Συνήθεις Διαφορικές Εξισώσεις

y
10
7.5
5
2.5
x
-10
-5
5
-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
2008
10
, .

.
,
,
. , ,

. .
.
,
.
. ,
-, . , ,
... .
-
-
, , -.
"",
.

, .

.
20004

......................................................................................................................1
1. ..............................................................1
2.
......................................................................................................2
.............................................................................................................8
3. .........................9
............................................................................................................14
4. ...............................................................................................15
............................................................................................................21
5. ...........................................................22
6. ...............................................................27
7. : .....................28
8. .................................................................................................36
............................................................................................................41
9. .................................................................................................43
............................................................................................................44
10. ...................................................45
....................................................................46
.......................................................................50
...............................................................................51
11.
................................................................................................53

.........................................................61
1. x' = f HtL...............................................................................61
........................................................................................................77
2. .........................................................................82
.........................................................................................................92
3. .............................96
Malthus..........................................................96
..........................................................97
Newton...............................................................99
.....................................................100
4. x' = f HxL (A)........................................................102

......................................................................................................110
6. x' = THxL X HxL ( )...........................110
......................................................................................................117
7. x' = GHx tL, Bernoulli Ricatti.........................................118

7.1 x' = GHx tL ().........................................118
........................................................................ ....................123
7.2 Bernoulli...................................................................................124
.............................................................................................128
7.3 Ricatti.......................................................................................125
.............................................................................................128
8. ...........................................................128
9. .............................................................................................133
.....................................................................................................147
10. .......................................................................148
............................................................................................148

Hx, yL = f HxL, Hx, yL = gHyL..............................................................153

...........................................155
............................................................................................158

...............................................160
1. 2 ..........................................................................160
A.....................................................................................................164
2. ........................................................164
.....................................................................................................174
3. ..................................................................175
.....................................................................................................185
V
To ..................................187
1.................................................................................................187
2. ..............................189
................................189
.............................................192
Taylor........................................................................198
3.H Picard................................202
3.1 ..................... 202
3.2 ...........................................................206
.....................................................................................213
3.3 ......................................................214
.....................................................................................221
V
2 ..................................................................................222
1................................................................................................222
..................................................................................................230
2. ...............................................................231
..................................................................................................238
3. ......................................................239
..................................................................................................246
4. ................................................................................247
......................................247
............................................................250
.................................................................................................253
5. ..............................................................................255
.................................................................................................258
6. Euler-Cauchy........................................................................259
M ...............................259
...............................265
................................................................................................266
7. ..........................................267
................................................................................................275
8. ().........................276
................................................................................................284
9. ..........................................285
................................................................................................289
.........................................................................................................292
1.
( )
,
.
( ): Isaac Newton (, -
- ) (1642-1727) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () (16461716).
, ,
.

.
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
- . ,
,
, ,
.
... ,
, x.
,
(1)
x2 = x.
,
, x2 , x x.
,
C1.nb
:
, 0 1 , .
x = 0, x = 1. ,
x 80, 1<, , (1)
x 80, 1< .
,
, ,
, , .
,
, x.
,
(2)
x = x.
,
, x , x.
, , ,
. , , ""
. ,
,
.
, (1),
(2) . , ,
, , ,
. , ,
(2) , x
.
, (2)
. ,
, (2)
.
2. -
uHtL, t , .
,
(1)
uHtL = t2 ,
t .
, t h,
C1.nb
(2)
uHt+hL-uHtL
Ht+hL -t
=
= 2 t + h.
h
h
2
,
uHt+hL-uHtL
,
lim
h
(3)
h0
2 t.
, t uHtL
, uHtL
t.
uHtL t
du
u HtL
HtL. ,
dt
(4)
uHt+hL-uHtL
du
HtL := lim
u HtL
dt
h
h0
. (4) := (- ).

. :
:= .
A
uHtL, () .
u HtL, t A, uHtL, t A. ,
uHtL = t2 , t ,
(5)
u HtL = 2 t,
t .
(5),
: uHtL = t2 , t ,
f HtL = 2 t, t ;
x
x .
:
x
(6)
x HtL = 2 t,
t .
().

(6) xHtL = t2 . ,
.
. ,
C1.nb
jHtL = c,
(7)
t ,
c ,
(8)
jHt+hL-jHtL
c-c
limh0
= limh0
= 0.
h
h
,
(9)
j HtL = 0,
t .
,
xHtL = t2 + c
(10)
(6).
(10) ,
, c.
, , .

. ,
(10) .

. ,
(6). ,
O
.
.
. , ,
,

jHtL
(11)
Ha, bL := 8t : a < t < b<

(12)
@a, bD := 8t : a t b<.
(13)
jHbL - jHaL = j Htc L Hb - aL.
tc Ha, bL

(). , .
,
, .
jHtL, t I I
j HtL = 0 t I. c jHtL = c, t I.
C1.nb
I,
.
u HtL = u HtL, t I
uHtL = uHtL + c, t I.
: jHtL := uHtL - uHtL, t I. u HtL = u HtL

j HtL = 0. , jHtL = c, uHtL - uHtL = c.
, ,
:
x HtL = 2 t, t ,
xHtL = t2 + c, t .
, u HtL = 2 t, t , uHtL = t2 ,
t , . , (4)
uHtL = 2 t, t ,
u HtL = 2, t . ,
uHtL = t2 , t ,
(14)
d u
u HtL
HtL = 2,
d t2
2
t .

:
2 t ; x
x ,
:

(15)
x HtL = 2,
t .
.
.
,
(16)
x Hx L
,
(17)
y := x .
y = x (15)
(18)
y HtL = 2.
, uHtL = 2 t, t , u HtL = 2, t .
(18). ,
C1.nb

: 2 t ,
c1 . , (18)
yHtL = 2 t + c1 .
(19)
(17) y,
:
x HtL = 2 t + c1 .
(20)
. ,
,
2 t + c1 . . , ,
: 2 t = Ht2 L , c1 = Hc1 tL
2 t + c1 = Ht2 + c1 tL . , (20),
(15), c2 t2 + c1 t.
,
xHtL = t2 + c1 t + c2 .
(21)
,
uHtL = t2 , t , x = 2 t x = 2,
. ,
. ,
uHtL = t2 , t , ,
,
.
,

(i) uHtL = t2 , t ,
d u
HtL = 0,
uH3L HtL
d t3
3
uH3L HtL + u HtL = 2.

xH3L HtL + x HtL = 2.
(ii) uHtL = t -1 , t > 0,
u HtL = -t-2 ,
u HtL = 2 t-3 .
,
(ii-)
u HtL = -u2 HtL, t > 0.

x HtL + x2 HtL = 0.
C1.nb
(ii-) t2 u HtL + 6 t u HtL + 4 uHtL = 0,

t > 0. ,
t2 x HtL + 6 t x HtL + 4 xHtL = 0.
. ,
,
. ,
:
t2 x HtL + 6 t x HtL + 4 xHtL = 0 t2 x + 6 t x + 4 x = 0.
institoto kallonV
,
. ,
. ,
, , . :
, n ,
n . ,
- . (1818-83) ,
, .
.
""
. ,
, -
! , ,
, , .

(22)
2 t2 x + t x - x = 0
uHtL = t -1 ,
t > 0. (22)
x = t b .
, x = t b x = b t b-1
x = b Hb - 1L t b-2 . (22)
:
(23)
,
(24)
2 b Hb - 1L t b + b t b - t b = 0.
H2 b2 - b - 1L t b = 0.
C1.nb
t ,
2 b2 - b - 1 = 0. , b 8-1 2, 1<.
, (22)
!!
x = t . x = 1 t , t > 0, x = t, t .
b
1. uHtL = 2 t,
t .
2.
uHtL = 2 t, t .
3. .
: @a, bD I. jHtL = jHaL,

t @a, bD.
4. ,
:
) x = tHt - 1L + c, t ,
x = 2 t - 1.
) x = t + t-2 + c, t > 0,
x = 1 - 2 t-3 .
c
) x =
!!!!!
!!!2!! , t ,
1+t
) x = tHt + cL,
t
x +
x = 0.
1+t2
t ,
x = t + t-1 x.
) x = c1 t + c2 t2 , t ,
t2 x - 2 t x + 2 x = 0.
) x = c1 t + c2 t-1 , t > 0,
t2 x + t x - x = 0.
) x = t + c1 t + c2 t-23 , t > 0,
3 t2 x + 8 t x + 2 x = 10 t.
) x = c1 t + c2 t2 + c3 t3 , t ,
t3 xH3L - 3 t 2 x + 6 t x - 6 x = 0.
5. x = ta .
) t2 x - 3 t x + 3 x = 0.
) 4 t2 x - 3 t x + 3 x = 0.
) 5 t2 x + 7 t x - 3 x = 0.
) 15 t2 x + 29 t x + 3 x = 0.
) t3 xH3L - 3 t2 x + 6 t x - 6 x = 0.
) t3 xH3L + 5 t2 x + 2 t x - 2 x = 0.
6. . ( ,
t ).
) x = 2 t + 3.
C1.nb
) x = 2 tHt - 3L.
!!
) x = 2 t-2 + t - 3, t > 0
) x = 2 t-4 + t-3 - 3 t-12 , t > 0.
) x = 2 t + 3.
) x = 1 - 3 t + 4 t2 .
) x = 2 t + 3 t-2 , t > 0.
) x = 2 t-12 + 3 t-32 , t > 0.
) xH3L = 1.
) xH3L = 1 - 2 t + 3 t2 .
) xH3L = 2 t-3 + 3 t-32 , t > 0.

) xH4L = t - 1.
3. -
,

. ,
s t ,
Hs, tL 2 .
(1)
uHs, tL = s + t + s t,
Hs, tL 2
,
.
.
, , b, t,
uHs, tL , s. ,
, a, s, uHs, tL
t. ,
uHa+h,bL-uHa,bL
lim
,
h
h0
, uHs, bL
s = a. ,
uHa,b+hL-uHa,bL
lim
,
h
h0
, uHa, tL
t = b.
, , ,
uHs, tL,
10
C1.nb
s, Ha, bL.
uHs, tL, t
Ha, bL.
u
u
Ha, bL
Ha, bL, . ,

s
t
,
(2)
uHa+h,bL-uHa,bL
u
Ha, bL := lim
s
h
(3)
uHa,b+hL-uHa,bL
u
Ha, bL := lim
t
h
h0
h0

uHs, tL = s + t + s t, Hs, tL 2 , .
, uHs, tL s, t ,

(4)
Hs, tL = 1 + t,
s
Hs, tL 2 .
, t,
s ,
(5)
Hs, tL = 1 + s,
t
Hs, tL 2 .

,
:
(4);
x
s xs ,

(6)
xs = 1 + t,
Hs, tL 2 .
, xt
t,

(7)
xt = 1 + s,
Hs, tL 2 .
C1.nb
11
(, )
.
, , ,
.
, s,
xs = 1 + t . , s,
x =. , x = H1 + tL s + c,
xs = 1 + t.
, c
t. ,
s f HtL .
s, t
x = H1 + tL s + f HtL,
(8)
Hs, tL 2 ,
(6).
, ,

x = H1 + sL t + gHsL,
(9)
Hs, tL 2 ,
gHsL, s , , (7).
,

, . ..
S uHs, tL 2
uHs, tL S. ,

u
Hs, tL,
uHs, tL :=
s
(10)
Hs, tL ,
u
wHs, tL :=
Hs, tL,
t
(11)
Hs, tL .
, ,
.
Ha, bL
:
(12)
Ha, bL,
s
Ha, bL,
t
Ha, bL,
s
Ha, bL.
t
uHs, tL, Ha, bL

, ,
(13)
Ha, bL,
s2
2
Ha, bL,
t s
2
Ha, bL,
s t
2
Ha, bL.
t2
2
12
C1.nb
. (10), (11)

uHs, tL = 1 + t, Hs, tL 2 ,
(14)
wHs, tL = 1 + s,
(15)
Hs, tL 2 ,
. ,
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
u
v
Hs, tL
Hs, tL = 0,
s2
s
2
u
v
Hs, tL
Hs, tL = 1,
t s
t
2
Hs, tL 2 ,
Hs, tL 2 ,
u
w
Hs, tL
Hs, tL = 1, Hs, tL 2 ,
s t
s
2
u
w
Hs, tL
Hs, tL = 0,
t2
t
2
Hs, tL 2 .

, , ,
. ,
xss , xst , xts , xtt
x. T
xss = 0,
xst = 1,
xss + xtt = 0
-
x = s + t + s t . , ,
, .
(i)
(20)
xss = 0

(21)
ys = 0,
(22)
y := xs .
, ys = 0
y s .
f HtL, t . , y = f HtL xs = f HtL. ,
s, xs = f HtL x = c1 =. ,
x = c1 s + c2 ,
(23)
x = s f HtL + gHtL,
Hs, tL 2 ,
C1.nb
13
gHtL, t , .
(ii)
(24)
,
xst = 1.
xst Hxs Lt
(25)
y := xs ,
(24)
(26)
yt = 1.
, y = t + jHsL (26).

(27)
xs = t + jHsL,
jHsL, s , .
, , f HsL, s ,
f HsL = jHsL. ,

(28)
x = s t + f HsL + gHtL,
Hs, tL 2 ,
(27), xst = 1.

, .
n.
, n . ,
,
n .

.
.
. ,

.
.
.
14
C1.nb
1. uHs, tL = s - t,
Hs, tL 2 .
2.
uHs, tL = s - t, Hs, tL 2 .
3. , ,
uHs, tL = s2 - t2 , Hs, tL 2 .
4. , , x = xHs, tL,
:
) x = Hs + tL2 ,
xs - xt = 0.
) x = s2 - 2 t,
xs + s xt = 0.
) x = s + t,
) x = s4 - 2 s2 t2 + t4 ,
xs - xt = 0.
t xs + s xt = 0.
) x = s t Hs + tL + t4 ,
xst = s + t.
) x = s2 - t2 + 5 s t,
xss + xt t = 0.
) x = Hs + tL2 + 5 Hs - tL3 ,
xss - xt t = 0.
5. ,
( f , g ).
) x = f Hs + tL,
) x = f Hs - tL,
xs - xt = 0.
) x = f Hs2 - 2 tL,
xs + xt = 0.
) x = s t Hs + tL + f HsL + gHtL,
t xs + s xt = 0.
) x = f Ht2 - s2 L,
) x = f Hs + tL + gHs - tL,
) x = - 16 s t3 + f Hs + tL + gHs - tL,
xs + s xt = 0.
xst = 2 Hs + tL.
xss - xt t = 0.
xss - xt t = s t.
C1.nb
15
4.

, ,
.
,
.
,
().

() .

() (), .
, , ( )
n, . n
n.

. ,
n . ,
2
(1)
I 2 := 8Ht, xL 2 : a1 < t < b1 , a2 < x < b2 <,
a j b j , j = 1, 2, (, a j < b j ).
, I 2 It Ix
It = Ha1 , b1 L, Ix = Ha2 , b2 L. ,
2 .
3 .

(2)
I 3 := 8Ht, x, yL 3 : a1 < t < b1 , a2 < x < b2 , a3 < y < b3 <,
a j b j , j = 1, 2,3 ( a j < b j ).
, n
(3)
I n := 8Hx1 , x2 , ..., xn L n : a1 < x1 < b1 , a2 < x2 < b2 , ..., an < xn < bn <,
a j b j , j = 1, 2, ..., n, ( a j < b j ).
n ,
Ha1 , a2 , ..., an L , I n
Ha1 , a2 , ..., an L , , . n
V , n \ V , .
, " ", 1 := 8Hx, yL 2 : x > 0<, "
", 2 := 8Hx, yL 2 : x2 + y2 < 1<, 2 .
16
C1.nb
V1 := 8Hx, yL 2 : x 0< V2 := 8Hx, yL 2 : x2 + y2 1< ,

, .
, , FHt, xL
2 .

x = FHt, xL,
(4)
x, x t
, .
(i) FHt, xL = 0, Ht, xL = 2 :
(ii) FHt, xL = 2 t, Ht, xL = 2 :
(ii) FHt, xL = t2 - t x, Ht, xL = 2 :
x = FHt, xL x = 0.
x = FHt, xL x = 2 t.
x' = FHt, xL x = t2 - t x.
x' = FHt, xL x = x2 .
(iv) FHt, xL = x2 , Ht, xL = 2 :
!!!!!!!!!!!!
(v) FHt, xL = 1 - x2 , Ht, xL := 8Ht, xL 2 : -1 < x < 1<:
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = FHt, xL x = 1 - x2 .
(vi) FHt, xL =
1!2!! ,
!!!!!!!!
t
1-x
Ht, xL := 8Ht, xL 2 : -1 < x < 1, t > 0<:
x = FHt, xL x =
1!2!! .
!!!!!!!!
, FHt, x, x L
3 .

t
(5)
1-x
x = FHt, x, x L,
x, x , x t
, .
(i) FHt, x, x L = 0, Ht, x, x L = 3 :
(ii) FHt, x, x L = x, Ht, x, x L = 3 :
x = FHt, x, x L x = 0.
x = FHt, x, x L x = x.
(ii) FHt, x, x L = 3 t2 - x + t x , Ht, x, x L = 3 :
x = FHt, x, x L x = t x - x + 3 t2 .
(iv) FHt, x, x L = t-1 Hx + t xL, Ht, x, x L := 8Ht, x, x L 3 : t > 0<:
x = FHt, x, x L x = t-1 x + x.
!!!!!!!!!!!!
(v) FHt, x, x L = t-1 x 1 - x2 , Ht, x, x L := 8Ht, x, x L 3 : t > 0, -1 < x < 1<:
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = FHt, x, x L x = t-1 x 1 - x2
C1.nb
17
(vi) FHt, x, x L = Hx x L-1 , Ht, x, x L := 8Ht, x, x L 3 : x > 0, x < 0<:

1
.
x = FHt, x, x L x =
x x
, n-
(6)
xHnL = FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L,
FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L

n+1 . , x, x , x , ... xHn-1L
, , t
n.
, (6)
n. O
(7)
t xH3L - x x + 3 x = 0,
(6). , ,
(8)
GHt, x, x , x , xH3L L = 0,
(9)
GHt, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L = 0,
GHt, x, x , x ', xH3L L = t xH3L - x x + 3 x

5 . n
GHt, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L n+2 .
, , , t < 0 t > 0,
(7) xH3L .
(10)
xH3L = 1t Hx x - 3 xL
, ,
GHt, x, x , x , xH3L L = t xH3L - x x + 3 x
xH3L
(11)
Ht, x, x , x , xH3L L = t.
xH3L
, t 0 (7)
xH3L
GHt, x, x , x , xH3L L .
,

(12)
Ht, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L 0

xHnL
n+2
(13)
GHt, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L = 0
(9) xHnL .
18
C1.nb
GHt, x, x L = Hx L2 + x2 - t,
Ht, x, x L 3 .
GHt, x, x L = 0
Hx L2 + x2 - t = 0.
, S 3 (
t).
,
Ht, x, x L = 2 x .
x
, G x S x2 = t. ,
t > x2 , Hx L2 + x2 - t = 0 x
:
!!!!!!!!!!!
(i) x > 0,
x = t - x2 .
!!!!!!!!!!!
(ii) x < 0,
x = - t - x2 .
, Hx L2 + x2 - t = 0
!!!!!!!!!!!
, x = t - x2
!!!!!!!!!!!
x = - t - x2 .

n , , . ,
,
t, x, x , x , ..., xHnL (
xHnL ). - -
.
, ,
= 2 t. 2 t
. x = 2 t
x = a t, a . ,
x = a t x = H1 2L a t2 + c , ,
x = 2 t.
x
,
= 4 - 5 t + t2 ,
(14)
x = a + b t + g t 2 ,
a, b, g .
, ,
(15)
x = a t + 12 b t2 + 13 g t3 + c1 ,
(16)
1
x = 12 a t2 + 16 b t3 +
g t4 + c1 t + c2 .
12
C1.nb
19
, (14) 5-
.
Ha, b, gL Hc1 , c2 L
" ".
( )
. ,
a x + b y + g, a, b, g ,
x y. , a x + b y + g z + d
x, y, z.
, Hx1 , x2 , ..., xn L

nj=1 a j x j + b,
(17)
a j, b
a j , , b
. O (17) b = 0.
, , ( ) n
xHnL = FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L
(18)
FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L

n x, x , x'', ..., xHn-1L
(19)
H jL
FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L = bHtL + n-1
j=0 a j HtL x
= bHtL + a0 HtL x + a1 HtL x .. + an-1 HtL xHn-1L
(18) . , (18)
.
FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L

x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L ,
bHtL (19).
(i)
(20)
x = bHtL + a0 HtL x.
(i-) x + t 2 x = 0 : bHtL = 0, a0 HtL = -t2 .

!!!!!!!!!!!
(i-) x - 1 - t2 x = t3 , -1 t 1, :
!!!!!!!!!!!
bHtL = t3 ,
a0 HtL = 1 - t2 .
(i-) t x + x = t . ,
, t < 0 t > 0 x = 1 - 1t x.
(i-) x + x2 = t .
(ii)
20
C1.nb
(21)
x = bHtL + a0 HtL x + a1 HtL x
(ii-) x + x = 0 : bHtL = 0, a0 HtL = -1, a1 HtL = 0.

(ii-) x - x - 1t x - t3 = 0, t > 0, :
bHtL = t3 ,
a0 HtL = 1t , a1 HtL = 1.
(ii-) t2 x - 2 t x + x = 0 . ,
, t < 0 t > 0
1
x = -
x + 2t x .
t2
(ii-) x + x x = t .
. ,
.

.
, ,
(22)
aHs, tL x + bHs, tL xs + c Hs, tL xt + gHs, tL = 0
. , .
,

(23)
aHs, tL x + bHs, tL xs + c Hs, tL xt
+dHs, tL xss + eHs, tL xst + f Hs, tL xtt + gHs, tL = 0.
gHs, tL (22) (23)

.
C1.nb
21
1. ,
.
) x = t + t 2 x
) x = t + t x2
) Ht + xL x = t + t x
) t 2 x + t x + 1 = 0
) x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
) Hx + xL2 + Hx - 1L3 = 0
) t x x = t + x + x
) x = t + x + x
) x = t x x
) x + t x + t2 x = 0
) x + t x + x2 = 0
) x + x x = 0
) x + x + x2 = 0
) x + x 2 + x = 0
) x x + x = 0
) x x + x = 0
) xH3L = t + t2 x + t3 x + t4 x
) xH3L = 1 + x x + x
) xH3L + t x x x = 0
) t 3 xH3L + t2 x + t x + x = t
2. .
) xs + xt = s2 t2
) xs + xt = s2 t2 x
) xs - xt = s t x2
) xs + x xt = 0
) xs xt + s t x = 0
) xss - xt = s + t2
22
C1.nb
) xss + 2 xst - xtt = s2 + t2

) xss + 2 xst - xtt - x2 = 0
) xst = xs 2 + xt 2
) xss - xtt + x xs xt = 0
5.
"
". , ,
.

(, ),
,
. , . ,
, ... .

() ,
()
() () ().

.
m n, m n
. (,
.) , t23 t.
, ()

(-1) n:
pn HtL = nj=0 a j t j = a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + ... + an tn , n .
(-2)
f HtL = nj=-m a j t j = a-m t-m + a1-m t1-m + ... a-1 t-1 + a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + ... + an tn ,
m, n
(-3)
f HtL = a + b t-13 + c t + d
!!
t + e t87 .
()
(-1) , :
pm HtL
j=0
a0 +a1 t+a2 t +...+am t
f HtL =
=
,
n
pn HtL
b0 +b1 t+b2 t2 +...+bn tn
bj tj
m a j t j
j=0
m, n
C1.nb
23
!!!!!!!!!!!
!!
(-2) f HtL = 1 + t2 gHtL = t
hHtL = 1 + t2 . , g h
g h ( )
(1)
g hHtL := gHhHtLL
hHtL gHtL.
()
, ,
(i) ( ) A f HtL
gHtL, hHtL,
f HtL = a gHtL + b hHtL
(2)
gHtL hHtL t = t,
(3)
f HtL = a g HtL + b h HtL.
(4)
f HtL = g HtL hHtL + gHtL h HtL.
(ii) ( Leibniz) A f HtL = gHtL hHtL gHtL hHtL

t = t,
(iii) ( ) A f HtL gHtL
hHtL,
f HtL = g hHtL := gHhHtLL,
(5)
hHtL gHtL t = t hHtL, ,

(6)
f HtL = g HhHtLL h HtL.
(7)
f HtL = k tk-1 .
(iv) A f HtL = tk , k ,
.
(
). ,
.
(8)
Ht + yLn =
n!
tn-m
m=0 m! Hn-mL!
nHn-1L n-2 2
ym = tn + n tn-1 y +
t y + ... + yn ,
2
n , n!,
(9)
0 ! := 1,
n ! := 1 2 3 ... n, n > 0,
, , .
24
C1.nb
, " " . , A
B. , , ,
A, B. H
f : A B. B
a A f HaL a. A
. A B,
B A.
f HAL f HAL := 8 f HaL B : a A<.

. f : A , A
n .
, , .. f Hs, tL = st,
.
A
I. f A
, f , A. , ,

I. B, A B.
f f
. A
B. D : A B,
DH f L = f
(10)
D H f L HtL = f HtL,
t I.
B
. , g, h B,
f HtL := a gHtL + b hHtL
(11)
a, b , I.
, B .
A. , g h
,
(12)
@a gHt+sL+b hHt+sLD-@a gHtL+b hHtLD

gHt+sL-gHtL
hHt+sL-hHtL
= a lim
+ b lim
lim
s
s
s
, f HtL := a gHtL + b hHtL

(13)
s0
s0
f HtL = a g HtL + b h HtL,
s0
t I.

( ) .
D : A B ,
.
(14)
f = a g + b h DH f L = a DHgL + b DHhL
C1.nb
25
, L : A B, A
B .
A
B
A. , , ,
. D .
.
B ,
I.
(i) j B, .. j : I
jHtL = t2 , : B B
H f L = j f
(15)
H f L HtL = jHtL f HtL, t I.
: B B :
Ha g + b hL = j Ha g + b hL = a j g + b j h a HgL + b HhL
(16)

B jHtL.
.
(ii) T : B B
TH f L = f 2
(17)
TH f L HtL = f 2 HtL @ f HtLD2 , t I.
O "" T :
(18)
THa g + b hL = Ha g + b hL2 = a2 g2 + b2 h2 + 2 a b g h a2 THgL + b2 THhL + 2 a b g h
,
(19)
THa g + b hL a THgL + b THhL.
,
.
(20)
x = f HtL, t I,
f HtL . : ""
FHtL F HtL = f HtL.
, (20)
(21)
x = FHtL + c
(i)
(22)
x = 1 + 2 t - 4 t23
26
C1.nb
(20), f HtL = 1 + 2 t - 5 t23 .

, ,
(23)
1 + 2 t - 5 t23 = HtL + Ht2 L - 5 H 35 t53 L = Ht + t2 - 3 t53 L .

x = t + t2 - 3 t53 + c.
(24)
(ii) ,
bt
a
x =
+
!!!!!
!!!2!! ,
t2
(25)
1+t
t > 0,
(20).
!!!!!!!!!2!!
t
!!!!!
!!!2!! = I 1 + t M .
(26)
(27)
1+t
!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!
bt
a
f HtL =
+
2!! = a H-t-1 L + b I 1 + t2 M = I-a t-1 + b 1 + t2 M .
!!!!!!!!
t2
1+t
, (25)
!!!!!!!!!!!
(28)
x = c - at + b 1 + t2 , t > 0.
(iii) T,
(29)
x = t + 1t , t > 0.
T, f HtL = t + t-1 , (29).
, t = Ht2 2L ,
t-1 .

. ,
. ,
,
x = f HtL,
n 2.
. , ,
,
.

. ,
, .
-
.
C1.nb
27

, " " . ...
.
6.

.
, ,
. ,
,
. T
, ,

.
, , ;
, ;
, ,
;
:

x = 0
, ,
... .
O o
... : ,
. ,
,
uHtL = 1,
jHtL = 3,
t I,
. , -
() . ,
1-

f HtL = c, t I,
c.
, HIL
I.
, , DH f L f HIL. ,
HIL

- :
28
C1.nb
DHHILL = 0
, ; ,
,
. ,
H , :
.
( , , )
.
, , .

. ,
.
, , HIL
x = 0, HIL
. , x = 0
HIL. , , x = 0
.
,
:

,
.
7. :

.
- .
, ,
- - , , .
. ,
, ,

,
. ,

.
,
.
C1.nb
29
,
.

. , , ,
. , .
.
, , ,
, .
,
1,2,3 . , ,
-1, -2, -3 .
. .

1-1 ( ) .
O
:
O
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1

, t x. ,
.
2 .
. , p ,
p1 p2
t x, . p1 t
x p. , p2
x p t. t x
, , p1 p2
Ht, xL 2 p .
p , Ht, xL = H4, 3L.
2 ,
. t - x, ,
, ,
t x. .
30
C1.nb
x
5
4
3
p2
2
1
p1
-1
-1
f HtL A
. f HtL 2 :
f := 8Ht, xL 2 : x = f HtL, t A<.
.
, , f HtL = t2 , t .
H-2, 4L, H-1, 1L, H0, 0L, H1, 1L, H2, 4L H3, 9L .
2
,
.
.
, ,
, .
,
- - .
, ,
.
f HtL = t2 , t , -2 t 3
.
C1.nb
31
10
10
(3,9)
(-2,4)
(2,4)
2
(-1,1)
-2
x=t2
2
(1,1)
-1 (0,0) 1
-2
-1
, , 1- f HtL = t2 + c,
t . .
2
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 c.
32
C1.nb
x
12
10
4
c=3
c=2
2
c=1
c=0
-3
-2
-1
1
c=-1
c=-2
-2
c=-3
, ,

f HtL = t2 + c, t , . , ,
. ,
@-3, 3D , ...
. , c .
, f HtL = t2 + c, t ,
, 2 . ,
-3 t 3 -3 t 3
t - x.
0 c 1, ,
C1.nb
33

c = 0 c = 1.
, , f HtL = t2 + c, t ,
x = 2 t. , 2
f HtL = t2 + c
x = 2 t . , ..
8Ht, xL 2 : x = t2 + 2, t <,
x = t2 + 2 - . ,
,
.
x = 2 t
c = 2. x = t2 + 2
2 . ,
t. , , t = 2. x = 6 H2, 6L
2 , p . ,

t - x.
,
t - x, Ht, xL = H2, 6L. ,
t = 2, x = 6 x = t2 + c
c = 2. ,
x = 2 t
. ,
Ht, xL
x = 2 t.
Ht, xL = H2, 6L
, Ht0 , x0 L
. , Ht, xL = Ht0 , x0 L, x = t2 + c
x0 = t0 2 + c c = x0 - t0 2 . ,
Ht0 , x0 L 2 - x = 2 t-
(1)
x = x0 + t2 - t0 2
t0 @t0 , L, t0 , x0
,
. , (1)
x = 2 t.
, , t
. , t0
@t0 , t0 + TD, T .
x, ,
, , ..
. ,
.
,
-, x.
34
C1.nb
, , ,
t > t0 ,
t0 . , x0
x ,
xHtL t > t0 ,
, .
,
x = 2 t, . :
) x = 2 t , , 2-
x = x0 + t2 - t0 2 .
) Ht0 , x0 L
t. , t > t0 x
.
, ,
, ,
Ht0 , x0 L .
xHtL
x = 2 t, t ,
(2)

xHt0 L = x0 .
(3)
, x0
xHtL. ,
(). (3),
x x0 ""
t0 , . , , ,
.
,
.
. , x1 HtL
~
x0 x2 HtL x0 = x0 + d.
(4)
x1 HtL = x0 + t2 ,
x2 HtL = x0 + d + t2 ,
x2 HtL - x1 HtL = d .
(5)
~
, d = x0 - x0 ,
.
C1.nb
35

.
. Jacques Hadamard () (18651963),

. , ,
,
, , . ,

Hadamard.
Hadamard

x = 3 x23
(6)

xH0L = 0.
(7)
xHtL = 0 (6).
, (7).
,
(8)
xHtL = Ht + cL3
. xH0L = c3 . ,
c = 0 xHtL = t3 xH0L = 0.
() . ,
,
. ,
!

" x = 3 x23 ".
()
. ,
{ , }. ,
.
,
.
36
C1.nb
8.
... , () :
x = f HtL := 9
(1)
1,
t<0
,
1 + 2 t, t 0
xH1L = 3.
, f HtL
H-, 0L [0,) .
, .
, .
, H-, 0L, (1)
(2)
x = 1,
t < 0.
x = t + c,
t < 0.

(3)
, @0, L, (1)
x = 1 + 2 t,
(4)
t 0.
,
~
x = t + t 2 + c,
(5)
t 0.
, . ,
. ,
(3) (5) x t = 0.
~
, c = c (1)
1-
t + c,
t<0
(6)
x=9
2 + c, t 0
t+t
x = c + 2, t = 1. xH1L = 3
c = 1.
, (1)
(7)
x=9
t + 1,
t
+ t2
t<0
+ 1,
t0
.
. (4),
@0, L t = 0. ,
,
C1.nb
37
t = 0. ,
(8)
uHt+hL-uHtL
u HtL := lim
h
h0

) t uHtL
) h .
h t + h
uHtL.
,
uHtL . ,
d, , Ht - d, t + dL
uHtL. , @uHt + hL - uHtLD h h 0
.
(8) (8) .
,
. , ,
@uHt + hL - uHtLD h ( ) h.
, uHtL
@t, t + dL, d > 0. ,
h 0 ( ). , ,
() uHtL t u'+ HtL.
(9)
uHt+hL-uHtL
u+ HtL := lim
, uHtL Ht - d, tD, d > 0,

@uHt + hL - uHtLD h h < 0 .
h 0 (
), uHtL t
u- HtL. ,
(10)
h0
uHt+hL-uHtL
u- HtL := lim
h
h0
, , t
uHtL,
, . ,
uHtL, uHtL Ht - d, t + dL, d > 0,
. ,
, .
, uHtL ,
(8).

,

38
C1.nb
:
(11)
x = f HtL := 9
1,
t<0
,
2 + 2 t, t 0
xH1L = 3.
, ,
.
,
:
(12)
x=9
t + c,
t<0
~
2 t + t 2 + c, t 0
, c
~
c : c = c. ,
t + c,
t<0
(13)
x=9
2
2 t + t + c, t 0
~
c

.
, . , (13)

1,
t<0
(14)
x = f HtL := 9
2 + 2 t, t 0
O , (13)
x HtL = 1, t < 0, x HtL = 2 + 2 t, t > 0. ,
x+ H0L = 2. - - xHtL
t = 0 ! , x H0L = 2,
(14). ,
(14).
. .
x2 = -1. ,
" x2 = -1
, x = i x = -i", :
.
, , , ,
,
.
x2 = -1.
, ,
.
, , ,
2 :
C1.nb
39
z := Ha, bL, w := Hc, dL 2 , z, w

(15)
z w := Ha c - b d, a d + b cL.
(16)
z + w := Ha + c, b + dL.
, z := Ha, bL, w := Hc, dL 2

,
k z + l w := Hk a, k bL + Hl c, l dL,
(17)
k, l ,
2 () .
, , z := H1, 0L
w := H0, 1L,
k z + l w = Hk , 0L + H0, lL = Hk, lL.
(18)
,
(19)
Hk, lL = kH1, 0L + lH0, 1L.
, ,
. Ha, 0L :
Ha, 0L Hc, 0L = Ha c, 0L.
(20)
, 2 Ha, 0L
.
: 2 Ha, 0L
, , a. , 2
H0, bL , ,
i b. ,
Ha, 0L a,
(21)
,
(22)
(23)
H1, 0L 1,
H0, bL i b
H0, 1L i
Ha, bL a + i b
(19),
(24)
H0, bL2 = H-b2 , 0L = -b2 H1, 0L.
, ,
(25)
,
Hi bL2 = -b2 .
40
C1.nb
H iL 2 = -1 .
(26)
""
- x = i x2 = -1.

, , , ,

, . ,
,
.
,
.

. 1930,
Dirac (, ), 20ou
Sobolev (, ) Schwarz (, ).

