Calculation of Shunt Reactor Capacity in 400kV Power System Using EMTP

Hung-Sok Park*, Bong-Hee Lee*, Young-Seon Cho*, Sang-Ok Han**

Abstract A temporary over-voltage is an oscillatory phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase overvoltage that is relatively long duration and is undamped or only weakly damped. Temporary overvoltages usually originate from faults, sudden charge of load, ferranti effect, linear resonance, ferroresonance, open conductor, induced resonance from coupled circuits and so forth. The steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated transmission line is always higher than the voltage at the sending end. This phenomenon is known as the ferranti effect, and it occurs because the capacitive charging current flows through the series inductance of the line. On an open line, overvoltages due to the ferranti effect are sinusoidal in nature. Shunt reactors are generally provided on long EHV transmission lines to limit over-voltages during the line energization, load rejection and under light load conditions. As examined in over-voltages due to Ferranti effect, 430km transmission line in Libya 400kV system needs application of shunt reactors to limit over-voltages during the line energization. The reactors are typically rated to compensate 50 to 90% of the line capacitance. For determining rating of shunt reactor, we have studied the over-voltages at the open end of the planned 430km 400kV transmission line that is compensated by 60 to 80% through two line connected shunt reactors. Keywords: Compensation, EMTP, Ferranti Effect, MCOV, Shunt Reactor, (un)Transpose

1. Introduction
There are many factors affecting temporary overvoltages that may be considered in insulation. In this paper, temporary over-voltages by Ferranti effect are analyzed to examine whether compensated reactors are required or not at the 400kV transmission lines in Libya. The Ferranti effect is a phenomenon where the steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated transmission line is always higher than the voltage at the sending end. It occurs as a result of the capacitive charging current flowing through the inductance of the line and the resulting overvoltage increases according to the increase in line length.[5][6][8] To examine the temporary over-voltages due to the Ferranti effect, we assumed the following : The voltage at sending end : 1.0 ~ 1.025 [p.u.] Transmission line is either transposed or untransposed MCOV(Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage) : 1.1 [p.u.] Line lengths as shown in Table I
* ** Overseas Project Section, Power System Construction Office, KEPCO, Korea.(parkhs@kepco.co.kr) Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Chung-Nam Natl University, Korea.(sohan@cnu.ac.kr)

Table I The lengths of transmission lines Section Length[km] Case 1 Hooms - GMMA 430 Case 2 Hooms - Tripoli 119 Case 3 GMMA - Hoon 170 Case 4 Hoon - Gulf 298 Case 5 Misutra - Hooms 99 Case 6 Tripoli - EL Rwais 88.33

2. A Brief Review of Ferranti Effect

A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as Ferranti Effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon.[1][7] The capacitance (and charging current is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line by equivalent - model.[1] It is proportional to the square of lengths of lines, that is, V kx2, where x is the length of line and k is a constant

for all voltage levels (actually, k 1/2 2LC, where, =2f, and LC is the propagation constant). This approximation is valid for lines less than about 500 miles in length.[2][3]
P.U.

1.175 1.150 1.125 1.100 1.075 1.050 1.025 430km 119km 170km 298km 99km 88.33km

3. Result of Ferranti Effect Analysis

In this paper, Ferranti Effect analysis was performed by using the data of clause 4. Next four figures show the overvoltages due to Ferranti Effect for Libya 400kV Transmission line. These figures is classified by sending end voltage(1.0 or 1.025 p.u.) and transposed or not. And we could conform which section exceeded MCOV(Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage : 1.1 p.u.) in Table II.[5]
1.160 1.140 1.120 P.U. 1.100 1.080 1.060 1.040 1.020 1.000 SEND 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rate of distance[% ] 80 90 100 430km 119km 170km 298km 99km 88.33km

1.000 SEND 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rate of distance[% ] 80 90 100

( b) sending end voltage 1.025 p.u Fig. 2 The over-voltages due to Ferranti Effect of untransposed line Table II Results of Ferranti Effect Analysis Sending End Length Line Section Voltage [km] Condition [P.U.] 1.025 Untransposed 1.051 Hooms 430 GMMA 1.0 Transposed 1.025 1.005 Untransposed 1.030 Hooms 119 Tripoli 1.0 Transposed 1.025 1.041 Untransposed GMMA 1.067 170 Hoon 1.000 Transposed 1.025 1.015 Untransposed 1.040 Hoon 298 Gulf 1.0 Transposed 1.025 1.004 Untransposed Misutra 1.029 99 Hooms 1.000 Transposed 1.025 1.012 Untransposed 1.038 Tripoli 88.33 EL Rwais 1.000 Transposed 1.025

