ]t hbc OEi }n ]Knh Wa Wt WDbc 7v ch_n tc thVi gian.
Trong trDVng hbc nHG cAc chiKn Xqn cna t`n hiMu chAt Wn nSi thu YDEi Yng YD
thma trong mi!n thVi gian. 'hoqng thVi gian [c [i cAc chiKn Xqn cna t`n hiMu chAt
WDbc TuH W~nh Xzi thVi gian }n ]Knh Wa thu WDbc ,aYing WCc [c z ng Oo XC giqi
m6. Vj t8n thVi gian cho XC }n ]Knh YFn Wn trj ho6n OiMc giqi m6G ]L thut nH
thDVng hiMu Tuq trong mUi trDVng ,aYing nhanhG z Wi thVi gian nhet TuAn cna ]Knh
truH!n nht. 8i OEi ]Knh truH!n ,aYing chm nu }n ]Knh TuA nhi!u thj ci tha YFn
Wn trj ho6n WAng ]a.
+ *Ch5 Bc/ B^5 _D
Trong ch_n tc tn 78G 7N Y^ng cAc thnh chn tn 78 ]hAc nhau Wa chAt cwng
mCt thUng tin. CAc tn 78 cn WDbc ch_n chia Wa Wqm Xqo X~ qnh hDzng cna aYing
mCt cAch WCc [c. 'hoqng cAch gida cAc tn 78 chqi [En hSn Oi [n Xng thUng nhet
TuAn Wa Wqm Xqo rhng aYing trKn cAc tn 78 ]hAc nhau [ ]hUng tDSng Tuan OEi
nhau. Trong truH!n thUng Yi WCngG cAc chiKn Xqn cna t`n hiMu chAt thDVng WDbc
cung cec cho nSi thu z Yng YD thma trong mi!n tn 78 csn WDbc gi [ trqi chkG O`
Y^ nhD trqi chk trvc ticG Wi!u ch Wa 7ing mang O nhqH tn. 'L thut trqi chk ret
hiMu Tuq ]hi Xng thUng nhet TuAn cna ]Knh truH!n nht. TuH nhiKnG ]hi Xng thUng
nhet TuAn cna ]Knh truH!n [En hSn Xng thUng trqi chkG trqi trZ Wa WDVng 7 nht hSn
chu ] cna t`n hiMu. Trong trDVng hbc nHG trqi chk [ ]hUng hiMu Tuq Wa cung cec
ch_n tc tn 78. Ph_n tc tn 78 g_H ra 7v tkn hao hiMu 7uet Xng thUng twH thuCc
Oo 7v YD thma thUng tin trong cwng Xng tn 78.
+ *Ch5 Bc/ [CF5E E.I5
Ph_n tc ]hUng gian csn gi [ ch_n tc ant}n. Ph_n tc ]hUng gian WDbc 7N
Y^ng chk Xin trong truH!n thUng ]hUng Y_H Ywng 7ing OiXa. Ph_n tc ]hUng gian
7N Y^ng nhi!u ant}n hoc chu{i arraH WDbc 7c c trong ]hUng gian ti chà chAt
hoc chà thu. CAc ant}n WDbc ch_n chia z nhdng ]hoqng cAch Wn [EnG 7ao cho t`n
hiMu ]hUng tDSng Tuan OEi nhau.
RQ
3Ku cu O! ]hoqng cAch gida cAc ant}n twH thuCc Oo WC cao cna ant}nG mUi
trDVng [an truH!n O tn 78 [m OiMc. 'hoqng cAch Wian hjnh ]hoqng Oi XDEc 7ing
[ Wn Wa cAc t`n hiMu ]hUng tDSng Tuan OEi nhau. Trong ch_n tc ]hUng gianG cAc
chiKn Xqn cna t`n hiMu chAt WDbc truH!n Wn nSi thu to nKn 7v YD thma trong mi!n
]hUng gian. 'hUng gi8ng nhD ch_n tc thzi gian O tn 78G ch_n tc ]hUng gian
]hUng [m giqm hiMu 7uet Xng thUng. c t`nh nH ret Tuan trng trong truH!n
thUng ]hUng Y_H t8c WC cao trong tDSng [ai.
TwH thuCc Oo OiMc 7N Y^ng nhi!u ant}n hoc z nSi chAt hoc nSi thu m ngDVi ta
chia ch_n tc ]hUng gian thnh Xa [oi:
+ ch_n tc ant}n chAt hM th8ng M#S*
+ ch_n tc ant}n thu hM th8ng S#M*
+ ch_n tc ant}n chAt O thu hM th8ng M#M*.
Trong ch_n tc ant}n thuG nhi!u ant}n WDbc 7N Y^ng z nSi thu Wa nhn cAc chiKn
Xqn cna t`n hiMu chAt mCt cAch WCc [c. CAc chiKn Xqn cna t`n hiMu chAt WDbc ]t
hbc mCt cAch hon hqo Wa tng S". cna t`n hiMu thu O [m giqm XEt ,aYing Wa
WDVng.
V3@3V3 H Uu. B1P5E CA BCD5E !I!O
+ C [bi X}amorming
B}amorming gic hM th8ng tc trung nng [Dbng X\c th}o hDEng mong
mu8n gic tng hiMu Tuq cUng 7uetG giqm can nhiZu O trAnh WDbc can nhiZu tEi tm
cAc hDEng ]hUng mong mu8nG tm Wi gic cqi thiMn chet [Dbng ]Knh truH!n O tng
WC Xao chn cna hM th8ng. a ci tha thvc hiMn B}amormingG ]hoqng cAch gida cAc
ant}n trong hM th8ng M#M* thDVng nht hSn XDEc 7ing thUng thDVng [ < P G
B}amorming thDVng WDbc thvc hiMn trong mUi trDVng `t tAn .'hi mUi trDVng tAn
mnh hM th8ng M#M* ci tha cung cec WC [bi ghuc ]Knh ]hUng gian O WC [bi