. ,
, , . ,
... . ...
...
.
, ,
, ,
.
.
, , (14)
.
.

jHtL t = a, gHtL

gH0L = 0, jHa + hL = jHaL + h j HaL + h gHhL,
(27)

(28)
gHtL = 9
RHtL - j HaL,
0,
(29)
jHa+tL-jHaL
RHtL :=
.
t
gHtL
t0
t=0
C1.nb
41
jHa+tL-jHaL
lim gHtL = lim @RHtL - j HaLD = lim
- j HaL = 0.
t
(30)
t0
(31)
t gHtL = t@RHtL - j HaLD = jHa + tL - jHaL - t j HaL.

t0
t0
gHtL ,
:
jHa + tL = jHaL + t j HaL + t gHtL.
(32)
1.
)
x = f HtL := 9
x = f HtL := 9
2 t,
x = f HtL := 9
t + 1,
1 - 2 t,
t < -1
-1 t < 1
x = f HtL := 9 2 t2 + 1,
3
3 - 4 Ht - 1L ,
t1
0,
t,
x = f HtL := 9
2 - t,
0,
2 t,
3 t2 ,
t<1
3 t - 1,
t1
3 Ht + 1L2 ,
t < -1
t -1
t<0
-2 t,
0t<1
= f HtL := 9 2 t,
2
3 t - 1,
t1
x = f HtL := 9
x = f HtL := 9
t<0
t0
t<0
0t<1
1t<2
t2
t<0
t0
0,
2 t,
3 Ht2
1 - t,
- 1L,
t<1
t1
0,
t<0
0t<1
x = f HtL := 9 2 t,
2 + 3 Ht - 1L2 , t 1
42
C1.nb
t<0
0t<1
1t<2
t2
0,
t,
x = f HtL := 9
2 - t,
0,
2. . .
)
x = f HtL := 9
x = f HtL := 9
x = f HtL := 9
2,
t<0
2 + 3 t2 ,
t0
2 t,
3 t2 - 5,
t < -1
t -1
t + 3,
xH1L = -1.
t<1
Ht + 1L ,
2
1 - 2 t,
x = f HtL := 9 1 + 2 t,
3 t2 ,
xH-1L = 2.
xH-1L = 0.
t1
t<0
0t<1
t1
3 - 2 t,
t < -1
2
x = f HtL := 9 2 t + 3, -1 t < 0
3 - t,
t0
0,
t<0
t,
0t<2
x = f HtL := 9
4 - t, 2 t < 4
0,
t4
x = f HtL := 9
x = f HtL := 9
1,
1 + 2 t,
t<0
t0
1 - t,
3 Ht2 - 1L,
t<1
t1
0,
t,
x = f HtL := 9
2 - t,
0,
t<0
0t<1
1t<2
t2
x = f HtL := 9
xH2L = -3.
xH0L = -1.
xH0L = -1,
0,
t<0
0t<1
x = f HtL := 9 2 t,
2 + 3 Ht - 1L2 , t 1
3.
xH0L = 1.
x H0L = 0.
xH0L = -1,
x H0L = 0.
xH0L = -1,
x H0L = 0.
xH0L = -1,
x H0L = 0.
1,
t<0
2 + 2 t, t 0
, .
C1.nb
43
9.
f HtL = 2 t - 1,
f HtL = 2, g HtL = 2 t, t . ,
(1)
f HtL = gHtL - t2 ,
gHtL = 2 + t2 ,
t .
g HtL = f HtL + 1.
:
;
Hx, yL,

(2)
x = y - t 2 ,
y = x + 1.
(2) .

(3)
x = FHt, x, yL,
y = GHt, x, yL,
FHt, x, yL = y - t2 , GHt, x, yL = x + 1, Ht, x, yL 3 .
M , ,
xHtL yHtL, ,
(3).
- xHtL, yHtL .
, FHt, x, yL
GHt, x, yL, 3 ,
(3).
FHt, x, yL,
GHt, x, yL x, y. ,
. ,

(4)
x = f1 HtL + g1 HtL x + h1 HtL y,
y = f2 HtL + g2 HtL x + h2 HtL y,
f j HtL, g j HtL h j HtL, j = 1, 2, ,

I . ,
.
. ,
n, n-
(5) x1 = F1 Ht, x1 , x2 , ..., xn L, x2 = F2 Ht, x1 , x2 , ..., xn L, ..., xn = Fn Ht, x1 , x2 , ..., xn L
F j Ht, x1 , x2 , ..., xn L, j = 1, 2, ..., n,

n+1 .
44
C1.nb
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ,
.
, ,

. , ,
.
,
. .
,
. . , ,

x = GHt, x, x L.
(6)
, y := x (6)
y = GHt, x, yL. (6)
x = FHt, x, yL := y,
(7)
y = GHt, x, yL.
,
x = z,
(8)

(9)
x = FHt, x, y, x , y L,
y = w
y = GHt, x, y, x , y L,

(10)
z = FHt, x, y, z, wL,
w = GHt, x, y, z, wL.
, (9)
- (8) (10).
1.
x = FHx, yL,
y = GHx, yL,

) xHtL = t, yHtL = t2 .
) xHtL = t2 , yHtL = t3 .
) xHtL = t2 , yHtL = t23 , t > 0.
2. 8xHtL, yHtL<
.
C1.nb
45
) xHtL = t, yHtL = t2 ,
x = t x - y + 1,
y = 2 x + t y - t 3 .
x = t x - y + 2 t, x = -t x + y + 3 t2 .
) xHtL = t2 , yHtL = t3 ,
!!
!!
1
2-3 t
) xHtL = t , yHtL = t23 , t > 0,

x = t16 x - y +
- t .
!!
! , x = x + y +
3 t13
2
10.
,
17ou
. , , .

, ,
.
" ",
.
"" "
".
-
.

... .
46
C1.nb
(Galileo Galilei,
, 1564-1642) (Isaac Newton, 1642-1727).

.
20ou -,
Einstein () Schrdinger () Heisen
berg ()- .

Newton, " ".
, , :
(i) ,
, .
(ii)
, .
, .
. ,
3 .
(iii) , ,
.
, .
,
( ) HxHtL, yHtL, zHtLL .
(iv) m .
(v) .
,
, H f1 HtL, f2 HtL, f3 HtLL.
, ()

(1)
m x HtL = f1 HtL, m y HtL = f2 HtL, m z HtL = f3 HtL.

( Newton).

(2)
Hu1 HtL, u2 HtL, u3 HtLL := Hx HtL, y HtL, z HtLL.

(3)
Ha1 HtL, a2 HtL, a3 HtLL := Hu1 HtL, u2 HtL, u3 HtLL.
, 2o
C1.nb
47

(4)
(5)
m u1 HtL = f1 HtL, m u2 HtL = f2 HtL, m u3 HtL = f3 HtL.

m a1 HtL = f1 HtL, m a2 HtL = f2 HtL, m a3 HtL = f3 HtL.
.
,
H f1 HtL, f2 HtL, f3 HtLL , (1) ,
. ,
HxHtL, yHtL, zHtLL. , (4)
, .
, ,
. x- , ,
t,
F1 Ht, x, y, z, x , y , z L. ,

(6)
(6)
(6)
m x = F1 Ht, x, y, z, x , y , z L,
m y = F2 Ht, x, y, z, x , y , z L,
m z = F3 Ht, x, y, z, x , y , z L.
Newton,
. , ,
().
, x
.
, (1).
,
(7)
m x HtL = f HtL.
f HtL
, (7) " ".
. ,

: f HtL = f0 . (7)
(8)
,
(9)
m x HtL = f0 .
m u HtL = f0 ,
48
C1.nb
uHtL := x HtL.
(10)
(9)
f0
uHtL =
t + c1 .
m
(11)
(10),
f0
x HtL =
t + c1
m
(12)

f0 2
t + c1 t + c2 .
xHtL = 12
m
(13)
, , t0 .
(13)
f0
xHt0 L = c1 t0 + c2 + 12
t 2 ,
m 0
(14)
(15)
f0
x Ht0 L = c1 +
t .
m 0
(16)
f0
t 2
x0 = c1 t0 + c2 + 12
m 0
xHt0 L t0 . ,
x0 . x Ht0 L, ,
t0 . u0 ,
(14), (15)
f0
u0 = c1 +
t ,
m 0
(17)
.

f0
c1 = u0 -
t .
m 0
(18)
(16)
f0
t 2 .
c2 = x0 - u0 t0 + 12
m 0
(19)
, (13)
(20)
f0
f0
f0 2
xHtL = Iu0 -
t M t + x0 - u0 t0 + 12
t 2 + 12
t
m 0
m 0
m

(21)
f0
xHtL = x0 + u0 Ht - t0 L + 12
Ht - t0 L2
m
,
(22)
f0
xHt, t0 , x0 , u0 , m, f0 L = x0 + u0 Ht - t0 L + 12
Ht - t0 L2
m
C1.nb
49
, t, x
:
(i) 8t0 , x0 , u0 <,
(ii) 8m, f0 <

' , .
(22) ,
8m, f0 <, ,
f0 m. ,
.
t0 = 0, (21)
x = x0 + u0 t + 12 mf0 t2
(23)

, :
,
' . , f0 = 0,
x = x0 + u0 t
.
, f HtL
' , . , ,
, FHt, x, uL. T, f HtL
x v xHtL x' HtL, .
FHt, x, uL = e-t - x3 - u
FHt, x, uL = -k sin x
FHt, x, uL = -k x - r u
f HtL = FHt, xHtL, x HtLL = e-t - x3 HtL - x HtL.

f HtL = FHt, xHtL, x HtLL = -k sin @xHtLD.
f HtL = FHt, xHtL, x HtLL = -k xHtL - r x HtL.
, k, r > 0.
2
(24)
m x HtL = -k xHtL - r x HtL
.
. -k xHtL
, k xHtL , xHtL
x = 0. To xHtL .
t xHtL , -k xHtL
. x
, "" , x = 0. , x,
, .
50
C1.nb
, , -k xHtL .
, ,
. ,
-k xHtL ( ).
, -r x HtL , ,
x HtL . ,

, .. . ,
.
To

(25)
x = gHtL,
gHtL , gHtL = t2 . ,
t, xHtL, gHtL
. , , (25) ""
. ,
, .

, .. .
, t sec
(), t2 ,
sec2 . , ,
xHtL , (25)
(/). .

(26)
xHt+tL-xHtL
x HtL = limt0
t
(25)
. ,
, , :
1 Hcm sec-3 L.

(27)
m x = -k x - r x
. , t
() x = xHtL m
. x .
y @yD,
(27)
(28)
mza mkoV
@m x D =
.
H crnoVL2
C1.nb
51
.. , kg (), m ()
(sec), , m x
1 kg1 m
N :=
H1 secL2
(29)
Newton. ,
(27) @m x D.
mza mkoV
@k xD =
.
H crnoVL2
(30)
, k . ,
mza mkoV
mza
@kD =
=
,
@xD H crnoVL2
H crnoVL2
(31)
k kg sec2 N m.
,
mza mkoV
@r x D =
H crnoVL2
(32)
(33)
mza mkoV
mza mkoV
mza
@r D =
=
=
.
crnoV
@x D H crnoVL2
HmkoV crnoVL H crnoVL2
r kg sec.

.
, NHtL
t.
NHtL
. , ,
. ,
,
. ..
t = 2044 o
12.095.748,36 12.095.748, ... . ,
, ,
.
0,36
.
,
NHtL
t. , ,

.
52
C1.nb

. ,
. , ,
,
, . ,

. , ,

. ,
.
, ,
,

N = FHNL.
(34)
FHNL.
.
(i) (34) .
(34) FHNL. ,
FHNL (34), ,
.
(ii)
N.
(iii) (34)
(..
, ).
,

FHNL = a N,
(35)
a T -1 , T .
FHNL
N = a N,
(36)
: (
t) ( t) .
,
(37)
N HtL
sHtL :=
NHtL
. (36)
sHtL H crnoVL-1 T -1 . ,
, "2%
". sHtL = 0, 02 toV.
C1.nb
53
,
(36),
a. a = 1, (36)
- (. . (1.2) - (2)
1). ,
, a
(36). ,
,
.
11.

, , ,
,
, . ,
, ,
,

. ,
.

() , ,
Macsyma, Maple, Mathematica, MuPad, Reduce.
- -

.
,
. ,

. ,
"".

. ,
Mathematica, Maple

. ,
"" Mathe
matica,
.
Mathematica

. ,
54
C1.nb

, .
( )
Mathematica, . ,
(cell) (input),
,
.
, (.. Shift+Enter),

(output).
,
f HtL := t2 , a t b,
= 8Ht, xL 2 : x = f HtL, a t b<
t x.
Plot
(=).
x
6
5
4
3
2
1
-2
-1
1. Mathematica, f HtL f @tD, ,

.
2. Clear[x] ""
x, .
,
,
"" .
( )
,
C1.nb
55

,
t + 1,
1,
f HtL =
,
Ht-1L2 +1
In[6]:=
t<0
0t1
t>1
f@t_D := 1 + t ; t < 0
f@t_D := 1 ; 0 t 1
1
; t > 1
f@t_D :=
1 + Ht 1L2
a = 2;
b = 4;
Plot@f@tD, 8t, a, b<, AxesLabel 8"t", "x"<D;
Clear@f, g, h, a, bD
x
1
0.5
-2
-1
-0.5
-1
Piecewise@88 f1 @tD, I1 <, 8 f2 @tD, I2 <, , 8 fn @tD, In <<D,
n 8 f j @tD, I j <,
f HtL.
56
In[13]:=
C1.nb
f@t_D := PiecewiseA981 + t, t < 0<, 81, 0 t 1<, 9
1 + Ht 1L2
, t > 1==E
a = 2;
b = 4;
Plot@f@tD, 8t, a, b<, AxesLabel 8"t", "x"<D;
x
1
0.5
-2
-1
-0.5
-1
( )

f HtL := t,
4
gHtL :=
,
1+t2
sin t
hHtL := 6
t ,
-2 p t 2 p,
.
. , Mathematica, ,
sin t (), cos t () , :
Sin[t], Cos[t], .
C1.nb
57
f@t_D := t
In[18]:=
g@t_D :=
1 + t2
Sin@tD
h@t_D := 6
t
a = 2 Pi;
b = 2 Pi;
Plot@8f@tD, g@tD, h@tD<, 8t, a, b<, AxesLabel 8"t", "x"<D;
x
6
4
2
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
-6
( )

( )
b
f HtL := a t3 e-2 t +
+ c t sin t,
1+t2
f@t_D := a t3 Exp@2 tD +
In[25]:=
b
1 + t2
+ c t Sin@tD
f '@tD
D@f@tD, tD
Out[26]=
2bt
-2 a -2 t t3 + 3 a -2 t t2 + c cosHtL t - 2 + c sinHtL
Ht2 + 1L
Out[27]=
2bt
-2 a -2 t t3 + 3 a -2 t t2 + c cosHtL t - 2 + c sinHtL
2
Ht + 1L

.
.
58
C1.nb
f ''@tD
D@f@tD, t, tD
In[28]:=
Clear@fD
Out[28]=
8 b t2
2b
4 a -2 t t3 - 12 a -2 t t2 + 3 + 6 a -2 t t - c sinHtL t + 2 c cosHtL - 2
Ht2 + 1L
Ht2 + 1L
Out[29]=
8 b t2
2b
4 a -2 t t3 - 12 a -2 t t2 + 3 + 6 a -2 t t - c sinHtL t + 2 c cosHtL - 2
2
2
Ht + 1L
Ht + 1L
( )
, ,
f HtL d t,
f HtL := t3 + t cos t.
f@t_D := t3 + t Cos@tD
Integrate@f@tD, tD
In[31]:=
Out[32]=
t4
+ sinHtL t + cosHtL
4
, Integrate[ ]
-p t 2 p,

3
-p Ht + t cos tL d t.
2p
Integrate@f@tD, 8t, Pi, 2 Pi<D

Clear@fD
In[33]:=
Out[33]=
15 p4
2 +
4
: Mathematica, (*)
. ,
:
In[35]:=
345
345
Out[35]=
60
Out[36]=
60
In[37]:=
a t3 + b t Cos@tD
a t3 + b t Cos@tD
Out[37]=
a t3 + b cosHtL t
Out[38]=
a t3 + b cosHtL t
C1.nb
59
( )
Mathematica
Solve (=). (==)
x2 - 2 x + 3 = 0
.
""
x2 - 2 x + 3.
Solve@x2 2 x + 3 0, xD
!!!
!!!
Out[39]= 99x 1 - 2 =, 9x 1 + 2 ==
In[39]:=
( )
, Mathematica
x = f HtL. ,
f HtL := a t3 + b t cos t.
DSolve.
f@t_D := a t3 + b t Cos@tD
DSolve@x '@tD == f@tD, x@tD, tD
Clear@fD
In[40]:=
Out[41]=
a t4
99xHtL + b sinHtL t + c1 + b cosHtL==
4
( )
Mathematica,
. , ,
x = f HtL,
xHt0 L = x0 ,
. ,
:
f@t_D := 2 t 3 t2
DSolve@8x '@tD == f@tD, x@1D
Clear@fD
In[43]:=
Out[44]=
3<, x@tD, tD
88xHtL -t3 + t2 + 3<<
( )
, Mathematica x = f HtL.
60
C1.nb
f@t_D := a t + b Cosh@tD
DSolve@x ''@tD == f@tD, x@tD, tD
Clear@fD
In[46]:=
Out[47]=
a t3
99xHtL + c2 t + c1 + b coshHtL==
6
( )

x = 1 + t,
f@t_D := 1 + t
DSolve@8x ''@tD == f@tD, x@0D
Clear@fD
In[49]:=
Out[50]=
xH0L = a,
a, x '@0D
x H0L = b.
b<, x@tD, tD
1
99xHtL Ht3 + 3 t2 + 6 b t + 6 aL==
6
( )
,
x = - y,
DSolve@8x '@tD
In[52]:=
Out[52]=
y@tD, y '@tD
y = x.
x@tD<, 8x@tD, y@tD<, tD
88xHtL c1 cosHtL - c2 sinHtL, yHtL c2 cosHtL + c1 sinHtL<<
( )
,

xH0L = 1,
In[53]:=
Out[53]=
DSolve@8x '@tD
y@tD, y '@tD
yH0L = 0.
x@tD, x@0D
1
1
99xHtL -t H1 + 2 t L, yHtL -t H-1 + 2 t L==
2
2
1, y@0D
0<, 8x@tD, y@tD<, tD

1

. , ()
.
,
t x
( ). ,

x = FHt, xL,
FHt, xL t x.
FHt, xL
, ,
. , , ,
.
1. x = f HtL
, x = FHt, xL,
FHt, xL x,
(1)
x = f HtL,
t I.
f HtL I .
.
. f HtL
FHtL , (1)

(2)
x = FHtL + c.
,
. f HtL, t I,
FHtL F HtL = f HtL, t I. FHtL
f HtL f HtL d t.
62
C2.nb
, F0 HtL = t2 f HtL = 2 t.
f HtL = 2 t F1 HtL = t2 + 1. ,

Fc HtL = t2 + c,
(3)

:
"
c ,
f HtL = 2 t.
1
tn+1 + c"
f HtL = tn , n -1, f HtL d t =
n+1
, , f HtL d t
f HtL. , f HtL d t
.

(4)
x = f HtL d t + c
x = f HtL, f HtL, t I, .
(1)
: ,

(5)
x = 1t , t > 0,
f HtL = t-1 , t > 0, . ,

t-1 .

. , ,
. , gHxL
I a, b
. ,
() Riemann gHx L a b,
b
a gHxL d x.

.
,
gHxL. ,
A 2
:= 8Hx, xL 2 : x = gHxL<, x x = a x = b > a.
x A+ A- , x ,
. gHxL = x 2 - 5, a = 0, 5 b = 4, 3
.
C2.nb
63
x
10
8
6
4
A+
2
A
-1
-2
, , , a gHxL d x
EHA+ L EHA- L A+ A- , :
b
a gHxL d x = EHA+ L - EHA- L.

b
(6)
,
:
(i) a gHxL d x = - b gHxL d x
b
(, a gHxL d x = 0).
a
(ii) a < b < c, a gHxL d x = a gHxL d x + b gHxL d x.

c
(iii) f HxL = k gHxL + l hHxL, a f HxL d x = k a gHxL d x + l a hHxL d x.

b
(iv) gHxL
a, b, (6) .
A , , gHxL I a
. (iv)
t
a gHxL d x t I.
t
, a gHxL d x
I. ,
,

gHxL I a
.
(7)
GHtL := a gHxL d x,
t
I . ,
(8)
G HtL = gHtL,
t I.
64
C2.nb
: (8) a gHxL d x
gHtL, t I. , :
gHtL, t I, .
t
,
. , f HtL
x = f HtL I. , ,
t
a f HxL d x ()
t
x. , x a f HxL d x . ,
x = a f HxL d x + c.
t
(9)
, f HtL, t I, , x = f HtL
. ,
t
a f HxL d x + c, a I.
, , t0 I. , (9)
xHt0 L = a 0 f HxL d x + c.
t
(10)
,
c = xHt0 L - a 0 f HxL d x
t
(11)
(9)
(12)
x = xHt0 L + a f HxL d x - a 0 f HxL d x = xHt0 L + t f HxL d x.

t
f HtL I t0 I.
(13)
x = f HtL,
xHt0 L = x0 ,

(14)
x = x0 + t f HxL d x,
t
o I.
, , .
t
a f HxL d x .
! , a,
t
a f HxL d x .

: .
,
, . ,
C2.nb
65
, f HtL = t r , r -1 t > 0.

(15)
t
HtL := f HtL d t = t r d t =
.
r+1
r+1
, , a f HxL d x,
a, t > 0, f HtL = t r . , c
t
(16)
a f HxL d x = f HtL d t + c HtL + c.

t
0 = a f HxL d x = HaL + c.
a
(17)
(16)
a f HxL d x = HtL - HaL.

t
(18)
,
t
a
-
.
a f HxL d x =
r+1
a+1
t
(19)
r+1
r+1
(18) .
, ,
t
a f HxL d x -
f HtL = t r , t > 0, r .
,
f HxL d x . ,
t
a f HxL d x .
t
a

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = 1 + t2 + t6 , t , xH0L = 1.

f HtL =
. ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!
1 + t2 + t6 ,
t ,
t !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2 !!!!!
6
GHtL := 0
1+x +x dx
, GH0L = 0.
,

t !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = 1 + 0 1 + x2 + x 6 d x.
,
t
a f HxL d x ... .
66
C2.nb

(20)
. ,
(21)
gHtL = 1t , t H0, L,
GHtL := 1 1x d x
t
H0, L . ,
(22)
G HtL = 1t ,
t H0, L.
, (21) GHtL
GH1L = 0.
(23)
GHtL

(24)
x = 1t ,
t H0, L,
xH1L = 0.
, GHtL .
ln log. ,
(25)
lnHtL logHtL := 1 1x d x,
t
t H0, L
lnHtL t.
, a f HxL d x
, .
Riemann
, .
, ,
,
. ,
.
t
, ,

.

-
.
C2.nb
67
x
20
x=2 5
15
10
5
A+
a
1 A
4 b
-5
. ,
(i) E , ,
t2 > t1 ln Ht2 L > ln Ht1 L,
(26)
(. ).
(ii) t = 1:
lnH1L = 0.
(27)
(iii) :
lnHs tL = ln s +ln t .
st > 0
(28)
(iv) r ,
lnHt r L = r lnHtL
(29)

, (25). , ,
:
ln' Ht L = 1t > 0, t H0, L.
(30)
(iv) lnH0, L = .
H .
s, t :
lnHsL + lnHtL := 1 1x d x + 1 1x d x = 1 1x d x + s t 1x d x + 1 1x d x.
s
st
, s > 0,
1
1
d Hx sL = t 1z d z = - 1 1z d z, z := x s.
s t x d x = s t
HxsL
s
lnHsL + lnHtL = 1 1x d x - 1 1z d z + 1 1x d x = 1 1x d x lnHs tL.

st
st
68
C2.nb
1
@lnHt r LD = ln Ht r L Ht r L =
r t r-1 = r t-1
tr
@lnHt r LD = r @lnHt LD
lnHt r L = r lnHtL + c.
t = 1, 0 = 0 + c. , lnHt r L = r lnHtL.
,

x = 1t ,
(31)
t H0, L.
1-
x = ln t + c.
(32)
, ,

x = x,
(33)
... .
,
. , j

(34)
jln HtL jHlnHtLL = t, t H0, L,
(35)
ln jHsL lnHjHsLL = s,
s .
.
, j . ,
(34)
(36)
Hj ln L HtL j HlnHtLL ln HtL = 1, t H0, L.
, ln HtL = 1 t.
(37)
j HlnHtLL = t.
(34)
(38)
,
(39)
j HlnHtLL = jHlnHtLL .
j HsL = jHsL,
s .
C2.nb
69
, j
. exp. ,

(40)
expHlnHtLL = t,
t H0, L,
(41)
lnHexpHsLL = s,
s ,
exp HsL = expHsL,
(42)
s .
(33),
:
(i) . ,
expH0L = 1.
(43)
(ii) :
expHr + sL = expHrL expHsL.
(44)
. r = -s (43),
expH-sL expHsL = 1. , expH-sL = 1 expHsL.
expHsL expH-sL
.
x
2
lnHtL
10
12
-2
-4
-6
, expHtL
x HtL = xHtL, t . , ,
. ,
(45)
x HtL - xHtL = 0

(46)
expH-tL @x HtL - xHtLD = 0.
, , expHtL, expH-tL, .

70
C2.nb
@xHtL expH-tL D = 0
(47)
,
xHtL expH-tL = c
(48)

xHtL = c expHtL.
(49)
,

(50)
x HtL = xHtL,
t ,

x = c expHtL,
(51)
c .
, lnHtL
. , lnH1L = 0. ,
t, t = 1, lnHtL 1. lnHtL
lnHtL .
, e.
, e
(52)
lnHeL = 1.
, r ,
(53)
lnHt r L = r lnHtL
, e
:
(54)
lnHe r L = r lnHeL = r, r .
,
(54)
(55)
e r = expHrL, r .
, e expHsL
s = 1:
(56)
e = expH1L.
(55) e s e .
s . ,
C2.nb
71
e s := expHsL,
(57)
, e s expHsL
.
, , l . ,
e l t , t , 1-
:
(58)
He l t L @expHl tLD = exp Hl tL Hl tL = l exp Hl tL.
, , exp Hl tL = expHl tL. ,

He l t L = l e l t .
(59)
e l t
x = l x, l .
(60)
x = x,
1- (60):
x = c e lt .
(61)

. M,
.
( , ) :
(62)
(63)
sinh HtL := 12 He t - e -t L,
sinh HtL
e -e
tanh HtL :=
=
,
cosh HtL
e t +e -t
t

(64)
-t
cosh HtL := 12 He t + e -t L,
1
cotanhHtL :=
.
tanh HtL
cosh2 HtL - sinh2 HtL = 1
.
sinh HtL cosh HtL :
(65)
sinh HtL = cosh HtL ,
cosh HtL = sinh HtL.
sinh HtL,
cosh HtL tanh HtL, .
72
C2.nb
x
20
15
expHsL
expHsL
10
5
-3
-2
-1
x
8
coshHtL
6
4
2
-3
-2
-1
-2
-4
sinhHtL
-6
-8
x
1
0.5
-4
tanhHtL
-2
-0.5
-1
s = lnHtL, t > 0, (57) :

(66)
e ln HtL := expHlnHtLL = t, t > 0.
, r ,
(67)
e r ln HtL = e ln Ht L = expH ln Ht r LL = t r
r
t
,
C2.nb
(68)
73
ta := ea ln t ,
t > 0,

t ,
:
(69)
f HtL = ta
f HtL = a ta-1 ,
t > 0,
a .
,
,
. ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
,
"" , . , ,

, e t , "". "
" . expH-t2 L
e -t t2 .

(70)
x = e-t , t ,
xH0L = a.
: f HtL = e-t ,
gHtL = e -t hHtL = t2 . ,
:
2
(71)
x = a + 0 e-x d x .
t
, xHtL t = 0,
t
2
0 e-x d x.
.
(error function) erf HtL. ,
(72)
2
erf HtL :=
! 0 e-x d x,
!!!
p
t
p .
2
!!!
erf HtL = I2 p M e-t
.
.
74
C2.nb
x
erfHtL
expHt2 L
0.5
-3
-2
-1
-0.5
-1

1
, t ,
x =
1+t2
(73)
xH0L = 0.
: , f HtL = H1 + t2 L . ,
t
-1
0 H1 + x 2 L d x, t .
t arctanHtL tan-1 HtL.
-1
,
1
d x,
x = arctanHtL tan-1 HtL := 0
1+x2
t
(74)
t .
1
arctan HtL =
> 0, t ,
1+t2
(75)
arctanHtL . , R > 1,
1
1
1
d x = 0
d x + 1
d x.
arctan HRL = 0
1+x2
1+x2
1+x2
,
(77)
1
d x 0 1 dx 1,
0
1+x2
,
(78)
,
(79)
(76)
1
1
d x 1
d x = 1 - R1 .
1
1+x2
x2
R
arctan HRL 2 - R1 ,
R > 1.
limR arctan HRL 2.
( ) arctanHtL .
, t .
,
C2.nb
75
p.
p2 := sup 8 arctan HtL <.
(80)
t0
p > 3, 14. ,
arctanHtL . , ,
-p 2. arctanHtL, t -.
arctanHtL,
.
x
2
1.5
1
0.5
-10
-5
arctanHtL
H1+t2 L1
5
-0.5
10
-1
-1.5
-2
GHtL := arctanHtL, t , , .
THsL, s H-p 2, p 2L.
(81)
(82)
T GHtL THGHtLL = t,
G THsL GHTHsLL = s,
t ,
s H- p2 , p2 L.
(83)
,
(84)
@THGHtLLD = T HGHtLL G HtL = 1.
1
T HGHtLL =
= 1 + t2
G ' HtL
T HsL = 1 + T 2 HsL.
arctanHtL , , .
,
(85)
THsL tan HsL,
(84)
(86)
s H- p2 , p2 L,
tan HsL = tan2 HsL + 1.
, tan HsL, s H- p2 , p2 L, ,
.
76
C2.nb
x
10
7.5
5
tanHtL
2.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-2.5
0.5
1.5
-5
-7.5
-10
, , x = tan HtL,
tan HtL = tan2 HtL + 1,
(87)
t H- p2 , p2 L,
,
x = x2 + 1
(88)
x = tan HtL x = f HxL.

, :
tan HtL
sin HtL :=
,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2 !!!!!
1
cos HtL :=
,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2 !!!!!
1+tan HtL
(89)
1+tan HtL
t H- p2 , p2 L.
(88) :
sin 2 HtL + cos2 HtL = 1
(90)
sin HtL = cos HtL,
(91)
cos HtL = -sin HtL.
, (91) :
sin HtL = AxH1 + x2 L
-12
= x H1 + x2 L
-12
= x H1 + x2 L
- x2 x H1 + x2 L
-32
= H1 + x2 L
-32
-12
= cos HtL.
sin HtL
(92)
,
lim 8 sin HtL < = 1.
tp2
(93)
limt-p2 sin HtL = -1.
(94)
limt-p2 cos HtL = limtp2 cos HtL = 0
, cos HtL
C2.nb
77
, sin HtL cos HtL

@- p2 , p2 D.
sinH-p 2L = -1, sinHp 2L = 1 cosH-p 2L = cosHp 2L = 0, .
, ,
.
@-p, pD.
sin Ht p2 L = cos HtL,
(95)
,
sin Ht + 2 n pL = sin HtL,
(96)
cos Ht p2 L = sin HtL, t @- p2 , p2 D
cos Ht + 2 n pL = cos HtL, t @-p, pD, n .
, sin HtL cos HtL t .

(96) 2 p.
. .
x
sinHtL
0.5
-10
-5
10
10
-0.5
-1
x
1
cosHtL
0.5
-10
-5
-0.5
-1
1.
x = f HtL,
xHaL = b,
"" .
78
C2.nb
1
) f HtL =
,
1+t4
!!!!!!!!!!!
) f HtL = 1 + t2 ,
t ,
a = -1, b = 1.
t ,
a = 0,
1,
t<0
) f HtL = 9 !!!!!!!!!!!
1 + t2 , t 0
) f HtL = 9
) f HtL = 9
!!!!!
!!!2!! ,
a = 0,
t<0
!!!!!!!!!!!
1 - 1 + t4 ,
t0
!!!!!!!!!4!!
1+t ,
t<0
1+t
,
1+t4
) f HtL = 9
!!!!!!!!!6!!
1+t ,
t0
t<0
!!!!!
!!!!! ,
1+t4
b = 1.
t0
b = 0.
a = 0, b = 1.
a = 0,
b = -2.
a = 1, b = 0.
2.) 12 < ln 2 < 1.

: t - x,
1 t 2 t 12 1, .
) , ln t, . ,

limt ln t = ,
limt0 ln t = -.
: lnHt r L = r lnHtL, r , ()
lnH2 n L = n lnH2L > n2 ,
n .
M > 0, n n > 2 M . ,
t > 2 n ln t > M .
3.
limt exp t = ,
limt- exp t = 0.
4. N :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
cosh2 HtL - sinh2 HtL = 1,

sinh HtL = cosh HtL ,
1
tanh2 HtL = 1 -
cosh2 HtL
cosh HtL = sinh HtL.
tanh HtL = 1 - tanh2 HtL.
5. x = f HtL,
1
) f HtL =
,
t-1
) f HtL = 2 t + 1t ,
) f HtL = 9
1,
t<1
1t ,
t1
xHaL = b,
t > 1,
a = 2, b = 1.
t > 0,
a = 1, b = 0.
a = 0,
b = -1.
C2.nb
79
) f HtL = 3 et ,
t ,
a = 0, b = 0.
) f HtL = 2 Ht - e-2 t L , t ,
) f HtL = 1t - 2 e2 t ,
) f HtL = 9
et ,
t<0
,
t+1
t0
a = 1,
t > 0,
a = 1, b = 0.
a = 0, b = -1.
) f HtL = sinh t - 2 cosh t , t ,
) f HtL = 9
et ,
t<0
,
cosh 2 t
1
, t ,
) f HtL = 2 t +
t2 +1
) f HtL = sin t + cos t , t ,
) f HtL = sin t cos t , t ,
a = p2 , b = 1.
a = - p2 , b = -3.
1,
t<0
cos t, t 0
a = -2, b = -1.
,
t2 +1
t<0
cos t,
0 t < p2
a = 0,
t<0
cos t,
1
,
cos2 t
a = 0, b = 1.
a = 0, b = 1.
cos t
) f HtL =
, t ,
2+sin t
) f HtL = 9
xHaL = b,
a = 0, b = p2 .
) f HtL = t cos t , t ,
) f HtL = 9
a = 0, b = 3.
a = 0, b = 2.
t0
6. x = f HtL,
) f HtL = 9
b = 0.
0 t < p2
b = 0.
a = - p2 , b = 0.
7.
) f HtL = e-Ht-1L , t ,
2
x = f HtL,
a = 1,
1
) f HtL = e-t +
, t ,
1+t2
2
sin t
) f HtL =
t , t ,
sinh t
) f HtL =
, t ,
t
xHaL = b.
b = 1.
a = 0, b = p.
a = 0, b = 1.
a = 0, b = -1.
8. . 5, 6 7 Mathematica.
. Mathematica
. :
80
C2.nb
(i) :
.
(ii) : Mathematica
.
. , Mathematica
!
,

1-t
x' =
- e-t , t > -1,
1+t
(*)
xH0L = -1,

x = e-t - t + 2 lnH1 + tL, t > -1.
(*)
:
1o
{, } - {DE, IC} .
. ,

. , , .. [x,y,,z],
Clear[x,y,,z].
In[127]:=
Clear@DE, IC, f, x, a, bD
1t
DE = x '@tD
Exp@tD;
1+t
IC = x@0D 1;
8DE, IC<
Out[130]=
1-t
9x HtL n - -t , xH0L n 1=
t+1
2o
,
{,}.
In[131]:=
x@t_D = t t + 2 Log@1 + tD
FullSimplify@8DE, IC<D
Out[131]=
Out[132]=
-t + -t + 2 logHt + 1L
8True, True<
C2.nb
81

,
. ,
{, } , , .

. ,
(copy&paste)
.
In[134]:=
DE = x '@tD f@tD;
IC = x@aD b;
1t
f@t_D =
Exp@tD;
1+t
a = 0; b = 1;
8DE, IC<
x@t_D = t t + 2 Log@1 + tD
FullSimplify@8DE, IC<D
Out[139]=
Out[140]=
Out[141]=
1-t
t+1
-t + -t + 2 logHt + 1L
8True, True<
,
Mathematica . , , DSolve[DE,x[t],t]
FullSimplify[%], . ,
Mathe
matica.
,
Mathematica. Full
Simplify[%] (= ).
82
C2.nb
In[143]:=
DE = x '@tD f@tD;
IC = x@aD b;
1t
f@t_D =
Exp@tD;
1+t
a = 0; b = 1;
8DE, IC<
DSolve@DE, x@tD, tD
FullSimplify@%D
DSolve@8DE, IC<, x@tD, tD
FullSimplify@%D
Out[148]=
Out[149]=
Out[150]=
Out[151]=
Out[152]=
1-t
t+1
88xHtL -t + -t + c1 + 2 logHt + 1L<<

88xHtL -t + -t + c1 + 2 logHt + 1L<<
88xHtL --t Ht t - 2 t logHt + 1L - 1L<<

88xHtL -t + -t + 2 logHt + 1L<<
2.

(1)
x = x
x = f HtL,
(2)
f HtL , .
,

x = c et
(3)

(4)
x = c + f HtL d t,
f HtL d t f HtL.

(4)
x = f HtL + gHtL x,
t I,
C2.nb
83
f HtL, gHtL , I .
,
. , (5)
f HtL,
x = gHtL x, t I,
(5)
(). , .
(4)
. ,
(5). .
,
a I. , x,
~
I, I I
~
a. , I , (5)
~
= gHtL,
x
(6)
t I.
, ,
Hln x L = gHtL,
(7)
,
t I.
ln x = gHtL d t + c.
~
(8)
~
c .
,
(9)
x = e gHtL d t+c = ec e gHtL d t .