( a) sending end voltage 1.0 p.u

1.160 1.140 1.120 P.U. 1.100 1.080 1.060 1.040 1.020 1.000 SEND 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rate of distance[% ] 80 90 100 430km 119km 170km 298km 99km 88.33km

( b) sending end voltage 1.025 p.u Fig. 1 The over-voltages due to Ferranti Effect of transposed line

1.175 1.150 1.125 P.U. 1.100 1.075 1.050 1.025 1.000 SEND 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rate of distance[% ] 80 90 100 430km 119km 170km 298km 99km 88.33km

Open End Voltage [P.U.] 1.137 1.165 1.115 1.143 1.013 1.038 1.025 1.033 1.058 1.084 1.017 1.042 1.066 1.093 1.053 1.079 1.010 1.035 1.006 1.031 1.017 1.042 1.004 1.030

As examined in over-voltages due to the Ferranti effect, the 430km transmission line in the Libya 400kV system requires the application of shunt reactors to limit overvoltages during the line energization.[5]

4. Modeling of 400kV power system

The reactors are typically rated to compensate 50 to 90%

( a) sending end voltage 1.0 p.u

of the line capacitance. For determining the rating of the shunt reactor, we studied the over-voltages at the receiving end of the planned 430km Hooms-GMMA 400kV transmission line that is compensated by 60 to 80% through two line connected shunt reactors as shown in Fig. 3.

Table III. Conductor and Wire

Conductor & Wire ACSR 410 Coot Overhead grounding wire Rin [] 0.18923 0.48 Rout [] 1.3208 0.87 Resis [ohm/km DC] 0.1986 0.3

b) Tower reference
11.38m 6.28m

Fig. 3 Transmission line compensated by shunt reactors 4.1 Equivalent source In the 400kV power system, to input line voltage 400kV we calculated 400kV RMS peak voltage. 1.0 p.u. set 400kV RMS peak voltage (326.599kV) at sending end. By setting a 30 phase difference in sending and receiving an equivalent source, the 400kV system was able to pass the current.[4][5] 4.2 Equivalent impedance Equivalent impedance used in this paper is provided by PSS/E data for Libyan 400kV power system. Table II Equivalent Impedance(430km, 298km) Transmission Equivalent Z [ohm] Line Length Sending end Receiving end [km] Z+ = 139.65 Z+ = 1478 Z0 = 111.72 Z+ = 69.8 430 Z0 = 55.85 Z+ = 34.9 Z0 = Z+ = 27.925 519 Z0 = 415 298 Z+ = 259.5 Z0 = 207.5 Z+ = 129.75 Z0 = 103.75 4.3 Transmission line data a) Conductor and wire reference Z0 = 1183 Z+ = 739 Z0 = 591.5 Z+ = 369.5 Z0 = Z+ = 295.75 519 Z0 = 415 Z+ = 259.5 Z0 = 207.5 Z+ = 129.75 Z0 = 103.75
51.27m

1.00m

41.27m

Fig. 4 Tower model design in 400kV transmission line

4.4 Selection of Shunt Reactor Capacity a) Calculation 1 In 430km transmission line, line charge capacity QC = 279.6[Mvar], shunt reactor capacitor for compensating 100% (charge capacity) is QL = QC 1.0(100%) = 279.6[Mvar] If we install Shunt Reactor by two unit, capacity for one unit QL' is QL' = 279.6/2 unit = 139.8[Mvar] Shunt reactor for one unit become about 140 [Mvar]. Shunt Reactance is Q = VI , V = XL I( I = V / XL) according to above two formula XL = V2 / QL' = (400kV)2 / 140 = 1142.86[]. b) Calculation 2 Shunt reactor capacity for compensating 80% (charge capacity) is