ch_n tc.
;:
Hjnh f.f: 'L thut B}amorming
+ C [bi ghuc ]Knh ]hUng gian 7catia[ mu[tic[}ing
Hjnh f.R: Ghuc ]Knh ]hUng gian gic tng t8c WC truH!n
Tn Y^ng cAc ]Knh truH!n 7ong 7ong ci WDbc tm Wa ant}n ti chà chAt O
chà thu trong hM th8ng M#M*G cAc t`n hiMu 7 WDbc chAt WCc [c O Wxng thVi ra
cAc ant}n hjnh f.RG nhhm tng Yung [Dbng ]Knh truH!n m ]hUng cn tng cUng
7uet chAt haH tng Xng thUng hM th8ng. Dung [Dbng hM th8ng 7 tng tuHn t`nh
th}o 78 cAc ]Knh truH!n 7ong 7ong trong hM th8ng. a cvc Wi WC [bi ghuc ]Knh Tua
Wi cvc Wi Yung [Dbng ]Knh truH!n thut toAn V+BLoST V}rtica[+ B}[[
LaXoratori}7 LaH}r}Y Scac}+Tim} WDbc Ac Y^ng.
+ C [bi ch_n tc 7catia[ YiO}r7itH
Hjnh f.;: Ph_n tc ]hUng gian gic cqi thiMn S".
Trong truH!n YFn OU tuHnG m\c t`n hiMu [uUn thaH WkiG X~ ,aYing [iKn t^c
th}o ]hUng gianG thVi gian O tn 78G ]hin cho t`n hiMu ti nSi thu ]hUng kn W~nhG
;J
OiMc ch_n tc cung cec cho cAc XC thu cAc Xqn 7ao t`n hiMu gi8ng nhau Tua cAc ]Knh
truH!n ,aYing ]hAc nhau hinh f.;G XC thu ci tha [va chn haH ]t hbc haH ]t hbc
cAc Xqn 7ao t`n hiMu nH Wa giqm thiau t8c WC 7ai Xit B.G ch8ng ,aYing Tua Wi tng
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TrDVng hbc giqi m6 ci ]t hbc triMt tiKu nhiZu [iKn tic:
,
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(C 6)
W N
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(C 6)
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Hn ch cna }ro+orcing:
'hi t 78 t`n hiMu trKn nhiZu cao thj nhiZu Gau77 trng trong hM th8ng ]hUng
WAng ]aG cAc [uxng Yd [iMu g_H nhiZu [Fn nhau [ chn Hu O [en At nhiZu Gau77
trng. Sau ]hi O}ctor t`n hiMu thu WDbc chiu [Kn ]hUng gian con trvc giao Wa triMt
nhiZu uHKn [uxng #nt}r+Str}am #nt}r}r}nc} G nhiZu csn [i ch| [ nhiZu trng
chim mCt [Dbng ]hUng WAng ]aG t`n hiMu 7au Wi WDbc cho Tua XC Match}Y+,i[t}r.
Vj XC Match+,i[t}r hot WCng ret hiMu Tuq ]hi S". cao.
'hi t 78 t`n hiMu trKn nhiZu thecG nhiZu gau77 trng [en At cAc [uxng Yd [iMuG
tDSng tv nhD ]hi hot WCng z S". caoG XC thu }ro+orcing clng triMt uHKn nhiZu
=9
]hti [uxng Yd [iMu giqi m6 Yo cAc [uxng Yd [iMu ]hAc g_H raG tuH nhiKn ]hi ut th\ tv
giqi m6 t8i DuG ta W6 Xit chuc chiu O}ctor t`n hiMu thu [Kn ]hUng gian con trvc giao
ci tAc Y^ng ]huHch Wi nhiZu Gau77 trng thnh chn ch`nh g_H ra nhiZu tEi [uxng
Yd [iMu giqi m6 ]hi S". thec G tuH XC Match}Y+i[t}r hot WCng ret hiMu Tuq ]hi
]hUng ci uHKn nhiZu nhDng [c nH nhiZu Gau77 trng WDbc ]huHch Wi [Kn ret
nhi!u 7o OEi trDEc ]hi thvc hiMn chuc chiu ch`nh Oj [g Yo nHG XC thu , hot WUng
]hUng hiMu Tuq ]hi S". thec.
a XC thu hot WCng hiMu TuqG ta chqi thit ] XC thu t8i Du th}o t 78 t`n
hiMu trKn uHKn nhiZu O nhiZu trng S#". Signa[ to #nt}r}r}nc} c[u7 "oi7} .atio
Yw S". thec haH cao. Vj XC Match}Y+,i[t}r hot WCng hiMu Tuq ]hi ]hUng ci uHKn
nhiZuG nKn nu ta Ywng mCt giqi thut ]hAc ci tAc Y^ng giqm nhiZu uHKn [uxng
nhDng ]hUng ]huHch Wi nhiZu trngG 7au Wi 7N Y^ng XC Match}Y+i[t}rG thj 7 thu
WDbc t`n hiMu ci t 78 t`n hiMu trKn uHKn nhiZu O nhiZu trng S#". t8t hSn cho XC
thu , z S". thec. BC thu ci tha t8i Du 7v thDSng nhDbng gida uHKn nhiZu gida
cAc [uxng O nhiZu n!n Gau77 ch`nh [ XC thu MMS.
BH BCL V-BUI_B !.5.dLd !0I5-'LI10G )11P1
'hi S". caoG XC thu Minimum M}an+STuar}Y rror MMS hot WCng
gi8ng nhD XC thu ,G O ]hi S". thec XC thu 7 tn Y^ng Du th cna XC Match}Y+
,i[t}r.
rut t`n hiMu thu tkng TuAt ci Yng 7au:

7 h% . +
VEi [ nhiZu mu ch\c Osng ci ma trn tDSng Tuan ]hq Wqo '
G h [ O}ctor
cCt Xet ]j O [ 7HmXo[ chDa Xit cn WDbc DEc [DbngG giq 7N O ]hUng tDSng
Tuan. Ta W6 Xit nu nhiZu trng thj XC Match i[t}r [ XC [c t8i Du 7 cho S". ng
ra cvc WiG Oj OH W8i OEi trDVng hbc nhiZu muG ta 7 [m chyng nhiZu mu thnh
nhiZu trng trDEc ]hi cho t`n hiMu Tua XC Match i[t}r. u tiKn H 7 nh_n OEi
JP <
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Trong Wi & O
WDbc ch_n tAch tm '
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7
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.
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7
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Tm Xiau th\c trKn XC thu MMS 7 WDbc Xiau YiZn thUng Tua O}ctor
h 8 0
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T`n hiMu 7 WDbc DEc [Dbng Xhng cAch nh_n H OEi

J
7
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8 h 0
Sau Wi t`n hiMu 7 WDbc Tua XC Match i[t}r.
"gDVi ta ch| ra rhng OEi 7v co gi6n th`ch hbc trung Xjnh cna Xjnh chDSng 7ai
XiMt cna t`n hiMu DEc [Dbng ci tha WDbc cvc tiauG Oj OH XC thu nH WDbc gi [ XC
=I
thu t8i thiau Xjnh chDSng 7ai XiMt [{i MMS minimum M}an+STuar}Y rror. T
78 S#". cna t`n hiMu ti ng ra XC Match}Y+,i[t}r ci Xiau th\c nhD 7au:
h 8 h "(NR
7
H
%
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BC thu MMS cho giqi thut V+B[a7t ]hi nH 7 giqi m6 tmng [uxng t`n hiMu.
m 7 m % h m ' m % h m % h m *
# #
N
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[uxng t`n hiMu WCc [c nKn ta ci ma trn tDSng Tuan nhiZu
#
6
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nhD 7au:
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:
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+
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7 WDbc [oi trm ra ]hti t`n hiMu thu Xan Wu nhhm giqm nhiZu uHKn [uxngG gic
giqi m6 ch`nh Ac cAc [uxng t`n hiMu csn [i.
uA trjnh giqi m6 7 WDbc thvc hiMn nhD 7au:
BDEc J: SN Y^ng O}ctor
#
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Hjnh f.<:: MAH thu V+BLoST MMS
Ton XC giqi thut MMS triMt tiKu [iKn tic nhD 7au:
'hzi WCng
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V3W3@3 'f Q AUIdPLB.
MU chtng O! B. cna hai ant}n truH!n O mCt ant}n nhn m6 hia o[amouti
STBC OEi Wi!u ch BPS' trong ]Knh ,aYing .aH[}igh.
Giq 7N ta ci mCt chuki truH!n YFn c
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trong ]h} thVi gian th\ nhetG c
<
trong ]h} thVi gian th\ haicho Wn c
n
.
TuH nhiKn o[amouti W! ngh~ chng ta nhim cAc Xiau tDbng thnh cAc nhim
hai. Trong ]h} thVi gian Wu tiKn gNi c
J
O c
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tm ant}n mCt O ant}n hai. Trong ]h}
thVi gian th\ hai thj gNi c
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thj gNi c
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T`n hiMu mAH thu [:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
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Trong Wi r
J
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[ cAc 7HmXo[ nhn WDbc tm ]h} thVi gian th\ nhet O ]h}
thVi gian th\ hai.
VEi hai ant}n truH!n trDVng hbc ant}n STBC nhn WDbc [:
JP <
J J <
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+
V Bit rror .at} [:
<
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Ch g mc Yw chng ta nhim hai Xiau tDbng nhDng chng ta OFn cn hai ]h}
thVi gian Wa gNi hai Xiau tDbng Yo Wi ]hUng ci thaH Wki O! t8c WC Yd [iMu. Sau W_H
[ ]t Tuq mU chtng O! B. cna hai ant}n truH!n mCt ant}n nhn m6 hia STBC
o[amouti.
Ta 7 truH!n J:::::: 7HmXo[ WDbc to ngFu nhiKn Tua ]Knh truH!n M#M*G nhiZu
7 tAc WCng Wn tmng ]Knh truH!n 7 thaH Wki th}o YB Wa t`nh B. cna hM th8ng.
Hjnh f.<J: 't Tuq mU chtng B. cna o[amouti <J
"hn ut:
I<
MU chtng O! B. cna hai ant}n truH!n O hai ant}n nhn m6 hia o[amouti
STBC OEi Wi!u ch BPS' trong ]Knh ,aYing .aH[}igh.
Tm ]t Tuq trKn ta theH ]hi 7N Y^ng hai ant}n chAt O mCt ant}n thu thj B.
cna ni t8t hSn 7o OEi hM th8ng ch| 7N Y^ng mCt ant}n chAt O mCt ant}n thu tuH
nhiKn B. cna hM th8ng hai ant}n chAt mCt ant}n thu ]hUng t8t Xhng B. cna
MM.C mCt ant}n chAt hai ant}n thu fYB Oj cUng 7uet cna m{i ant}n trong 7S Wx
o[amouti ch| Xhng mCt nNa 7o OEi cUng 7uet chAt cna ant}n trong 7S Wx MM.C.
"u gid nguHKn cUng 7uet chAt trong 7S Wx o[amouti <Tr J.r thj B. cna ni 7
trwng OEi B. cna hM th8ng MM.C JTr <.r. Vj OH ta ci tha thu WDbc B. t8t
nhD nhau nu m{i ant}n chAt trong 7S Wx o[amouti O 7S Wx MM.C WDbc cung cec
cUng 7uet chAt [ mCt WSn O~. Tm Wi ta theH rhng nu ]t hbc 7S Wx o[amouti O 7S
Wx MM.C ta 7 ci mCt hM th8ng thu chAt th`ch hbc cho mU hjnh thu chAt hai ant}n
z trm g8c O mCt ant}n z thit X~ Yi WCng tuHn thUng tin tm BS Wn MS 7 7N Y^ng
7S Wx o[amouti OEi cUng 7uet chAt mCt WSn O~ cho m{i ant}n O tuHn thUng tin tm
MS Wn BS 7 7N Y^ng 7S Wx MM.C clng OEi cUng 7uet chAt [ mCt WSn O~.
Hjnh f.<<: 't Tuq mU chtng B. o[amouti <<
If
't Tuq trKn mU chtng cho hM th8ng o[amouti OEi hai ant}n chAt O hai
ant}n thu. uan 7At ]t Tuq trKn ta theH nu 78 ant}n 7N Y^ng tng [Kn thj hiMu 7uet
B. cna hM th8ng 7 t8t hSn nhi!u 7o OEi hM th8ng MM.C.
V3W323 'f Q V_BLA'T
MU chtng O! B. cna hai ant}n truH!n O hai ant}n nhn m6 hia V+BLoST
OEi Wi!u ch BPS' trong ]Knh ,aYing .aH[}igh.
Giq 7N chng ta ci mCt chuki truH!n
J < f...
G G
'
% % % %
Trong truH!n YFn thUng thDVng thj ta gNi
J
trong ]h} thVi gian th\ nhetG
<