~
, :
~
xHtL (5) I . ,
~
~
x = ec e gHtL d t , x = -ec e gHtL d t .
a I ,
I.
,
(5)
(10)
x = c e gHtL d t
c .
(i) gHtL , gHtL = k,

(11)
gHtL d t = k d t = k t.
84
C2.nb
,
x = k x
(12)

x = c ek t
(13)
(13),
k = 1.
-1 t 3
-20 xHtL 20.
x
20
15
c=3
c=2
10
c=1
5
-1
c=0
1
-5
c=1
c=2
-10
c=3
-15
-20
(ii) gHtL = k + l t, k, l ,
1
2
gHtL d t = Hk + l tL d t = k t + 2 l t .
(14)
x = Hk + l tL x
(15)

x = c ek t+ 2 l t .
(16)
(15),
k = 1, l = -2.
x
4
c=3
c=2
-1
c=1
c=0
0.5
-0.5
-2
c=1
c=2
-4
c=3
1.5
C2.nb
85
(10) x = gHtL x
.
uHtL := e gHtL d t
(16)
, , x = gHtL x.
uHtL, c uHtL.

(4) uHtL. ,
c uHtL .

uHtL yHtL.
, ,
(17)
xHtL = yHtL uHtL,
yHtL uHtL (16) . ,

(18)
x = y u + y u ,
, (4), :
(19)
y u + y u = f + g y u .
, (16) u u = g u uHtL > 0, t

g .
(20)
,
(21)
f HtL
y HtL =
.
uHtL
f HtL
yHtL =
d t + c.
uHtL
, , (4)
yHtL uHtL
(22)
f HtL
x = Ac +
d tE uHtL
uHtL
(22)
( ). T
: (22),
, , ,
c c uHtL ,
. ,
.
(4),
, (22)
. , , .
, (4) (22).
86
C2.nb
, , .
, zHtL, t I,
(4). z = f + g z, t I. , , xHtL, t I,
(22), x = f + g x. , z - x = g Hz - xL,
t I. M , uHtL := zHtL - xHtL
u' = g u. , u = C uHtL, C . , z = x + C u.
, zHtL (22). ,
~
c c = c + C.

(23)
x = f HtL + gHtL x
(24)
f HtL
x = Ac +
d tE uHtL,
uHtL
t I,
f HtL, gHtL I,

uHtL := e gHtL d t
. (24) (23)
x = xo + x ,
(25)
(26)
xo := c uHtL,
f HtL
x := uHtL
d t,
uHtL
uHtL := e gHtL d t .
, c uHtL
, x = gHtL x. , uHtL @ f HtL uHtLD d t (23),
(24) c = 0. ,
.
(23)
.
:
x = 2 cos t - x , t .
, xH0L = 1.
C2.nb
87
f HtL = 2 cos t,
,
gHtL = -1.
uHtL := e gHtL d t = e- t ,
f HtL
d t = 2 cos t e t d t.
uHtL
t
t
t
t
t
t
cos t e d t = Hsin tL e d t = sin t e - sin t He L d t = sin t e - sin t e d t
= sin t e t + Hcos tL e t d t = sin t e t + cos t e t - cos t He t L d t.
1 t
t
cos t e d t = 2 e Hsin t + cos tL.
f HtL
x = Ac + uHtL
d tE uHtL = @c + e t Hsin t + cos tLD e- t = c e- t + sin t + cos t.
To
xH0L = c + 1.
xH0L = 1 c = 0.
() x = 2 cos t - x , t , xH0L = 1,
x = sin t + cos t, t .
:
x = 2 t H1 - xL , t .
f HtL = 2 t,
gHtL = -2 t,
2
gHtL d t = -t .
uHtL := e gHtL d t = e- t
f HtL
d t = 2 t e t d t = H e t L d t = e t .
uHtL
2
88
C2.nb
x = e-t Hc + e t L = 1 + c e-t .
2

, .
:
x = 2 t Ht2 - xL , t .
H
x + 2 t x = 2 t 3 .
yHtL xHtL,
, .
, x + 2 t x Hy xL
2
. e t . ,
e t Hx + 2 t xL = e t x' + He t L x = He t xL .
2
e t ,

He t xL = 2 t 3 e t .
2
e t x = 2 t 3 e t d t + c,
2
x = e-t H 2 t 3 e t d t + cL.
2
, :
3 t
2
t
2 t
t
2 t
t
2 t e d t = t He L d t = t e - 2 t e d t = t e - e
2
,
x = e-t Ht 2 e t - e t + cL = c e-t + t2 - 1.
2

:
(27)
x + sHtL x = f HtL
t I.
,
(27) .
C2.nb
89
, , SHtL
sHtL,
HeSHtL L = eSHtL S HtL = eSHtL sHtL.
(28)
, eSHtL > 0 t , (27)

eSHtL . , (27)
(29)
eSHtL x + eSHtL sHtL x = eSHtL f HtL
t I.
, (28),
(30)
eSHtL x + HeSHtL L x = eSHtL f HtL
HeSHtL xL = eSHtL f HtL,
(31)
t I.
t I.
eSHtL x,
.
, . , (31)
y = FHtL, y := eSHtL x, FHtL := eSHtL f HtL. , y = c + FHtL d t. ,
eSHtL x = c + eSHtL f HtL d t
(32)

x = e-SHtL @c + eSHtL f HtL d tD
(33)
SHtL = sHtL d t.
(34)
. (33)

. , (27) (4)
sHtL = -gHtL, (24) (33) .
(28)

x + sHtL x = f HtL,
(35)
xHt0 L = x0 ,
(35)
, (28)
(36)
,
(37)
,
(38)
t I,
t0 I
t0 HeSHxL xL d x = t0 eSHxL f HxL d x

t
eSHtL xHtL - eSHt0 L xHt0 L = t eSHxL f HxL d x

t
xHtL = e-@SHtL-SHt0 LD xHt0 L + e-SHtL t eSHxL f HxL d x

t
90
C2.nb

.
(39)
xHtL = e-@SHtL-SHt0 LD xHt0 L + e-@SHtL-SHt0 LD t eSHxL-SHt0 L f HxL d x

t
, eSHt0 L e-SHt0 L = 1 e-SHt0 L , ,

. xHt0 L = x0

0
THtL := SHtL - SHt0 L t sHxL d x,

t
(40)
:
(41)
xHtL = e-THtL Ax0 + t eTHxL f HxL d x E.

0
t
sHtL, f HtL I x0
.
x + sHtL x = f HtL, t I,
xHt0 L = x0 , t0 I,
. I
xHtL = e-THtL Ax0 + t eTHxL f HxL d x E,
0
THtL := t sHxL d x, t I.
:
x - 2 t x = t,
t ,
xH0L = 0.
sHtL = -2 t, f HtL = t, t0 = x0 = 0. ,
THtL := t sHxL d x = t H-2 xL d x = -t2
xHtL = e-THtL Ax0 + t eTHxL f HxL d x E = et 0 e-x x d x

0
t
= et 0 H- 12 e-x L' d x = 12 et H1 - e-t L,

2
xHtL = 12 Het - 1L
2
C2.nb
91
t x + 2 x = 4 t2 , t ,
xH1L = 2.
, t 0, x + sHtL x = f HtL,
sHtL = 2 t-1 , f HtL = 4 t. t0 = 1, t > 0,
THtL := t sHxL d x = 1 2 x -1 d x = 2 ln t.
t
xHtL = e-THtL Ax0 + t eTHxL f HxL d x E = t-2 A2 + 1 x2 H4 xL d x E = t-2 A2 + Ht4 - 1LE

0
t
xHtL = t-2 + t2 ,
t > 0.
H1 - t2 L x - t x = 1,
t ,
xH0L = 0.
H-1, 1L, t0 = 0,
x + sHtL x = f HtL,
t
sHtL = -
,
1-t2
1
f HtL =
.
1-t2
x
M d x = 12 0 @lnH1 - x2 LD d x = 12 lnH1 - t2 L.
THtL := t sHxL d x = 0 I-
1-x2
0
t
1
xHtL = e-THtL Ax0 + t eTHxL f HxL d x E =
!!!!!
!!!!!
0
1-t2
t
t
0
t !!!!!!!!!!!
1-x2
1-x2
1
d x =
!!!!!
!!!!!
1-t2
!2!! d x = sin-1 HtL.

!!!!!!!!
1-x
,
1
xHtL =
2 sin-1 HtL,
!!!!!
!!!!!
1-t
t H-1, 1L.
t
0
!2!! d x.
!!!!!!!!
1-x
92
C2.nb
1. . ,
.
)
x = 2 t3 - t x , t ,
xH0L = 0.
x + x = 2 Ht - 1L2 , t ,
x = 2 t sin t + x , t ,
x + Htan tL x = tan t , t H- p2 , p2 L,
xH0L = 12.
x + Hsin tL x = sin t , t ,
xH0L = 3.
xH p2 L = 2.
xH0L = 2.
) t x + x = t e2 t , t < 0,
1
xH-1L = -
.
2 e2
) x + 2 x = tanh t , t ,
xH1L = 2.
2. , .
)
x - x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
x + x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
x + 2 x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
x = t + gHtL x , gHtL := 9
x' = t - gHtL x , gHtL := 9
1,
t0
1 - t, t > 0
t,
t2 ,
t0
t>0
xH0L = 2.
e-t ,
t0
1 + t2,
t>0
,
1+t2
xH0L = 1.
t0
xH0L = 0.
t>0
t,
1,
1 + tanh t,
x = cos t - gHtL x , gHtL := 9
xH0L = 0.
t0
t>0
0,
t,
) x = t2 - gHtL x , gHtL := 9
xH0L = 1.
t0
t>0
xH0L = 0.
t0
t>0
1,
cos t,
xH-pL = 0.
3.
)
x - 2 x = t2 - 1 ,
x - 2 t x = e-t ,
t ,
x - 2 t x = 2 ,
t ,
)
)
x + Htan tL x = 3 cos t ,
x + Htanh tL x = 1 ,
t ,
xH0L = 0.
xH0L = 0.
!!!
xH0L = p .
t H- p2 , p2 L,
t ,
xH0L = -1
xH0L = 1
C2.nb
93
) x + Htanh tL x = 1 + cosh t , t ,
)
t x + x = t2 ,
tHt - 2L x - 2 x = t ,
t > 0,
xH0L = 0
xH1L = 0
0 < t < 2,
x - Hsin 2 t L x = 2 ,
t ,
x - 2 x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
x + 3 x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
x + 4 x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
x + Htanh tL x = f HtL , f HtL := 9
xH1L = 1
xH0L = 1
-1,
t0
2
t - 1, t > 0
xH0L = 0.
0,
t0
-t
1-e , t >0
xH0L = 1.
0,
t0
tanh t, t > 0
t0
1,
0,
- x = f HtL , f HtL := 9 tH1 - tL,
0
xH0L = 1.
cosh t
t>0
t<0
0 t1
t>1
xH0L = 0.
xH0L = 1.
4. 1-3 Mathematica. ,
. , ,
.
,
x = 2 sin t - x,
xHp 2L = 3. ,
.
, ,
x = 2 sin t - x

x = c e-t + sin t - cos t.
Mathematica:
94
C2.nb
In[154]:=
Clear@t, x, f, gD
eq = x '@tD f@tD + g@tD x@tD;
f@t_D = 2 Sin@tD;
g@t_D = 1;
eq
FullSimplify@DSolve@eq, x@tD, tDD
Clear@t, x, f, gD
Out[158]=
Out[159]=
x HtL n 2 sinHtL - xHtL
88xHtL -t c1 - cosHtL + sinHtL<<
,
t c
X Ht, cL = c e-t + sin t - cos t.
, Table[X[t,c],{c, -0.8, 0.8, 0.2}]

c -0, 8 0, 8
0, 2.
.
In[161]:=
Clear@x, t, X, cD
X@t_, c_D = c t Cos@tD + Sin@tD
= Table@X@t, cD, 8c, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2<D
Plot@Evaluate@D, 8t, 2, 7<,
Compiled False , PlotRange All, AxesLabel 8"t", "x"<D;
Clear@x, t, X, cD
Out[162]=
Out[163]=
-t c - cosHtL + sinHtL
8-cosHtL - 0.8 -t + sinHtL, -cosHtL - 0.6 -t + sinHtL, -cosHtL - 0.4 -t + sinHtL,

-cosHtL - 0.2 -t + sinHtL, -cosHtL + 0. -t + sinHtL, -cosHtL + 0.2 -t + sinHtL,
-cosHtL + 0.4 -t + sinHtL, -cosHtL + 0.6 -t + sinHtL, -cosHtL + 0.8 -t + sinHtL<
x
4
2
-2
2
-2
-4
-6
C2.nb
95
xHp 2L = c e-p2 + 1.
,
x = 2 sin t - x,

xHp 2L = 3,
x = 2 eHp2L-t + sin t - cos t.
Mathematica:
In[166]:=
Clear@t, x, f, gD
eq = x '@tD f@tD + g@tD x@tD;
f@t_D = 2 Sin@tD;
g@t_D = 1;
IC = x@Pi 2D 3;
8eq, IC<
FullSimplify@DSolve@8eq, IC<, x@tD, tDD
Clear@t, x, f, gD
p
Out[171]= 9x HtL n 2 sinHtL - xHtL, xJ N n 3=

2
99xHtL -cosHtL + 2 2 -t + sinHtL==
p
Out[172]=

x = 2 eHp2L-t + sin t - cos t.
, :
96
C2.nb
In[174]:=
Clear@xD
x@t_D = 2 2 t Cos@tD + Sin@tD

Plot@x@tD, 8t, 1, 4 Pi<, Compiled False ,
PlotRange All, AxesLabel 8"t", "x"<D;
Clear@
xD
p
Out[175]=
-cosHtL - 2 2 -t + sinHtL
x
2
10
12
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
3.

, . ,
,
(1)
x = a + k x ,
a, k 0 . , (1)

(2)
x = c ek t - ak .
Malthus
,
, NHtL, ,
,
(3)
N HtL
,
sHtL :=
NHtL
. ( ) (
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834). , An Essay on the Principle of
Population (1798), Malthus "Population, when unchecked,
increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence only increases in an arithmetical ratio."
C2.nb
97

(Charles Darwin (1809-1882).
, , sHtL = a,

N = a N.
(4)
, , NHtL .
, (4) NHtL ,
a. , a > 0
,
. , a < 0 ,
, .

N = c ea t
(5)
(4). , t0

(6)
NHt0 L = c ea t0 .
(7)
N = NHt0 L eaHt-t0 L .
, c = NHt0 L e-a t0 , (5)
,
, a .
a > 0 NHt0 L
. (7) ,
, -
.
, ,
2%
. ,
(8)
1
N = NHt0 L eaHt-t0 L = 3 109 exp AI0, 02
M H100 thLE = 3 109 e2 > 22, 17 109 .
toV
, 22 .

. , , ,
. .
,
, .
98
C2.nb
,
. .
, C. C12
(-12). ,
C 13 , C 14 .

. ,
. , , ,
, NHtL,
NHtL. , NHtL
(4), a . ,
(9)
N = -b N,
b > 0.
, t0 NHt0 L, ,
t - t0 ,
(10)
N = NHt0 L e-bHt-t0 L
H b
. -14 ( C14 )
b 1, 2110-4 . ,
( ) b
, (half-life).
T12
. (10),
1 2 = e-b T12 . ,
(11)
0,693
ln 2
T12 =

b
b
C 14 , T12 = 5, 730 .
C14 C12 ,
. ,
. , C14 . ,
, . ,
T , -14 N N0 = e-b T .

""
(radioactive dating): -14
, ,
.
C2.nb
99
Newton

. , , ,
() ( )
( ).

.
:
) , t, , , , THtL.
) Tp , .
) Tp - THtL.
,

(12)
T = kHTp - TL,
k . , k > 0 " " - (12)

. ,
,
. , Tp < THtL,
.
Newton
. ,
, .
, , (12)
, k
(, , ) .
, (12)
(13)
T = Tp + c e-k t .
, , t = 0 T0 , T0 = Tp + c. ,
(13)
(14)
T = Tp + HT0 - Tp L e-k t ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, . , ...
T0 = 25 C
Tp = 200 C,
100
C2.nb
(14). , ...
. ,
.
...
: 200 C , !
, (14), THtL
, t .
, ,
, THtL - Tp . ,
T-Tp
= e-k t .
T0 -Tp
(15)
, ,
, T sec, e-k T = 10-3 .
k T 6, 9. k k 0, 02 sec.
T 345 sec 6 min.
s m , 2oV

(16)
m x = FHt, x, x L.
, (16), xHtL s
FHt, x, x L .
,
. , (16)
(17)
m x = FHt, x L.
,
(18)
m u = FHt, uL,
uHtL := x HtL
(19)
.
, (18) .
,
(20)
FHt, uL = aHtL + bHtL u
(18)
(21)
m u = aHtL + bHtL u
C2.nb
101
, ,
. ,
.
,
, . m g,
g 9, 8 m sec2 .
,
. ,
l x , l /,
.
, , ( )
t xHtL,
(22)
m x = -m g - l x .
,
(23)
m u = -m g - l u.

(24)
mg
u = c e-HlmL t -
,
l

(25)
mg
He-l tm - 1L,
u = u0 e-l tm +
l
u0 := uH0L.
, ,
:
(26)
mg
mg
m
x = x0 -
t -
Hu0 +
L H1 - e-l tm L,
l
l
l
x0 := xH0L.
(25) (26)
m = 80 kg (u0 = 0) 1,000 m. O
l = 2 kg sec.
, , T =15,2 sec
. umax =124m/sec,
. ,
: T 14, 3 sec, umax = 140 m sec.
102
C2.nb
vHmsecL
2
10
12
tHsecL
14
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
xHmL
1000
800
600
400
200
10
12
14
16
tHsecL
4. x ' = f HxL ()

.
(1)
x = FHt, xL
. FHt, xL x,
t x, ..
,
, :
(2)
x = X HxL.
. ,

(2) . ,
,
.
C2.nb
103
X HxL, , ,
, .
X HxL , .
8x j <, j = 1, 2, ..., , x j ,
I j ,
X HxL.
, , xHtL, t ,
X HxL, xHtL = x j . , x HtL = 0
X Hx j L = 0. , xHtL = x j
.
, ,
x o x j X HxL. , (2)
1
x = 1.
X HxL
(3)
1
x d t = 1 d t + c,

X HxL
(4)
1
d x = t + c.

X HxL
(5)
(2) (=) .
,
,
x = 1 - x2 ,
(6)
(2) FHxL = 1 - x2 . x1 = -1
x2 = 1. , (6)
xHtL = -1,
(7)
xHtL = 1.
, x H-, -1L, H-1, 1L

H1, L, (6)
1
x = 1.
1-x2
(8)
1
d x = t + c.

1-x2
(9)
,
(10)
1
1
1
= 12 H
+
L.
1-x2
1+x
1-x
, (9)
104
C2.nb
1
1
1
d x = 12 H
+
L d x

1-x2
1+x
1-x
(11)
1+x
= 12 Hln 1 + x -ln 1 - x L = 12 ln

1-x
, (9)
1+x
12 ln
= t + c
1-x
(12)
1+x

= e2 Ht+cL .
1-x
(13)
, H1 + xL H1 - xL = 1 - x2 > 0,
1+x
= e2 Ht+cL .
1-x
(14)
x
2 Ht+cL
(15)
e
-1
x =
.
e2 Ht+cL +1
(16)
1+x
= -e2 Ht+cL ,
1-x
, H1 + xL H1 - xL = 1 - x2 < 0, (13)
2 Ht+cL
e
+1
x =
.
e2 Ht+cL -1
(17)
, xHtL = 1, (6)
(18)
e
-1
e -e
x =
=
tanh Ht + cL, 1 - x2 > 0,
e2 Ht+cL +1
et+c +e-Ht+cL
(19)
e
+1 e +e
cotanh Ht + cL,
x =
e2 Ht+cL -1 et+c -e-Ht+cL
2 Ht+cL
2 Ht+cL
t+c
t+c
-Ht+cL
-Ht+cL
1 - x2 < 0.

x = 1, (18) (19).
x
3
2
1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
-1
-2
-3
1.5
C2.nb
105
(18),
x = tanh Ht + cL (-1 < xHtL < 1 t )
x = 1 t - x. , xHtL 1,
t .
, x = cotanh Ht + cL
, cotanh Ht + cL , t tc = -c
, . , cotanh Ht + cL -1, t -,
cotanh Ht + cL 1, t .
(6)
.
: , .
,
xHtL.
,
x = tanh Ht + cL . ,
x = cotanh Ht + cL H-, -cL H-c, L,
xHtL < -1 xHtL > 1, .
H
x = cos x,
(20)
. FHxL = cos x
xn = H2 n + 1L Hp 2L, n .
(21)
,
xHtL = xn ,
(22)
t ,
(20).
Hxn , xn+1 L, (20)
(23)
,
(24)
x' = 1.
cos x
1
d x = t + c.

cos x
,
ln sec x + tan x sec x 1 cos x.
.
(25)
,
(26)
1+tan H x L
sec x + tan x =
1-tan H x L
2
1
2
d x = ln sec x + tan x = ln

cos x
1-tan H 2x L
1+tan H x L
106
C2.nb
, (24)
1+tan H x L
= et+c
1-tan H x L
(27)
, , 1 - tan2 Hx 2L > 0,
e -1
t+c
tan H 2x L =
tanh H
L.
et+c +1
2
t+c
(28)
,
e +1
t+c
tan H 2x L =
cotanh H
L.
et+c -1
2
t+c
(29)
, xHtL = H2 n + 1L Hp 2L, (6)
t+c
LD,
x = 2 arctan@tanh H
2
(30)
1 - tan2 Hx 2L > 0,
t+c
x = 2 arctan@cotanh H
LD, 1 - tan2 Hx 2L < 0.
2
(31)
, (30) H-p 2, p 2L,

2 p. , (31) H-p, -p 2L Hp 2, pL,
H-p + 2 k p, -p 2 + 2 k pL Hp 2 + 2 k p, p + 2 k pL, k .

(30) (31) .
x
6
-6
-4
-2
2
-2
-4
-6
C2.nb
107
1. 8xHtL< . ,
.
(i) x = 4 x2 .
(ii) x = -9 x2 .
(iii) x = - Hx - 3L2 .
(iv) x = H1 - xL Hx - 2L.
(v) x = Hx - 1L Hx - 2L Hx - 3L.
(vi) x x = x - 1.
1
(vii) x =
.
2+cosH2 xL
2. xHtL xHt0 L = x0 .
!!!
(i) x = x ,
Ht0 , x0 L = H1, 1L.
(ii) x = -3 x2
Ht0 , x0 L = H1, -1L.
(iv) x = Hx + 2L Hx - 3L,
Ht0 , x0 L = H0, 0L.
(iii) x = Hx - 1L13 ,
(v) x = Hx2 - 1L Hx - 3L,
(vi) x x = x - 1,
Ht0 , x0 L = H2, 1L.
Ht0 , x0 L = H0, 0L.
Ht0 , x0 L = H3, 2L.
3. . 1, 2,
Mathematica.
5. ,

. , ,
. , , NHtL,

(1)
N = a N + b N 2,
a, b (), ()-1 ()-2 .

, () , () , N HtL,
.
, NHtL. ,
.
108
C2.nb
, , , , (1)
, 2- . ,
.
2-
a b.
NHtL, (1)
= a + b N.
N
(2)
, N = a N ,
, , sHtL := N HtL NHtL,
.
,
k := -b,
(3)
m := - ab .
(1)
N = k N Hm - NL.
(4)
, NHtL = 0
NHtL = m. m = 0, .
m 0 m . ,
, m = 0 m < 0.
m > 0, H-, 0L, H0, mL H0, L N

(4)
N
= k.
N Hm-NL
(5)
,
N
d t = k d t + c,

N Hm-NL
(6)
1
d N = k t + c.

N Hm-NL
(7)
,
1
1
1
=
H N1 +
L,
N Hm-NL
m
m-N
(8)

(9)
1
1
1
N
d N =
@ln N -ln m - N D =
ln
.

N Hm-NL
m
m
m-N
, (6)
(10)
(11)
N
ln
= m k Ht - CL,
m-N
C := - kc .
N

= exp@m k Ht - CLD.
m-N
C2.nb
109
= B exp Hm k tL
m-N
(12)
exp@-m k CD = B, NHm - NL > 0, NHm - NL < 0, . ,

mkt
mBe
N =
1+B em k t
(13)

mBe
NHt0 L =
.
1+B em k t
m k t0
(14)
NHt0 L
B em k t 0 =
m-NHt0 L
(15)
(13)
m NHt0 L e
m NHt0 L
N =

m+NHt0 L@ em k Ht-t L -1D

NHt0 L+@m-NHt0 LD e-m k Ht-t L
m k Ht-t0 L
(16)
(1)
:
m = 4, k = 1 8, t0 = 0, NHt0 L 80, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6<.
12
10
8
6
4
2
-6
-4
-2
(16) ,

k, m. , NHt0 L, m,
, - m, t . , NHt0 L > m,
, m.
1750, 1850
1950, 791, 1.262 2.521 , .
. ,
(4), (16),
t0 = 1750, NHt0 L = 791 106 .
k = 10-12 m = 7 109 , . , ,
110
C2.nb
,
a = k m, 7 10-3 /, 0,7% .
,
, ,
.
H.L
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
tHL
1. , NHtL
NH0L = N0 > 0. , ,
. ,
N0 .
N
N
(i) N =
H1 -
L,
T
m
N
N
(ii) N = -
H1 -
L,
T
m
T > 0, m < 0.
T > 0, m > 0.
N
N
(iii) N =
H1 -
L + k,
T
m
T > 0,
N
N
(v) N = -
lnH
L,
T
m
T > 0, m > 0.
m > 0, k > 0.
N
N
H1 -
L + k N, T > 0, m > 0, k > 0.
(iv) N =
T
m
2. Mathematica.
,

N0 .
6. x = THtL X HxL ( )
x = FHt, xL
t x. ,
(1)
x = THtL X HxL,
C2.nb
111
, , THtL X HxL .
, , () .
x = 2 t x2 .
X HxL,
: X HxL . , , x j
, xHtL = x j
.
, I
() X HxL, (1)
1
x = THtL.
X HxL
(2)
,
(3)

(4)
1
x' d t = THtL d t + c

X HxL
1
d x = THtL d t + c.

X HxL
, (4)
jHxL = uHtL + c.
x, (1). -
- jHxL = uHtL + c (1).
. ,
. t THtL d t
x = X HxL x = THtL X HxL.
H
x = 2 t x2 ,
(5)
, x = THtL X HxL, THtL = 2 t, X HxL = x2 . ,

(5) xHtL = 0.
x < 0, x > 0, (5)
x-2 x = 2 t,
(6)
(7)
-2
d x = 2 t d t + c.
(8)
-x-1 = t 2 + c.
c = -C, , (5)

112
C2.nb
1
x =
.
C-t 2
(9)
.
, ,
. , xHtL = 0,
(9) C < 0, , .
,
(5) -1, -2, -3 -4 C.
, (9) C > 0
!!!!
!!!! !!!!
!!!!
I-, - C M, I- C , C M I C , M.
(9), C
81, 2, 3, 4< .
x
-3
-2
-1
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
x
3
-3
-2
-1
1
-1
-2
-3
C2.nb
113
x = 2 t H1 - x2 L
(13)
, x = THtL X HxL.
, THtL = 2 t, X HxL = 1 - x2 .
X H1L = 0, xHtL = 1
(13). x 1,

1
x = 2 t,
1-x2
(14)
1
d x = 2 t d t + c.

1-x2
(15)
,
.
(13) t 2 t d t. ,
(15)
1+x
12 ln
= t2 + c
1-x
(16)

1+x

= e2 Ht
1-x
(17)
2 +cL
, x = 1, (13)
(18)
e
-1
e -e
x =
=
tanh Ht2 + cL, 1 - x2 > 0,
e2 Ht +cL +1
et +c +e-Ht +cL
(19)
e
+1
e +e
x =
=
cotanh Ht2 + cL,
e2 Ht +cL -1
et +c -e-Ht +cL
2 Ht2 +cL
2
2 Ht2 +cL
2
t2 +c
2
t2 +c
2
-Ht2 +cL
2
-Ht2 +cL
2
1 - x2 < 0.

(18) (19) .
114
C2.nb
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
H
(22)
x = 3 t 2 H1 + x2 L
x = THtL X HxL, THtL = 3 t 2 , X HxL = 1 + x2 .
X HxL , (22)
(23)

(24)
x = 3 t 2 .
1+x2
1
d x = 3 t 2 d t + c

1+x2
(25)
arctan x = t 3 + c.
(22)
(26)
x = tanHt 3 + c L.
, tan q qn = H2 n + 1L Hp 2L,
n . , , q qn
, . , (26)
t
(27)
tn = @H2 n + 1L Hp 2L - cD13 ,
n .
,
(26)
c = 0. ,
tn = H2 n + 1L13 Hp 2L13 . , c = 0
C2.nb
115
In = Htn-1 , tn L. , ,
n ,
Tn ,
Tn := tn - tn-1 = @H2 n + 1L13 - H2 n - 1L13 D Hp 2L13 .
(28)
x
10
7.5
5
2.5
-2
-1
-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
H
2
t
x =
1+x2
(29)
x = THtL X HxL,
.
THtL = t 2 ,
X HxL = H1 + x2 L ,
-1
, , X HxL
. ,
(30)
,
(31)
H1 + x 2 L x = t 2 .
2
2
H1 + x L d x = t d t + c,
(32)
x + 13 x3 = 13 t 3 + c.
,
(33)
3 x + x3 = t 3 + C.
(29), ,
, x t ( C, ).
. , (33)
(34)
,
(35)
uHt, xL := 3 x + x3 - t 3 = C.
x uHt, xL = 3 H1 + x2 L 0.
116
C2.nb
( ) , (35)
(30)
uHt, xL, :
Iu := 8Ht, xL 2 : 3 x + x3 - t 3 = C <
(36)
. ,
,
uHt, xL = 3 x + x3 - t 3 , Ht, xL 2 , , ,
(30).
x
4
-4
-2
-2
-4
H
(37)
Hx 2 - 1L x + t 2 = 0
, , xHtL 1,
-1
x = THtL X HxL, THtL = t 2 , X HxL = H1 - x2 L .
(37) ,
(38)
H1 - x 2 L d x = t 2 d t + c
,
(39)
x - 13 x3 = 13 t 3 + c.
, (24)
(40)
3 x - x3 - t 3 = c
C2.nb
117
c .

xHtL = 1, (40).
x
3
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
1. . ,
t x .
(i)
x = Ht - 2L H2 x - 1L.
(ii)
t-2
x =
.
2 x-1
2 sin H2 tL
.
(iii) x =
2 x-1
(iv) x = 2 t2 x2 .
(v)
H1-x L
x =
.
t
(vi)
x cos t
x =
.
1+x2
(vii)
2t
x =
.
2 x+ex
2
3t
(viii) x =
.
cosh x
2. . ,
.
(i)
2 sin H2 tL
x =
,
2 x-1
xHp 2L = 2.
118
C2.nb
(ii)
x = 2 t2 Hx - 1L2 ,
!!!!!!!!!2!!
1-x
(iii) x =
,
t
2 t-e-t
,
(iv) x =
2 x+ex
(v)
1-3 t
x =
,
cosh x
2t
(vi) x =
,
1-sinh x
x cos t
(vii) x =
,
1+2 x2
xH0L = -2.
xH1L = -1.
xH1L = -1.
xH0L = 1.
xH0L = 0.
xHp 2L = 1.
7. x = GHx tL, Bernoulli Ricatti

7.1 x = GHx tL ()
x = FHt, xL
FHt, xL = GHx tL, GHzL I
. .
, "" ,
. , .

: , y,
(1)
x=ty
xHtL = t yHtL.
Leibniz
x = y + t y .
(2)
,
x = GH xt L
(3)

y + t y = GHyL.
(4)
t 0. , (4)
(5)
HHyL
y =
,
t
HHyL := GHyL - y,
.
, yHtL = y j , y j HHyL,
(5). y HHyL, (5)

(6)
= 1t .
HHyL
C2.nb
119
y
d t = 1t d t + c,

HHyL
(7)
1
d y = ln t +c

HHyL
(8)
yHtL .
t2 x = H2 t + xL x
(9)
t = 0, x . t = 0 (9).
t < 0 t > 0, , (9)
x = GH xt L,
(10)
GHyL := H2 + yL y.
HHyL := GHyL - y = yHy + 1L, (. . (5))

yHy+1L
y =
,
t
(11)
.
, (11) yHtL = 0 yHtL = -1.

(9) xHtL = 0 xHtL = -t.
y y = 0 y = -1,
(11) (8).
1
1
1
d y =
d y = I 1y -
M d y = ln y -ln 1 + y = ln
y

HHyL
yHy+1L
1+y
1+y
, (8)
(12)
(13)
ln
y = ln t +c.
1+y
y
ln
= c
H1+yL t
y H1 + yL t .
(14)
y = C t,
1+y
(15)
Ct
y =
.
1-C t
,
(16)
Ct
x = t y =
.
1-C t
120
C2.nb
C 0, (9)
xHtL = 0.
,
(16) C. ,
. ,
C 0 H-, C -1 L HC -1 , L,
. t = 0.
(16)
C t H2-C tL
x =
H1-C tL2
(17)
, (16) t = 0,
, ' : xH0L = 0, x H0L = 0. ,
H0, 0L t - x,
t. ,
(16) C = 1, 1 2 1/3.
x
20
15
10
5
-6
-4
-2
-5
-10
-15
-20
,
H-, 1L, H-, 2L H-, 3L
t - x t . , (19),
t > 0
t < 0. , 0 < t < 1 C = 1,

- < t < 0 H0, 0L.
,
(18)
t
x =
,
1- t
- < t < 1,

(19)
x=9
Ct
,
1-C t
t2
,
1- t
t0
0t<1
C 0, (9) - < t < 1.
C2.nb
121
,
x=9
(20)
Ct
,
1-C t
t0
,
2- t
0t<2
C 0, (9) - < t < 2, x = t2 H2 - tL.

(0,0) t - x
(9)
t2 x = H2 t + xL x, xHt0 L = x0 ,
(21)
Ht0 , x0 L = H0, 0L.
, Ht0 , x0 L H0, 0L, (21)

2
t
x =
,
tk - t
(22)
t0
tk := t0 I1 +
M.
x0
,
(16), xHtL = 0
xHtL = -t.
x
10
-10
-5
-5
-10

(23)
3 t -4 x
x =
4 Ht-xL
10
122
C2.nb
x = GH xt L,
(24)

3 -4 y
GHyL :=
.
4 H1-yL
3 -4 y-4 H1-yL y
3 -8 y+4 y
HHyL := GHyL - y =
=
4 H1-yL
4 H1-yL
2
(25)
y = 1 2, 3/2. , y = t-1 HHyL

y1 HtL = 1 2 y2 HtL = 3 2. , x1 HtL = H1 2L t x2 HtL = H3 2L t
(23).
,
(26)
4 H1-yL
8 y-8
1
d y =
d y = - 12
d y = - 12 ln 4 y2 - 8 y + 3

HHyL
3 -8 y+4 y2
3 -8 y+4 y2
, , (8)
- 12 ln 4 y2 - 8 y + 3 = ln t +c.
(27)
(28)
(29)
ln H4 y2 - 8 y + 3L t2 = -2 c
H4 y2 - 8 y + 3L t2 = C,
C .
, t y = x.
(30)
4 x2 - 8 t x + 3 t2 = C.