QL = QC 0.8 = 223.68[Mvar] QL' = 223.68/2 unit = 111.84[Mvar] Shunt Reactor capacity for one unit becomes about 112[Mvar]. Q = VI , V = XLI ( I = V / XL) XL = V2 / QL' = (400kV)2 / 112 = 1428.571[]. c) Calculation 3 In 298km transmission line, line charge capacity QC = 186.4[Mvar], shunt reactor capacity for compensating 100% (charge capacity) is QL = QC 1.0(100%) = 186.4[Mvar] If we install Shunt Reactor with two unit, capacity for one unit QL' is QL' = 186.4/2 unit = 93.2[Mvar] Shunt Reactor capacity for one unit becomes about 93.2[Mvar]. Shunt Reactance is Q = VI , V = XLI ( I = V / XL) according to above two formula XL = V2 / QL' = (400kV)2 / 93.2 = 1716.74[]. Like above calculations, if ratio of line charge capacity compensation was 80%, 70%, 60%, shunt reactor capacity according to ratio of compensation would appear as in Table IV. Table IV Shunt reactor capacity(430km, 298km) Shunt reactor compensate. line length[km] 430 298 100% 80% 70% 60% [Mvar] 140 93 112 75 98 65 84 56

compensating 80% charge capacity, and show the Ferranti Effect with 1.0 p.u. and 1.025 p.u. at the sending end.
1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.1 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1 SEND 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rate of distance[%] 80% 70 80 90 100

P.U.

no compensation

70%

60%

Fig. 1 Compensated voltages at the open end of untransposed line

1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.1 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1 SEND 10 20 30 40 50 60 Rate of distance[% ] 80% 70 80 90 100

P.U.

no compensation

70%

60%

Fig. 2 Compensated voltages at the open end of transposed line Table V. Results for compensation when using shunt reactors Voltage Voltage T/L line Rating of at the at the Condition compensation Sending End Open End 1.025 1.137 No 1.051 1.165 1.020 1.061 60 1.046 1.088 Untransposed 1.020 1.050 70 1.045 1.076 1.019 1.038 80 1.044 1.064 1.000 1.115 No 1.025 1.143 1.000 1.039 60 1.025 1.065 Transposed 1.000 1.027 70 1.025 1.053 1.000 1.016 80 1.025 1.041

5. Result of Analysis
Fig.5 and Fig. 6 show the shunt reactor compensation of over-voltages due to Ferranti Effect in transposed and untransposed Libyan 400kV transmission lines as

6. Conclusion
In this paper, we could confirm the over-voltage due to Ferranti Effect along the transmission line length. According to the reference[2][3], the length causing the over-voltage exceeding MCOV is refered about 500 mile(about 800km), but as a result of this paper the overvoltages exceeding MCOV could be caused in over 300km Libyan 400kV transmission line. Generally in order to compensate the over-voltages due to Ferranti Effect, the shunt reactors are typically rated to compensate 50 to 90% of the line capacitance, but in this paper transmission line is compensated by 60 to 80% through two line connected shunt reactors.

References
Books: [1] A. Greenwood, "Electrical Transients in Power Systems, 2nd ed., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Electric Power Engineering Department, New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC, 1991, pp. 444. [2] M. M. Adibi, A Web-Based Power System Restoration Tutorial, LESSON II, REV 1d ,Energizing High and Extra High Voltage Lines, Maryland, USA [3] M. M. Adibi, A Web-Based Power System Restoration Tutorial, LESSON III, REV 2A ,Reactive Power Consideration, Maryland, USA [4] Hermann W. Dommel, EMTP THEORY BOOK,Second Edition, April. 1996 Technical Reports: [5] E. B. Shim and Y. W. Kang, "Insulation Coordination Case Study for General Electric Company of Libya, Interim Report, KEPRI., Dae-Jeon, Tech. Rep. Jan. 2005. Papers from Conference Proceedings (Published): [6] M. Swidan, M. Awad, H. Said, F. Rizk, Temporary Over-voltage Measurements in the 500/400kV Interconnection System, Proceedings of Cigre 1990 session, Paris, France, paper 33-103, 1990. [7] E. Andersen, S. Bemeryp. S. Lindahl, Synchronous Energization of Shunt Reactors and Shunt Capacitors, CIGRE paper 13-12, 1988. [8] C. P. Cunyi YU, The Effect of A Shunt Reactor on The Switching Over-voltages of 500 kV Transmission Lines: Case of EGAT 500 kV BSP-CBG-SNO-CHW Transmission Lines, 12CEPS1, PATTAYA, THAILAND, November 1998.