PERMUTATION & COMBINATION

MULTIPLICATION RULE
If an operation can be performed in r different

ways and a second operation can be performed in s different ways, then both the operations can be performed successively in r x s ways.

Multiplication Rule/Principle
10 7

23
The number of ways the outfit can be chosen =

= 24

PERMUTATION

Arrangement
Permutation variation, order
In permutation, the order of the objects or

outcomes is important. Each different order represents a different outcome.

PERMUTATION
Permutation the arrangement is important

How many ways can the letter X and Y be arranged?

There are two ways two different permutation

COMBINATIONS

Choices

Combination grouping,selection
In Combinations, we do not arrange the

selections in order.

Combination
Arrangement is not important

Or

Are the same one combination

Tom & Jerry

Jerry & Tom

They are the same cat & the mouse

Tom & Jerry Jerry & Tom

OR

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

PERMUTATIONS
Arranging people, digits, numbers, alphabets, letters, colours.

COMBINATIONS
Selection of menu, food, clothes, subjects, teams. Keywords: Select, choice,

Keywords: Arrangements, arrange,

Permutation
Number of ways to arrange

n different objects

Number of ways to arrange 3 different objects

6 ways

Number of ways to arrange 4 different objects

24

Number of objects 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of ways 1 2 . .. .. .. ..

1 2x1 . 3x2 . 4x 6 3x2x1 . 5 x 24 .

= 1! = 2! = 3! = 4!

6
24 120

= 5!

6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 6! .

The number of ways to arrange n objects = n !

1. To arrange 10 different objects = 10 !

2. To arrange digits 2, 5, 6, 8 3. To arrange 12 finalists = 4! = 12 ! 4 different objects

12 different objects

DNA 23 pairs of chromosomes

23! different ways to arrange

The number of ways to arrange 23 different objects ?

23 !
25852016738884976640000 = 2.6 x 1022

Permutation
Number of ways to arrange

r objects from n objects

Number of ways to arrange 5 students from 8 students.

8 choices

7 choices

6 choices

5 choices

4 choices

8x7x6x5x4 =

6720

8 choices

7 choices

6 choices

5 choices

4 choices

(n-1)
n

(n-2)

(n-3) (n-(r-1))

n! Pr (n r )!

number of ways to arrange r from n objects

1. Questions related to Forming Numbers with digits and conditions

Use Multiplication Rules

Condition 1
Find the number of ways to form 5 letter word from the letters W, O,R, L, D, C, U, P with the condition that it must starts with a vowels.

O U

WRLDC

2
is filled first

4 =168 0

Find the number of ways to form 6 letter word from the letters B, E, C, K, H, A, M with the condition that it must starts with a consonant.

BCKHM EA

5x6x5x4x3x2 = 1200

2. Questions related to Forming Numbers with digits and conditions

Use Multiplication Rules
Conditions :

Sit side by side, next to each other group together and consider as 1 object for arranging with other objects, make sure remember the arrangement of the grouped objects itself.

4. To arrange PENALTY such that vowels are side by side

2! 6 ! = 1440

3. Complimentary Methods
S A A

Use:

The number of arrangements of event A = Total arrangements arrangement of A

Example
Find the number of the arrangement of all nine letters of

word SELECTION in which the two letters E are not next to each other. Solutions: Total no. of arrangements No. of arrangements with two E next to each other

9! 8! 2 141120

Combinations
n objects choose n

=1

N=4
Choose 1: Choose 2:

A B C D 4 = 4 = C1 A B C D

Choose 3:

Choose 4:

AB AC AD BC BD 4 CD = 6 = C2 ABC ACD ABD BCD 4 = 4 = C3 ABCD = 1

= 4C

Combinations
n

n! Cr r!(n r )!

Conditional Combination 1
A football team has 17 local players and 3 imported players. Eleven main players are to be chosen with the condition that it must consist of 2 imported players. Find the number of ways the main player can be chosen.

import
n r

local

3 2
3C 2

17 9
17C9
= 72930

Condition Combination 2
A committee consisting of 6 members is to be chosen from 3 men and 4 women. Find the number of ways at least 3 women are chosen.

W3 , M3
4C =7 3X 3C 3

or

W4 , M2
4C 4

3C

CONCLUSIONS
1. Compare and Contrast between Permutations and Combinations.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

PERMUTATIONS
1. Order is importent 2. Arranging people, digits, numbers, alphabets, letters, colours, 3. Keywords: Arrangements, arrange,

COMBINATIONS
1. Order is not important. 2. Selection of menu, food, clothes, subjects, teams, Keywords: Select, choice,

2. Formula
Difference between the two formulae:

n! Pr (n r )!

n! Cr r!(n r )!

Use the calculator to find the values of permutations

and combinations.

3. If not sure, try to use the

Multiplication Rules

Know the ways how to handle conditions like:

Sit side by side, next to each other, even/odd numbers, more/less than, starts/ends with vowel/consonants,

Find the number of ways to form 6 letter word from the letters B, E, C, K, H, A, M with the condition that it must starts with a consonant.

BCKHM EA

5x6x5x4x3x2 = 1200

4. For complicated cases:

Simplify by using Complimentary Methods

The number of arrangements of event A = Total arrangements arrangement of A

S A A

PROBABILITY