(31)
x = t 12
!!!!!!!!!!!!2
C+t .
, , C = 0, o (31)
x1 HtL = H1 2L t x2 HtL = H3 2L t.
C 0, (23) (31).
,
C - C 12 t C 12 . ,
C = -16, o (31) (23):
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(32)
x = t + 12 t2 - 16 ,
x = t - 12 t2 - 16 ,
t < -4
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(33)
x = t + 12 t2 - 16 ,
x = t - 12 t2 - 16 ,
t > 4.
x = H1 2L t x = H3 2L t,
uHx, tL = 4 x2 - 8 t x + 3 t2 .
, C < 0, uHx, tL = C .
t - x.
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = t + H1 2L C + t2 ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = t - H1 2L C + t2 .
C2.nb
123
x
10
-10
-5
10
-5
-10
,
(16) C. ,
, C 0
H-, C-1 L HC-1 , L. 1-
t = 0. (16)
C t H2-C tL
x =
H1-C tL2
(17)
, (16), xH0L = 0, x H0L = 0. ,

t = 0 H0, 0L t - x,
t. xHtL = 0 ,

.
1. .
2 t +x
(i) x =
x
2 t +x
(ii) x =
t+x
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(iii) t x = t2 + x2
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(iv) t x = x - t2 + x2
t
(v) t x = x +
!!!!!!!!
!!!!
2
2
2
t +x
124
C2.nb
2.
t -x
,
(i) x =
t+2 x
xH0L = 1.
(ii) t Ht + xL x = t2 + t x + x2 ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(iii) t x x = x2 + t t2 + x2 ,
xH1L = 2.
xH1L = 1.
7.2 Bernoulli
Bernoulli
(1)
x + pHtL x = qHtL xg ,
g 80, 1<.
0 1
(1) .
, xHtL = 0 Bernoulli.
xHtL,
uHtL = x1-g HtL
(2)
(1)
(3)
u + H1 - gL pHtL v = H1 - gL qHtL
: (2)
(4)
u = H1 - gL x-g x
(1)
x-g x + pHtL x1-g = qHtL
(5)
(2), (4) (5)
H1 - gL-1 u + pHtL u = qHtL
(3).
,
(6)
t x + 2 x + 2 t x2 = 0

(7)
x + 2t x = -2 x2
H (1), pHtL = 2 t , qHtL = -2, g = 2. ,

(8)

u = x-1 ,
C2.nb
125
u - 2t u = 2.
(9)
(9)
u = c t2 - 2 t,
(10)
(6)
1
x =
.
tHc t-2L
(11)

x + tanh t x = x3
(12)
(1) pHtL = tanh t , qHtL = 1, g = 3. ,

x u = x-2
(13)

u - 2 Htanh tL u = -2 .
(14)

u = cosh2 tHc - 2 tanh tL.
(15)
, Bernoulli (12)
1
x =
!!!!! .
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(16)
!!!
. xH0L = 1 c
c 2.
cosh t
1. .
(i) t x + x + t x2 = 0,
(ii) x + x = x2 ,
xH1L = 1.
xH0L = 2.
(iii) x = xHt + xL,

(iv) t x + x = x13 ,
(v) x - x = x12 ,
(vi) x - x = et x32 ,
xH0L = 1.
xH1L = 0.
xH0L = 1.
xH0L = 1.
7.3 Ricatti
c-2 tanh t
126
C2.nb
x = f HtL + gHtL x + hHtL x2 ,
(1)
Ricatti. ,
f HtL , Ricatti Bernoulli.
Ricatti,
. , ,
, .
, , uHtL (1). ,
1
xHtL = uHtL +
,
uHtL
(2)
uHtL 0,
(1)
u + @gHtL + 2 hHtL uHtLD u + hHtL = 0.
(3)
: (2)
x = u - u-2 u
(4)
(1)
u - u-2 u = f HtL + gHtL Hu + u-1 L + hHtL Hu + u-1 L
(5)
,
(6)
u - u-2 u = f HtL + gHtL Hu + u-1 L + hHtL Hu2 + 2 u u-1 + u-2 L.
uHtL (1). ,
u = f HtL + gHtL u + hHtL u2 .
(7)
(6)
-u-2 u = gHtL v-1 + hHtL H2 u u-1 + u-2 L.
(3).

x = 1 + t x - x2
(8)
(1) f HtL = 1, gHtL = t hHtL = -1.

, (8)
(9)
uHtL = t.
,
(10)
1
xHtL = t +
uHtL
(8)
(11)
u - t u = 1.
C2.nb
127
(11) c et 2 . ,

2
u = c et
(12)
,
u = c et
(13)
2 2
2 2
+ et
+ et
2 2
2 2
0 e-x
t
2 2
d x.
!!! t!!!2! -z 2
e d z.
2 0
, (13)
u = et
(14)
2 2
Ac +
!!! !!!p!
!!!
2 2 ErfIt 2 ME
, Ricatti (8)
-t2 2
1
e
x = t + u1 = t +
! .
!!!! = t +
!!!
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!
t 2
e 2 Ic+ p2 ErfIt 2 M
(15)
c+ p2 ErfIt 2 M
,
t2 x + t x = t2 x2 - 1
(16)

x = -t-2 - t-1 x + x2 .
(17)
Ricatti, (1), f HtL = -t-2 , gHtL = -t-1 hHtL = 1.
(16) - (17)- t-1 . ,

u,
1
,
x = t-1 +
uHtL
(18)
(17)
u + t-1 u = -1.
(19)
H
(20)
u = c t-1 - 2t .
,
(21)
(16).
2t
x = t-1 +
1 = t-1 +
2 c -t2
c t-1 - t
2
128
C2.nb
1. Ricatti,
, x1 HtL .
(i) x = 1 - t x + x2 , x1 = t.
(ii) x = et + x - e-t x2 ,
x1 = et .
(iii) x = 1 + 2 t-2 - t x - 3 x2 , x1 = t-1 .
8.
, 2 , .
.

= 8Hx, yL 2 : y = f HxL<
(1)
f .
f HxL = x ,
""
x I = @-2, 2D
= 8 Hx, yL 2 : y = x <
. , .
y
2
1.5
1
0.5
-2
-1
f HxL = x2 ,
x I = @-2, 2D
C2.nb
129
= 8 Hx, yL 2 : y = x2 <
.
y
4
3
2
1
-2
-1
f HxL =
!!!!!!!!!!!!2
4-x ,
x I = @-2, 2D
= 9Hx, yL 2 : y =
!!!!!!!!!!!!2
4 - x =.
.
y
2
1.5
1
0.5
-2
-1
,
. ,
x = 0. ,
, x = 2, I = @-2, 2D.
!!!!!!!!!!!!
f HxL = 4 - x2 ().
n,
n
. , (1) ,
f HxL I , , (
130
C2.nb
) , , .
: ,
f HxL = a x + b, , , ,
= 8Hx, yL 2 : y = f HxL< ( ).
,
.
y
2
0.5
1.5
-1
-2
,
!!!!!!!!!!!!
(2)
= 9Hx, yL 2 : x = 4 - y2 =

. , , x
y,
. ... ,

(3)
= 8Hx, yL 2 : x = gHyL<
gHyL , , I
.
, 2
(4)
c = 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = c <,
jHx, yL c
. jHx, yL = x2 + y2 . jHx, yL = 1
C2.nb
131
Hx, yL = H0, 0L .
2 (4),
: c ,
jHx, yL,
j
x jHx, yL
Hx, yL,
x
(5)
j
y jHx, yL
Hx, yL,
y
.
2
. ,
. ,
, . ,
,
.
n . , ,
( ). ,
= 8Hx, yL 2 : y 0<
2 ,
= 1 2 ,
1 2 = .
1 = 8Hx, yL 2 : y < 0< 2 = 8Hx, yL 2 : y > 0<
n , .
, C m HL
() m n .
CHL C0 HL.
j : , 2 , C 1 HL
c j Ha, bL .
y jHa, bL 0, fc HxL, Ia
x = a, jHx, yL = c y = fc HxL.
x jHa, bL 0, gc HyL, Ib
y = b, jHx, yL = c x = gc HyL.
. .
jHx, yL Ha, bL 2 ,
(6)
jHx, yL = c := jHa, bL
, x, y
.

x, y jHx, yL = c,
132
C2.nb

. ,
.
, (=
) :
(7)
c := 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = c <
(8)
x = 8Hx, yL 2 : y = fc HxL<,
Ha, bL
y jHa, bL 0,
y = 8Hx, yL 2 : x = gc HyL<,
(9)
x jHa, bL 0.
jHx, yL = x2 + y2 , 1 = 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = 1 <

, , , Hx, yL = H0, 1L. x jHx, yL = 2 x,
y jHx, yL = 2 y. H0, 0L,
1 .
, , Ha, bL 1 , b > 0. y > 0,
jHx, yL = x2 + y2 = 1
!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = 1 - x2 . Ha, bL
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = 8Hx, yL 2 : y = f HxL <,
f HxL = 1 - x2 , -1 < x < 1.
!!!!!!!!!!!!
, y < 0, (10) y = - 1 - x2 .
Ha, bL 1 , b < 0,
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = 8Hx, yL 2 : y = f HxL <, f HxL = - 1 - x2 , -1 < x < 1.
(10)
!!!!!!!!!!!!
, jHx, yL = x2 + y2 = 1 x = - 1 - y2 ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x < 0, x = 1 - y2 , x > 0. , Ha, bL 1 , a < 0,

!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = 8Hx, yL 2 : x = gHyL <, gHyL = - 1 - y2 , -1 < y < 1,
1 .
Ha, bL 1 , a > 0,
!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = 8Hx, yL 2 : x = gHyL <, gHyL = 1 - y2 , -1 < y < 1.
,
1- 2 . ,
C2.nb
133
jHx, yL 2 c
jHx, yL. jHx, yL = c
, , , .
, ,
(11)
c := 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = c <,
c j : ,
jHx, yL. ,
.
c , .

. , , c
jHx, yL = c I jHx, yL.
jHx, yL ,
c = 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = c <, c I,
, c.
(i) H jHx, yL = y - x2 , Hx, yL 2 ,

. ,
(12)
y - x2 = c
c. c,
(13)
c := 8Hx, yL 2 : y - x2 = c<
2 . To 8c <c
jHx, yL = y - x2 , Hx, yL 2 .
(ii) v jHx, yL = x2 + y2
2 .
(14)
x2 + y2 = c
c. c = 0 x2 + y2 = 0,
Hx, yL = H0, 0L. , 0 := 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = 0<
. , c > 0,
(15)

9.
c := 8Hx, yL 2 : x2 + y2 = c<
!!!
c Hx, yL = H0, 0L.
f HxL, x I,
:
134
C2.nb
f = 8Hx, yL 2 : y = f HxL< .
(1)
jHx, yL,
uHxL := jHx, f HxLL, x I,
(2)
jHx, yL f . H uHxL
jHx, yL, f .
jHx, yL H f L,
uHxL . uHxL
:
u HxL = x jHx, f HxLL + y jHx, f HxLL f HxL.
(3)
,
(4)
u = x jHx, yL + y jHx, yL y ,
(5)
Dx jHx, yL := x jHx, yL + y jHx, yL y .
y = f HxL. ,
Dx jHx, yL jHx, yL x.
,
jHx, yL = x2 + y2 , Hx, yL 2 , f HxL = x2 , x . ,

f HxL, f = 8Hx, yL 2 : y = x2 <, 2 .
jHx, yL
uHxL := jHx, f HxLL = x2 + Hx2 L = x2 + x4 ,
2
x .
, x jHx, yL = 2 x, y jHx, yL = 2 y, (4)
u HxL = 2 x + 2 f HxL f HxL = 2 x + 2 x2 H2 xL = 2 x + 4 x3 .
, (4)
uHxL = x2 + x4 .

(6)
c := 8Hx, yL 2 : jHx, yL = c<
y = fc HxL, x Ic . y > 0
!!!!!!!!!!!!
c := 8Hx, yL 2 : x2 + y2 = c, c > 0<, y = c - x2 ,
!!! !!!
x Ic = I- c , c M, .
, ,
(7)
uHxL := jHx, fc HxLL,
x Ic ,
C2.nb
135
jHx, yL
fc := 8Hx, yL 2 : y = fc HxL<
(8)
c . , uHxL c
Ic :
uHxL = c,
(9)
,
(10)
x Ic .
u HxL = Dx jHx, yL := x jHx, yL + y jHx, yL y = 0,
x Ic .
,
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0,
(11)
x Ic ,
AHx, yL := x jHx, yL,
(12)
BHx, yL := y jHx, yL.

jHx, yL

(13)
y = f HxL, AHx, yL, BHx, yL

2 . jHx, yL,
(14)
AHx, yL = x jHx, yL ,
BHx, yL = y jHx, yL,
Hx, yL ,
, y = fc HxL, x Ic ,
(15)
jHx, yL = c
(13).
. , ,
x y. ,
Hx, yL Ht, xL
(13) AHt, xL + BHt, xL x = 0,

.
. .

.
136
C2.nb
,
. ,
w := AHx, yL d x + BHx, yL d y
(16)
AHx, yL, BHx, yL 2

, , .
.
AHx, yL BHx, yL jHx, yL,
Hx, yL , (14), w .
w
, w = 0. ,
AHx, yL d x + BHx, yL d y = 0.
(17)
y x, (17)
@AHx, yL + BHx, yL y D d x = 0.
(18)
y = f HxL (13).
, (16), (18), ,
(13) .
2 x y + H1 + x2 L y = 0
(13)
AHx, yL = 2 x y,
BHx, yL = 1 + x2 ,
Hx, yL 2 .

jHx, yL = H1 + x2 L y,
x jHx, yL = 2 x y,
y jHx, yL = 1 + x2 .
jHx, yL = c H1 + x2 L y = c
jHx, yL, y.

2 x y + H1 + x2 L y = 0.
c
y = fc HxL =
,
1+x2
x Ic = ,
C2.nb
137
H
x + y y = 0
.
AHx, yL = x,

Hx, yL 2 ,
BHx, yL = y jHx, yL, jHx, yL = 12 Hx2 + y2 L.
AHx, yL = x jHx, yL,

BHx, yL = y,
jHx, yL = c 12 Hx2 + y2 L = c
y c > 0. ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!! !!!!!!
y = fc HxL = 2 c - x2 , x Ic = I- 2 c , 2 c M
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = fc HxL = - 2 c - x2 ,
!!!!!! !!!!!!
x Ic = I- 2 c , 2 c M,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
y < 0. , y = C - x2
x + y y = 0.
y > 0,
j : , 2 ,
C2 HL. jHx, yL
Hx, yL .
, jHx, yL,
2 , ,
(19)
(20)
j
x x jHx, yL
Hx, yL,
x2
j
y y jHx, yL
Hx, yL,
y2
j
Hx, yL,
y x jHx, yL
yx
j
x y jHx, yL
Hx, yL.
x y
, () Schwarz, ,
y x jHx, yL x y jHx, yL, , . ,
(21)
AHx, yL = x jHx, yL ,
BHx, yL = y jHx, yL,
y AHx, yL, x BHx, yL ,

(22)
y AHx, yL = x BHx, yL,
Hx, yL ,
Hx, yL .
,

(23)
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0
138
C2.nb
, AHx, yL BHx, yL (22).

.
(22) AHx, yL, BHx, yL , x y
, jHx, yL. , ,
jHx, yL ,
jHx, yL = c, (23).
, , : ,
AHx, yL BHx, yL,
. ,
.
(i) 2 .
() 2 .
(ii) To 2
.
,
Ha, bL := 8Hx, yL 2 : 0 < a < x2 + y2 < b<.
,
,

y + x y = 0,
(24)
(23),
AHx, yL = y,
(25)
BHx, yL = x.
,
(26)
y AHx, yL = 1,
x BHx, yL = 1.
y AHx, yL = x BHx, yL Hx, yL 2 .
, , jHx, yL, Hx, yL 2 ,
(27)
x jHx, yL = y , y jHx, yL = x, Hx, yL 2 .
, (27)
jHx, yL. ,
. . ,
y , ,
jHx, yL = x y + c. , " " c
y. ,

C2.nb
139
jHx, yL = x y + f HyL,
(28)
f HyL . , f HyL
x, x @x y + f HyLD = y.
, jHx, yL
y jHx, yL = x + f HyL.
(29)
, jHx, yL (27),

y jHx, yL = x.
(30)
(29) (30) f HyL = 0, f HyL = C.

jHx, yL = x y + C. , ,
AHx, yL BHx, yL. ,
(27) C = 0:
(31)
jHx, yL = x y,
Hx, yL 2 .
(24),
jHx, yL = x y.
jHx, yL = x y = l,
(32)
l . l = 0, 2
(32) Hx, yL = H0, 0L x = 0, y 0,
x 0, y = 0. l 0, (32) ,
y = l x. , x 0 (32) y
y + x y' = 0
y = fl HxL = lx .
(33)
AHx, yL, y AHx, yL, BHx, yL, x BHx, yL

(34)
:= 8Hx, yL 2 : a < x < b, g < y < d<.

(35)
,
(36)
y AHx, yL = x BHx, yL, Hx, yL .
. ,
2 . ,
2 .
140
C2.nb
j1 Hx, yL j2 Hx, yL
1 2 , ,
j1 Hx, yL = j2 Hx, yL, Hx, yL 1 2 .
, j2 Hx, yL, Hx, yL 2 , j1 Hx, yL, Hx, yL 1

. , j1 Hx, yL, j2 Hx, yL ,
1 2 , , j12 Hx, yL
1 2 . 2

j j Hx, yL, Hx, yL j , jk Hx, yL, Hx, yL k , j k .
(34) . jHx, yL,

Hx, yL ,
AHx, yL = x jHx, yL,
(37)
,
(38)
(39)
BHx, yL = y jHx, yL, Hx, yL .
y AHx, yL = y Hx jL Hx, yL y x jHx, yL,
x BHx, yL = x H y jL Hx, yL x y jHx, yL.
y AHx, yL, x BHx, yL

jHx, yL . ,
. (38) (39) y AHx, yL = x BHx, yL. ,
AHx, yL, y AHx, yL,
BHx, yL, x BHx, yL .
(36)
jHx, yL, Hx, yL , AHx, yL BHx, yL,
. ,
y1 I y = Hg, dL
(40)
x jHx, y1 L = AHx, y1 L.
(41)
jHx, y1 L = AHx, y1 L d x + C1 .
F HxL = GHxL, GHxL, x Ix = Ha, bL,

. FHxL = GHxL d x + C,
(40)
y2 y,
(42)
,
(43)
x jHx, y2 L = AHx, y2 L,
jHx, y2 L = AHx, y2 L d x + C2 .
, y I y = Hg, dL, 1-
C2.nb
141
x jHx, yL = AHx, yL, x Ix ,
(44)
y .
jHx, yL = AHx, yL d x + f HyL,
(45)
Hx, yL ,
f HyL
y.
(45)
(46)
y jHx, yL = y AHx, yL d x + f ' HyL = y AHx, yL d x + f HyL.
, jHx, yL
y jHx, yL = BHx, yL.
(47)

f HyL = BHx, yL - y AHx, yL d x.
(48)
, , (48)
y. ,
x,
:
,
(49)
x @BHx, yL - y AHx, yL d xD = x BHx, yL - x y AHx, yL d x.
, , y AHx, yL . ,

(50)
x y AHx, yL d x = y AHx, yL.
, (49) x BHx, yL - y AHx, yL. ,

, x BHx, yL = y AHx, yL. , (49)
x @BHx, yL - y AHx, yL d xD = 0,
(48) x.
(48),
(51)
f HyL = @BHx, yL - y AHx, yL d xD d y.
(45)
(52)
jHx, yL = AHx, yL d x + @BHx, yL - y AHx, yL d xD d y.
, (52)
AHx, yL BHx, yL, ,
.
142
C2.nb
y jHx, yL = BHx, yL,

(53)
jHx, yL = BHx, yL d y + gHxL.
x jHx, yL = AHx, yL,

(54)
g HxL = AHx, yL - x BHx, yL d y .
jHx, yL:
(55)
jHx, yL = BHx, yL d y + @AHx, yL - x BHx, yL d yD d x.
, (52)
(55), .
jHx, yL, Hx, yL , (52)

(55). , jHx, yL = c , , 1-
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0.
:
c := 8Hx, yL : jHx, yL = c<
jHx, yL. c BHx, yL , jHx, yL = c

y x: y = fc HxL.
c , uHxL := jHx, fc HxLL

c, u HxL = 0. ,
u HxL = x jHx, fc HxLL + y jHx, fc HxLL fc HxL,
, , jHx, yL, Hx, yL ,

x jHx, yL = AHx, yL, y jHx, yL = BHx, yL, Hx, yL .
, u HxL = 0
AHx, fc HxLL + BHx, fc HxLL fc HxL = 0.
y = fc HxL
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0, .
. ,
jHx, yL
x jHx, yL = AHx, yL, y jHx, yL = BHx, yL. ,
,
.
C2.nb
143
y - x + Hx + yL y = 0
(56)
AHx, yL = y - x,
(57)
BHx, yL = x + y.
y AHx, yL = 1 = x BHx, yL, .

(52),
(58)
jHx, yL = AHx, yL d x + @BHx, yL - y AHx, yL d xD d y

= Hy - xL d x + @Hx + yL - 1 d xD d y
= Hy - xL d x + @Hx + yL - xD d y
= Hy - xL d x + y d y = x y - 12 x2 + 12 y2 .
(55),
(59)
jHx, yL = BHx, yL d y + @AHx, yL - x BHx, yL d yD d x

= Hx + yL d y + @Hy - xL - 1 d yD d x
= Hx + yL d y + @Hy - xL - yD d x
= Hx + yL d y - x d x = x y + 12 y2 - 12 x2
, , x jHx, yL = AHx, yL,

y jHx, yL = BHx, yL
(60)
x jHx, yL = y - x,
y jHx, yL = x + y.

(61)

(62)
jHx, yL = x y - 12 x2 + f HyL.
y jHx, yL = y + f HyL.
y jHx, yL = x + y,
f HyL = y. , f HyL = H1 2L y2
,
(63)
jHx, yL = x y - 12 x2 + 12 y2 .
jHx, yL = c,
jHx, yL ,
144
C2.nb
(64)
y2 + 2 x y - x2 = 2 c
y y jHx, yL = x + y 0.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(65)
y = -x + 2 Hc + x2 L , y = -x - 2 Hc + x2 L ,
(56).
,
jHx, yL, y = -x.
!!!
!!!
c = 0 y = I 2 - 1M x y = -I 2 + 1M x.
"" (56).
c
.
c. ,
y = -x. y = -x ,
, jHx, yL = c y
(65), y .

(56).
jHx, yL
c.
y = -x.
jHx, yL = c o y = fc HxL.
jHx, yL = c y = fc HxL
(65). jHx, yL = c < 0
(56). (56)
jHx, yL = c < 0 y = -x.
y = -x .
C2.nb
145
-4
-2
-2
-4
... .
, ,
.
, , AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0
x, Dx jHx, yL,
jHx, yL. ,
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = x jHx, yL + y jHx, yL y .

!

.
,
. .
. ,
.
.
!
,
, :
jHx, yL = x + y,
jHx, yL = f HxL + gHyL,
Dx jHx, yL = 1 + y ,
Dx jHx, yL = f HxL + g HyL y ,
146
C2.nb
Dx jHx, yL = y + x y ,
jHx, yL = x y,
jHx, yL = x y,
jHx, yL = y x,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
jHx, yL = ln x2 + y2 ,
jHx, yL = arctanHy xL,
y-x y
Dx jHx, yL =
,
y2
y-x y
Dx jHx, yL = -
,
x2
x +y y
Dx jHx, yL =
,
x2 +y2
y-x y
Dx jHx, yL = -
.
x2 +y2

, , .
(i) ,
- f HxL gHyL. ,
f HxL = x2 , gHyL = - y2 ,
2 x - 2 y y = 0,

x2 - y2 = c.
(ii) y + x y = 0
x y = c.
(iii) , j1 Hx, yL = x2 - y2 j2 Hx, yL = x y,

jHx, yL = kj1 Hx, yL + lj2 Hx, yL = k Hx2 - y2 L + l x y,
, , ,
kH2 x - 2 y y L + lHy + x y L = 2 k x + l y - H2 k y - l xL y = 0.
H k = -1 2, =1,
.
(iv) H
y + Hx + 3 y2 L y = 0

y + x y' + 3 y2 y = 0,
Dx Hx yL + Dx Hy3 L = Dx Hx y + y3 L = 0

jHx, yL := x y + y3 = c
y - x + Hx + yL y = 0
C2.nb
147
1. .
, jHx, yL = c.
, y = f Hx, cL.
(i) Hx + yL y + y + 2 x = 0
(ii) Hx - 3 y2 L y + y + 2 x = 0
(iii) H2 x - yL y + y + 2 x = 0
x+1
(iv) 2 y y =
(v) 2 x y y = x + 1
(vi) Hx - 2 yL y + y + cos x = 0
(vii) Hx - 2 yL y - 2 y + cos x = 0
(viii) 3 x2 + y + x y = 0
(ix) 3 x2 + y + 2 x y = 0
(x) 3 x2 + y + 2 x y = 0
2+y
(xi)
- yx = 0
x2
2+y
(xii)
- y = 0
x
2 x-y +Hx+2 yL y
(xiii)
= 0
x2 +y2
(xiv) 2 x - y + Hx + 2 yL y = 0
2
(xv) 2 x y e-x y y' = 8 x + y2 e-x y

(xvi) 2 e-Hx +y L Hx + y y L = 1
2
2. Mathematica,
jHx, yL,
. , .
,
jHx, yL,
.

jHx, yL = x2 - x y - y2 ,

Hx + 2 yL y + y - 2 x = 0.
148
C2.nb
c 8-4, -3, ..., 3, 4<

x, y -5 x 5, -5 y 5 (;).
In[92]:=
<< Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
In[101]:=
@x_, y_D = x2 x y y2 ;
= Table@ @x, yD c, 8c, 4, 4<D;
ImplicitPlot@, 8x, 5, 5<, 8y, 5, 5<, AxesLabel 8"x", "y"<D;
Clear@D
y
-4
-2
-2
-4
10.
, AHx, yL, BHx, yL

(1)

(2)
EHx, yL, (2)

(3)
AHx, yL := EHx, yL AHx, yL,

~
BHx, yL := EHx, yL BHx, yL.

~
C2.nb
149

~
(4)
, 2 .
,
~
(5)
. , , jHx, yL, Hx, yL ,

jHx, yL = c
(6)
, , (5). , (5) (1),

(1) (, ) EHx, yL. ,
(6) , (1).
EHx, yL (1)
() Euler.
.
Euler .
6 x + 2 y + Hx + 1L y = 0,
(1),
AHx, yL = 6 x + 2 y,
BHx, yL = x + 1.
y AHx, yL = 2, x BHx, yL = 1.
.
,
EHx, yL = x + 1,
AHx, yL = 2 Hx + 1L H3 x + yL,
~
BHx, yL = Hx + 1L2 .
~
y AHx, yL = 2 Hx + 1L = x BHx, yL.

~
AHx, yL
2 Hx + 1L H3 x + yL y + Hx + 1L2 y = 0
, x + 1 0.
BHx, yL
150
C2.nb
x jHx, yL = AHx, yL,
y jHx, yL = BHx, yL
jHx, yL
x jHx, yL = 2 Hx + 1L H3 x + yL, y jHx, yL = Hx + 1L2 .

jHx, yL = Hx + 1L2 y + f HxL,
f HxL . jHx, yL
x jHx, yL = 2 Hx + 1L y + f HxL.
.
, , f HxL ,
f HxL = 6 xHx + 1L.
f HxL = 2 x3 + 3 x2 + C = x2 H2 x + 3L + C.
C = 0 , , ,
jHx, yL = Hx + 1L2 y + x2 H2 x + 3L
, jHx, yL = c
.
x H2 x+3L
c
-
.
y =
Hx+1L2
Hx+1L2
2
(1)
Hx - yL y + H1 + x2 L y = 0,
AHx, yL = Hx - yL y,
BHx, yL = 1 + x2 .
y AHx, yL = x - 2 y,
x BHx, yL = 2 x.
, , Euler EHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
,
-32
AHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
~
-32
y-2 AHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
-32
Hx - yL y-1 ,
y-2 .
C2.nb
151
BHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
~
-32
y-2 BHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
-12
y AHx, yL = -xH1 + x2 L
~
-32
y-2 ,
y-2 = x BHx, yL.

~
, ( , y 0)
H1 + x2 L
-32
Hx - yL y-1 + H1 + x2 L
-12
y-2 y = 0
,
,
x jHx, yL = AHx, yL, y jHx, yL = BHx, yL

~
jHx, yL
x jHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
-32
Hx - yL y-1 ,
y jHx, yL = H1 + x2 L
-12
y-2 .

jHx, yL = -H1 + x2 L
y-1 + f HxL,
x jHx, yL = xH1 + x2 L
y-1 + f HxL.
-12
f HxL . ,
-32

f HxL = -H1 + x2 L
-32
f HxL = -x H1 + x2 L
-12
jHx, yL = -H1 + x2 L
-12
y-1 - x H1 + x2 L
-12
= -Hx + y-1 L H1 + x2 L
-12
, jHx, yL = c :
1
y =
!2!!
!!!!!!!!
x-c
1+x
, yHxL = 0,
x .
Euler
" ". Euler,
.

, , .
152
C2.nb
(i) H y - x y = 0 , , AHx, yL = y,
BHx, yL = -x,
y AHx, yL = 1,
x BHx, yL = -1. ,
-x-2 .

,
Dx Hy xL = -x-2 Hy - x y L.
, y - x y = 0 Dx Hy xL = 0.
, , y x = c, y = c x.
(ii)
. ,
2 xHx2 + y2 L - y + x y = 0
AHx, yL = 2 xHx2 + y2 L - y,
BHx, yL = x ,
y AHx, yL = 4 x y - 1,
x BHx, yL = 1.

-1
Hx2 + y2 L Euler . ,
-1
Hx2 + y2 L ,
y-x y
2 x -
= 0,
x2 +y2
Dx H x2 L + Dx @arctanHy xLD = 0.
x2 + arctanHy xL = c,
y = x tanHc - 12 k x2 L.
Euler
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0 (4).
~
~
, (3) AHx, yL BHx, yL
~
~
y AHx, yL = x BHx, yL :
(7)
y EHx, yL AHx, yL + EHx, yL y AHx, yL = x EHx, yL BHx, yL + EHx, yL x BHx, yL
x y,
(7)
(8)
B x E - A y E + Hx B - y AL E = 0.
C2.nb
153
,
EHx, yL. ,
(7)
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0. , ,
Euler , :
(i) AHx, yL BHx, yL (8) .
(ii) (8). ,

(8).
Euler.
, .
.
EHx, yL = f HxL, EHx, yL = gHyL
, ,
EHx, yL = f HxL. (8)
(9)
B f + Hx B - y AL f = 0.
f HxL . , (9)

(10)
A- B
y
ff =
Bx
, o (10) x. ,
.
, , AHx, yL, BHx, yL
, , H y A - x BL B y,
(11)
A- B
Bx = aHxL,
(10)
(12)
f = aHxL f .
H ,

(13)
f = C e aHxL d x .
, AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0
EHx, yL = gHyL, (8)
(14)
-A g + Hx B - y AL g = 0.
,
(15)
B- A
g
x
=
Ay .
g
154
C2.nb
y,
. AHx, yL, BHx, yL
Hx B - y AL A x,
B- A
Ay = bHyL,
(16)
(15)
g = bHyL g.
(17)
,
g = C e bHyL d y .
(18)
y + H2 x - y e y L y = 0,

AHx, yL = y,
BHx, yL = 2 x - y e y .
,
y AHx, yL = 1, x BHx, yL = 2,
.
,
B- A
Ay = 1y .
,
g = C e bHyL d y = C elny = C y.
y,
y2 + H2 x y - y2 e y L y = 0.
,
. , jHx, yL

x jHx, yL = y2 ,
y jHx, yL = 2 x y - y2 e y .
jHx, yL = x y2 + f HyL
y jHx, yL = 2 x y + f HyL.
C2.nb
155
f HyL = - y2 e y .
, ,
f HyL = -Hy2 - 2 y + 2L e y + C.
, C = 0,
jHx, yL
jHx, yL = x y2 - Hy2 - 2 y + 2L e y
, , ,
x y2 - Hy2 - 2 y + 2L e y = c.
AHx, yL
BHx, yL AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0 ,
Euler .
, , A + B y = 0
EHx, yL = f Hx + yL. (8)
(19)
HB - AL f + Hx B - y AL f = 0.
,
(20)
A- B
y
ff =
x .
B-A
o (20) x + y,
.
, , H y A - x BL HB - AL x + y,

(21)
A- B
x = aHx + yL,
B-A
(20)
f = aHxL f .
(22)
, Euler
(23)
EHx, yL = f Hx + yL ,
f HxL = C e aHxL d x .

(24)
x2 + 2 x y + Hx2 + 3 x y + y2 L y = 0,
.
AHx, yL = x2 + 2 x y,
,
BHx, yL = x2 + 3 x y + y2 .
156
C2.nb
y A = 2 x, x B = 2 x + 3 y,
.
,
A- B
-3 y
y
3
x =
= -
= aHx + yL
B-A
x y+y2
x +y
(24)
EHx, yL = f Hx + yL,
C
f HxL = C e aHxL d x = C e-3 lnx =
.
x3
f HxL = x -3 Euler EHx, yL = Hx + yL-3
x +2 x y
AHx, yL = Hx + yL-3 AHx, yL =
,
Hx+yL3
~
x +3 x y+y
BHx, yL = Hx + yL-3 BHx, yL =
.
Hx+yL3
~
, jHx, yL
x +2 x y
x jHx, yL =
,
Hx+yL3
x +3 x y+y
y jHx, yL =
.
Hx+yL3

xy
1
y jHx, yL =
+
x+y
Hx+yL3
y
y
1
jHx, yL = ln x + y +x
d y = ln x + y +xH- 12 LA
-
d yE
Hx+yL3
Hx+yL2
Hx+yL2
y
1
= ln x + y - 2x A
+
E + f HxL
x+y
Hx+yL2
x +2 x y
= ln x + y - 12
+ f HxL.
Hx+yL2
2
y
y
1
1
1
x jHx, yL =
- 12 A
+
E - 2x A-2
-
E + f HxL
x+y
x+y
Hx+yL2
Hx+yL3
Hx+yL2
x +x y
+ f HxL
=
Hx+yL3
2

f HxL = 0, f HxL = C. H C = 0
,
x +2 x y
jHx, yL = ln x + y - 12
.
Hx+yL2
2
, jHx, yL = c , , .
(24) y = -x.
jHx, yL = c.
.
!!!
y = H1 2L I-3 5 M x
. BHx, yL ,
C2.nb
157
jHx, yL = c y = fc HxL. ,
!!!
y = H1 2L I-3 5 M x jHx, yL
,
(24).
,
EHx, yL = f Hx yL (8) :
A- B
y
ff =
x
y B-x A
(25)
o (25) x y,
. , , H y A - x BL HB - AL
x y,
A- B
x = aHx yL,
y B-x A
(26)
(25) f = aHxL f . ,

EHx, yL = f Hx yL ,
(27)
f HxL = C e aHxL d x .
yH6 x -y L
+ Hx2 - y2 L y = 0,
4x
2
(28)
x 0,
.
yH6 x -y L
AHx, yL =
,
4x
2
BHx, yL = x2 - y2 .
,
2
6 x -3 y
y A =
, x B = 2 x,
4x
.
,
6 x -3 y -8 x
y
1
x =
=
= aHx yL
y B-x A
4 x y Hx2 -y2 L-x yH6 x2 -y2 L
xy
A- B
, (24), Euler EHx, yL = f Hx yL,
f HxL = C e aHxL d x = C elnx = C x .
f HxL = 4 x,
EHx, yL = 4 x y. ,
yH6 x -y L
AHx, yL = 4 x y
= y2 H6 x2 - y2 L, BHx, yL = 4 x y BHx, yL = 4 x yHx2 - y2 L.
4x
~
, jHx, yL
x jHx, yL = y2 H6 x2 - y2 L, y jHx, yL = 4 x yHx2 - y2 L.
158
C2.nb

jHx, yL = 2 x3 y2 - x y4 + gHyL,
y jHx, yL = 4 x3 y - 4 x y3 + g HyL.
,
g HyL = 0. gHyL ,
, . , jHx, yL
jHx, yL = 2 x3 y2 - x y4 .
jHx, yL = c
y2 :
2 x3 y2 - x y4 = c.
x - y y = 0 y = x,

(28):
y=
"################
#!!!!!!!!
###############
####
!!!!!!!
x2 x-1 x6 - c x .
1. EHx, yL = f HxL.
, ,
, .
(i) 2 y2 + 3 x + 2 x y y = 0.
(ii) yH2 + 3 x + 2 yL + H2 + xL Hx + 2 yL y = 0.
(iii) 2 H1 + x yL cos x + y sin x + x sin x y = 0.
(iv) sin x + cos x + 2 e-x y y = 0.
2. EHx, yL = f HyL.
, , ,
.
(i) y + 3 + H3 y - 2 xL y = 0.
(ii) y cos y + @x cos y - 2 H1 + x yL sin y D y = 0.

(iii) y + Hx + y + 2 x y2 L y = 0.
(iv) yH1 + cosh yL + @1 + cosh y - 2 H1 + x yL sinh yD y = 0.

3.
x = aHx2 + y2 L
y A-x B
A- B
C2.nb
159
Euler EHx, yL = f Hx2 + y2 L.
4.
x yH y A - x BL = r y B - s x A
Euler EHx, yL = x r ys
AHx, yL + BHx, yL y = 0.
5. Euler:
(i) Hx + 2L sin y + cos y y = 0.
(ii) sin y - 2 y e-x sin x + Hcos y + 2 e-x cos xL y = 0.

(iii) x2 y3 + xH1 + y2 L y = 0, (. . 4).
(iv) yHx + yL cos x + @Hx - yL sin x - 2D y = 2 H1 + y sin xL.
(v) Hx2 + y2 L y + 4 x He-x + y L + @Hx2 + y2 L + 4 He-x + yLD y = 0.
(vi) xH5 ex + 4 x yL y = Hx + 2L y ex + 3 x y2 , (. . 4) .
6. ) :
(*)

EHx, yL, EHx, yL = c , , (*).
) , E1 Hx, yL, E2 Hx, yL

Euler (*) () .
E1 Hx,yL
= c
E2 Hx,yL
, , (*).
7.
E1 Hx, yL E2 Hx, yL.
, . (6).
(i) Hx + 2L sin y + cos y y = 0,
E1 Hx, yL = f HxL, E2 Hx, yL = gHyL.
(ii) 4 + 2 y2 - H2 x + 1L y y = 0, E1 Hx, yL = f HxL, E2 Hx, yL = gHyL.
(iii) 2 Hy + 1L + H2 + x + 3 yL y = 0, E1 Hx, yL = f Hx + yL, E2 Hx, yL = gHyL.

1
1. 2
V Hx, yL, W Hx, yL 2 .