trong ]h} thVi gian th\ haicho Wn
n
.
TuH nhiKn trong V+BLoST chng ta nhim cAc Xiau tDbng thnh cAc nhim
hai. Trong ]h} thVi gian Wu tiKn gNi
J
O
<
tm ant}n mCt O ant}n hai. Trong ]h}
thVi gian th\ hai thj gNi
f
O
R
tm ant}n mCt O hai. Trong ]h} thVi gian th\ Xa thj
gNi
;
O
9
"hD OH chng ta gNi nhim hai 7HmXo[7 trong mCt ]h} thVi gian nKn chng
ta ch| cn nP< cAc ]h} thVi gian Wa hon thnh OiMc truH!n Oj OH t8c WC Yd [iMu tng
gec WUi.
T`n hiMu nhn WDbc tm ant}n th\ nhet [:
J
J JGJ J JG< < J JGJ JG< J
<
%
. h % h % ' h h '
%
1
1 + + +
1
]
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T`n hiMu nhn WDbc tm ant}n th\ hai [:
J
< <GJ J <G< < < <GJ <G< <
<
%
. h % h % ' h h '
%
1
1 + + +
1
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TDSng WDSng:
. H% ' +
rut XC thu V+BLoST , }ro+,orcing ta ci ]t Tuq mU chtng 7au:
IR
Hjnh f.<f: 't Tuq mU chtngM#M* << ,
rut XC thu V+BLoST MMS Minimum M}an STuar} rror
Hjnh f.<R: MU chtng M#M* MMS <<
I;
Tm ]t Tuq trKn cho ta theH ]hi hM th8ng 7N Y^ng giqi thut }ro+,orcing thj
B. ]hi 7o 7Anh OEi giqi thut MMS+#C 7 ]hUng t8t Xhng.
Ta ut ta~ thVi Wiam B. J:
+f
thj giqi thut MMS 7 cqi thiMn ]hoqng fYB
7o OEi giqi thut ,.
'hi 7N Y^ng giqi thut MMS triMt nhiZu [iKn tic th}o th\ tv t8i Du thj B.
cna ni cqi thiMn WAng ]a 7o OEi cAc giqi thut csn [i.
I9
CH9NG IV: ,T H* ,m THUT O+D! VI H= TH>NG !I!O NG
DNG TRONG H= TH>NG THNG TIN ,HNG D?Y
W3@3 G.. BC.AL
CAc hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H [uUn WDbc nghiKn c\u nhhm cqi thiMn chet
[Dbng Yung [Dbng clng nhD ]hq nng ch8ng [i hiMn tDbng Wa WDVng. 8i OEi cAc
hM th8ng thUng tin chet [Dbng t`n hiMu ci tha cqi thiMn Xhng cAch tng cUng 7uetG
Yung [Dbng hM th8ng ci tha tng ]hi tng Xng thUng. TuH nhiKn cUng 7uet clng ch|
ci tha tng tEi mCt m\c giEi hn no Wi Oj cUng 7uet chAt cng tng thj hM th8ng
cng g_H nhiZu cho cAc hM th8ng thUng tin ung TuanhG Xng thUng cna hM th8ng
clng ]hUng tha tng m6i [Kn Oj OiMc ch_n X8 Xng thUng W6 WDbc W~nh chuFn 7n.
HM th8ng M#M* ci tha tng Yung [Dbng ]Knh truH!nG 7N Y^ng Xng thUng ret
hiMu Tuq nhV ghuc ]Knh ]hUng gian V+BLoSTG cqi thiMn chet [Dbng cna hM th8ng
WAng ]a nhV Oo ch_n tc ti chà chAt O chà thu STBCG STTC m ]hUng cn
tng cUng 7uet chAt clng nhD tng Xng thUng cna hM th8ng. 'L thut *,DM [ mCt
chDSng th\c truH!n YFn t8c WC cao OEi ceu trc WSn giqn nhDng ci tha ch8ng aYing
chn [c tn 78G Xhng cAch chia [uxng Yd [iMu t8c WC cao thnh " [uxng Yd [iMu t8c
WC thec truH!n Tua " ]Knh truH!n con 7N Y^ng tc tn 78 trvc giao. 'Knh truH!n
ch~u aYing chn [c tn 78 WDbc chia thnh " ]Knh truH!n con ci Xng thUng nht
hSnG ]hi " Wn [En cAc ]Knh truH!n con ch~u aYing chyng. *,DM csn [oi Xt WDbc
hiMu \ng #S# ]hi 7N Y^ng ]hoqng Xqo OM Wn [En. "goi ra OiMc 7N Y^ng ]L thut
*,DM csn giqm WC ch\c tc cna XC Tua[i}r WAng ]a Xhng cAch cho chuc c_n
Xhng t`n hiMu trong mi!n tn 78. Tm nhdng Du Wiam nki Xt cna hM th8ng M#M* O
]L thut *,DMG OiMc ]t hbc hM th8ng M#M* O ]L thut *,DM [ mCt giqi chAc
h\a hn cho hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H Xng rCng tDSng [ai.
I=
Hjnh R.J: CAc chun thUng tin ]hUng Y_H cna #
Hjnh R.J mU tq cAc chun thUng tin ]hUng Y_H cna # tDSng \ng t8c WC Xit
O Owng Xao chnG trong Wi cAc chun mu 7m 7 WDbc \ng Y^ng hM th8ng M#M*+
*,DM trong tDSng [aiG Wi!u nH cho theH tm \ng Y^ng cna hM th8ng M#M*+
*,DM ret rCng.
W323 HA BCD5E !I!O-O+D!
W323@3 !F Cl5C CA BCD5E !I!O-O+D!
Ceu trc mAH thu O chAt cna hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM Xao gxm hM M#M*
"
T
ant}n chAt O "
.
ant}n thuG ]L thut *,DM 7N Y^ng " 7ing mang ch^ WDbc mU
tq nhD hjnh R.< .Chi tit tmng ]h8i cna hM th8ng W6 WDbc trjnh XH trong chDSng ##
O chDSng ###.
II
a SS Wx ]h8i hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM
X SS Wx ]h8i XC chAt *,DM
c SS Wx ]h8i XC thu *,DM
Hjnh R.<: MU hjnh hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM
SHmXo[ thu WDbc tm ant}n thu th\ iG ti 7ing mang ch^ th\ ] cna 7HmXo[
*,DM ci tha Xiau YiZn nhD 7au:
N #
# 0 # $ # # $ # # $ # # 9
# 0 # $ # # $ # # $ # # 9
# 0 # $ # # $ # # $ # # 9
R T T R R R R
T T
T T
N N N N N N N
N N
N N
G G f G < G J

