HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFIC ATE EXAMINATION

General Mathematics
FORMULAE SHEET Area of an annulus A = R2 r 2 Surface area Sphere Closed cylinder A = 4 r 2 A = 2 rh + 2 r 2

R = radius of outer circle r = radius of inner circle Area of an ellipse A = ab a = length of semi-major axis b = length of semi-minor axis Area of a sector A =

r = radius h = perpendicular height Volume Cone Cylinder 1 V = r 2h 3 V = r 2h V= V= 1 Ah 3 4 3 r 3

r2 360

Pyramid Sphere

= number of degrees in central angle

Arc length of a circle l =

2 r 360

r = radius h = perpendicular height A = area of base Sine rule a b c = = sin A sin B sin C Area of a triangle 1 A = ab sin C 2

= number of degrees in central angle

Simpsons rule for area approximation A h d + 4 dm + dl 3 f

h = distance between successive measurements d f = first measurement dm = middle measurement dl = last measurement

Cosine rule c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 ab cos C or cos C = a2 + b2 c2 2 ab

FORMULAE SHEET Simple interest I = Prn P = initial quantity r = percentage interest rate per period, expressed as a decimal n = number of periods Compound interest A = P(1 + r ) A P n r = = = =
n

Declining balance formula for depreciation S = V0 (1 r )n S = salvage value of asset after n periods r = percentage interest rate per period, expressed as a decimal Mean of a sample x = x = x x n f = = = =

x
n

final balance initial quantity number of compounding periods percentage interest rate per compounding period, expressed as a decimal

fx f
mean individual score number of scores frequency

Future value ( A) of an annuity

n (1 + r ) 1 A = M r

M = contribution per period, paid at the end of the period

Formula for a z -score xx z = s s = standard deviation Gradient of a straight line m= vertical change in position horizontal change in position

Present value ( N ) of an annuity (1 + r )n 1 N = M n r (1 + r ) or A N = (1 + r )n Straight-line formula for depreciation S = V0 Dn S = salvage value of asset after n periods V0 = purchase price of the asset D = amount of depreciation apportioned per period n = number of periods 2

Gradientintercept form of a straight line y = mx + b m = gradient b = y-intercept Probability of an event The probability of an event where outcomes are equally likely is given by: P(event) = number of favourable outcomes total number of outcomes