Ha, bL
HV Ha, bL, W Ha, bLL.
Ha, bL. , , Hx, yL ,
, , 2 . , Hu, wL
Hx, yL . , ,
(1)
u = V Hx, yL,
w = W Hx, yL,
Hx, yL .
, x, y,

(2)
x = X Hv, wL,
y = Y Hu, wL,
Hu, wL .
y : Hx, yL Hu, wL (1)

.
, w : Hu, wL Hx, yL
(2). ,
(3)
(4)
wyHx, yL = Hx, yL,
y wHu, wL = Hu, wL,
Hx, yL ,
Hu, wL .
, , y : 2 2

u = x + y + 1, w = x - y - 2,
Hx, yL 2 .

u + w = 2 x - 1,
u - w = 2 y + 3.
, , w y-1 : 2 2 , y : 2 2
x = 12 Hv + w + 1L,
y = 12 Hv - w - 3L, Hv, wL 2 .
161
C3.nb

2 .
(1) V Hx, yL, W Hx, yL
x y. , y : 2 2

(5)
u = V Hx, yL := a x + b y + k, w = W Hx, yL := g x + d y + l, Hx, yL 2 ,
, , , ,
a d - b g 0.
(6)

. , ,
Hx, yL 12, .
, Hx, yLT , Hx, yL (21
)
x
(7)
Hx, yLT J N
y
Ha, b, g, dL 22
a b
(8)
A := J
N
g d
(5)
(9)
u
a b x
k
NJ N+J N
N=J
w
g d
y
l
O a d - b g A detHAL.
(6)
(10)
detHAL := a d - b g 0.
,
A . , , 22 B, A B = B A = I, I

1 0
(11)
I := J
N
0 1
, A A-1 .

d -b
1
(12)
A-1 =
J
N
detHAL -g
a
(9)
x
d -b v - k
1
(13)
J N =
J
NJ
N
detHAL
y
-g a
w-l

(14)
x = a v + b w + k,
y = cv+d w+l ,
C3.nb
162
(15)
d
,
a =
detHAL
b
b = -
,
detHAL
b l-d k
k =
,
detHAL
(15)
g
c = -
detHAL
a
d =
,
detHAL
g k-a l
l =
.
detHAL
.
(5)
(16)
a b
i x V Hx, yL y V Hx, yL zy
N = jj
z
g d
k x W Hx, yL y W Hx, yL {
, detHAL 0,
,
V Hx, yL W Hx, yL.
() Jacobi () HV , W L Hx, yL.
(17)
i x V y V yz
HV ,W L
:= detjj
z
Hx,yL
k x W y W {
Jacobi
.
.

V Hx, yL, W Hx, yL C1 HL

HV ,W L
2 . Jacobi
Ha, bL ,
Hx,yL
2
y :
u = V Hx, yL,
w = W Hx, yL,
Hx, yL
, X Hu, wL, Y Hu, wL C1 HL

H p, qL = HV Ha, bL, W Ha, bLL w :

x = X Hv, wL,
y = Y Hv, wL,
Hv, wL .
1 - 1 ().

(18)
:= 8Hx, yL 2 : x > 0<
x - y. H y : 2

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(19)
r = RHx, yL := x2 + y2 , q = Hx, yL := arctanHy xL, Hx, yL ,
163
C3.nb
(20)
x RHx, yL =
x
,
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
2
2
y RHx, yL =
y
,
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
2
2
(20)
y
x Hx, yL = -
x2 +y2
x
y Hx, yL =
.
x2 +y2
x +y
,
(21)

(22)
x +y
i x R y R yz
y2
x2
detjj
=
1
z =
!!!!!!!!
!!!!! ,
32 +
2
2
2
2 L32
2 +y2
Hx
+y
L
Hx
+y
x
y
k x
{
HR,L
=
1
0, Hx, yL
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
Hx,yL
2
2
x +y
= yHL r - q:
(23)
:= 8Hr, qL 2 : 0 < r < , - p2 < q < p2 <
, j :
(24)
x = X Hr, qL = r cos q,
y = Y Hr, qL = r sin q,
Hr, qL .
. (24),
j : j : ,
(25)
:= 8Hr, qL 2 : 0 < r < , -p < q < p<
, , , r - q
x - y
(26)
L := 8Hx, yL 2 : x 0, y = 0<.
. (24), , Jacobi j :
r X q X
cos q -r sin q
(27)
J
N=J
N.
r Y q Y
cos q r cos q
,
(28)
HX ,Y L
= r cos 2 q + r sin2 q = r 0,
Hr,qL
Hr, qL .
(27) Jacobi
. , (12),

i x V Hx, yL y V Hx, yL yz
(29)
J := jj
z
k x W Hx, yL y W Hx, yL {

(30)
ij y W Hx, yL - y V Hx, yL yz
1
J -1 =
z
HV ,W LHx,yL j - W Hx, yL
x V Hx, yL {
k x
C3.nb
164
(31)
u X Hu, wL w X Hu, wL
1
N =
HV ,W LHx,yL
u Y Hu, wL w Y Hu, wL
ij y W Hx, yL - y V Hx, yL yz
j
z
k -x W Hx, yL x V Hx, yL {
, (1) (2),
(31) x y, w, .
1. y : 2 2
x
u =
,
1- x
y
w =
.
1- x
) Jacobi .
) y = x, x < 1, x - y v - w.
, x = -4, -2, -1, -1 2 1/2
.
) y = a x + b;
2. y : Hx, yL Hu, wL 2
u = x + y,
w = x - y.
Jacobi .
3. To ,
u = x cosh t - y sinh t,
w = -x sinh t + cosh t,
t .
4. 2 :
M : Hs, rL Hx, tL = Hs cosh r , s sinh rL
2.
, ,
" ". ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
(1)
y = FHx, yL,
165
C3.nb
F : 2 ,
x, y u, w.
(1); , .
, , (=
) y : Hx, yL Hu, wL
(2)
u = V Hx, yL,
w = W Hx, yL,
(3)
x = X Hu, wL,
y = Y Hu, wL,
w : Hu, wL Hx, yL
Hx, yL ,
Hu, wL .
FHx, yL
Hu, wL := FHX Hv, wL, Y Hv, wLL.
(4)
H (1) y
, f HxL, () , f HxL, f HxL
(2). ,
. , f HxL
(1) I
= 8Hx, yL 2 : y = f HxL, x I<.
(5)
, , (2)
(6)
u = aHxL := V Hx, f HxLL, w = bHxL := W Hx, f HxLL, x I.
, aHxL, bHxL, x I, V Hx, yL

W Hx, yL, , .
(7)
(8)
a HxL = x V Hx, f HxLL + y V Hx, f HxLL f HxL Dx V Hx, yL,
b HxL = x W Hx, f HxLL + y W Hx, f HxLL f HxL Dx W Hx, yL.
, , a HxL
J I. T, , u = aHxL
x
(9)
x = hHuL, u J = f HJL.
, w = bHxL
(10)
w = gHuL := bHhHuLL,
u J.
H gHvL ,
:
(11)
1
w g HuL = b HhHuLL h HuL = b HhHuLL
.
a HhHuLL
(7), (8),
(12)
, (11)
Dx W Hx,yL
1
b HxL
=
a HxL
Dx V Hx,yL
C3.nb
166
x
y
w g HuL =
V Hx,yL+ V Hx,yL f HxL
W Hx,yL+ W Hx,yL f HxL
(13)
, , x, y "" u:
(14)
x = hHuL, y = f HhHuLL, u J .
. w = g HuL
w = gHuL x, y (. (13)). ,
Hx, yL Hu, wL .
, .
y = f HxL y = f HxL
(15)
u Y Hu,wL+w Y Hu,wL g HuL

Du Y Hu,wL
y f HxL =

.
Du X Hu,wL
u X Hu,wL+w X Hu,wL g HuL
, , u, w
V Hx, yL W Hx, yL, .
(1),
: y = f HxL y = FHx, yL
f HxL = FHx, f HxLL. , (13)
x
y
w g HuL =
.
x V Hx,yL+ y V Hx,yL FHx, yL
W Hx,yL+ W Hx,yL FHx, yL
(16)
, (1) u, w (16). ,
, (14).
u w,
Jacobi. :
(17)
u Y Hu,wL-Hu,wL u X Hu,wL
x
y

Hu,wL w X Hu,wL-w Y Hu,wL
, :
:
u = V Hx, yL,
x = X Hv, wL,
w = W Hx, yL,
y = Y Hu, wL,
Hx, yL ,
Hu, wL ,
(= ) 2
.
y = FHx, yL,

Hx, yL ,
167
C3.nb
w = ZHu, wL,
Hu, wL ,
ZHu, wL :=
, Hu, wL := FHX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL.
x
u = jHxL. .
u = jHxL,
w = y,
x = X HuL j-1 HuL,
Hx, yL ,
y = w,
Hu, wL .
, y = FHx, yL
w = Hu, wL X HuL,
Hu, wL = FHX HuL, wL.
,
x y + y = 0.

= 8Hx, yL 2 : x > 0<

y = FHx, yL := - xy .

u = V HxL = ln x,
w = W = y,
y : 2 .
, := yHL = 2 . ,
w = y-1 :
x = X HuL = eu ,
y = w.
Hu, wL = FHX HuL, wL = -w e-u .
w HvL = Hv, wL X HvL
w = H-w e-u L eu = -w .
, x y + y = 0
w = -w.
C3.nb
168
,
w = c e-u , u .
, u = ln x, w = y. ,
y = cx , x > 0,
, , .
,

x - y := yHL u - w.
. , w = c e-u
c 8-2, -1, 0, 1, 2<. y = c x
.
y,

x = X Hu, wL = u,
y = Y Hu, wL,
u = V Hx, yL = x,
w = W Hx, yL
, y = FHx, yL
Hu,wL-u Y Hu,wL
w =
,
w Y Hu,wL
Hu, wL := FHu, Y Hu, wLL

y = GHy xL.
W Hx, yL = xy , x > 0,

:
u = x, w = xy ,
x = u,
x > 0,
y = u w.
,
Hu, wL = GHwL,

HHwL
w =
,
u
HHwL := GHwL - w.
, ,
.
169
C3.nb

:
(18)
g x+d y+l
y = GI
M.
a x+b y+k
, a d - b g 0,
(19)
w = W Hx, yL = g x + d y + l,
u = V Hx, yL = a x + b y + k,

y : 2 2
, ,
(20)
Hx, yL 2 ,
w
L,
Hu, wL = GH
u
:
(21)
g+d GHwuL
w =
.
a+b GHwuL

.
(18), a d = b g,
. d 0, a = Hb dL g,
(22)
(23)
u = x,
w = g x + d y.
w+l
Hu, wL = GI
M.
H bdL w+k
(22)
(24)
(25)
(25)
x = X Hu, wL = u,
u X Hu, wL = 1,
y = Y Hu, wL = d-1 Hw - g uL.
u Y Hu, wL = -l,
w X Hu, wL = 0,
w Y Hu, wL = d-1 .
, :
(26)
w+l
w = g + d GI
M.
HbdL w+k
.
d = 0, b g. ,
:
l
i) b = 0 g = 0. (18) GH
L
a x+k
.
g x+l
ii) b = 0 g 0. (18) GI
M.
a x+k
.
C3.nb
170
iii) b 0 g = 0, (18)
l
M
y = GI
a x+b y+k
(27)
,
u = x,
(28)
(29)
w = a x + b y + k.
y = Y Hu, wL = b-1 Hw - a u - kL
x = X Hu, wL = u,
,
l
w = a + b GH
L.
w
(30)
x+yH1-x -y L
y = FHx, yL :=
xH1-x2 -y2 L-y

2
(31)
Hr, qL.
Hx, yL . ,
(32)
x = X Hq, rL = r cos q,
y = Y Hq, rL = r sin q.
, r , .
, , (31)
(33)
(34)
q Y Hq,rL-Hq,rL q X Hq,rL
r cos q+Hq,rL r sin q
1+Hq,rL tan q
r =
=
= r
Hq,rL r X Hq,rL-r Y Hq,rL

Hq,rL cos q-sin q
Hq,rL-tan q
r cos q+r sin qH1-r L
1+ H1-r L tan q
Hq, rL := FHr cos q, r sin qL =
=
r cos qH1-r2 L-r sin q

H1-r2 L- tan q
2
H (34) (33) .
(35)
H1-r L- tan q+@ 1+ H1-r L tan qD tan q

1+ tan q
== r H1 - r2 L
r = r
1+ H1-r2 L tan q-@ H1-r2 L- tan qD tan q
1+ tan2 q
2
, , (31) :
(36)
r = rH1 - r2 L,
r > 0.
(36) ,
. ,
. , , (36)
rHqL = 1, 0 < r < 1, 1 < r < ,

171
C3.nb
= 1
rH1-r2 L
(37)
O :
r0 e
r =
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!
!!!!! ,
2 2q
1+r0 H e -1L
q
(38)
q .
r0 = rH0L.
, (31) FHx, yL
,
xH1 - x2 - y2 L - y = 0.
(39)
q, r
tan q = H1 - r2 L.
(40)
(39) , S, x - y,
. , ,
FHx, yL.
, , (31) S,
.
, x > 0
(31) S.
y
4
S
2
T
-4
-2
-2
S
-4

, (36), , (31), q 0
(36) r0 = 1 5, r0 = 1
r0 = 2. , x - y.
C3.nb
172
, , ,
(36) ,
(31). , r = 1 (36)
x2 + y2 = 1 x - y. ,
(31) , y > 0,
, y < 0, , .
, (36) Hq, rL = H0, 2L

r = 1 q ,
, 2 , x - y Hx, yL = H2, 0L
x2 + y2 = 1, .
, 2 . ,
S . 2
S
(31). q
2 p, 2 S . , 2

(31).
(36)
Hq, rL = H0, 1 5L , q , r = 1 .
, 15 , x - y
Hx, yL = H1 5, 0L x2 + y2 = 1,
, (0,0).

(31), S .
' .
173
C3.nb
y
S
2
1
T
-2
-1
T
-1
-2
S
C3.nb
174
1.
x y + y = 0.
. ,

(i) Hu, wL = Hx, x yL
x-y
x +y
(ii) Hu, wL = H
,
L
2
2
2. v, w.
.
Hu, wL = Hl x, l yL
x+y
(i) y =
,
2 x-y
Hu, wL = Hl x, l2 yL
(i) y = x - yx ,
Hu, wL = Hl x, l2 yL
x -y
(i) y = x
,
x2 +y
x H2 x -yL
(i) y = xy +
, Hu, wL = Hl x, l3 yL
4 x3 -3 y
2
3.
(i)
x- y
y =
x+y+1
x+ y
(ii) y =
x+y+2
2 x+ y
(iii) y = I
M
x+2 y
2 x+ y
(iv) y = I
M
2 x+y-4
Hx-1L +6 yH1-xL+9 y
(v) y =
Hx+1L2 +4 yH1+xL+4 y2
2
9+12 x+18 y+4 x +12 x y+9 y

(vi) y =
9-12 x-18 y+4 x2 +12 x y+9 y2
4. , s, t,

(i)
xH4-x -y L+ y
y =
x-yH4-x2 -y2 L
2
3 xH9-x -y L+ y
(ii) y =
x-3 yH9-x2 -y2 L

2
4 y-xHx +y -16L
(iii) y =
4 x- yH16-x2 -y2 L
2
x = s cosh t , y = s sinh t.
175
C3.nb
3.
, . ,
, ,
. ,
/ .
, ,
y = f HxL,
(1)
f HxL, x I , I
, . T : 2 2
(2)
u = V Hx, yL = : x,
w = W Hx, yL := y + a,
Hx, yL 2 ,
a , . ,
Hx, yL Hu, wL
w = f HuL.
(3)
(4)
y = FHx, yL w = ZHu, wL
ZHu, wL : =
,
Hu, wL := FHX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL
, FHx, yL = f HxL
T -1 : 2 2
(5)
,
(6)
(6)
x = X Hu, wL := x,
y = Y Hu, wL := w - a, Hu, wL 2 .
Hu, wL := FHX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL = f HuL,
u X Hu, wL = 1, w X Hu, wL = 0, u Y Hu, wL = 0, w Y Hu, wL = 1.
, (4),
(7)
ZHu, wL = f HuL.
(3), (1)
(2).

(1) ,
C3.nb
176
(8)
T : Hx, yL Hu, wL = HV Hx, yL, W Hx, yLL
(9)
= 8Hx, yL 2 : y = SHxL<
. p , Hx, yL
x, y, p
Hu, wL. ,

(10)
= 8Hu, wL 2 : u = V Hx, SHxLL, w = W Hx, SHxLL<
y
p
2
-3
-2
-1
, , SHxL y = f HxL.
. (2),
,
(11)
u = x,
w = SHxL + a.
(12)
w = S HuL := SHuL + a
SHxL y = f HxL, S HxL = f HxL. ,
(13)
S HuL = S HuL = f HuL.
, S HuL w = f HuL
y = f HxL. , (12)
y = f HxL.
177
C3.nb
, : O
T : Hx, yL Hu, wL (2) y = f HxL
, ,
. , (12)
a. , (
) y ( a ).

. ,
T : Hx, yL Hu, wL ,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
, .
. ,
(2) y = f HxL a.
, (2) y = f HxL.
Ta (2) a,
, , Ta -1 , a . , (5),
Ta -1 = T-a . , Ta Tb ,

Ta+b . , Tb Ta Ta , Tb
a, b Tb Ta = Ta+b . ,
8Ta <a (
T0 ).

.
Sophus Lie
19ou .
8Ta <a y = f HxL,

. Ta
a , (12) a . ,
8a <a ,
(14)
a := 8Hx, yL 2 : y = SHxL + a<
SHxL = f HxL d x, y = f HxL.

, y = SHxL + a
y = f HxL. , y = SHxL + a
y = SHxL, 8a <a
y = f HxL , y = SHxL. ,
y = f HxL 0
8a <a .
,
C3.nb
178
y = 2 x Hx2 + 1L. y = lnHx2 + 1L + a, a = 0, 1, 2, 3

4.
y
8
6
4
2
-7.5
-5
-2.5
2.5
7.5
-2
-4
, ,

(15)
y = gHyL,
gHyL, .
Ta : 2 2
(16)
u = : V Hx, yL = x + a,
w = W Hx, yL := y,
Hx, yL 2 ,
a , (15) .
, Hx, yL Hu, wL (15)
(17)
w = gHwL.
, , , FHx, yL = gHyL
Ta -1 : 2 2
(18)
,
(19)
(20)
x = X Hu, wL := v - a,
y = Y Hu, wL := w, Hu, wL 2 .
Hu, wL := FHX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL = gHwL,
u X Hu, wL = 1, w X Hu, wL = 0, u Y Hu, wL = 0, w Y Hu, wL = 1.
(19) (20) (4) :

(21)
ZHu, wL = gHwL.
, (16), (15) (17).

, , (15) (17) . , Ta : 2 2
(16) .
a , , 8Ta <a ()
179
C3.nb
. ,
.
,
: y = SHxL
(15),
(22)
y = S HxL := SHx - aL.
, y = SHxL, (16)
(23)
u = x + a,
w = SHxL.
x = u - a, w = SHu - aL.
, , (22).
y = gHyL, (22)
. a (22) a 0
0 x a
. a > 0,
x, .
,
!!!
(24)
y = y ,
!!!
gHyL = y , y 0. , ,
y = Hx 2L2 , x 0, (24). ,
(25)
y = 14 Hx - aL2 ,
x a,
a ,
(24). ,
(25) a = 0, 1 2. ,
a = 1, ,
a = 0.
, (24) yHxL = 0, x .
x .
""
(24). ,
,
.
,
. ,

.
C3.nb
180
y
5
4
3
2
1
-2
-1
(4) y = FHx, yL
Hx, yL Hu, wL,
. ,
y = FHx, yL , u, w, :
(26)
w = FHu, wL.
, y = FHx, yL
Hx, yL Hu, wL ZHu, wL (4)
FHx, yL. ZHu, wL,
(27)
= FHu, wL
Hu, wL,
(28)
u Y Hu,wL+w Y Hu,wL FHu,wL
= Hu, wL.
u X Hu,wL+w X Hv,wL FHu,wL
, Hu, wL := FHX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL. , (28)

(29)
u Y Hu,wL+w Y Hu,wL FHu,wL
= FHX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL

u X Hu,wL+w X Hv,wL FHu,wL
, (27) (17)
,
(30)
x
y
= FHV Hx, yL, W Hx, yLL

(30) y = FHx, yL
T : Hx, yL Hu, wL = HV Hx, yL, W Hx, yLL.
181
C3.nb
(29),
, T -1 : Hu, wL Hx, yL = HX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL, T.
, .
,
y = FHx, yL .
" " Lie,
. , o Lie
(30) ,
. ,

. ,

.

(31)
Tt : Hx, yL Hu, wL = HV Hx, yL, W Hx, yLL = Hx cos t - y sin t, x sin t + y cos tL,
t . ,
:
(32)
Tt -1 : Hu, wL Hx, yL = HX Hu, wL, Y Hu, wLL = Hu cos t + w sin t, -u sin t + w cos tL.
(31)
(33)
u2 + w2 = Hx cos t - y sin tL2 + Hx sin t + y cos tL2

= x 2 cos2 t + y2 sin2 t + x2 sin2 t + y 2 cos2 t = x 2 + y2
Hx, yL Hu, wL , (0,0),

.
Hx, yL H0, 0L, H0, 0L Hx, yL

x q0 = arctanHy xL. ,
H0, 0L Hu, wL x q = arctanHw uL. (31)

(34)
tan t + HyxL
w
u
1- HyxL tan t
tan q = tan Hq0 + tL.
, (31), Hx, yL
Hu, wL, t .
8Tt <t .
.
, (31),
(35) x V Hx, yL = cos t,
y V Hx, yL = -sin t, x W Hx, yL = sin t, y W Hx, yL = cos t.
C3.nb
182
, (30), y = FHx, yL ,
:
tan t+FHx, yL
= FHx cos t - y sin t, x sin t + y cos tL.

1-tan t FHx, yL
(36)

x+yH1-x -y L
y =
,
xH1-x2 -y2 L-y
2
(37)
. ,
xy = tan q0 ,
(38)
x2 + y2 = r2 ,
x+yH1-x -y L
1+H1-r L tan q0
=
.
FHx, yL :=
xH1-x2 -y2 L-y
H1-r2 L-tan q0
2
(39)
,
(40)
tan t+FHx, yL
@H1-r L-tan q0 D tan t+1+H1-r L tan q0
1-tan t FHx, yL
H1-r2 L-tan q0 -@1+H1-r2 L tan q0 D tan t
2
H1-r L Htan q0 +tan tL+1-tan q0 tan t

H1-r L tan Hq0 +tL+1
=
=
.
H1-r2 L H1-tan q0 tan tL-Htan q0 +tan tL
H1-r2 L-tan Hq0 +tL
2
,
(41)
(33) (34),
1+H1-r L tan q
FHx cos t - y sin t, x sin t + y cos tL FHv, wL =
H1-r2 L-tan q
2
1+H1-r L tan Hq0 +tL

=
H1-r2 L-tan Hq0 +tL

2
(40), (41) . ,
(37) .

, (37)
. 0 (37)
t x - y, t .
0 , t
(37). , t
(37),
. ,
.
(37)
,
Hr, qL. , q x - y.
,
q , Hr, qL. , ,
, (37) r = rH1 - r2 L
. ( q q + a)
rHqL = 0, rHqL = 1. , rHqL = 1
!!!!!!!!!!!!
x2 + y2 = 1 x - y. y = 1 - x2 , -1 < x < 1,
(37). ,
183
C3.nb
(37), :
!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = 1 - x2
x2 + y2 = 1.
( Clairaut)
(42)
y 2 - x y + y = 0
() Clairaut ().
, (42)
(43)
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!
2
x x -4 y
y =
, (42) ,

(44)
Hx, yL Hx , y L = Ha x, a2 yL,
a .
To ,
(45)
y = x - 1,
y = 14 x2
(42). , i
45o x, y
y = -1. ,
(45) , y.
(46)
, (44), (45)
a-2 y = 1 a-2 x 2 .
a-2 y = a-1 x - 1,
4

(47)
y = aHx - aL,
y = 14 x 2 .
, (44) y = 14 x2
,
(42). , y = x - 1 y = aHx - aL,
, , a 1. y = aHx - aL
a x y y = -a2 .
, y = x - 1, (44)

(48)
y = aHx - aL.
, (44)
y = x - 1. To y = x - 1,
C3.nb
184
, y = aHx - aL, a = 1 2, 3/2 2. ,

(48).
6
4
2
-6
-4
-2
-2
-4
y
6
4
2
-6
-4
-2
-2

(48) ( ) y = x2 4. ,
(48) a
Hxc , yc L, . , a
a + h, , ,
(49)
ya = aHx - aL,
ya+h = Ha + hL@x - Ha + hLD
, ya = ya+h . (49)
(50)
xc = 2 a + h
x (49)
(51)
yc = aHa + hL.
a (50)
:
(51) ,
185
C3.nb
xc -h
xc +h
yc = H
L H
L
2
2
(52)
, h 0,
2
xc
yc =
,
4
(53)
.

ya = aHx - aL (53) (
).
.
1.
Ta : Hx, yL Hx , y L.
3 x-y
,
Hx , y L = Ha x, a yL.
(i) y =
x-3 y
x -3 y
(ii) y = 2 x
,
x2 +4 y
(iii) y = x3 sinHy x4 L,
y
(iv) y =
,
x+ cosHyxL
xH1-x2 -y2 L+
(v) y =
y ,
x-yH1-x2 -y2 L
Hx , y L = Ha x, a2 yL.
Hx , y L = Ha x, a4 yL.
y
x
Hx , y L = I
,
M.
Hx , y L = Hx cosh a - y sinh a, -x sinh a + cosh aL.

1-a y
2. )
y = 1,

1-a y
!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = 1 - x2
y2 H1 + y 2 L = 1.
) 8ya HxL<
!!!!!!!!!!!!
y = 1 - x2 Ta : Hx, yL Hx + a, yL.
) 8ya HxL<
y = 1 .
3.
ya HxL = aHx - aL
, a
ya HxL = a
Clairaut
y 2 - x y + y = 0.
4. ) 8a < x - y
C3.nb
186
y = FHx, aL,
FHx, aL, Hx, aL 2 . ,

a FHx, aL = 0
8a <.
a a = f HxL,
y = FHx, f HxLL 8a <.
:
FHx, a + hL - FHx, aL = h a FHx, aL + oHh2 L
)

a x-1
(i) y =
.
a2
"######################
(ii) y = 4 - Hx - aL2 .
"######################
(iii) y = 2 a + 9 - Hx - aL2 .
V

1.
, ,
()
. ,
f HtL, gHtL I x0
.
x = f HtL + gHtL x, t I,
xHt0 L = x0 , t0 I,
( ) . I
xHtL = eGHtL Ax0 + t e-GHxL f HxL d x E,
0
t
GHtL := t gHxL d x, t I.
t
, o
, .
,
. :

;
. ,
.
(, , Benoulli,
) . , ,
- -
. ,
, , . ,

.
, , , .
, ,

.
.
, , ,
188
C4.nb
x = FHt, xL,
xHt0 L = x0 ,
, . ,
)
t0
) ,
.
,
.

, :
.
,
" ". , ,
.

.
,
. , xHtL = a t2 , t @0, 1D. ,
a
2
0 xHsL d s = 0 Ha s L d s = 3 ,
1
a
3
0 s xHsL d s = 0 Ha s L d s = 4 ,
1
a
2
4
0 s xHsL d s = 0 Ha s L d s = 5 ,
1
a
a
1
1
1
2
2 a
0 Ht - sL xHsL d s = t 3 - 2 t 4 + 5 = 3 xHtL + aH 5 - 2 tL
1
3a
2
0 3 Ht - sL xHsL d s - xHtL = 10 H2 - 5 tL.
1
a = 10,
2
0 3 Ht - sL xHsL d s - xHtL = 6 - 15 t,
1
xHtL = 10 t2 .
,
xHtL . , .
,
, .
.
Fredholm () Volterra, .
, Fredholm
C4.nb
189
a GHt, s, xHsLL d s + pHtL xHtL = f HtL,

b
GHt, s, xL, pHtL f HtL . , GHt, s, xL

GHt, s, xL = KHt, sL x, Fredholm
a KHt, sL xHsL d s + pHtL xHtL = f HtL
b
. , .
,
.
Volterra
a GHt, s, xHsLL d s + pHtL xHtL = f HtL.
t
,
, . ,

. Volterra ,

a KHt, sL xHsL d s + pHtL xHtL = f HtL.
t
, .

. , .
2.

f : S .
, S
, , . , S
, , S = 80< ,
m,
, . , f : S
() .
(i) f HnL = n2 ,
1
(ii) f HnL =
,
n3
1
(iii) f HnL =
,
n!
n ,
n S = 82, 4, 6, ...< 8n : n = 2 k, k <,

n S = 80, 1, 2, ...< 80< .
190
C4.nb
f HSL ,
f : S . , f HSL
8 fn <nS fn
n- . , ,
8 fn < 8 fn <nS .
8 fn < a, ,
> 0, , NHL,
fn - a < , n > NHL.
(1)
, a 8 fn <,
lim fn = a.
(2)
, .
,
lim fn = .
(3)
, M > 0, N, fn > M ,
n > N. , limn fn = - m < 0, N,
fn < m, n > N.
(i) fn = n-1 , limn fn = 0. , > 0,

NHL -1 n > NHL
fn < :
1
n > NHL 1n <
,
NHL
n-1 < , NHL > -1 .
(ii) n- fn = H-1Ln .
(iii) f HnL = n2 , limn fn = .
() Cauchy 8 fn <
: > 0, NHL,
fm - fn < , m, n > NHL. , ,
Cauchy, Cauchy.

: fn+1 fn 8 fn < , .
fn+1 fn .

: 8 fn < M ,
fn M n. , 8 fn < m,
C4.nb
191
fn m n.
8 fn < , n- , sn ,
n 8 fn <:
sn := nj=1 f j .
(4)
8sn < s:
lim sn = s.
(5)
lim nj=1 f j = s,
(6)
j=1 f j = s.
(7)
() j- f j s.
,
,
j=1 f j
n
limn H j=1 f j L . , f j = j-1 ,
1
1
1
j=1 j = 1 + 2 + 3 + ...,
sn :=
1
j=1 j
= 1 + 12 + 13 + ... + 1n
limn Hnj=1 j-1 L . , ,

, .
j=1 2- j . ,
(8)
1
1
1
1
2 -1
sn := nj=1
= 12 +
+
+ ... +
=
2j
22
23
2n
2n
n
,
(9)
,
(10)
2 -1
lim sn = lim
= 1.
2n
1
1
lim nj=1
= 1.
j=1
2j
2j
n
, 8sn < (4)

j=1 f j .

.
192
C4.nb
(i) Cauchy : H j=1 f j ,

nj=m+1 f j 0,
m, n .
(ii) : f j
lim j+1
= r,
fj
f
r < 1 r > 0.
(iii) : 0 f j g j j=1 g j ,
j=1 f j .
, j , f j HtL
I . 8 f j HtL<,
. , t,
8 f j HtL< ,
. ,

.
8 f j HtL<, f j HtL = t j , t .
j+1
t
=
= t

f j HtL
tj
HtL
j+1
8tn < t < 1 t > 1. ,

H-1Ln , H1Ln . ,
f j HtL = tn t
H-1, 1D.
,
(11)
lim t j = 9
0, -1 < t < 1
1,
t=1
, , 8 f j HtL<, t I,
t S I.
(12)
f HtL := lim f j HtL,

j
t S I.
(i) , tanhHxL, x .
, tanhHxL (tanh HxL > 0)
(tanhHxL < 1).
C4.nb
193
tanhHxL
1
0.5
x
-3
-2
-1
-0.5
-1
, f j HtL = tanhH j tL, t .

tanhHxL , ,
t > 0, tanhH j tL . ,
.
, t < 0, tanhH j tL
, . ,
-1,
f HtL := lim tanhH j tL = 9 0,
j
1,
(13)
t<0
t=0
t>0
,
f j HtL = tanhH j tL, o.
tanhHjtL
1
0.5
t
-3
-2
-1
-0.5
-1
(ii) fn HtL = nH1 + n2 t2 L , t , t 0.

,
-1
(14)
n
lim
= 0, t 0 .
1+n2 t2
, f HtL := limn nH1 + n2 t2 L

S = H-, 0L H0, L.
-1
194
C4.nb
, , ,
, .
. 8 f j HtL<,
t I, I
f HtL := lim j f j HtL, t I. > 0,
NHL, f HtL - f j HtL < j > NHL, 8 f j HtL<, t I,
f HtL I.
.
: , N
f HtL - f j HtL < ,
t I .
1
f j HtL =
, t , ,
jH1+ j2 t2 L
1
, t . ,
g j HtL =
1+ j2 t2
(15)
(16)
1
lim
= f HtL = 0, t ,
jH1+ j2 t2 L
1
lim
= gHtL = 9
1+ j2 t2
1
f j HtL =

jH1+ j2 t2 L
1j ,
jH1+ j2 t2 L
(17)
1, t 0
0, t = 0
t .
, > 0, NHL
-1 ,
(18)
j > NHL
1
f HtL - f j HtL =
< .
jH1+ j2 t2 L
g j HtL,
.
Cauchy

:
f j HtL, t I, I,
, > 0, NHL,
f j HtL - fk HtL < t I, j, k > NHL.
.
8 f j HtL<
C4.nb
195
I, f HtL := lim j f j HtL, t I,

.
8 f j HtL<, t I, f HtL,
. , f HtL .
, f HtL = lim j f j HtL.

(i) H 8 f j HtL<, t I, ,
(ii) H 8 f j HtL< I,
f HtL := lim j f j HtL f HtL = lim j f j HtL.

8 f j HtL<, t I,
I . ,
(19)
sn HtL := nj=1 f j HtL,
(20)
j=1 f j HtL := lim sn HtL.
8sn HtL<, t I. To
8sn HtL<, n , 8 f j HtL<, t I,
j=1 f j HtL.
j
, , t I, j=1 f j HtL ,
, , 8sn HtL< . ,
j=1 f j HtL I, 8sn HtL<
.

M Weierstrass (): 8 f j HtL<, t I,
, 8M j < f j HtL M j ,
j=1 M j , j=1 f j HtL I
(, j=1 f j HtL ).
(i)
j=0 f j HtL =
j=0
t
1 2
1 3
= 1 + t +
t +
t + ...
j!
2!
3!
t . : t ,
j! t
t
j+1

=
= j+1
.
f j HtL
H j+1L! t j
f
HtL
j+1
196
C4.nb
j+1
= 0 .
lim
f j HtL
HtL
(ii) M Weierstrass,
j=1 f j HtL =
j=1
sin H j tL
= 12 sin t + 14 sin H2 tL + 18 sin H3 tL + ...

2j
o . ,
sin H j tL
1
f j HtL =

2j
2j
1
= 1.
j=1
2j
n
2
m
f HtL = m
n=0 cn t = c0 + c1 t + c2 t + ... + cm t ,
(21)
t ,
8cn < m + 1 ,
m. , t = 0, (21)
, . , f H0L = c0 .
(21)
n-1 = c + 2 c t + ... + m c t m-1 ,

f HtL = m
1
2
m
n=1 n cn t
(22)
t .
, f H0L = c1 . ,
k (21) :
n-k , k = 0, 1, 2, ..., m,
f HkL HtL = m
n=k n Hn - 1L Hn - k + 1L cn t
(23)
(23)
f H0L HtL f HtL.
f HkL HtL = 0,
k > m.
(23)
(24)

(25)
f HkL H0L = k Hk - 1L H1L ck k ! ck
1
ck =
f HkL H0L,
k!
k = 0, 1, 2, ..., m.
, 8cn <, 8 f HnL H0L<

. ,
n
m
n=0 cn t .
, (21),
(26)
n
2
m
f HtL = m
n=0 cn Ht - tL = c0 + c1 Ht - tL + c2 Ht - tL + ... + cm Ht - tL ,
t ,
C4.nb
197
. (26) m
t. , (25) ck
f HtL t = t. ,
1
ck =
f HkL HtL,
k!
(27)
k = 0, 1, 2, ..., m.
, , 8cn <, n = 0, 1, 2, ...,

. fn HtL = cn Ht - tLn , t ,
n
,
n=0 cn Ht - tL , .

. ,
.
,
t=t
(28)
n

n=0 cn Ht - tL = c0 .
, ,
. ,
t
Abel
n

n=0 cn Ht - tL t = a t,
Ht - t - a , t + t - a L.
n
r > 0

n=0 cn Ht - tL
Ht - r, t + rL. Ht - r, t + rL
r .
n=0 cn Ht
, Abel, .
- tLn t = a t t - a .
n

n=0 cn Ht - tL
I ,
(29)
n
f HtL :=
n=0 cn Ht - tL , t I,
n
,
n=0 cn Ht - tL cn
n
n > m m
n=0 cn Ht - tL .
, . ,
:
(i) 8cn <:
n
f HtL =
cn = dn , f HtL = gHtL.
n=0 cn Ht - tL , gHtL = n=0 dn Ht - tL
n
(ii) C HIL: , f HtL =
t I,
n=0 cn Ht - tL ,
, , ,
198
C4.nb
n-k
f HkL HtL =
, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
n=k n Hn - 1L Hn - k + 1L cn t
(30)
1
cn =
f HnL H0L.
n!
(31)
(iii) : , I ,
n
n

f HtL gHtL,
n=0 cn Ht - tL ,
n=0 dn Ht - tL
,
n
f HtL + gHtL =
n=0 Hcn + dn L Ht - tL ,
(32)
n
f HtL gHtL =
n=0 gn Ht - tL ,
(33)
gn = nj=0 c j dn- j
, , :

. , ,
8cn <.
,
.
Taylor
, , I
, C HIL. Taylor
: uHtL, t I,
C HIL, uHtL.
,
Taylor.
, t I, uHtL,
t I, m, .

