CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A. Literature Review 1. a. English for Primary School Students Who Primary School Students are It can be said generally that primary school students are children. However, in the scope of English learning and teaching, Linse (2005), Pinter (2006) and Harmer (2008) use the term young learners. According to Linse (2005), young learners are defined as children between the ages 5-12. In addition, Harmer (2008) states that young learners especially those up to the ages of 9-10, learn differently from older children, adolescents, and adults. Based on that, it can be concluded that primary school students especially in Grade V in Indonesia are young learners. In this study, the researcher uses students, children, and young learners together based on the context. Different from adults, young learners are in the process of development in every part. Brazelton and Greenspan (in Linse, 2005) state that developmental parts in children are social/emotional, physical, cognitive, and moral. Linse (2005) argues that one of the indicators of cognitive development is language development. In the children language development, Krashen (in Linse, 2005) differentiates the process of language acquisition for the process of language learning. Language acquisition is the natural process used to develop language

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