< < J J
< < < << J <J <
J J < J< J JJ J
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

IQ
VEi: r

] [ 7HmXo[ chAt trKn 7ing mang th\ ] trong 7HmXo[ *,DM.
V
i
] [ nhiZu Gau77 ti ant}n thu th\ i trong mi!n tn 78G t\c [ "+,,T cna
nhiZu trong mi!n thVi gian O
i
t.
i
] [ WC [bi ]Knh truH!n tm ant}n chAt th\ tEi ant}n thu th\ i ti 7ing
mang ch^ th\ n. i
] ch`nh [ "+,,T cna WAc \ng ung cna ]Knh truH!n i

C
t tm
ant}n chAt th\ tEi ant}n thu th\ i. "u mAH thu ci tha DEc [Dbng ch`nh Ac trng
thAi ]Knh truH!n thj i
] 7 WDbc Xit ch`nh Ac \ng OEi m{i 7HmXo[ *,DM.

a hiau r hSn O! Xqn chet cna hM th8ng M#M*+*,DMG ta 7 thit [c cUng
th\c chi tit z chn 7au.
'Knh truH!n hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM ci tha mU tq thUng Tua ma trn H nhD
7au
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*,DM tDSng WDSng OEi hM th8ng M#M*.
Q:

Hjnh R.f: Ma trn ]Knh truH!n
Tic th}o ta 7 ut hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti OEi m^c W`ch Wt WC [bi
ch_n tc t8i Wa nhhm t8i Du chet [Dbng hM th8ng O ta 7 ut hM th8ng M#M*+
*,DM V+B[oST OEi m^c W`ch Wt WC [bi [En nhet nhhm tng t8i Wa Yung [Dbng hM
th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H trong mUi trDVng aYing chn [c tn 78.
W32323 !F Cl5C CA BCD5E !I!O-O+D! AUIdPLB.
Hjnh R.R [ 7S Wx hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti OEi cAc ]h8i cS Xqn
nhet. SS Wx o[amouti WDbc Ac Y^ng nhhm Wt WDbc WC [bi ch_n tc [En nhet trong
mUi trDVng aYing chn [c tn 78 OEi ceu trc chn c\ng ]hA WSn giqn.
Hjnh R.R: MAH chAt M#M**,DM o[amouti
QJ
Hjnh R.;: MAH thu M#M*+*,DM o[amouti
Ti chà chAt Yd [iMu 7au ]hi WDbc XC macc}r Wi!u ch 7 WDbc WDa Tua Xin
Wki n8i tic 7ang 7ong 7ong O WDa Oo < O}ctor " 7HmXo[ r
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WDbc chn ]hoqng Xqo OM CPG O}ctor Yd [iMu 7 WDbc WDa ra ant}n
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Sau ]hi Tua XC ,,T O}ctor thu 7 ci Xiau th\c 7au:
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V}ctor huen [uHMn W6 WDbc TuH DEc trDEc ti mAH thu O ci t`nh chet 7au:
(

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th}o Xiau th\c 7au:
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Sau ]hi DEc [Dbng WDbc
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th}o 7au chu{i O}ctor
huen [uHMn 7 WDbc WDa Oo XC ]t hbc Wa ]hUi ch^c [i r
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. Vit [i Xiau
th\c trKn ta WDbc Xiau th\c thu nhD 7au:
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Sc c [i th\ tv O}ctor thu ta WDbc Xiau th\c:

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Biau th\c trKn cho theH ]L thut *,DM W6 chia ]Knh truH!n aYing chn [c
tn 78 thnh " ]Knh truH!n nht ch| ch~u aYing chyngG t\c [ hM th8ng M#M*+
*,DM ci ]hq nng ch8ng [i aYing chn [c tn 78 O Wt WDbc 7v ch_n tc [En
nhet nhV Oo 7S Wx o[amouti. Tic th}o XC ]t hbc 7 ]t hbc 7HmXo[ 3
J
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Hjnh R.9: MAH chAt M#M*+*,DM VBLoST
HM th8ng M#M*+*,DM V+BLoST WDbc Ac Y^ng nhhm tng t8i Wa Yung
[Dbng ]Knh truH!n aYing chn [c tn 78. BC STC CoY}r hjnh R.9 trong trDVng
hbc nH ch| [ mCt XC SPP chia [uxng Yd [iMu [En thnh "
T
[uxng Yd [iMu nhtG 7au Wi
"
T
[uxng nH WDbc WDa Oo "
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XC chAt *,DM. Tmng [uxng Yd [iMu 7 WDbc Xin Wki
n8i tic 7ang 7ong 7ong thnh "
T
O}ctor r
G JG<G"
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gxm " 7HmXo[G tmng
O}ctor r
z mi!n tn 78 7 WDbc WDa Tua XC "+#,,T Wa WDa O! mi!n thVi gian to

thnh "
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7 WDbc chn ]hoqng Xqo OM O cho Tua XC Xin Wki

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T
t`n hiMu mi!n thVi gian
t s
j
G 7au Wi
t`n hiMu thVi gian 7 WDbc cho Tua ]h8i &c+ConO}rt}r WDbc Ywng Wa Y~ch chuHan
chk t`n hiMu 7t [Kn tn 78 cao to thnh t`n hiMu cao tn
t "
R)
j
WDa ra chAt Wxng
thVi trKn "
T
ant}n chAt. Phà thu 7 7N Y^ng XC *,DM r}c}iO}r Wa thu t`n hiMu cao
tn. Sau Wi XC *,DM r}c}iO}r [oi Xt ]hoqng Xqo OM CP ]hti 7HmXo[ *,DMG
O}ctor thu ci Yng 7au:
R T T * R R R
T T
T T
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N N
N N
v % H % H % H .
v % H % H % H .
v % H % H % H .
+ + + +
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VEi ij
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[ ma trn Osng cna ]Knh truH!n tm ant}n chAt th\ i tEi ant}n thu
th\ O
j
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[ O}ctor nhiZu ti ant}n thu th\ .
Dwng chDSng chAc th ta WDbc Xiau th\c 7au:
R T T * R R R
T T
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v $ ) H $ ) H $ ) H .
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Sau ]hi Tua XC ,,T O}ctor thu 7 ci Xiau th\c 7au:

R T T * R R R
T T
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)v $ ) )H $ ) )H $ ) )H ).
)v $ ) )H $ ) )H $ ) )H ).
v ) $ ) H ) $ ) H ) $ ) )H . )
+ + + +
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+ + + +

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J
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Vit [i ta ci Xiau th\c 7au :

R T T * R R R
T T
T T
N N N N N N N
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N N
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0 $ ) $ ) $ ) 9
0 $ ) $ ) $ ) 9
+ + + +
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i
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WDbc Ac W~nh th}o Xiau th\c 7au
J
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ij ij
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[ cAc
ma trn WDVng chuo

ij ij
di&:
G Xiau th\c trKn WDbc Oit [i nhD 7au :

< < J J
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J J < J< J JJ J
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R T T R R R R
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Biau th\c trKn cho theH ]L thut *,DM W6 Xin Wki ]Knh truHKn aYing chn [c tn
78 thnh " ]Knh truH!n Xng hc ch| ch~u aYing chyng. HM th8ng M#M*+*,DM
V+BLoST tDSng WDSng OEi hM th8ng gxm " hM th8ng M#M* V+BLoST Xng hc.
BC STC D}coY}r hjnh R.I 7 giqi m6 O}ctor thu
( ) J G G J G J
< J
R
N
9 9 9
Wa DEc
[Dbng cAc O}ctor chAt
( ) J G G J G J
< J
R
N
$ $ $
thUng Tua giqi thut }ro+orcing
haH MMS.
Q=
Hjnh R.=: MAH thu M#M*+*,DM VBLoST
QI