(34)
Tu, j Ht - tL :=
1
k=0 k!
uHkL HtL Ht - tLk ,
j = 0, 1, 2, ..., m.
, Tu, j Ht - tL j
t. Taylor j uHtL (
t ):
uHtL = 9
1,
t0
1 + t3 , t 0
C4.nb
199
u HtL = 9
uH3L HtL = 9
0,
t0
2
3t , t 0
0,
6,
t<0
t>0
u HtL = 9
uH jL HtL = 9
0,
6 t,
t0
t0
0,
0,
t<0
, j = 4, 5, ...
t>0
uHtL ,
t = 0. uHtL
, .
, t = 0,
Taylor :
Tu,0 HtL = 1,
Tu,1 HtL = 1,
Tu,2 HtL = 1.
, t 0,
Taylor . ,
(i) A t < 0,
Tu, j Ht - tL = 1, j 0.
(ii) t > 0,
Tu,0 Ht - tL = 1 + t3 ,
Tu,1 Ht - tL = 1 + t3 + 3 t2 Ht - tL = 1 - 2 t3 + 3 t2 t
1
Tu,2 Ht - tL = 1 + t3 + 3 t2 Ht - tL +
6 t Ht - tL2 = 1 + t3 - 3 t2 t + 3 t t2
2!
1
1
Tu, j Ht - tL = 1 + t3 + 3 t2 Ht - tL +
6 t Ht - tL2 +
6 Ht - tL3 = 1 + t3 ,
2!
3!
j 3.
uHtL
Taylor Tu,2 Ht - 1L.
Tu,2 Ht - 1L = H1 + t3 - 3 t2 t + 3 t t2 Lt=1 = 2 - 3 t + 3 t2 .
, Taylor Tu,2 Ht - 1L
. , t
t = 1, Tu,2 Ht - 1L uHtL.
200
C4.nb
u
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
t
-2
-1
T
, , .
Taylor
A n + 1, uHn+1L , u
I t, t. ( I = @t, tD
t < t, I = @t, tD t > t).
t0 t t,
(35)
1
uHtL - Tu,n Ht - tL =
uHn+1L Ht0 L Ht - tLn+1 ,
Hn+1L!
Tu,n Ht - tL Taylor n uHtL .
, Taylor Tu,n Ht - tL
uHtL. , , , uHtL,
Tu,n Ht - tL
(36)
1
Ru,n Ht - tL :=
uHn+1L Ht0 L Ht - tLn+1
Hn+1L!
, Ru,n Ht - tL ( Lagrange ()) uHtL.
uHn+1L HtL I, M
uHn+1L Ht0 L M , t0 I. ,
(37)
1
Ru,n Ht - tL
M t - t n+1
Hn+1L!

(38)
R Ht-tL
u,n
= 0.
lim
Ht-tLn
tt
C4.nb
201
, , uHtL, t I, C HIL. ,
Taylor Tu,n Ht - tL, t I, n 80< .
limn Ru,n Ht - tL .
lim Ru,n Ht - tL = 0,
(39)
, (35), ,
1 HkL
u HtL Ht - tLk .
uHtL = lim Tu,n Ht - tL
k=0
k!
(40)
1 HkL

u HtL Ht - tLk Taylor C HIL uHtL, t I, (
k=0
k!
t I).
n
(39), Taylor uHtL, t I,

uHtL t. ()
.
(i) ,
uHtL = et ,
t ,
C HL. , n, n et
et : uHnL HtL = uHtL. ,
(41)
1
1
Ru,n Ht - tL :=
uHn+1L Ht0 L Ht - tLn+1 =
uHt0 L Ht - tLn+1
Hn+1L!
Hn+1L!
, , x,
n
x
lim
= 0
n!
(42)
,
(43)
(44)
lim Ru,n Ht - tL = 0.
1 t
et =
e Ht - tLk .
k=0
k!
t , et , t ,
.
, t = 0, (44)
(45)
1 n
et = n=0
t .
n!

(46)
e-t =
n=0
H-1L n
t .
n!
n
202
C4.nb
(ii) cos t, sin t C HL. H

n t = 0 ,
.
(47)
cos t =
n=0
H-1L 2 n
t ,
H2 nL!
n
sin t =
n=0
H-1L
t2 n+1 .
H2 n+1L!
n

.
(iii) .
(iv)
uHtL = 9
1,
t0
3
1+t , t 0
H-, 0L
H0, L, t = 0.
(v) , ,
C HL. ,
C HL,

uHtL = 9
e1H1-t L ,
0,
2
t < 1
t H-1, 1L
C HL, ( t = 1).
3. Picard
3. 1.
:
FHt, xL (=
) 2 Ht0 , x0 L . xHtL
I t0 :
)
(1)
x = FHt, xL,
) t0 x0 :
(2)
xHt0 L = x0 .
,
,
C4.nb
203
t0 = x0 = 0.
(3)
, ,
FHt, xL = f HtL + gHtL x,
(4)
f HtL, gHtL I
t = 0,
x = FHt, xL,
(5)
,
(6)
xHtL = 0 PHt, xL f HxL d x,

t
t I,
xH0L = 0,
PHt, xL := expAx gHzL d zE.
t

,
(5). ,
.
, , gHtL
, x = f HtL, xH0L = 0,
t
: xHtL = 0 f HxL d x
, ,
x = f HtL + gHtL x, xH0L = 0,
(7)

(8)
xHtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xHxLD d x.

t
. (8)
, xHtL . ,
. ,
t
0 f HxL d x .
f HtL
.
, , (7)
xHtL. , x I,
x HxL = f HxL + gHxL xHxL.
(9)
, xHxL . ,
f HxL, gHxL. , f HxL + gHxL xHxL
t
I. , 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xHxLD d x ,
t
t I, 0 x HxL d x.
,
(10)
0 x HxL d x = xHtL - xH0L = xHtL,

t
204
C4.nb
xH0L = 0.
xHtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xHxLD d x, t I.

t
(11)
xHtL, t I, (7), I
(11).
, , (11)
f HtL gHtL. (11)
xHtL.
, Volterra.
,
(12)
hHxL := - 0 f HxL d x, t I.
0 gHxL xHxL d x - xHtL = hHxL,

t
, , (11),
xHtL. ,
: (11)
t = 0 f HtL + gHtL xHtL. ,
, xHtL :
(13)
x HtL = f HtL + gHtL xHtL,
xH0L = 0.
xHtL, t I, (12),
(7).
(12)
(7). , ,
(7).
, , , (7)
(12) (4) FHt, xL,

= I 2 . Ht0 , x0 L = H0, 0L . ,

x = FHt, xL,
xHt0 L = x0 ,
()
xHtL = x0 + t FHx, xHxLL d x

t
FHt, xL 2 .
, ,
C4.nb
205
FHt, xL 2 Ht0 , x0 L ,

(14)
xHtL = x0 + t FHx, xHxLL d x

t

x = FHt, xL,
(15)
xHt0 L = x0 .
xHtL (14).
) , IHt0 ,x0 L , t0 t,
Ht, xHtLL, t IHt0 ,x0 L , FHt, xL
) IHt0 , x0 L (14).
, jHtL := FHt, xHtLL IHt0 ,x0 L . ,

(16)
HtL := t jHxL d x = t FHx, xHxLL d x

t
IHt0 ,x0 L t0 . ,
HtL = jHtL FHt, xHtLL.
(17)
(14), xHtL = x0 + HtL. xHtL

IHt0 ,x0 L x HtL = FHt, xHtLL. , xHt0 L = x0 . , xHtL,
t IHt0 , x0 L, (15).
, xHtL
(15).
) , IHt0 ,x0 L , t0 t,
xHtL ,
) Ht, xHtLL, t IHt0 ,x0 L , FHt, xL
) IHt0 ,x0 L (15) t0 xHtL

x0 .
, , xHtL , IHt0 ,x0 L .

FHt, xL , jHtL := FHt, xHtLL
IHt0 ,x0 L . ,
HtL := t jHxL d x = t FHx, xHxLL d x

0
0
t
t IHt0 ,x0 L . x HtL = FHt, xHtLL

t
t xHxL d x. , t0 , xHtL x0 . ,
t0 xHxL d x = xHtL - xHt0 L = xHtL - x0 .
0
206
C4.nb
xHtL - x0 = t FHx, xHxLL d x,

t
xHtL (15) (14)

IHt0 ,x0 L .
3. 2.
,
x HtL = f HtL + gHtL xHtL, t I,
(1)
xHtL = 0 eGHtL-GHxL f HxL d x,
GHtL := 0 gHxL d x.
(2)
xH0L = 0,
t
()
xHtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xHxLD d x, t I,
t
(3)
(2) .
, ,
0 gHxL xHxL d x = 0 gHxLA 0 e
t
(4)
x GHxL-GHzL
f HzL d z E d x
= 0 gHxL eGHxL A0 e-GHzL f HzL d z E d x

x
= 0 G HxL eGHxL A0 e-GHzL f HzL d zE d x

x
= 0 @eGHxL D A0 e-GHzL f HzL d z E d x.

t
,
(5)
0 gHxL xHxL d x = eGHtL 0 e-GHzL f HzL d z - 0 eGHxL e-GHxL f HxL d x

t
= eGHtL 0 e-GHzL f HzL d z - 0 f HxL d x.

t
,
(6)
GHtL
-GHzL f HzL d z = xHtL,
0 f HxL d x + 0 gHxL xHxL d x = e 0 e
t
(2) (3). ,
(1) . ,
xHtL = 0 eGHtL-GHxL f HxL d x,
t
GHtL := 0 gHxL d x, t I,
t
, (3),
. ,
C4.nb
207
Picard ().

, ,
-.
, 8x j HtL<, t I,
:
x0 HtL = 0
(7)
x1 HtL = 0 f HxL d x,
t
x2 HtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL x1 HxLD d x,

t
xn HtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xn-1 HxLD d x,

t
n = 3, 4, ...
8x j HtL<, j = 0, 1, 2, ...,
t = 0. , n ,
xHtL I, .
t > 0. , f HxL, gHxL

@0, tD,
.
, , f HxL , gHxL . ,
M := max f HxL ,
(8)
k := max gHxL,
x@0,tD
f HxL M ,
(9)
x@0,tD
gHxL k,
x @0, tD.
x1 HtL - x0 HtL = 0 f HxL d x M 0 d x = M t

t
(10)
x2 HtL - x1 HtL = 0 gHxL @x1 HxL - x0 HxLD d x k 0 x1 HxL - x0 HxL d x

t
t
k 0 M x d x = k M
2
t
x3 HtL - x2 HtL = 0 gHxL @x2 HxL - x1 HxLD d x k 0 x2 HxL - x1 HxL d x

t
x
t
k 0 k M
d x = k 2 M
2
3!
t
, ,
(11)
,
(12)
t
xn HtL - xn-1 HtL k n-1 M
,
n!
n
M Hk tL
xn HtL

,
k
n!
n
n = 1, 2, 3, ...
n = 1, 2, 3, ...,
208
C4.nb
xn HtL := xn HtL - xn-1 HtL.
(13)
(12) 8x j HtL<
( ) I.
, tn n! n-
:
t
= et .
n=0
n!
n
(14)
, r , @0, rD
I,
M Hk rL
M
M Hk rL
M

=
I

- 1M =
Hek r - 1L.
n=1
k
n!
k n=0 k
n!
k
(15)
Hk rL
Hk tL

,
n!
n!
n
(16)
t @0, rD.
, n- n=1
xn HtL n-
(14). , Weierstrass n=1

xn HtL
@0, rD.
,
(17)
xn HtL = xn HtL - xn-1 HtL + xn-1 HtL = xn HtL - xn-1 HtL + xn-1 HtL - xn-2 HtL + xn-2 HtL
= @xn HtL - xn-1 HtLD + @xn-1 HtL - xn-2 HtLD + ... + @x2 HtL - x1 HtLD + x1 HtL
= @xn HtL - xn-1 HtLD + @xn-1 HtL - xn-2 HtLD + ... + @x2 HtL - x1 HtLD + @x1 HtL - x0 HtLD,
, , x0 HtL = 0.

(18)
xn HtL = nj=1 @x j HtL - x j-1 HtLD nj=1 x j HtL,
: n- 8x j HtL< n-
j=1 x j HtL. ,
8x j HtL<.
8xn HtL<
. , xn HtL ,

(19)
,
(20)
xHtL := lim xn HtL.

n
Gn HxL := gHxL xn HxL, x @0, rD,
8Gn HxL< @0, rD.

,
C4.nb
209
lim Gn HxL = gHxL xHxL,
(21)
x @0, rD.
, 8Gn HxL<
,
n
lim 0 gHxL xn-1 HxL d x lim 0 Gn-1 HxL d x

t
(22)
= lim Gn-1 HxL d x = 0 gHxL xHxL d x .

t
0 n
lim xn HtL = lim 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xn-1 HxLD d x = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xHxLD d x
t
(23)
xHtL 8xn HtL<

(3).
n
(3) .
, , xHtL, (3)
yHtL. ,
xHtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL xHxLD d x,
t
(24)
,
yHtL = 0 @ f HxL + gHxL yHxLD d x.

t
xHtL - yHtL = 0 gHxL @xHxL - yHxLD d x,

t
(25)
xHtL - yHtL = 0 gHxL @xHxL - yHxLD d x

t
(26)
0 gHxL xHxL - yHxL d x M 0 xHxL - yHxL d x.

t
,
(27)
zHtL := 0 xHxL - yHxL d x,

t
t0
: ,
(28)
z HtL = xHtL - yHtL ,
(29)
,
(30)

(31)
(32)
zH0L = 0,
zHtL > 0, t > 0.
xHtL - yHtL M 0 xHxL - yHxL d x

t
z HtL M zHtL.
@eM t zHtLD 0.
210
C4.nb
(29),

eM t zHtL 0, t > 0.
(33)
,
zHtL = 0
(34)
xHtL = yHtL, t 0.
(3) .
1. t < 0
I f HtL, gHtL.
2. Ht0 , x0 L H0, 0L
:
(35)
Ht, xL Hu, wL = Ht - t0 , x - x0 L.
Picard 8xn HtL< xHtL

x = f HtL + gHtL x, t I,
(36)
xHt0 L = x0 , t0 I,
x0 HtL = x0
(37)
x1 HtL = x0 + t f HxL d x,
t
xn HtL = x0 + t @ f HxL + gHxL xn-1 HxLD d x, n = 2, 3, ...

0

x = 2 t + x,
(38)
xH0L = 1,
Picard.
Picard,

(39)
xHtL = eGHtL Ax0 + t e-GHxL f HxL d x E,

0
t
GHtL := t gHxL d x, t I.
, f HtL = 2 t, gHtL = 1, t0 = 0, x0 = 1. ,
(40)
(41)
GHtL = 0 1 d x = t,
t0 e
t -GHxL
f HxL d x = 2 0 e-x x d x = 2 - 2 Ht + 1L e-t ,

t
C4.nb
211
xHtL = 3 et - 2 Ht + 1L
(42)
, (37) Picard
:
(43)
x0 HtL = 1
x1 HtL = 1 + 0 H2 t + 1L d x = 1 + t + t2 ,
t
x2 HtL = 1 + t2 + 0 x1 HxL d x = 1 + t2 + 0 H1 + x + x 2 L d x
t
= 1 + t2 + t + 12 t2 + 13 t3 = 1 + t + 32 t2 + 13 t3
x3 HtL = 1 + t2 + 0 x2 HxL d x = 1 + t2 + 0 H1 + x + 32 x2 + 13 x 3 L d x
t
1 4
= 1 + t2 + Ht + 12 t2 + 12 t3 +
t L
34
1 4
= 1 + t + 32 t2 + 12 t3 +
t ,
34
1
x4 HtL = 1 + t2 + 0 H1 + x + 32 x2 + 12 x 3 +
x4 L d x =
34
t
1 3
1
= 1 + t2 + t + 12 t2 + 12 t3 +
t +
t5
24
345
1 4
1
= 1 + t + 32 t2 + 12 t3 +
t +
t5
24
345
1
1
x5 HtL = 1 + t2 + 0 H1 + x + 32 x2 + 12 x 3 +
x 4 +
x5 L d x
24
345
t
1 4
1
1
t +
t5 +
t6 L
= 1 + t2 + Ht + 12 t2 + 12 t3 +
24
245
3456
1 4
1
1
= 1 + t + 32 t2 + 12 t3 +
t +
t5 +
t6
24
245
3456
(42),

(44)
,
(45)
1 3
1
1
t
= 1 + t + 12 t2 +
t +
t4 +
t5 +
1 t6 + ...
et = n=0
n!
23
234
2345
23456
n
1 4
1
1
xHtL = 3 et - 2 Ht + 1L = 1 + t + 32 t2 + 12 t3 +
t +
t5 +
t6 + ...,
24
245
2456
: n,
xn HtL .
x5 HtL (43). ,
t = 0 ,
x5 HtL xHtL = 3 et - 2 Ht + 1L.
212
C4.nb
x
40
35
30
25
x5 HtL
20
15
10
xHtL
5
t
-6
-4
-2

x = 5 cos t + 2 x,
(46)
xHp 2L = 1,
Picard.
, f HtL = 5 cos t, gHtL = 2, t0 = p 2, x0 = 1. ,

(47)
(48)
GHtL = t 2 d x = 2 Ht - t0 L = 2 t - p,
t
t0
f HxL d x = 5 t e-2 Hx-t0 L cos x d x = ep-2 t Hsint - 2 cos tL - 1

0
t -GHxL
e
(39) :
xHtL = sin t - 2 cos t.
(49)
(37), ,
Picard:
(50)
x0 HtL = 1
x1 HtL = 1 + p2 H5 cos x + 2L d x
t
=1+5(sin t-1)+2t-=2t+5sin t-4-,
x2 HtL = 5 sin t - 4 + 2 t x1 HxL d x

t
= 5 sin t - 4 + 2 p2 H2 x + 5 sin x - 4 - pL d x
0
p
= 5 sin t - 4 + 2 Ht2 - 5 cos t - 4 t - p tL - 2 I
- 4 p2 - p p2 M
4
2
p
=
+ 4 p - 4 - 2 H4 + p L t + 2 t2 + 5 sin t - 10 cos t
2
2
C4.nb
213
x2 HtL (49),
x4 HtL, , .
x
4
x4 HtL
xHtL
2
t
0.5
1.5
-2
2.5
x2 HtL
-4
-6
-8
1. , x0 HtL,...,x3 HtL, Picard,

. , , .
(i) x = t - x,
xH0L = 1.
(ii) x = tH1 - xL,
(iii) x = sin H2 tL - 2 x,
xH0L = 2.
(iv) x = 1 - x sin t ,
xH0L = 0.
xHp 2L = -1.
(v) x = 1 + 2 t x,
xH0L = 0.
(vi) t x = x + t,
xH1L = -1.
(vi) x = x tanh t,
xH0L = -1.
2. Mathematica,
x3 HtL xHtL, t0 .
3. Mathematica, ( )
Picard, . ,
" " .1.
214
C4.nb
3.3.
Picard
(1)
x = FHt, xL, t I,
xH0L = 0, 0 I,
FHt, xL = f HtL + gHtL x f HtL, gHtL I.

,
I . , = I (
) 2 , Hx0 , t0 L = H0, 0L.
, FHt, xL t
:
(i) H FHt, xL .
(ii) H x FHt, xL , x FHt, xL = gHtL. , x FHt, xL
.
(ii),
x FHt, xL . ,
, x FHt, xL . (
, , (,
) 2 ).
, , Picard
,
FHt, xL .

, .

Picard ,
8x j HtL<, j = 1, 2, 3, ...,
(2)
x0 HtL = 0
x1 HtL = 0 FHx, x0 HxLL d x = 0 FHx, 0L d x,

t
x2 HtL = 0 FHx, x1 HxLL d x,

t
xn HtL = 0 FHx, xn-1 HxLL d x.

t
FHt, xL ,
()
(3)
:= 8Ht, xL 2 : -a t a, -b x b<.
, FHt, xL , M ,
.
, ,
(4)
M := max FHt, xL ,
Ht,xL
C4.nb
215
x1 HtL = 0 FHx, 0L d x M 0 d x = M t, 0 t a.
t
(5)
,
(6)
x1 HtL = 0 FHx, 0L d x = -t FHx, 0L d x M -t d x = M t , -a t 0.

-t
x1 HtL M t ,
(7)
t @-a, aD.
, -a t a,
x1 HtL x = M t x = -M t. M
x = M t b a,
, ,
:
, j1 HxL = FHx, x1 HxLL,
t
0 FHx, x1 HxLL d x, @-a, aD. ,
x2 HtL = 0 FHx, x1 HxLL d x
t
-a t a.
8x j HtL<.
, M x = M t
b a, , t = b M .
.
, : x,
@-b M , b M D @-a, aD, xn HxL
, . ,
jn HxL = FHx, xn HxLL M .
,
.
x
b
-a
-h
-b
216
C4.nb
,
h := min 8a, b M <.
(8)
h := 8Ht, xL 2 : -h t h, -b x b<.
(9)
x1 HtL M t M h b.
(10)
xn HtL = 0 FHx, xn-1 HxLL d x b.

t
(11)
,
(12)
xn+1 HtL - xn HtL = 0 8FHx, xn HxLL - FHx, xn-1 HxLL< d x

t
, ,
GHt, xL := x FHt, xL
(13)
,
(14)
FHt, xn L - FHt, xn-1 L = Hxn - xn-1 L x FHt, zL, z Hxn-1 , xn-1 L.
, k
x FHt, xL k,
(15)
Ht, xL h ,

(16)
xn+1 HtL - xn HtL k 0 xn HxL - xn-1 HxL d x,

t
t @0, aD.
, x FHt, xL (15)
. , x FHt, xL
(16).
, (16) FHt, xL
: k,
(17)
FHt, x2 L - FHt, x1 L k x2 - x1 ,
Ht, x1 L, Ht, x2 L . ()
Lipschitz () .
, ,
t @-h, hD. ,
t @0, hD,
(18)
x1 HtL - x0 HtL = 0 FHx, 0L d x M 0 d x = M t,

t
C4.nb
(19)
217
x2 HtL - x1 HtL = 0 8FHx, x1 HxLL - FHx, 0L< d x

t
t
k 0 x1 HxL - x0 HxL d x k 0 M x d x = k M
,
2
t
(20)
x3 HtL - x2 HtL = 0 8FHx, x2 HxLL - FHx, x1 HxLL< d x

t
x
t
k 0 x2 HxL - x1 HxL d x k 0 k M
d x = k 2 M
2
3!
t
, ,
t
xn HtL - xn-1 HtL k n-1 M
.
n!
n
(21)
, 8x j HtL< xHtL
Volterra
(22)
xHtL = 0 FHx, xHxLL d x, t @0, hD.

t
t @-h, 0D
,
(Picard-Lindelof)
FHt, xL
(i)
(23)
Ht0 ,x0 L := 8Ht, xL 2 : t0 - a t t0 + a, x0 - b x x0 + b<
a, b ,
(ii) Lipschitz
(24)
FHt, x2 L - FHt, x1 L k x2 - x1 ,

x = FHt, xL,
(25)
Ht, x1 L, Ht, x2 L Ht0 ,x0 L
xHt0 L = x0 ,
t0 - h t t0 + h,
(26)
h = min 8a, b M <, M := maxHt,xLHt ,x L FHt, xL

0
n

(27)
x0 HtL = x0
x1 HtL = x0 + t FHx, x0 HxLL d x = x0 + t FHx, x0 L d x,

t
xn HtL = x0 + t FHx, xn-1 HxLL d x,

0
n = 2, 3, ...
218
C4.nb

x = x2 ,
(28)
xH0L = 1.

FHt, xL = x2 ,
(29)
Ht, xL = 2 ,
. ,
1
xHtL =
,
1-t
(30)
t < 1.
, (27)
Picard:
(31)
x0 HtL = 1
xn HtL = 1 + 0 FHx, xn-1 HxLL d x

t
x1 HtL = 1 + 0 FHx, x0 HxLL d x = 1 + 0 FHx, 0L d x = 1 + 0 H1L2 d x = 1 + t,

t
x2 HtL = 1 + 0 FHx, x1 HxLL d x = 1 + 0 H1 + xL2 d x

t
= 1 + 13 Ht + 1L3 - 13 = 1 + 13 Ht3 + 3 t2 + 3 tL = 1 + t + t2 + 13 t3 ,
x3 HtL = 1 + 0 FHx, x2 HxLL d x = 1 + 0 H1 + x + x 2 + 13 x 3 L d x

t
1 7
= 1 + t + t2 + t3 + 23 t4 + 13 t5 + 19 t6 +
t
63
. ,
x3 HtL (30)
t = 0. .
, Taylor (30), t = 0:
(32)
1
n
2
3
4
5
6
7
=
n=0 t = 1 + t + t + t + t + t + t + t + ...
1-t
C4.nb
219
x
20
17.5
x3 (t)
15
12.5
x(t)
10
7.5
5
2.5
t
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
(27) "",
n- Picard
.
, Picard
xHtL := lim xn HtL.
(33)
xn HtL = nj=1 @x j HtL - x j-1 HtLD
(34)
, (33) :
xHtL = j=1 @x j HtL - x j-1 HtLD
(35)
,
(36)
xHtL - xn HtL = j=1 @x j HtL - x j-1 HtLD - nj=1 @x j HtL - x j-1 HtLD
= j=n+1 @x j HtL - x j-1 HtLD.
(36)
(37)
xHtL - xn HtL j=n+1 x j HtL - x j-1 HtL .
, , t0 = 0, (21) (37)
:
(38)
xHtL - xn HtL
,
(39)
j=n+1
t
k j-1 M
j!
Hk hL
h
M
k j-1 M
=
.
j!
k j=n+1
j!
j=n+1
s
s
s
s
=
es .
j=n+1 j!
Hn+1L! j=0 j!
Hn+1L!
n+1
n+1
220
C4.nb
,
(40)
M Hk hL
ek h .
xHtL - xn HtL
k Hn+1L!
n+1
, n- 8x j HtL<,
, @0, hD, xHtL
HM kL Hk hLn+1 ek h Hn + 1L!.
, x = x2 , xH0L = 1,
a = 2, b = 1.
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
Ht0 ,x0 L = H0,1L := 8Ht, xL 2 : -2 t 2, 0 x 2<,

M := maxHt,xLHt0 ,x0 L FHt, xL = maxx@0,2D x2 = 4,
h = min 8a, b M < = min 82, 14 < = 14 ,
k := maxHt,xLHt0 ,x0 L x FHt, xL = maxx@0,2D 2 x = 4.
, (40)
(45)
M Hk hL
e
ek h =
.
xHtL - xn HtL
k Hn+1L!
Hn+1L!
n+1
C4.nb
221
1. , x0 HtL...x3 HtL, Picard,

. , ,
.
x = 1 - x2 ,
(ii) x = tH1 - x2 L,
xH0L = 0.
(iii) x = t - x2 ,
xH0L = 2.
(iv) x = x2 e-t ,
xH0L = -1.
(i)
xH0L = 2.
(v) x = H1 - x2 L cos t,
(vi) x = xHx + 2L Hx - 3L,

(vi) x = x Ht + xL,
xHp 2L = -2.
xH0L = 0.
xH0L = 3.
2. , h
Picard .
x3 HtL.
3. , Picard
.
4. t - x
Lipschitz x.
(i)
FHt, xL = 1 - x2
(ii) FHt, xL = 1 - t x2
!!!!!!!!!!
(iii) FHt, xL = x - 1
!!!!!!!!!
(iv) FHt, xL = x - t
(v) FHt, xL = Hx - t2 L
13
5. FHt, xL Lipschitz
Picard-Lindelof .
6. Mathematica,
x3 HtL xHtL . 1,
t0 ,
xHtL.
7. Mathematica, ( )
Picard, . ,
" " .1.
V
2
1.
()
.
,
.

u HtL = 0,
(1)
t .
u HtL uHtL
t
uHtL :
u HtL = c1 .
(2)

uHtL = c1 t + c2 .
(3)
, ,

u = f HtL,
(4)
t I,
f HtL, t I, , I
, . , f HtL = 2,
u = 2
(5)

(6)
u = 2 t + c1 .
,
(7)
u = c1 t + c2 + t2 , t I.
, (7)
(5). , (7)
.
223
C5.nb
, -
(7)-
.
(8)
u = f HtL + gHtL u + hHtL u ,
t I,
u uHtL f , g h ()
I , .
(8)
. , ()

(9)
aHtL u + bHtL u + cHtL u = rHtL, t I.

, rHtL
() .
rHtL
(9) .
.
, rHtL ,
(9) . (9) .
, rHtL .
, I aHtL
, (9) (8),
(10)
rHtL
,
f HtL =
aHtL
cHtL
gHtL = -
,
aHtL
bHtL
hHtL = -
.
aHtL
I aHtL
(9).
, t
.
(i)
(11)
u - t u = sin t, t ,
aHtL = 1, bHtL = 0, cHtL = -t

rHtL = sin t. , .
aHtL
, .
(ii) O aHtL = t2
(12)
t2 u + t u - u = 0, t ,
t = 0. .
H-, 0L H0, L, (12)
C5.nb
224
1
u = - 1t u +
u.
t2
(13)
(iii) O aHtL = 1 - t2
H1 - t2 L u + 2 t u + u = 0, t ,
(14)
t = 1. , t = 1.
H-, -1L, H-1, 1L H1, L, (14)
2t
1
u +
u.
u =
t2 -1
t2 -1
(15)
, , uHtL = c1 t + c2 + t2
u = 2,
.
c1 c2 . ,

- 2- .
O ,
u = c1 et + c2 e-t + t2 + 2
(16)

u = u - t2 .
(17)
(16). ,
2- (16) (17).
t t0 , (16)
(18)
uHt0 L = c1 t0 + c2 + t0 2 ,
u Ht0 L = 2 t0 + c1 .
8c1 , c2 < 8uHt0 L, u Ht0 L<

. t0 @t0 , t0 + TL,
T > 0, 8uHt0 L, u Ht0 L< - uHtL
, . ,
().
a b.
u = 2
(19)
uHt0 L = a,
u Ht0 L = b, t0 .
225
C5.nb
(18)
c1 , c2
c1 t0 + c2 + t0 2 = a,
(20)
2 t0 + c1 = b.
c1 = b - 2 t0 .
b t0 - t0 2 + c2 = a. c2 = a - b t0 + t0 2 .
, :
(i) ,
u = a - b t0 + t0 2 + Hb - 2 t0 L t + t2 .
(21)
(ii) , , , (21)
, , c1 , c2
(19) .
(iii) H , (21),
, .
u = u - t2
(19). , (16)

(22)
c1 et0 + c2 e-t0 + t0 2 + 2 = a, c1 et0 - c2 e-t0 + 2 t0 = b.
c1 , c2
. .
(23)
c1 = 12 Ha + b - 2 - 2 t0 - t0 2 L e-t0 , c2 = 12 Ha - b - 2 + 2 t0 - t0 2 L et0 .
,
(24)
u = u - t2 ,
uHt0 L = a,
u Ht0 L = b, t0 ,

(25)
u = 12 Ha + b - 2 - 2 t0 - t0 2 L et-t0 + 12 Ha - b - 2 + 2 t0 - t0 2 L et0 -t + t2 + 2.

, f , g h I
a, b ..
C5.nb
226
(26)
(26)
t I,
uHt0 L = a, u ' Ht0 L = b,
t0 I,
, I.
, , , ,
. ,
, .
,
,
. ,
.
, , uHtL := u HtL. ,
(26)
(27)
(27)
u = u,
u = f HtL + gHtL u + hHtL u, t I,
uHt0 L = a, uHt0 L = b,
t0 I.
,
8uHtL, uHtL<.
,
(28)
(28)
u = FHt, u, uL,
uHt0 L = a,
u = GHt, u, uL,
uHt0 L = b,
t I,
t0 I.
u = uo + u ,
, , , u = c1 t + c2 + t2 , u = 2
.
"". ,
(29)
u = uo + u ,
(30)
uo = c1 t + c2 ,
u = t2 .
uo u = 0,
u = f HtL f HtL = 0.
c1 , c2 . , u u u'' HtL = 2,
, .
u'' = 2
. , (8)
(31)
uHtL = uo HtL + u HtL,
227
C5.nb
uo HtL u HtL (
) (8).
,
u = u - t 2
2-
u = c1 et + c2 e-t + t2 + 2.
,
u = uo + u ,
uo := c1 et + c2 e-t ,
u := t2 + 2.

2- uo
u = u, u u = u - t2 .
,
E
. ,
.
,
. u1 HtL
u = gHtL u + hHtL u .
c1 u1 HtL, c1 , . ,
c2 u2 HtL .
.

u1 HtL u2 HtL

(32)
u = gHtL u + hHtL u .
, ,

(33)
uHtL = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL
c1 , c2 .
u1 HtL, u2 HtL (32)

u1 = gHtL u1 + hHtL u1 ,
u2 = gHtL u2 + hHtL u2 .
C5.nb
228
u = c1 u1 + c2 u2 = c1 @gHtL u1 + hHtL u1 D + c2 @gHtL u2 + hHtL u2 D

= gHtL@c1 u1 + c2 u2 D + hHtL@c1 u1 + c2 u2 D
= gHtL u + hHtL u .
.
: .
, .
, (32)
u = gHtL u2 + hHtL u
(34)
, uHtL = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL

(34)
(35)
u = c1 u1 + c2 u2 = c1 @gHtL u1 2 + hHtL u1 D + c2 @gHtL u2 2 + hHtL u2 D

= gHtL@c1 u1 2 + c2 u2 2 D + hHtL@c1 u1 + c2 u2 D
= gHtL@c1 u1 2 + c2 u2 2 D + hHtL u .
,
(36)
u2 = Hc1 u1 + c2 u2 L2 c1 u1 2 + c2 u2 2 .
(35) gHtL u2 + hHtL u .

uHtL = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL (34)
.

. ,
, u1 HtL = 1 u2 HtL = t, t . ,
. ,
l, m, ,
(37)
u2 HtL = l u1 HtL, u1 HtL = m u2 HtL
t .
(, , u2 H1L = 1, (37), l = m = 1,
t = 1, ).
u1 HtL, u2 HtL
(37) I I.
.
229
C5.nb
(i) a b, u1 HtL = ta , u2 HtL = t b

(
).
(ii) m n, pm HtL, pn HtL, m n, , t
.
(iii) et , e-t
. 8sin t, cos t<, 8ta , sin t<, 8ta , cos t<,
8ta , et < .

:
u1 HtL, u2 HtL, t I ( )
c1 , c2 , ,
(38)
c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL = 0, t I.
, c1 , c2 (38)
c1 = c2 = 0, u1 HtL, u2 HtL .
, c1 , c2 , (38)
(37). .. c2 0, (38) u2 HtL = l u1 HtL,
l = -c1 c2 . , , c1 0, (38) u1 HtL = m u2 HtL, m = -c2 c1 .
, c1 , c2 (38)
c1 = c2 = 0, (38)
u1 HtL, u2 HtL .

.

(i) O f HtL, gHtL, hHtL I.
(ii) O u1 HtL, u2 HtL

u = gHtL u + hHtL u ,
t I.
,
(i) 2-
uo HtL = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL
c1 , c2 .
C5.nb
230
(ii) Y u HtL
t I.
(iii) H 2-
uHtL = uo HtL + u HtL.
.
, . ,
"" , ,
"".
, ,
, - -
f , g h
. , ,

t I,
C 2 HIL. : uHtL
. , u HtL
I. .
.
,

. .. f HtL
I,
u = f HtL.
,
(39)
t2 u - 4 t u + 6 u = 0, t 0.
,
(40)
u = c1 t2 + c2 t3 , t 0,
(39). (40) , uH0L = 0 ,

, u H0L = 0. , uH0L = a, u H0L = b (39) ,
a = b = 0. , ,
(40) .
1. u = f HtL
uHt0 L = a,
u Ht0 L = b,
231
C5.nb
.
(i)
f HtL = 12 tH1 - tL,
t0 = 0,
(ii) f HtL = 2 H1 - e-t L,
t0 = 0,
(iv) f HtL = 6 t + sinh t,
t0 = 0,
2,
t<0
1 + cos t, t 0
(vi) f HtL = 9
1,
e-t ,
b = -1.
a = 0,
b = 1.
t0 = p 2, a = 2,
(iii) f HtL = 4 cos H2 tL,

(v) f HtL = 9
a = 1,
t<0
t0
b = 0.
a = -1, b = -2.
t0 = -1,
a = 0,
b = 1.
t0 = 0,
a = 2,
b = -1.
2.
, I.
(i)
81, t<, I = .
(ii) 8t, t3 <, I = .

!!
(iii) 9 t , t=, I = @0, L.
(iv) 8 pm HtL, pn HtL<, I = , pm HtL, pn HtL, m n m, .

(v) 8et , e-t <, I = .
(vi) 8et , cosh t<, I = .
(vii) 8sin t, cos t<, I = .

(viii) 8et , sin t<, I = .
(ix) 8t, 2 t + cos t<, I = .

(x) 8t, t <, I = .
(xi) 8t2 , uHtL<, uHtL := 9
2 t, -1 t 0
t2 ,
0t1
(xii) 8t-2 , uHtL<, uHtL := 9
t-2 ,
t2 ,
0<t1
t1
I = @-1, 1D.
I = H0, L.
2.

,
. , ,
, ,
.
, gHtL, hHtL, t I
t0 I. ,
,
C5.nb
232
(1)
u = gHtL u + hHtL u , t I,
(2)
uHt0 L = 1, u Ht0 L = 0,
t I,
uHt0 L = 0, u Ht0 L = 1,
I.
u1 HtL u2 HtL, ,
.
u2 HtL = l u1 HtL, u1 HtL = m u2 HtL, l, m, . , t0
u2 Ht0 L = l u1 Ht0 L, u1 Ht0 L = m u2 Ht0 L. ,
u1 Ht0 L = 1 u2 Ht0 L = 0. , , l = 0,
u2 HtL = 0, t I, u2 HtL = 0, t I. ,
u2 Ht0 L = 1.
u1 HtL, u2 HtL

(3)
t I,

u1 HtL, u2 HtL.

(i) O gHtL hHtL I.

(3).
, 2-
u = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL
(4)
c1 , c2 .
, , , uHtL,
(3), , Hc1 , c2 L,
uHtL = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL, t I.
, uHtL (3).
t0 I
(5)
a := uHt0 L,
b := u Ht0 L.
, (4)

(6)
uHt0 L = a,
u Ht0 L = b.
233
C5.nb
:
c1 u1 Ht0 L + c2 u2 Ht0 L = a,
(7)
c1 u1 Ht0 L + c2 u2 Ht0 L = b
u2 Ht0 L, u2 Ht0 L

(8)
c1 @u1 Ht0 L u2 Ht0 L - u1 Ht0 L u2 Ht0 LD = a u2 Ht0 L - b u2 Ht0 L
(9)
c2 @u1 Ht0 L u2 Ht0 L - u1 Ht0 L u2 Ht0 LD = a u1 Ht0 L - b u1 Ht0 L
, u1 Ht0 L, u1 Ht0 L

WHu1 ,u2 L Ht0 L := u1 Ht0 L u2 Ht0 L - u1 Ht0 L u2 Ht0 L
(10)
, (8) (9), , c1 , c2 , .
, , u1 HtL, u2 HtL
(11)
WHu1 ,u2 L Ht0 L 0,
c1 , c2 , u = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL (3)

(6). , uHtL, t I,
, . ,
, . , uHtL = uHtL, t I.
(11)
(3). , .
(i) u1 HtL = et , t .
u1 HtL = u1 HtL.
Het L = et
, He-t L = -et . u2 HtL = e-t , t ,

u2 HtL = u2 HtL. , u1 HtL, u2 HtL
u = u.
et , e-t . ,

u = u
2-
!!
(ii) u1 HtL = t , u2 HtL = t2
I = H0, L
u = c1 et + c2 e-t
1
u = -
u + 3t u ,
t2
t > 0.
C5.nb
234
,
!!
u = c1 t + c2 t2 ,
t > 0,

(3)
.
(
).

uHtL, uHtL, t I,
(12)
WHu,uL HtL := det J
uHtL uHtL
N,
u HtL u HtL
t I,
() Wronski uHtL, uHtL.

uHtL, uHtL I.
I, Wronski uHtL, uHtL
. , I
WHu,uL HtL , uHtL, uHtL
I.
uHtL, uHtL I,

uHtL = l uHtL,
uHtL = m uHtL, t I,
l, m .
WHu,uL HtL = @l uHtLD u HtL - uHtL@l u HtLD = 0
WHu,uL HtL = uHtL@m uHtLD - @m uHtLD u HtL = 0.
,

xHtL := c1 uHtL + c2 uHtL
I.
xHt0 L = c1 uHt0 L + c2 uHt0 L = 0,
235
C5.nb
x Ht0 L = c1 u Ht0 L + c2 u Ht0 L = 0.

c1 , c2 . ,
WHu,uL Ht0 L := uHt0 L u Ht0 L - u Ht0 L uHt0 L 0,

c1 = c2 = 0.
, uHtL, uHtL I.
. :
(i) O Wronski
( ).
(ii) O Wronski
( ).
(i) Wronski
uHtL = t3 ,
uHtL = t 2 t ,
t ,
. , uHtL, uHtL
.
(ii)
uHtL = 9
0, t 0
,
t3 , t > 0
uHtL = 9
0, t 0
t4 , t > 0
. , WHu,uL HtL , ,
, t 0.
uHtL, uHtL
(3),
:
uHtL, uHtL u = gHtL u + hHtL u ,

t I, gHtL hHtL I.
,
(i) uHtL, uHtL
(13)
WHu,uL HtL = 0,
t I.
(ii) uHtL, uHtL
C5.nb
236
WHu,uL HtL 0,
(14)
t I.
(13) ,
. , "
" . ,
uHtL, uHtL (3),
uHtL, uHtL.

c1 uHtL + c2 uHtL I,
c1 , c2 .
, , t0 I
c1 uHt0 L + c2 uHt0 L = 0,
c1 u Ht0 L + c2 u Ht0 L = 0.

c1 , c2 . ,
WHu,uL Ht0 L := uHt0 L u Ht0 L - u Ht0 L uHt0 L = 0,
.
Hc1 , c2 L ,
xHtL := c1 uHtL + c2 uHtL,
. , (3),
. , xHtL, ,
t0 I. , xHtL

t I,
uHt0 L = 0, u Ht0 L = 0, t0 I.
, xHtL I (;)
.
.
.
. (ii) (11),
, .
, , Wronski
.
Abel

(i) O gHtL hHtL I.
237
C5.nb
(ii) O u1 HtL, u2 HtL, t I, (3).

,
WHu1 ,u2 L HtL = CHu1 ,u2 L exp @ hHtL d tD, t I,
(15)
CHu1 ,u2 L u1 , u2 , t.
u1 HtL, u2 HtL (3),

u1 = gHtL u1 + hHtL u1 ,
u2 = gHtL u2 + hHtL u2 , t I.
u2 , u1
,
u1 u2 - u2 u1 = hHtL Hu1 u2 - u1 u2 L
(16)
,
WHu1 ,u2 L HtL = u1 u2 - u1 u2
WHu1 ,u2 L HtL = Hu1 u2 + u1 u2 L - Hu1 u2 + u1 u2 L = u1 u2 - u1 u2 .
, (16)
(17)
W = hHtL W ,
W := WHu1 ,u2 L HtL.

W = C exp @ hHtL d tD,
C t .
Abel Wronski (3)

(i) Wronski (3)
I .
(ii) Wronski 8u1 , u2 <

, , u1 , u2 .
, t
hHtL.
(i) Wronski 8u1 , u2 <, 8u1 , u2 <
.
C5.nb
238
1. Wronski, WHu,uL HtL,

, 8uHtL, uHtL<, t I. ,
, uHtL, uHtL ,
I.
81, t3 <, I = .
!!
(ii) 9 t , t=, I = H0, L.
!!!!!
!!!!!
(iii) 9t t , t t =, I = .
(i)
(iv) 81 + t2 , tHt - 1L<, 0 < t < 1
(v) 8sinh H2 tL, sinh t<, I = .
(vi) 8sin Ht + p2 L, cos t<, I = .
(vii) 8t2 , 2 t2 + cos2 t<, I = .

(viii) 8Ht + 1L2 , uHtL<,
(ix) 8sin t, uHtL<,
uHtL := 9
uHtL := 9
Ht + 1L2 ,
-1 t 0
2 Ht + 1L + 1,
t0
sin t,
tHt + 1L,
- p2 < t 0
0t<
p2
I = @-1, L.
I = H- p2 , p2 L.
2. , 8u1 HtL, u2 HtL<, t I,

) .
) .
(i)
(ii)
8sinh t, et <, I = ,
u = u
82 sin H2 tL - 3 cosH2 tL, 3 cosH2 t - 1L<, I = ,
(iii) 8tHt + 1L, t2 <, I = . t2 u - 2 t u + 2 u = 0.

!!
!!
(iv) 9 t , t + 2 t M, I = H0, L, 2 t2 u - t u + u = 0.
u - 2 u = 0.
(v) 8t, Ht + 1L et <, I = , t2 u - t Ht + 2L u + Ht + 2L u = 0
(vi) 8t, cos t<, I = ,
H1 + t tan tL u'' - t u + u = 0
sin t
cos t
2
2
(vii) 9
! ,
!!
!!! =, I = H0, L, 4 t u + 4 t u + H4 t - 1L u = 0.
t
e H1-e L
sinh t
2
2
(viii) 9
!!! ,
!!! =, I = H0, L, 4 t u + 4 t u - H4 t + 1L u = 0.
-2 t
t-1
(ix) 9t, 1 + t ln "########
=, I = H-1, 1L, H1 - t2 L u - 2 t u + 2 u = 0.
t+1
t
3. Abel, Wronski
.
239
C5.nb
(i)
u = 4 u + u .
(ii)
u = t u.
(iii)
u - t u + 2 u = 0.
(iv)
t2 u + 2 t u - 3 u = 0.
(v)
(vi)
H1 + t2 L u - t u + Ht + 1L u = 0.
H2 + cos tL u - sin t u + u = 0.
(vii) H1 - t2 L u - 2 t u + 6 u = 0.
(viii) 4 t2 u + 4 t u - H4 t2 + 1L u = 0.
3.
( ),

.
, .
,
/ .
, .
,
(1)
u + 2 k u + l u = 0,
k, l .
2 k
.
,
,
(2)
a u + b u + c u = 0,
a, b, c , (1). ,
, (2) a 0.
a , Hb aL = 2 k, Hc aL = l,
(1).
k ,
(1)
(3)
u + l u = 0.
C5.nb
240
l = 0 ,
u = c1 + c2 t. , He t L = e t ,
k, Hek t L = k ek t . ,
(4)
Hek t L = k Hek t L = H k L2 ek t = k 2 ek t .
ek t , e-k t
u = k 2 u.
(5)
k 0, ek t , e-k t .
(5).
, (3)
!!!!!!!
. , l < 0, k = -l
(3) (5)
!!!!!!!
(6)
u = c1 ek t + c2 e-k t , k = -l .
.
(7)
sinh t := 12 Het - e-t L,
cosh t := 12 Het + e-t L.

(8)
,
(9)
et = cosh t + sinh t,
e-t = cosh t - sinh t.
c1 ek t + c2 e-k t = c1 Hcosh k t + sinh k tL + c2 Hcosh k t - sinh k tL

= Hc1 + c2 L cosh k t + Hc1 - c2 L sinh k t.
(6)
(10)
u = c 1 cosh k t + c 2 sinh k t,
(11)
c 1 = c1 + c2 ,
c 2 = c1 - c2 .
. , l = 1,
(3)
(12)
u = -u,
: uHtL
uHtL . , , (12),
Hsin tL = cos t, Hcos tL = -sin t. ,
(13)
Hsin tL = Hcos tL = -sin t,
Hcos tL = -Hsin tL = -cos t.
, sin t, cos t u = -u. ,

,
(14)
u = c1 cos t + c2 sin t,
241
C5.nb
(12).
, 2-
u = c1 cos k t + c2 sin k t.
(14)

u'' = -k 2 u,
k 0.
(3) l > 0.
!!!
, k = l , (14)
(3), l .
,

( ) (3)
!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!
u = c1 cos -l t + c2 sin -l t,
u = c1 + c2 t,
u = c1 cosh
!!!
!!!
l t + c2 sinh l t,
l , , .
l > 0,
sinh t cosh t,
l < 0. ,
,

(15)
et es = et+s .
, ,
l < 0 . ,
, .
,
, Hcos t, sin tL
cos t + i sin t. , ei t . ,
(16)
ei t := cos t + i sin t := Hcos t, sin tL,
t .
C5.nb
242
e-i t = cos H-tL + i sinH- tL = cos t - i sin t.
(17)
, (16) (17),
cos t = 12 Hei t + e-i t L,
(18)
1
sin t =
Hei t - e-i t L.
2i
, u = c1 cos k t + c2 sin k t, c1 , c2 k
,
1
u = c1 12 Hei k t + e-i k t L + c2
Hei k t - e-i k t L.
2i
(19)
,
(20)
u = C1 ei k t + C2 e-i k t ,
C1 = 12 Hc1 - i c2 L, C2 = 12 Hc1 + i c2 L.
!!!!!!!
, k = -l , l < 0, (20) (3)
.
(21)
Hcos t, sin tL ei t ,
(3) l < 0 .
, (15)
. . (15)
(22)
ei Ht+sL = cos Ht + sL + i sin Ht + sL.
t, s.
,
(23)
cos Ht + sL = cos t cos s - sin t sin s,
sin Ht + sL = sin t cos s + cos t sin s.
(22)
(24)
ei Ht+sL = cos t cos s - sin t sin s + i Hsin t cos s + cos t sin sL.
,
(25)
ei t ei s = Hcos t + i sin tL Hcos s + i sin sL
= cos t cos s - sin t sin s + i Hsin t cos s + cos t sin sL.
(19) (20) :
(26)
ei t ei s = ei Ht+sL ,
t, s .
, , (16)
ez ew = ez+w z, w.

(27)
es+i t := es Hcos t + i sin tL,
s, t .
243
C5.nb
u + l u = 0,
(1).
"
" -
: uHtL (1)
,
uHtL = uHtL wHtL.
(28)
,
u = u w + u w ,
(29)
(1)
(30)
,
(31)
u = u w + 2 u w + u w ,
u w + 2 u w + u w + 2 k Hu w + u w L + l u w = 0.
u w + 2 Hu + k uL w + Hu + 2 k u + l uL w = 0.
(1) .
uHtL
u + k u = 0,
(32)
u = -k u = k 2 u (31)
w + Hl - k 2 L w = 0.
(33)
(32) (33).
,
u = c e-k t ,
(34)

w = A t + B, l = k 2 ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
w = A ek t + B e-k t , k := l - k 2 , l k 2 .
(35)
(35)
A, B , ,
. ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
l > k 2 l < k 2 . , k := l - k 2
, (35) A, B (33).
!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
, , k := l - k 2 = i k 2 - l .

u + 2 k u + l u = 0
:
C5.nb
244
(i) A l - k 2 < 0,
u = c1 e-Hk+kL t + c2 e-Hk-kL t ,
(ii) A l - k 2 = 0,
k :=
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
k2 -l.
u = Hc1 t + c2 L e-k t .
(iii) A l - k 2 > 0,
u = e-k t Hc1 cos w t + c2 sin w tL,
w :=
!!!!!!!!!!!!!2
l-k .
(i)
u + 2 u + u = 0
(36)
(1), , , k = 1 = l. ,
l - k 2 = 0 , , (36)
u = Hc1 t + c2 L e- t .
(37)
(ii)
u + 8 u - 9 u = 0,
(38)
k = 4, l = -9 l - k 2 = -25. ,
u = c1 e-9 t + c2 e t .
(39)
(iii) ,
u + 8 u + 25 u = 0
(40)
(1) k = 4, l = 25. l - k 2 = 9, (40)

2-
u = e-4 t Hc1 cos 3 t + c2 sin 3 tL.
(41)
(1)
(2),
. ,

- .
,
.

nagwg tou nou problmatoV pou d ntai proV lsh s kpoio oik o.
245
C5.nb
uHtL = uHtL wHtL

(1)
(32) (33).
,
(1) (2)
.
: , (2), b = 0
!!!!!!!!!!!!
c 0, , ek t , k = -c a . , ,

b .
, , (2)
u = er t . H (2) :
Ha r2 + b r + c L e r t = 0
(42)
e r t . (42) r

a r2 + b r + c = 0.
(43)
, (2) e r t

u = e r t
(44)
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!
2
-b b -4 a c
r =
.
2a
(45)

b
k :=
,
2a
(46)
(45)
(47)
r = -k
l := ac ,
!!!!!!!!
!!!!
k2 - l .
, (44) .
: l = k2 , r+ = r- = -k. ,
, e-k t . ,
(2), ,
u1 HtL = e-k t .
, ,

(48)
u2 HtL = cHtL u1 HtL = cHtL e-k t .
, (48)
(49)
(50)
u2 = Hc - k cL e-k t ,
u2 = Hc - k c L e-k t - kHc - k cL e-k t = Hc - 2 k c + k2 cL e-k t
C5.nb
246
(48), (49) (50)
Hc - 2 k c + k2 cL e-k t + 2 k Hc - k cL e-k t + k2 c e-k t = 0,
(51)

c e-k t = 0.
(52)
, c = 0
c = c1 + c2 t.
(53)
,
cHtL u1 HtL
u2 = Hc1 + c2 tL e-k t .
(54)
,
.
. , u1 HtL
, , ,
c1 u1 HtL. , u2 HtL = cHtL u1 HtL
(54)
.
c1 u1 HtL ,
, ,
c1 cHtL.
,
( ).
. ,
.
1. . ,

uH0L = A,
u H0L = B.
, ,
t,
.
4 u + 4 u + 5 u = 0,
A = 1,
B = 0.
(ii) 4 u - 4 u + 5 u = 0,
A = 1,
B = 0.
(iii) u - 2 u + 5 u = 0,
A = 0,
B = 2.
(iv) u - 2 u + u = 0,
A = 2,
B = -2.
(i)
247
C5.nb
(v) u - 2 u - 3 u = 0,
A = -3,
B = 0.
(vi) 16 u + 8 u - 3 u = 0,
A = 0,
B = 0.
2. .1 Mathematica.
4.
.
() .
, , L. ,
,
, Fl . Fl
, L. L L ,

Fl = -k L . H k , ,
.

"" m.
,
. () L0 ,
: , B,
Fl = -k L0 . , F,
:
(1)
F = B + Fl = 0.
,
m g, g 9, 8 m sec2 . , (1)
(2)
m g - k L0 = 0,
(3)
mg
L0 =
k
k,
. ,
k1 k2 > k1 , ,
- "".
C5.nb
248
, , ,
.
, , .
.
A x ,
.
. , 2
: t, x = uHtL,
uHtL
(4)
m u HtL = FHtL,
t I.
, FHtL
:
(i) To B = m g .
(ii) T " ", Fl HtL = -k@ L0 + uHtLD .

(iii) T . ,
. ,
FantHtL = -r u HtL ( )
.
, (4)
(5)
m u = m g - kH L0 + uL - r u ,
, , , t. ,
(2) (5)
(6)
m u = -k u - r u
,
(7)
= 2 k,
m
=l
m
249
C5.nb
(6)
(8)
u + 2 k u + l u = 0,
. , , , ,
k, l .
(8)
l - k 2 . l > 0,
(9)
l = w0 2 ,
k#
w0 := "#####
,
m
:
(i) w0 > k r2 < 4 m k ( ).
,
(10)
u = e-k t Hc1 cos w t + c2 sin w tL,
w :=
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!
w0 2 - k 2 .

. , c1 cos w t + c2 sin w t,
x = 0 w,
n = w 2 p. , e-k t . ,
.
,
(11)
u := u HtL = e-k t @Hw c2 - k c1 L cos w t - Hw c1 + k c2 L sin w tD
, 8t j <,
(12)
w c2 -k c1
tan w t j =
w c1 +k c2

.
t = 0.
, t = 0 x = 0.
(ii) w0 = k r2 = 4 m k ( ).
,
(13)
u = Hc1 t + c2 L e-k t .
, e-k t , uHtL
x = 0 . , c1 t + c2
t. ,
,
"" ,
. .
(iii) w0 < k r2 > 4 m k (Y ).
C5.nb
250
w0 ,

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(14)
u = c1 e-Hk+nL t + c2 e-Hk-nL t ,
n := k 2 - w0 2 .
n k > 0 k n > 0.
, e-HknL t . ,
, uHtL x = 0 .
,
w0 = k. , ,
k. ,
w0 = k k (
) .
w0 < k.
.
k l
u + 2 k u + l u = 0,
. ,
.
,
:
(i) ,
. C,
( ) . C
. Farad,
F. ,
Farad -Farad, m F: 1 m F = 10-6 F.
(ii) ,
, ,
. R. Ohm,
.
(iii) ,
.
L, .
Henry, o H. ,
-Henry, m H. (1 m H = 10-3 H).
(iv) , , ,
"" .

. ( ( )
).
251
C5.nb
, QHtL,
Is HtL Vs HtL, :
(i) H QHtL t. ,
QHtL
. , ,
, , , -QHtL.
Coulomb (C).
(ii) H Is HtL , ,
. H
Ampre (A).
, IQ HtL
.
"" "" . , IQ HtL
. ,
IQ HtL = Q HtL.
C5.nb
252
, ,
. IHtL,
IHtL = Q HtL.
(15)
(iii) H Vs HtL
s Volt (V ).
s. ,
(16)
VC HtL = QHtL C,
VR HtL = R IHtL,
VL HtL = L I HtL.
1o Kirchhoff:
VR HtL, VC HtL VL HtL , EHtL,

( ). ,

(17)
1
R IHtL +
QHtL + L I HtL = EHtL.
C
(15) :
(18)
1
L Q HtL + R Q HtL +
QHtL = EHtL.
C
,
, ,
. ,
(18) , ,
(6). , (18) (6),
(19)
Hm, k, r, uL HL, C-1 , R, QL.
, (18) , ,
(20)
1
w0 :=
!!!!!
!!! ,
R
k :=
.
2L
(i) w0 > k R2 < 4 L C ( ).

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(21)
Q = e-k t Hc1 cos w t + c2 sin w tL,
w := w0 2 - k 2 .
LC
(ii) w0 = k R2 = 4 L C ( ).
(22)
Q = Hc1 t + c2 L e-k t .
(iii) w0 < k R2 > 4 L C (Y ) .

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(23)
Q = c1 e-Hk+nL t + c2 e-Hk-nL t ,
n := k 2 - w0 2 .
253
C5.nb
(i) (18) Q HtL = IHtL

1
L I HtL + R I HtL +
IHtL = E HtL.
C
(24)
, ,
.
(ii) (15) (16)
R, L C, Q I .
, (15)
(25)
1 A = 1 C sec 1 Ampre = (1 Coulomb) / (1 sec).
(26)
1 F = 1 C V 1 Farad = (1 Coulomb)/ (1 Volt).
, (16) C = Q V . ,
, (16) L = V I . ,
(27)
1 H = 1 V HA secL = 1 V sec A 1 Henry = 1 Volt sec/Ampre.
L C
H F = H1 V sec AL H1 C V L = C sec A = sec2 .
1. ,
( ).
,
m = 2 kg r = 0, 4 N sec m, . , k,
.
, ,
.
, t 0.
(i) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = 0,
(ii) uH0L = 0,
k = 2, 02 N m.
u H0L = -10 cm sec, k = 2, 02 N m.
(iii) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = -10 cm sec, k = 2, 02 N m.
(iv) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = 0,
k = 0, 02 N m.
(v) uH0L = 0,
k = 0, 02 N m.
u H0L = 10 cm sec,
(vi) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = 10 cm sec,
(vii) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = -3 cm sec,

(viii) uH0L = 0,
k = 0, 02 N m.
k = 0, 015 N m.
u H0L = -3 cm secc, k = 0, 015 N m.
(ix) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = 0,
k = 0, 015 N m.
C5.nb
254
2. , -
R C L - . ,
L = 50 m H, R = 10 , C .
,
, t 0.
(i) IH0L = 0, 3 A,
I H0L = 0, 1 A sec, C = 400 m F
(ii) IH0L = 0, 3 A,
C = 400 m F
(iii) IH0L = 0,
(iv) IH0L = 0, 3 A,
(v) IH0L = 0, 3 A,
(vi) IH0L = 0,
I H0L = 0,
I H0L = 0, 1 A sec, C = 400 m F
I H0L = 0, 1 A sec, C = 2.000 m F
I H0L = 0,
C = 2.000 m F
I H0L = 0, 1 A sec, C = 2.000 m F
(vii) IH0L = 0, 3 A,
I H0L = 0, 1 A sec, C = 3.125 m F
(viii) IH0L = 0, 3 A,
C = 3.125 m F
(ix) IH0L = 0,
I H0L = 0,
I H0L = 0, 1 A sec, C = 3.125 m F
255
C5.nb
5.

,
E
u1 HtL ,
, ,
uHtL = cHtL u1 HtL
(1)
cHtL .
, (1)
(2)
u = gHtL u + hHtL u
cHtL.
, (2)
(3)
u = c u1 + c u1 ,
u = c u1 + 2 c u1 + c u1 .
(2) (3) (1)

(4)
c u1 + 2 c u1 + c u1 = g c u1 + hHc u1 + c u1 L.
, u1 HtL (1),
(5)
u1 = g u1 + u1 .

(6)
c u1 + c H2 u1 - h u1 L = 0.
u1 HtL hHtL . ,
cHtL.
, , (6) cHtL, .
,
(7)
yHtL := c HtL,
(6)
(8)
u1 y + H2 u1 - h u1 L y = 0.
, , cHtL
,
, .
( ).
, (8)
(9)
y
u1
+ 2
- h = 0.
y
u1
C5.nb
256
ln y +2 ln u1 - hHtL d t = c 2 ,
(10)
c
y =
exp@ hHtL d tD.
@u1 HtLD2
(11)
c HtL = yHtL
1
uHtL :=
exp@ hHtL d tD d t
@u1 HtLD2
cHtL = c1 + c2 uHtL,
(12)
,
(13)
u = cHtL u1 HtL = @c1 + c2 uHtLD u1 HtL.
c1 u1 HtL
. c2 uHtL u1 HtL,
c1 u1 HtL, uHtL .
,
u1 HtL
u = gHtL u + hHtL u , t I,
gHtL, hHtL , I ,
2-
u = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL,
1
u2 HtL = u1 HtL
exp@ hHtL d tD d t.
@u HtLD2
1
H1 - t2 L u - 2 t u + 2 u = 0,
(14)
-1 < t < 1.

u1 HtL = ta .
(15)
, (15) (14)
H1 - t2 L aHa - 1L ta-2 - 2 t a ta-1 + 2 ta = 0,

(16)
Ha - 1L Ha t-2 - a - 2 L ta = 0.
, a = 1.
, (14)
257
C5.nb
2
2t
u = -
u +
u .
1-t2
1-t2
(17)
, ,
2t
hHtL =
,
1-t2
(18)
2
hHtL d t = - lnH1 - t L,
(19)
,
(20)
exp@ hHtL d tD = H1 - t2 L .
-1
1
1
1
1
1
exp@ hHtL d tD d t =
d t = H
+
L d t

t2 1-t2
t2
1-t2
@u1 HtLD2
1
1
1
1+t
= H
+ 12
+ 12
L d t = - 1t + 12 ln
t2
1+t
1-t
1-t
, (14),
u1 HtL = t,
1+t
.
u2 HtL = -1 + 12 t ln
1-t
(21)
,

u1 HtL = 1t ,
(22)
t > 0,

t2 u + 3 t u + u = 0,
(23)
t > 0.
H
1
u - 3t u .
u = -
t2
(24)
, ,
(25)
,
(26)
,
(27)
hHtL = - 3t ,
hHtL d t = -3 ln t,
exp@ hHtL d tD = t-3 .
1
1
exp@ hHtL d tD d t =
t-3 d t = ln t

@u1 HtLD2
Ht-1 L2
, , , (23)

(28)
u = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL = c1 t-1 + c2 t-1 ln t = t-1 Hc1 + c2 ln tL, t > 0.
C5.nb
258
u1 HtL = et
(29)

t u - Ht + 3L u + 3 u = 0, t > 0,
(30)
.
, (30) :
t+3
u ,
u = - 3t u +
t
(31)
t > 0.
,
t+3
hHtL =
,
t
(32)
,
(33)
hHtL d t = t + 3 ln t,
t > 0,
exp@ hHtL d tD = t3 et .
(29) (33) ,
(34)
1
exp@ hHtL d tD d t = e-2 t t3 et d t = t3 e-t d t.

@u1 HtLD2
3 -t
2
3 -t
t e d t = -H6 + 6 t + 3 t + t L e ,
(35)
, (30), u1 HtL = et ,
(36)
1
exp@ hHtL d tD d t = et tn e-t d t
u2 HtL = u1 HtL
@u HtLD2
= -H6 + 6 t + 3 t2 + t3 L
1
1. ,
) u1 HtL .
) , u1 HtL.
(i) t2 u + 4 t u + 2 u = 0,
u1 HtL = t-1 .
(iii) 4 t2 u - 4 t u + 3 u = 0,
u1 HtL = t-1 .
!!
u1 HtL = t .
(v) H1 - t2 L u - 2 t u + 6 u = 0
u1 HtL = 3 t2 - 1
(ii) t2 u - t u - 3 u = 0,
(iv) 4 t Ht u + u L + Ht2 - 9L u = 0,
u1 HtL = t-32 Hcos t + t sin tL.
259
C5.nb
(vi) H1 + t tan tL u - t u + u = 0,
u1 HtL = t.
(vii) 2 t2 H1 + 2 tL u = tH1 + 8 t + 4 t2 L u - 3 H1 + 5 t + 2 t2 L,
(viii) Ht - sinh t cosh tL u = 2 tanh t Hu - t u L = 0,
u1 HtL =
!!
t.
u1 HtL = t.
6. Euler-Cauchy

Euler () Cauchy ().
, , , Euler-Cauchy
2-
(1)
t2 u + k t u + l u = 0.
Euler-Cauchy .
, -
, .
, t = 0
. ,
Euler-Cauchy
,
. ,

. ,
Euler-Cauchy .

(1) : t s , t > 0,
:
(2)
Ht s L = s t s-1 .
, t,
:
(3)
t Ht s L = s t s .
.
U V .

(4)
A : U V,
. A
, u U,
A u AHuL V .
C5.nb
260
A , , V
I, U
V . ,
uHtL, t I, , u HtL, :
O D, u U,
D u := u , V .
M ,
(5)
D : u D u := u .
,
(6)
D:U V
.
, uHtL, t I,
f HtL = t
p u:
(7)
p : u p u := t u

. ,
(i) O T1 U1 T2 U2 .
(ii) T T1 U2 ,
T1 HU1 L U2 .
T T2 T1 T1 T2
T1 T2 .
: T1 , T2 T2 T1 .
T1 T2 , , T2 T1 , .
T2 HU2 L U1 , T1 HU1 L U2 .
U1
U2
U1 .
, U2
D. u2 U2 u2
. ,
u2 HtL = 9
2 Ht - 1L,
t2 - 1,
t1
t1
261
C5.nb
u2 HtL = 9
2,
t1
2 t,
t1
, .
D u2 U2
U1
U2 .
, (7) u1
U1 . U2 , U2 U1 . ,
u2 U2 , u 2 = p u2
u2 HtL = t u2 HtL, t .
(8)
, , u 2 :
(9)
u HtL = u HtL + t u HtL, t .
2
(i) H D p U1 , pHU1 L
. , , U2 U1
(10)
D p u2 = DHt u2 L = u2 + t u2 .
(ii) O p D U1 ,
U1 . U2 U1
(11)
p D u2 = p u2 = t u2 .
(10), (11) D p p D ,
(12)
D p u2 - p D u2 = u2 .
, , T1 T2 T2 T1
, V , T1 T2 - T2 T1
T1 , T2 @T1 , T2 D. ,
(13)
@T1 , T2 D := T1 T2 - T2 T1 .
, (12)
(14)
, ,
(15)
@D, pD u2 = u2 ,
@D, pD = ,
: u2 u2 = u2 .
C5.nb
262
(1), ,
, t Ht s L = s t s
u2 HtL := t s , t > 0.
p D u2 = s u2 ,
(16)
, p D t D.

t D u2 = s u 2 .
(17)
p D,
: t D
t s ,
s.
. , (17)
t D s
t D.
, , uHtL
. , t D uHtL :
Ht D L2 u := t D t D u = t DHt u L = t2 u + t u .
(18)
, (1)
Ht D L2 u - t D u + k t D u + l u = 0.
(19)
,
(20)
@Ht D L2 + Hk - 1L t D + lD u = 0.
, (17)
Ht D L2 u2 = t DHs u2 L = s2 u2 .
(21)
, u = u2 , (20)
@s2 + Hk - 1L s + lD u2 = 0.
(22)
, s
s2 + Hk - 1L s + l, u2 HtL (1).

(23)
s = 12 A1 - k
,
(24)
s = m
"################
##########
Hk - 1L2 - 4 l E
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
m2 - l ,
1-k
m :=
.
2
l m2 = H1 - kL2 4, s
. ,
(25)
u+ = ts+ ,
u- = ts-
(1).
263
C5.nb
, l = m2 ,
, u1 = t m . ,
, u1 . ,
.
, ,
(1)
l
u = - kt u -
u, t > 0.
t2
(26)
, hHtL = -k t-1 , hHtL d t = -k ln t. ,

1
exp@ hHtL d tD d t,
u2 HtL = u1 HtL
@u1 HtLD2
(26)
u2 HtL = t m t-2 m-k d t
(27)
, 2 m := 1 - k,
(28)
u2 HtL = t m ln t.
, , ,
l m2 ,
m2 . s
,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(29)
u+ = t m+n ,
u- = t m-n ,
v := m2 - l
, l > m2 , . ,

!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(30)
u+ = t m+i w ,
u- = t m-i w ,
w := l - m2
,
(31)
t m+i w := eHm+i wL ln t = e m ln t ei w ln t = t m @cos Hw ln tL + i sinHw ln tLD
,
,
(32)
u1 = t m cos Hw ln tL
u2 = t m sin Hw ln tL
, Ht, uL Hx, yL = H-t, uL

(1) . ,
t > 0
(33)
x2 y + k x y + l y = 0,
x < 0.
,
(34)
yHxL = uHtHxLL = uH-xL,
x < 0,
C5.nb
264
, (33) ,
t -x. , (1) t < 0
, t -t t < 0. ,
t t .
, ,
,
I . ,
t2 u + k t u + l u = 0,
t I,
u = t m @c1 u1 H t L + c2 u2 H t LD,
8u1 HtL, u2 HtL<

!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(i) 8tn , t-n <, v := m2 - l , l < m2 ,
(ii) 81, ln t <, l = m2 ,
(iii) 8cos Hw ln tL, sin Hw ln tL <, w :=
1-k
m :=
,
2
!!!!!!!!!!!!2!
l - m , l > m2 .
(i) ,
t2 u + 4 t u + 2 u = 0
(35)
Euler-Cauchy. (1), ,
k = 4, l = 2.
,
m := 12 H1 - kL = - 32 ,
m2 = 94 > l,
(i) . ,
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
v := m2 - l = 12 ,
(35)
(36)
u = t -32 Hc1 t 12 +c2 t -12 L = c1 t -1 +c2 t -2 ,
I H-, 0L H0, L.
(ii) H
(37)
t2 u - 3 t u + 4 u = 0
k = -3, l = 4. ,
265
C5.nb
m := 12 H1 - kL = 2,
m2 = 4 = l.
, , (37) 2-

(38)
u = t2 Hc1 + c2 ln t L.
(iii) , k = 1, l = 1,
(39)
t2 u + t u + u = 0.
m := 12 H1 - kL = 0,
l > m2 . , w :=
(39) :
(40)
!!!!!!!!!!!!2!
l - m = 1,
u = t @c1 cos Hln t L + c2 sin Hln t LD
, Euler-Cauchy
, .
.
, ,

.
,
. s ts , t > 0,
,
(41)
ts := es ln t
x
(42)
x = ln t,
t > 0.
,
(43)
t = ex ,
x .
H t x
uHtL = ts
(44)
yHxL := uHtHxLL = uHex L
,
(45)
uHtL = yHxHtLL = yHln tL
, :
(46)
u HtL = y HxHtLL x HtL = y HxHtLL t-1
C5.nb
(46)
266
u HtL = @y HxHtLL t-1 D t-1 + y HxHtLL H-t-2 L = t-2 @y HxHtLL - y HxHtLLD
,
t u = y ,
(47)
t2 u = y - y ,
t2 u + k t u + l u = 0.
y + Hk - 1L y + l y = 0
(48)
(48)
. ,
2 m := 1 - k,
(49)
(48)
(i) A l - m 2 < 0,
y = c1 eHm+nL x + c2 eHm-nL x ,
(ii) A l - m 2 = 0,
n :=
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
m 2 -l .
y = Hc1 x + c2 L e m x .
!!!!!!!!!!!!!2!
l-m .
(iii) A l - m 2 > 0,
y = e m x Hc1 cos w x + c2 sin w xL,
w :=
, , x ln t
t2 u + k t u + l u = 0 :
(i) A l - m 2 < 0,
u = c1 t m+n + c2 t m-n ,
(ii) A l - m 2 = 0,
n :=
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!
m 2 -l .
u = Hc1 ln t + c2 L t m .
(iii) A l - m2 > 0,
u = t m @c1 cos Hw ln tL + c2 sin Hw ln tLD,
w :=
!!!!!!!!!!!!!2!
l-m .
, ,
Euler-Cauchy ,
.
1.
uHt0 L = A,
u Ht0 L = B.
267
C5.nb
(i) t2 u - t u + 2 u = 0,
t0 = 1,
A = 1,
B = 2.
(ii) 9 t2 u + 3 t u - 8 u = 0,
t0 = 1,
A = 1,
B = -1.
(iii) t2 u - 3 t u + 5 u = 0,
t0 = 1,
A = 0,
B = -2.
(iv) 4 t2 u + u = 0,
t0 = 1,
(v) t2 u - 5 t u + 8 u = 0,
t0 = -2,
A = -2, B = 3.
(vi) 4 t2 u + 17 u = 0,
t0 = -1,
A = -3, B = 0.
(vii) 9 t2 u + 3 t u + u = 0,
t0 = -1,
A = 0,
(viii) 3 t2 u - t u + u = 0,
t0 = -1,
A = 1, B = -1.
(ix) 9 t2 u + 3 t u + 82 u = 0,
t0 = -1
A = 1, B = -1.
A = 2,
B = -1.
B = 1.
2. Mathematica,
.
7.
Euler-Cauchy ,
.