Hjnh R.I: ,PMMS D}coY}r
W3V3 !F /C5E CA BCD5E !I!O-O+D! AUIdPLB.
Ta 7 mU chtng hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti OEi ]iau Wi!u ch 7ing
mang con J9oM OEi cAc thUng 78 cna hM th8ng *,DM TuA trjnh mU chtng thN
nghiMm WDbc thvc hiMn J: [n 7au Wi [eH ]t Tuq trung Xjnh Wa O Wx th~ B. TuA
trjnh mU chtng WDbc thvc hiMn nhD 7au:
rAc W~nh cAc thUng 78 Wu Oo:
HM th8ng M#M*+*,DM ci 78 ant}n chAt [ < O 78 ant}n thu [ <.
S8 Wiam cna ,,T [ <;9.
'hoqng Xqo OM ;.
*,DM 7HmXo[7 Xhng I.
QQ
To t`n hiMu.
i!u ch J9oM.
M6 hia STC.
Chn ]hoqng Xqo OM.
Cho Tua XC #,,T.
HM 78 ]Knh .ic}an.
HM 78 ,aYing.
chà thu ta thvc hiMn cAc XDEc 7au:
Giqi Wi!u ch.
Cho Tua XC ,,T.
TAch ]hoqng Xqo OM.
T8i Du ]Knh.
Giqi m6 STC.
T`nh Xit [{i.
V Wx th~.
't Tuq WDbc tha hiMn trong hjnh 7au :
J::
Hjnh R.Q : MU chtng hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti
uan 7At Wx th~ B. cna hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti \ng OEi chDSng
chAc Wi!u ch oM ta theH B. cna hM th8ng t8t hSn B. cna hM th8ng M#M*.
B. cna hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti 7 giqm ]hi ta tng 78 ant}n chAt O thu
Yo Wi 7 cqi thiMn WDbc chet [Dbng cna hM th8ng.
W3W3 !F /C5E CA BCD5E !I!O-O+D! V_BLA'T
Ta 7 mU chtng hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST th}o mU hjnh Ywng
chDSng chAc Wi!u ch PS' O z chn mAH thu ta 7N Y^ng giqi thut giqi m6
MMS VpBLoST.
Tin trjnh mU chtng WDbc thvc hiMn nhD 7au:
rAc W~nh cAc tham 78 Wu Oo:
HM th8ng M#M*+*,DM ci 78 ant}n chAt [ RG 78 ant}n thu R.
Si} cna XC ,,T Xhng J9.
C Yi ]hoqn Xqo OM Xhng R.
J:J
rAc W~nh tham 78 cn mU chtng [ B. cna hM th8ng OEi S"..
To cAc mFu t`n hiMu nguxn.
SN Y^ng Wi!u ch PS'.
TruH!n Yd [iMu.
To cAc Tac ]Knh.
rN [g t`n hiMu nhn.
Dwng giqi thut giqi m6 MMS VpBLoST.
m [{i qH ra trong TuA trjnh truH!n.
T`nh toAn B..
V ]t Tuq mU chtng.
't Tuq mU chtng WDbc tha hiMn trong hjnh 7au:
Hjnh R.J:: MU chtng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST
J:<
uan 7At Wx th~ B. cna hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST OEi chDSng
chAc Wi!u ch PS' O 7N Y^ng giqi thut giqi m6 MMS ta theH ]hi t| 78 t`n hiMu
trKn nhiZu tng thj B. cna hM th8ng 7 giqm mnhG O B. cna hM th8ng 7 tng
]hi ta tng 78 ant}n chAt O ant}n thu cna hM th8ng.
W3`3 'P _k5C \k\ CA BCD5E !I!O-O+D!
Tm cAc ]t Tuq mU chtng trong chDSng ### O chDSng #V ta theH B. cna hM
th8ng giqm ]hi ta tng 78 ant}n chAt O ant}n thu Wi!u nH cho theH chet [Dbng cna
hM th8ng WDbc cqi thiMn Wxng thVi n_ng cao WDbc t8c WC cna hM th8ng O ]hoqng
cAch thUng tin.
Trong hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti OEi cwng 78 ant}n chAt O 78 ant}n
thu ]hi ta tng 78 trng thAi cna XC Wi!u ch nhhm n_ng cao hiMu Tuq 7N Y^ng Xng
thUng cna hM th8ng thj [m cho B. cna hM th8ng tng th}o.
Trong hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM o[amouti ta theH B. cna hM th8ng nH t8t
hSn hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST ]hoqng ;YB. TuH nhiKn trong mU hjnh
o[amouti thj 78 ant}n chAt t8i Wa [ hai ant}n csn ant}n thu thj ci tha tng [Kn.
Trong hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM VpBLoST 78 ant}n chAt O thu ci tha Ywng
nhi!u ant}n Wa cqi thiMn O! t8c WC Yd [iMu Oj trong ]L thut VpBLoST t`n hiMu
truH!n WDbc 7c c Yc cho tmng ant}n chAt. M{i ant}n 7 truH!n Wxng thVi mCt
7tr}am 7HmXo[ ]hAc nhau cna t`n hiMu Yo Wi t8c WC Yd [iMu 7 tng [Kn "t [n OEi "t
[ 78 ant}n chAt.
Ti cAc ant}n thu t`n hiMu chxng chc cna nhi!u ant}n chAt ]hAc nhau 7
WDbc N [g Xzi XC giqi m6 , haH MMS Wa tjm ra chu{i Yd [iMu.
J:f
,T LUN V HNG *HT TRIN < TI
! ti W6 trjnh XH tkng Tuan clng nhD Wi 7_u ch_n t`ch mCt 78 ]L thut
trong hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM Wxng thVi clng cho theH WDbc Du Wiam O nhDbc
Wiam cna hM th8ng nH trong hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H. Dva trKn cAc ch_n t`ch
[g thuHt tjm hiau WDbc W6 tin hnh mU chtng O cho ra WDbc ]t Tuq tDSng W8i
chw hbc OEi [g thuHt.
ChDSng # trjnh XH chn [g thuHt cS 7z Xao gxm cAc mU hjnhG t`nh toAn
]Knh truH!n O cAc ]L thut ghuc ]Knh trong hM th8ng thUng tin ]hUng Y_H.
ChDSng ## trjnh XH cAc ]L thut cS Xqn cna hM th8ng *,DMG ch_n t`ch t`nh
toAn Wa theH WDbc nhdng Du Wiam cna ]L thut *,DM trong truH!n t8c WC Yd [iMu
cao nhD 7N Y^ng Xng thUng hiMu TuqG ch8ng WDbc aYing chn [c tn 78G ch8ng
nhiZu #S#G
ChDSng ### giEi thiMu O! hM th8ng M#M*G ch_n t`ch t`nh toAn Yung [Dbng
cna hM th8ng M#M*G ch_n t`ch [g thuHt O! m6 hoA ]hUng gian thVi gian STC nhhm
n_ng cao chet [Dbng O Yung [Dbng cna hM th8ng.
ChDSng #V 7N Y^ng cAc cS 7z [g thuHt WDbc ch_n t`ch trong chDSng ## O
chDSng ### Wa ch_n t`ch hM th8ng M#M*+*,DM.
Tm cS 7z [g thuHt cna W! ti ta rt ra mCt 78 Wiam ch`nh 7au:
M#M* [ mCt hM th8ng Wa ant}n z Wu chAtG Wu thuG Ac Y^ng ]L thut ch_n
tcG m6 hoA nhhm tng Yung [Dbng ]Knh truH!nG cqi thiMn hiMu Tuq chk m ]hUng
chqi tng cUng 7uet chAt haH Xng thUng.
M#M* [ mCt chDSng th\c truH!n YFn Yd [iMu mEi cho chuc tng nhanh
Yung [Dbng cna ]Knh truH!n OU tuHn. ViMc \ng Y^ng M#M* Oo thUng tin OU tuHn
W6 WDbc trian ]hai \ng Y^ng O W! uet cho cAc hM th8ng fG trz Wi. TuH nhiKnG _H
Yvng WDbc mCt hM th8ng M#M* Wt WDbc hiMu Tuq cao nhet OFn Wang [ Oen W!
WDbc Wt ra.
'hi t8c WC truH!n YFn tng cao trKn cAc ]Knh truH!n Xng rCngG Wt XiMt [
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Lun Vn Cao Hc GVHD: TS.

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