, Euler-Cauchy
.

"", . ,
.

(1)
u = t u,

(2)
u = l u,
, l , .
,
, , ,
) u = gHtL u + hHtL u , t I, , ,
) ()
( ) ,
)
uHtL I.
C5.nb
268
, , (2). ,
, u1 HtL, t , (2)
u1 H0L = 1, u1 H0L = 1. , ,
(2), u2 HtL, t ,
u2 H0L = 1, u2 H0L = -1. ,
8u1 HtL, u2 HtL< (2). , ,
, "" u1 HtL u2 HtL,
.
, (2)
. l = 1, ,
8et , e-t <. , , et
e-t u = u uH0L = 1, u H0L = 1 uH0L = 1,
u H0L = -1, .
, , , (1) -
.
. , (1) "" - () Airy ().
(1)
, .
Airy AiHtL BiHtL, .
.
Ai(t)
0.4
0.2
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-0.2
-0.4
Bi(t)
1.5
0.5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-0.5
269
C5.nb
() Airy, AiHtL BiHtL,

,
. , t = l, Airy
(2).
, t
Hl - , l + L, > 0 , t
Airy l. , l - < t < l + ,
(2) uHtL (1).
, :
(i) l < 0,
uHtL ~ c1 cos
!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!
-l t + c2 sin -l t,
l - < t < l + .
(ii) l = 0,
uHtL ~ c1 + c2 t,
(iii) l > 0,
!!!!
l t
uHtL ~ c1 e
!!!!
l t
+ c2 e-
- < t < .
l - < t < l + .
, t < 0,
Airy . t = 0,
. , t > 0, Airy
. , t , (
) .
Airy
.
Airy
, , , (2) l = 1.
, ,
(3)
u = u.
et .
, , (3) . ,
(3) f HtL,
. ,
f HtL I. , f HtL
C1 HIL - I. , (3)

(4)
f HtL = f HtL.
t I. f HtL C1 HIL. ,
f HtL C3 HIL. ,
f HtL C HIL -
.
C5.nb
270
(4) . ,

(5)
f H3L HtL = f HtL,
f H4L HtL = f HtL = f HtL.
, , (4) (5)
(6)
f H2 nL HtL = f HtL,
f H2 n-1L HtL = f ' HtL,
, , t I
a := f HtL,
(7)
(6)
(8)
f H2 nL HtL = a,
n .
b := f HtL,
f H2 n-1L HtL = b,
n .
, k 2 f HtL t = t
8a, b<.
T f HtL C HIL , ,
f HkL HtL f HtL k,
1
Taylor,
f HkL HtL Ht - tLk .
k=0
k!
t, f HtL .
,
I . t = 0
Taylor :
(9)
1
f HkL H0L tk =
k=0
k!
= a
n=0
f H2 nL H0L t2 n +
H2 nL!
n=0
t2 n + b
H2 nL!
1
n=1 H2 n-1L!
f H2 n-1L H0L tH2 n-1L
1 tH2 n-1L
n=1 H2 n-1L!
,
(9) t .
CHtL SHtL.
(10)
CHtL :=
n=0
t2 n ,
H2 nL!
SHtL :=
1 tH2 n-1L
n=1 H2 n-1L!
u = u.
,
(9). uHa,bL HtL, (9)
(11)
uHa,bL HtL = a CHtL + b SHtL, t .
To CHtL SHtL (3)

. ,
. ,
,
(12)
C HtL =
n=0 H2 nL!
2 n t2 n-1 .
, n = 0 ,
271
C5.nb
k
k
1
1
=
=
=
.
k!
12Hk-1Lk
12Hk-1L
Hk-1L!
(13)
, (12)
C HtL =
(14)
,
(15)
C HtL =
1
n=1 H2 n-1L!
1 t2 n-1 .
n=1 H2 n-1L!
H2 n - 1L t2 n-1 =
1 t2 n-2
n=1 H2 n-2L!
, (10) CHtL,
n .
. m,
(16)
m = n - 1,
n = 1, 2, 3, ...
, (15)
(17)
C HtL =
t2 m
m=0 H2 mL!
,
. , (17)
(10) CHtL. , C HtL = CHtL, CHtL
(3).
(10) (14)
(18)
CH0L = 1,
C H0L = 0.
, , ,
(3) uH0L = 1, u H0L = 0.,
CHtL.
, SHtL (10),
(19)
SH0L = 0,
S H0L = 1.
, SHtL
) (3) ) uH0L = 0,
u H0L = 1.
, (11), (18) (19) .
uHa,bL HtL (3)
uH0L = a, u H0L = b.
, , 8a, b< = 81, 1<. , (11)
(20)
uH1,1L HtL = CHtL + SHtL

=
t2 n +
H2 nL!
1 n
=
t ,
n=0
n!
n=0
1 tH2 n-1L
n=1 H2 n-1L!
t .
C5.nb
272
, , (3)
uH0L = 1, u H0L = 1.
uHtL = et . , "" uH1,1L HtL
(20) , et ,
. , CHtL SHtL
cosh t sinh t, .
, , Airy (1) uHtL

, I .
, uHtL
. , t uHtL
I. , , (1)
u HtL. ,
uH3L HtL = Ht uHtLL = uHtL + t u HtL
(21)

. , uH3L HtL
I
uH4L HtL = HuHtL + t u HtL L = 2 u HtL + t u HtL.
(22)
, , : uHtL
C HIL. ,
n 2 uHtL.
, , n
uHtL = f HtL gHtL
(23)

(24)
uHnL HtL =
=
n!
m=0 m! Hn-mL!
n
n!
m=0
m! Hn-mL!
(25)
f Hn-mL HtL gHmL HtL.
f HtL = t,
(24)
f HmL HtL gHn-mL HtL
f HtL = 1,
f HmL HtL = 0, m > 1,
(24)
(26)
@t gHtLDHnL HtL = t gHnL HtL + n gHn-1L HtL,
n 0.
, ,
.
273
C5.nb
, o Airy, u HtL = t u HtL, (26)

:
(27)
uHn+2L HtL = @t u HtLDHnL = t uHnL HtL + n uHn-1L HtL , n 0.
t = 0,
uHn+2L H0L = n uHn-1L H0L,
(28)
n 0,
uHn+3L H0L = Hn + 1L uHnL H0L, n -1.
(29)
, (29)
1 HnL
u H0L tn , uH0L u H0L. ,
Taylor
n=0
n!
(30)
uH2L H0L = 0,
uH3L H0L = u H0L,
uH4L H0L = 2 uH0L,
uH5L H0L = 3 uH2L H0L = 0,
uH6L H0L = 4 uH3L H0L = 4 u H0L, uH7L H0L = 5 uH4L H0L = 10 uH0L.
, , Taylor,

u H0L
an :=
.
n!
HnL
(31)
,

n
uHtL =
n=0 an t ,
(32)
t .
, (31) an

(29)
Hn + 3L! an+3 = n! Hn + 1L an .
(33)
n = -1, (33) a2 = 0. , n 0,

1
an+3 =
a ,
Hn+2L Hn+3L n
(34)
n = 0, 1, 2, ...
, (34)
. , n = 0,
(35)
1
1
1
1
1
a3 =
a , a6 =
a =
a , a9 =
a =
a ,
23 0
56 3
2356 0
89 6
235689 0
, ,
1
a3 k =
a ,
235689H3 k-1L 3 k 0
(36)
k = 1, 2, ...
, n = 1,
(37)
1
a4 =
a ,
34 1
1
1
a7 =
a =
a ,
67 4
3467 1
1
1
a10 =
a =
a ,
910 7
3467910 1
, ,
(38)
1
a3 k+1 =
a ,
34679103 kH3 k +1L 1
k = 1, 2, ...
C5.nb
274
, a3 k+2 , , a2 = 0:
a3 k+2 = 0,
(39)
k = 0, 1, 2, ...
,
.
(31)
a1 = u H0L.
a0 = uH0L,
(40)
, (32) , , uH0L
u H0L. , (32) 2- ,
a0 a1 .
, Airy.
, AiHtL
uH0L =
1 ,
323 H 2 L
(41)
u H0L = -
1 .
313 H 1 L
3
, HxL ( Euler),
:
HxL := 0 x x-1 e-x d x,
(42)
x \ 8-1, -2, -3, ...<
,
Hx + 1L = x HxL,
(43)
(42),
, n!, ()
.
,
(44)
1 3
1
1
AiHtL =
1 91 +
t +
t6 + ... +
t3 k + ...=
23
235689
235689H3 k-1L 3 k
323 H 2 L
3
-
1
313 H 13 L
1 4
1
1
9t +
t +
t7 + ... +
t3 k+1 + ...=
34
3467
34679103 kH3 k +1L
, BiHtL Airy
uH0L =
1 ,
316 H 2 L
(45)
,
(46)
!!!!
3
u H0L =
.
313 H 1 L
3
!!!!
3
1 3
1
1
BiHtL =
91 +
t +
t6 + ... +
t3 k + ...=
23
235689
235689H3 k-1L 3 k
323 H 2 L
!!!!
3
+
13
3 H 13 L
3
1 4
1
1
9t +
t +
t7 + ... +
t3 k+1 + ...=
34
3467
34679103 kH3 k +1L
Airy AiHtL,
BiHtL, , p7 HtL
275
C5.nb
t7 . ,
.
u
p7 (t)
1.5
1
Ai(t)
-10
-8
-6
-4
0.5
-2
-0.5
-1
-1.5
u
3
2
p7 (t)
Bi(t)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
-1
-2
-3
1. ) ,
.
) .
) Taylor t0
.
uHt0 L = 1.
(i)
u = 2 u,
t0 = 0,
(ii)
u = 2 t u,
(iii)
u = u2 ,
t0 = 1, uHt0 L = 1.
(iv)
u = t u2 ,
t0 = 0, uHt0 L = 1.
t0 = 0, uHt0 L = -2.
C5.nb
276
!!!!!!!!!!!!!2
1- u ,
t0 = 0, uHt0 L = 0.
(iv)
u =
(v)
u = u,
(vi)
u + 2 u + 2 u = 0,
(vii)
t2 u - 3 t u + 3 u = 0,
t0 = 0, uHt0 L = 0, u Ht0 L = 1.
t0 = 0, uHt0 L = 0, u Ht0 L = 1.
(viii) t2 u - t u + u = 0,
t0 = 1, uHt0 L = 1, u Ht0 L = -1.
t0 = 1,
uHt0 L = 0, u Ht0 L = 1.
8. ()
,
.
, ,
u = f HtL + gHtL u + hHtL u , t I,
(1)
o :
(i) f HtL, gHtL, hHtL I.
, , f HtL, t I, .
, (1)
(2)
t I.
, , ,
(ii) , u1 HtL u2 HtL,

I (2). , 8u1 HtL, u2 HtL<
, (2)
(3)
uo HtL = c1 u1 HtL + c2 u2 HtL,
t I,
c1 , c2 .
, (1)
. ,

.

: (1)
(4)
uHtL = aHtL u1 HtL + bHtL u2 HtL,
aHtL, bHtL .
,
(4) (1).
(5)
Ha u1 + b u2 L = f + g Ha u1 + b u2 L + h Ha u1 + b u2 L ,
, , t. ,
277
C5.nb
(6)
a u1 + 2 a u1 + a u1 + b u2 + 2 b u2 + b u2
= f + g Ha u1 + b u2 L + h Ha u1 + a u1 + b u2 + b u2 L.
, , u1 , u2 (2).
,
(7)
a u1 = a g u1 + a h u1 ,
b u2 = b g u2 + b h u2 .
, (6)
(8)
a u1 + 2 a u1 + b u2 + 2 b u2 = f + h Ha u1 + b u2 L.
, : aHtL, bHtL
, , , (1)
(4).
, .
(8)
)
(9)
Ha u1 + b u2 L + a u1 + b u2 = f + h Ha u1 + b u2 L,
) - aHtL bHtL.
, aHtL, bHtL,
(9). , (9)
.

a u1 + b u2 = 0.
(10)
, , (9) .
a u1 + b u2 = f .
(11)
, (10) (11)
8a , b < . ,
u2 , u2

Hu1 u2 - u1 u2 L a = -u2 f .
(12)
Hu1 u2 - u1 u2 L b = u1 f .
(13)
,
(14)
WHu1 ,u2 L := Hu1 u2 - u1 u2 L
I, (13), (14)
a , b
(15)
u2 f
,
a = -
WHu ,u L
1
u1 f
b =
.
WHu ,u L
1
C5.nb
278
, WHu1 ,u2 L HtL Wronski

u1 HtL, u2 HtL.
. (15) , .
, , ,
(15) . ,
u2 f
d t,
aHtL = C1 -
WHu ,u L
(16)
u1 f
bHtL = C2 +
d t.
WHu ,u L
1
, (1) (4), .
, aHtL bHtL
. ,
(1), .
(16) (4) :
u2 f
u1 f
u = C1 u1 HtL + C2 u2 HtL - u1 HtL
d t + u2 HtL
d t
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
(17)
C1 u1 HtL + C2 u2 HtL
, , (1).
1
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
:
(i) O f HtL, gHtL, hHtL I.

t I.
t I,
2-
u2 f
u1 f
u = C1 u1 HtL + C2 u2 HtL - u1 HtL
d t + u2 HtL
d t,
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
1
WHu1 ,u2 L := Hu1 u2 - u1 u2 L.

,
uo := C1 u1 HtL + C2 u2 HtL
279
C5.nb
u2 f
u1 f
u := -u1 HtL
d t + u2 HtL
d t
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
(18)

u = t + u, t ,
(19)

f HtL = t, gHtL = 1, hHtL = 0
, ,
8u1 HtL, u2 HtL< = 8et , e-t <. ,
WHu1 ,u2 L = et He-t L - Het L e-t = -et e-t - et e-t = -2 ,
u2 f
te
d t=
d t = 12 t He-t L' d t = 12 8t e-t - e-t d t< = 12 e-t Ht + 1L,

WHu ,u L
H-2L
-t
u1 f
te
d t =
d t = - 12 t Het L' d t = - 12 8t et - et d t< = - 12 et Ht - 1L.

WHu ,u L
H-2L
1
(19)
u2 f
u1 f
u HtL = -u1 HtL
d t + u2 HtL
d t
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
e-t Ht
1
-et 12
+ 1L + e-t 8- 12
et Ht - 1L< = - 12 8Ht + 1L + Ht - 1L<.

1

(20)
u HtL = -t.
, (19)
(21)
u = C1 et + C2 e-t - t.
H
(22)
u = 4 et + 4 u, t ,
u = 4 u. , ,
u1 HtL = e2 t u1 HtL = e-2 t .
Wronski :
WHu1 ,u2 L = e2 t He-2 t L - He2 t L e-2 t = -4.
,
,
f HtL = 4 et .
C5.nb
280
u2 f
4e e
d t=
d t = - e-t d t = e-t .

WHu ,u L
H-4L
t -2 t
u1 f
4e e
d t =
d t = - e3 t d t = - 13 e3 t .

WHu ,u L
H-4L
1
t 2t
, (22)
(23)
u2 f
u1 f
u HtL = -u1 HtL
d t + u2 HtL
d t
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
= -e2 t He-t L + e-2 t H- 13 e3 t L = - 43 et .

1
, (22)
u = C1 e2 t + C2 e-2 t - 43 et
(24)
H
u = 2 e t + u,
(25)
t ,
(19) ,
f HtL = 2 et . , , 8et , e-t <,
,
u2 f
2e e
d t=
d t = - 1 d t = -t ,

WHu ,u L
H-2L
t
-t
u1 f
2e e
d t =
d t = - e 2 t d t = - 12 e 2 t .

WHu ,u L
H-2L
1
, (25)
(26)
u2 f
u1 f
d t + u2 HtL
d t
u HtL = -u1 HtL
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
= -e t H-t L + e -t H- 12 e 2 t L = e t Ht - 12 L
1
(25)

(27)
u = C1 e t + C2 e -t + e t Ht - 12 L.
. -H1 2L e t (26)
8e t , e-t <. , ,

(28)
u HtL = t e t .
(27) . , (27)

(29)
u = HC1 - 12 L e t + C2 e -t + t e t
,
(30)
u = C1 e t + C2 e -t + t e t ,
281
C5.nb
C1 = C1 - 1 2.
(25).
2 t et

u + 2 u + u = t , t ,
(31)
u = f HtL + gHtL u + hHtL u , ,
f HtL = t , gHtL = -1, hHtL = -2
, .
8u1 , u2 < = 8e -t , t e -t <.
WHu1 ,u2 L = e -t Ht e -t L - He -t L t e -t = e -2 t ,
u2 f
t e
d t=
d t = t2 e t d t = t2 He t L d t

WHu ,u L
e -2 t
2
-t
= t2 e t - 2 t e t d t = t2 e t - 2@t e t - e t d tD = e t Ht2 - 2 t + 2L ,
u1 f
te
d t =
d t = t e t d t = t e t - e t d t = e t Ht - 1L.

WHu ,u L
e -2 t
-t
, (31)
u HtL = -u1 HtL et Ht2 - 2 t + 2L + u2 HtL et Ht - 1L
(32)
= -e-t et Ht2 - 2 t + 2L + t e-t et Ht - 1L = t - 2.
, (31)
u = C1 e-t + C2 t e-t + t - 2.
(33)
,

u + 2 u + u = 4 t e t , t .
(34)
, (31)
. f HtL = 4 t e t ,
u2 f
4te te
d t =
d t = 4 t2 e 2 t d t = 2 t2 He 2 t L d t

WHu ,u L
e -2 t
t
-t
= 2 8t2 e 2 t - 2 t e 2 t d t< = 2 8t2 e 2 t - t He 2 t L d t<
C5.nb
282
= 2 8t2 e 2 t - @t e 2 t - e 2 t d tD < = e 2 t H2 t2 - 2 t + 1L,

u1 f
4te e
d t =
d t = 4 t e 2 t d t = 2 t He 2 t L d t

WHu ,u L
e -2 t
1
-t
= 2 Ht e 2 t - e 2 t d tL = e 2 t H2 t - 1L.
u2 f
u1 f
u HtL = -u1 HtL
d t + u2 HtL
d t
WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L
(35)
e 2 t H2 t2
-e-t
-2t+
e 2 t H2 t
1
1L + t e -t
- 1L = e t Ht - 1L.
,

. ,
f HtL = nj=1 f j HtL
(36)
(37)
uk f
uk
k j
d t =
H n f HtLL d t =
d t, k = 1, 2.

WHu ,u L
WHu ,u L j=1 j
WHu ,u L
j=1
n
u f
, . , ,

u = FHtL + gHtL u + hHtL u ,

u = f HtL + FHtL + gHtL u + hHtL u

u,1 = t - 2,
(38)
u,1 = et Ht - 1L

u + 2 u + u = t
u + 2 u + u = 4 t et ,
.
,
(39)
u + 2 u + u = tH3 - 8 et L
283
C5.nb

(40)
u = 3 u,1 - 2 u,2 = 3 Ht - 2L - 2 et Ht - 1L.

(41)
t2 u - 4 t u + 6 u = t3 .
, , t = 0 (41). ,
.
t > 0.
, (41)
6
u = t -
u + 4t u .
t2
(42)
, ,
(43)
f HtL = t, gHtL = -6 t-2 , hHtL = 4 t-1 .
, (41) Euler-Cauchy.
,
8u1 , u2 < = 8t2 , t 3 <. Wronski
(44)
,
WHu1 ,u2 L = t2 Ht 3 L - Ht2 L t 3 = t4 ,
u2 f
t t
d t=
d t = 1 d t = t,

WHu ,u L
t4
3
u1 f
t t
d t =
d t = t -1 d t = ln t .

WHu ,u L
t4
1
, (41)
(45)
u HtL = -t2 t + t 3 ln t = t3 Hln t - 1L.

. ,
(46)
aHtL u + bHtL u + cHtL u = rHtL,
aHtL 1.
, rHtL f HtL.
, ,
, (46) (1). , (46),
(1) f HtL - rHtL aHtL.
C5.nb
284
1. , .
(i)
u = t2 - u,
(ii)
u + u = 3 sin 2 t,
(iii) u + 4 u = 4 sin 2 t,
(iv) u + 4 u = 9 Ht + 1L sin t,
(v)
u + 2 u + 2 u = 2 t,
(vi) u + 2 u + 2 u = 5 sin t,
(vii) u + 2 u + 2 u = 10 Ht - sin tL,

(viii) 9 t2 u + 3 t u + u = t ,
(ix) 3 t2 u + t u - u = 16 t ,
(x)
4 t2 u + 5 u = 5 t .
2. ,
uHt0 L = A,
u Ht0 L = B.
,
.
(i)
u = tHt + 1L - u,
(ii)
u + u = 3 sin t,
(iii) u + 4 u = 4 sin 2 t + sin t,

(iv) u + 2 u - 3 u = 9 t,
(v) u + 2 u + u = t2 ,
(vi) u + 2 u + 5 u = 4 e-t ,
(vii) 25 t2 u + 15 t u' + u = t,
(viii) 16 t2 u + 8 t u - 15 u = 33 t,
(ix) 9 t2 u + 3 t u + 10 u = 13 t,
Ht0 , A, BL = H0, 1, 0L
Ht0 , A, BL = Hp 2, 0, 1L
Ht0 , A, BL = H0, 1, -1L
Ht0 , A, BL = H0, -1, -1L
Ht0 , A, BL = H0, 0, -1L

Ht0 , A, BL = H0, 1, 0L
Ht0 , A, BL = H1, 1, 0L
Ht0 , A, BL = H-1, 0, -1L
Ht0 , A, BL = H1, 2, -1 3L
3. . 1 2 Mathematica.
285
C5.nb
9.
, (18)
. ,
.

a u + b u + c u = rHtL,
(1)
a, b, c , , rHtL.
,
.

(i)
u = t + u
-t
(ii)
u = 4 et + 4 u
- 43 et
(iii)
u = 2 et + u
(iv)
u + 2 u + u = t
(v)
u + 2 u + u = 4 t et
(vi)
u + 2 u + u = 3 t - 8 t et
t et
t-2
et Ht - 1L
-6 + 3 t + 2 et H1 - tL.
, , :
n, .

, .
(iii). ,
et . ,
.

(1):
) , u1 HtL, u2 HtL, .
) ,

. b j , g j , s,
, , .

.
C5.nb
286
(i) pn HtL := a0 + a1 t + ... + an tn

(ii)
(iii)
pn HtL ek t
pn HtL ek t cos l t,
pn HtL ek t sin l t
ts Hb0 + b1 t + ... + bn-1 tn-1 + bn tn L
ts Hb0 + b1 t + ... + bn-1 tn-1 + bn tn L ek t
ts Hb0 + b1 t + ... + bn-1 tn-1 + bn tn L ek t cos l t
+ts Hg0 + g1 t + ... + gn-1 tn-1 + gn tn L ek t sin l t.
1.
u1 HtL, u2 HtL, , s ,
, .
2. (1) mj=1 r j HtL,

r j HtL ,
(1)
a u + b u + c u = r j HtL,
(2)
j = 1, 2, ..., m.

, , ()
.

u - u = 1 - t + 2 t 2
(3)
u - u = 1 - t + 2 t2
8u1 , u2 < = 8et , e-t <. ,

(3) 8et , e-t <. ,
(3),
u = b0 + b1 t + b2 t2
(4)

(5)
u = b1 + 2 b2 t,
u = 2 b2 .
,
(6)
u - u = 2 b2 - b0 - b1 t - b2 t2 .
(3), , u

(7)
2 b2 - b0 = 1,
b1 = 1,
b2 = -2.
(7) , b0 = -5, (4)

(8)
u = -5 + t - 2 t2 .
287
C5.nb
u - 4 u = 2 H1 - t + 2 t2 L e-2 t ,
(9)
, , e2 t e-2 t
u - 4 u = 0. , (9) 2 e-2 t
e-2 t . , , ,
(9),
u = ts Hb0 + b1 t + b2 t2 L e-2 t = Hb0 ts + b1 ts+1 + b2 ts+2 L e-2 t .
(10)
u
. ,
s b2 .
:
u = 8b0 sHs - 1L ts-2 + s@b1 Hs + 1L - 4 b0 D ts-1
(11)
+@b2 Hs + 1L Hs + 2L - 4 b1 Hs + 1L + 4 b0 D ts
-@4 b2 Hs + 2L - 4 b1 D ts+1 + 4 b2 ts+2 < e-2 t .
,
(12)
u - 4 u = 8b0 sHs - 1L ts-2 + s@b1 Hs + 1L - 4 b0 D ts-1
+ @b2 Hs + 1L Hs + 2L - 4 b1 Hs + 1LD ts - 4 b2 Hs + 2L ts+1 < e-2 t .
, ,
(9). (12), t:
-4 b2 Hs + 2L ts+1 4 t2
(13)
s = 1,
b2 = - 13 .
s b2 ,
:
(14)
b0 = - 12 ,
b1 = 0.
, (10)
(15)
u = -tH 12 + 13 t2 L e-2 t .
,
: (10) ,

(16)
U = b2 ts+2 e-2 t .
s. ,
"" (16) (9).
(16)
C5.nb
288
U = b2 @Hs + 1L Hs + 2L ts - 4 Hs + 2L ts+1 + 4 ts+2 D e-2 t
(17)
,
U - 4 U = b2 @Hs + 1L Hs + 2L ts - 4 Hs + 2L ts+1 D e-2 t
(18)
, ,
(9), : s b2
(13).
, , (10)
u = Hb0 t + b1 t2 - 13 t3 L e-2 t
(19)

(11). ,
(20)
(21)
u = @b0 + 2 Hb1 - b0 L t - H1 + 2 b1 L t2 + 23 t3 D e-2 t ,
u = @2 Hb1 - 2 b0 L - 2 H1 + 4 b1 - 2 b0 L t + 4 H1 + b1 L t2 + 43 t3 D e-2 t .
,
(22)
u - 4 u = @2 Hb1 - 2 b0 L - 2 H1 + 4 b1 L t + 4 t2 D e-2 t .
(9)
(14) , , (15) .
H
(23)
u + 4 u + 5 u = 16 t sin t
. ,
8e-2 t cos t, e-2 t sin t<
. (23)
e-2 t cos t e-2 t sin t, (23)
(24)
u = Hb0 + b1 tL cos t + Hg0 + g1 tL sin t

(25)
(26)
,
(27)
u = Hb1 + g0 + g1 tL cos t - Hb0 - g1 + b1 tL sin t,
u = -Hb0 - 2 g1 + b1 tL cos t - H2 b1 + g0 + g1 tL sin t

u ' + 4 u + 5 u = @4 b0 + 4 b1 + 4 g0 + 2 g1 + 4 Hb1 + g1 L tD cos t
+@-4 b0 - 2 b1 + 4 Hg0 + g1 L + 4 Hg1 - b1 L tD sin t.
(23),
:
289
C5.nb
2 b0 + 2 b1 + 2 g0 + g1 = 0,
(28)
-2 b0 - b1 + 2 Hg0 + g1 L = 0,
(28)
b1 + g1 = 0,
g1 - b1 = 4.

b0 = 2, b1 = -2 , g0 = -1, g1 = 2.
(29)
, (23)
u = 2 H1 - tL cos t - H1 - 2 tL sin t.
(30)
1.
.
(i)
u - 4 u = 8 tHt - 1L,
(ii) u - 4 u = 1 - e-2 t ,
(iii)
u + 9 u = 1 - sin 3 t,
(iv)
u + 9 u = 4 H1 - 3 tL2 sin t,
(v)
u + 4 u - 5 u = 1 - et ,
(vi)
u + 4 u + 3 u = t2 - e-t ,
(vii) u + 4 u + 8 u = e-2 t H1 + sin 2 tL

(viii) u - 4 u + 8 u = 1 - 3 t + 2 sin 2 t,
(ix)
u - 4 u + 4 u = 8 H1 - t3 L + 3 et ,
(x) u - 4 u + 4 u = H1 - tL e3 t .
2.
.
(, )
,
f HtL. . 4
, 2
:
m u + r u + k u = f HtL
(*)
) (*), f HtL = sin t

m = 2 kg,
r = 0, 5 N sec m,
) :
k = H65 32L N m = 2, 03125 N m.
C5.nb
290
(i) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = 0,

(ii)
uH0L = 0,
u H0L = -10 cm sec.
(iii) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = -10 cm sec.

) , ,
(*).
) Mathematica,
0 t 40 sec.
().
3.
, (*)
m u + k u = f HtL.
) , m = 2 kg , k = 2 N m
(i) f HtL = sin H4 t 10L, (ii) f HtL = sin H9 t 10L,
(iii) f HtL = sin H99 t 100L.
)

(i) uH0L = 10 cm, u H0L = 0,
f HtL,
(ii) uH0L = 0, u H0L = -10 cm sec.
) Mathematica,
0 t 140 sec
.
)
m u + k u = a sin Hw t + bL, uH0L = A, u H0L = B,
m, k, w, a, b, A B ,
. w
!!!!!!!!!
k m
().
4.

1
L I HtL + R I HtL +
IHtL = E HtL, IH0L = a, I H0L = b
C
, :
(i) L = 10 m H, R = 10 , C = 80 m F, EHtL = 100 sin H200 tL, a = 0, 1 A, b = 0, 2 A sec.
(ii) L = 10 m H, R = 50 , C = 80 m F, EHtL = 100 sin H200 tL, a = 0, b = 0, 2 A sec.
(iii) L = 2 m H, R = 5 , C = 8 m F, EHtL = 10 cos H60 tL, a = 0, 1 A, b = -0, 1 A sec.
291
C5.nb
, ,
0, 01 sec t = 0
.
.
.
E(t)
5. , .

. 4 . 3.

:
1. Spivak, M. - ,
, 1991.
2. Thomas, B. G. & Finney, R. L., (. , ),
, 1995.
3. , . I., - (2 .)
, 1989.
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1. Edwards, C. H. Jr, Advanced calculus of several variables,
Dover, 1994.
2. Edwards, C. H. Jr & Penney, D. E., Calculus and analytic geometry (3rd ed.),
Prentice-Hall, 1990.
3. Hildebrand, F. B. Advanced calculus for applications (2nd ed.),
4. Kreyszig, E. J., Advanced engineering mathematics (8th ed.),
John Wiley & Sons,1999
5. Lebedev, N. N., Special functions and their applications,
Dover, 1972.
6. Shilov, G. E. Elementary real and complex analysis,
Dover, 1996.
7. Widder, D. V. Advanced calculus (2nd ed.),
Dover, 1989.

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ODEs I, Chpter V, Refs (Oct 2008).nb
1. , . , ,
, 1991.
2. , ., (. , ),
, 2000.
3. , ., (4 .,. 1),
, 1995.
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1. Arnold, V. I. Ordinary differential equations (3rd ed),
Springer, 1992.
2. Birkhoff, G. & Rota, J. -C., Ordinary differential equations (4th ed),
John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
3. Boyce, W. E & DiPrima, R. C., Elementary differential equations and boundary value
problems (7th ed),
4. Coddington, E. A. & Levinson, E., Theory of ordinary differential equations,
McGraw-Hill, 1955.
5. Dreyer, T.P., Modelling with ordinary differential equations,
CRC Press, 1993.
6. Edwards, C. H. Jr. & Penney. D. E. Elementary differential equations with boundary
value problems (3rd ed).,
7. Ince, E. L. Ordinary differential equations,
Dover, 1956.

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,
, , 10/4-15/5/2003, 100 .
2. , . Mathematica, Maple
(. , . 14, . 613-687 ),
, 2003.
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1. Bluman, G.W. & Anco. C. A., Symmetry and integration methods for differential
equations
Springer , 2002.
2. Bluman, G.W. and Kumei, S., Symmetries and differential equations,
Springer, 1989.
3. Hydon, P. E., Symmetry methods for differential equations: A beginner' s guide,
Cambridge University Press, 2000.
4. Ibragimov, N. H., Elementary Lie Group Analysis and Ordinary Differential Equations,
5. Olver, P. J., Applications of Lie groups to differential equations (2nd ed.),
Springer, 1993.
6. Stephani, H., Differential equations: Their solutions using symmetries,
Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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1. , . E., Mathematica (2 ),
, 2002.
2. , ., Mathematica, Maple
( , ),
, 2003.
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1. Abell, M. L., Differential Equations with Mathematica (2nd ed.),
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y

4. x' = f HxL (A)........................................................102

6. x' = THxL X HxL ( )...........................110

7. x' = GHx tL, Bernoulli Ricatti.........................................118

Hx, yL = f HxL, Hx, yL = gHyL..............................................................153

Ha, bL := 8t : a < t < b<

jHbL - jHaL = j Htc L Hb - aL.

: jHtL := uHtL - uHtL, t I. u HtL = u HtL

uH3L HtL + u HtL = 2.

xH3L HtL + x HtL = 2.

(ii) uHtL = t -1 , t > 0,

u HtL = -u2 HtL, t > 0.

(ii-) t2 u HtL + 6 t u HtL + 4 uHtL = 0,

t2 x HtL + 6 t x HtL + 4 xHtL = 0.

: @a, bD I. jHtL = jHaL,

) xH3L = 2 t-3 + 3 t-32 , t > 0.

uHs, tL, Ha, bL

I 2 := 8Ht, xL 2 : a1 < t < b1 , a2 < x < b2 <,

I 3 := 8Ht, x, yL 3 : a1 < t < b1 , a2 < x < b2 , a3 < y < b3 <,

V1 := 8Hx, yL 2 : x 0< V2 := 8Hx, yL 2 : x2 + y2 1< ,

(i) FHt, xL = 0, Ht, xL = 2 :

(ii) FHt, xL = 2 t, Ht, xL = 2 :

(ii) FHt, xL = t2 - t x, Ht, xL = 2 :

Ht, xL := 8Ht, xL 2 : -1 < x < 1, t > 0<:

(i) FHt, x, x L = 0, Ht, x, x L = 3 :

(ii) FHt, x, x L = x, Ht, x, x L = 3 :

(ii) FHt, x, x L = 3 t2 - x + t x , Ht, x, x L = 3 :

(iv) FHt, x, x L = t-1 Hx + t xL, Ht, x, x L := 8Ht, x, x L 3 : t > 0<:

(vi) FHt, x, x L = Hx x L-1 , Ht, x, x L := 8Ht, x, x L 3 : x > 0, x < 0<:

xHnL = FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L,

FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L

GHt, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L = 0,

GHt, x, x , x ', xH3L L = t xH3L - x x + 3 x

Ht, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L 0

GHt, x, x , x , ..., xHnL L = 0

FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L

= bHtL + a0 HtL x + a1 HtL x .. + an-1 HtL xHn-1L

FHt, x, x , x , ..., xHn-1L L

(i-) x + t 2 x = 0 : bHtL = 0, a0 HtL = -t2 .

x = bHtL + a0 HtL x + a1 HtL x

(ii-) x + x = 0 : bHtL = 0, a0 HtL = -1, a1 HtL = 0.

aHs, tL x + bHs, tL xs + c Hs, tL xt + gHs, tL = 0

aHs, tL x + bHs, tL xs + c Hs, tL xt

+dHs, tL xss + eHs, tL xst + f Hs, tL xtt + gHs, tL = 0.

gHs, tL (22) (23)

) xss + 2 xst - xtt = s2 + t2

pn HtL = nj=0 a j t j = a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + ... + an tn , n .

f HtL = a g HtL + b h HtL.

f HtL = g HtL hHtL + gHtL h HtL.

(ii) ( Leibniz) A f HtL = gHtL hHtL gHtL hHtL

hHtL gHtL t = t hHtL, ,

f HtL = g HhHtLL h HtL.

@a gHt+sL+b hHt+sLD-@a gHtL+b hHtLD

, f HtL := a gHtL + b hHtL

f HtL = a g HtL + b h HtL,

H f L HtL = jHtL f HtL, t I.

TH f L HtL = f 2 HtL @ f HtLD2 , t I.

THa g + b hL = Ha g + b hL2 = a2 g2 + b2 h2 + 2 a b g h a2 THgL + b2 THhL + 2 a b g h

THa g + b hL a THgL + b THhL.

(20), f HtL = 1 + 2 t - 5 t23 .

1 + 2 t - 5 t23 = HtL + Ht2 L - 5 H 35 t53 L = Ht + t2 - 3 t53 L .

T, f HtL = t + t-1 , (29).

, uHtL Ht - d, tD, d > 0,

z := Ha, bL, w := Hc, dL 2 , z, w