Cu 1. Nu khi nim v cc loi dt bin lch bi?

- Khi nim: l t bin lm thay i s lng NST trong mt hay mt s cp tng ng. - Cc loi: Loi B lch c im b NST trong t bo bi Th khng K hiu b NST T bo lng bi mt 2 nhim 2n-2 sc th ca mt cp Th mt T bo lng bi mt mt cp 2n-1 nhim sc th Th mt kp Trong t bo lng bi hai cp 2n-1-1 nhim sc th c mt chic Th ba Trong t bo lng bi mt cp 2n+1 nhim sc th c ba chic Th bn Trong t bo lng bi mt cp 2n+2 nhim sc th c bn chic Th bn kp Trong t bo lng bi hai cp 2n+2+2 nhim sc th c bn chic

Cu 2. C ch pht sinh d bi? * Do ri lon qu trnh phn bo. - Xy ra trong gim phn kt hp vi th tinh + Trong gim phn: Cc tc nhn gy t bin gy ra s khng phn li ca mt hay mt s cp nhim sc th to ra cc giao t khng bnh thng (tha hay thiu NST). +Trong th tinh: S kt hp ca giao t khng bnh thng vi giao t bnh thng hoc gia cc giao t khng bnh thng vi nhau s to ra cc t bin lch bi. - Xy ra trong nguyn phn ( t bo sinh dng) + Do s phn ly khng bnh thng ca cc cp NST trong nguyn phn hnh thnh t bo lch bi. + T bo lch bi tip tc nguyn phn lm cho 1 phn c th c cc t bo b lch bi to ra th khm. Cu 3. Nu khi nim a bi, phn bit t a bi v d a bi? - t bin a bi l dng t bin lm tng 1 s nguyn ln b NST n bi ca loi v ln hn 2n (3n, 4n, 5n, 6n). - Phn bit t a bi v d a bi

T a bi Khi nim

D a bi

- L dng t bin lm tng L dng t bin lm 1 s nguyn ln b NST tng s b NST n n bi ca loi v ln hn bi ca hai loi trong 2n. mt t bo

C pht sinh

ch - Xy ra trong nhng ln - Pht sinh trong gim nguyn phn u tin ca phn v th tinh hp t to t bo 4n, hp - Do hin tng lai xa t pht trin thnh th t v a bi ho. bi - Xy ra trong gim phn kt hp th tinh - Trong gim phn: Cc tc nhn gy t bin gy ra s khng phn li ca mt hay mt s cp nhim sc th to ra cc giao t khng bnh thng (tha hay thiu NST). Trong th tinh: S kt hp

ca giao t khng bnh thng vi giao t bnh thng hoc gia cc giao t khng bnh thng vi nhau s to ra cc t bin. c im - Th a bi l (3n, 5n, ..) - Con lai khc loi khng c kh nng sinh thng bt th. Xy ra sn hu tnh bnh thng. t bin a bi lm b (Nho, Chui nh, da hu nhim sc th tng gp tam bi khng ht. sinh sn hu tnh. i s lng c hai bi (hay d t bi) hu th. Cu 4. t bin a bi hu qu v vai tr g? - T bo a bi thng c s lng ADN tng gp bi, t bo to, c quan sinh dng ln, sinh trng pht trin mnh kh nng chng chu tt - t bin a bi ng vai tr quan trng trong tin ho (hnh thnh loi mi) v trong trng trt (to cy trng nng sut cao) a bi chn: c kh nng loi to c th song nh

- C th mang t bin a bi l thng khng c kh nng sinh sn hu tnh. Cu 5. Mt t bo sinh dc c cha cp NST tng ng trn c cp gen Aa. Trong qu trnh gim phn xy ra ri lon ln phn bo I, phn bo II xy ra bnh thng. Hy xc nh: a, S loi giao t hnh thnh, bit rng cc cp NST cn li gim phn bnh thng. b, Cc loi giao t ny t hp vi cc giao t bnh thng. Cc loi hp t no c hnh thnh? Hng dn gii; a, k trung gian ca ln phn bo I, cp NST nhn i thnh NST kp AAaa. Do ri lon phn li NST, cui phn bo I hnh thnh 2 t bo con. Mt t bo cha c cp NST kp Aaaa v mt t bo khng cha NST no ca cp. Hai t bo con tham gia gim phn II, t bo cha cp NST tng ng AAaa hnh thnh 2 giao t, mi giao t cha c cp NST tng ng Aa; t bo cn li (t bo khng cha NST no ca cp hnh thnh 2 giao t khng cha NST no ca cp.

 Nh vy t bo sinh tinh trn gim phn cho 2 loi giao t l (n + 1) v (n - 1). b, Khi cc giao t ny kt hp vi giao t bnh thng th to ra cc hp t lch bi (2n + 1) v (2n 1) Cu 6. Mt t bo sinh dc c cha cp NST tng ng c thnh phn gen trn mt NST l ABD, trn NST cn li ca cp tng ng l abd. Qu trnh gim phn ca cp NST trn b ri lon ln phn bo II. Hy tnh s loi giao t hnh thnh bit cc cp NST khc gim phn bnh thng. Hng dn gii: k trung gian ca phn bo I, cp NST nhn i thnh cp NST kp ABD.ABD abd.abd. Cui phn bo I hnh thnh 2 t bo con, mt t bo con c cha NST kp ABD.ABD v mt t bo con cha NST kp abd.abd. Hai t bo con ny tip tc tham gia gim phn II hnh thnh giao t. C 3 kh nng xy ra: - TH1: t bo cha NST kp ABD.ABD b ri lon, t bo kia gim phn bnh thng: T bo cha ABD.ABD ri lon cho 2 loi giao t: mt loi giao t cha c 2 NST ca cp, mt loi giao t khng cha NST no ca cp ny. T bo cn li (abd.abd) ch to 1 loi giao t duy

nht (abd). Nh vy trng hp ny c 3 loi giao t c hnh thnh: giao t n + 1 (ABD.ABD), giao t n (abd) v giao t n 1 (0). - TH2: t bo cha NST kp abd.abd b ri lon, t bo kia gim phn bnh thng (tng t trng hp trn) - TH3: C 2 t bo khi vo gim phn 2 u b ri lon: hnh thnh 3 loi giao t: gm 2 loi n + 1 ((ABD.ABD, abd.abd) v 1 loi n 1 (0). Cu 7. Ch xt mt cp NST tng ng trong t bo sinh dc ca mt loi: mt NST c ngun gc t b k hiu A, NST cn li a. Ngi ta thy xut hin giao t Aa, xc nh c ch hnh thnh loi giao t . Hng dn gii: Giao t Aa l giao t n + 1 cha 2 NST cng cp c cu trc khc nhau, nh vy t bo sinh giao t b ri lon gim phn I to ra 2 loi giao t: mt loi n + 1 (Aa) v mt loi khng mang NST no ca cp gen trn n 1 (0). Bi tp 4:Cc loi giao t c to ra t t bo sinh dc dng d bi (2n + 1) sau y: AAA, AAa, Aaa, aaa. Xc nh t l cc loi giao t.

Gii: Dng AAA: A

A A Giao t (n) : 3/6A v giao t (n+1) : 3/6AA hay 1/2AA Dng AAa: A

A Dng Aaa A

Giao t (n) : 2/6A , 1/6a v giao t (n+1) : 1/6AA hay 2/6Aa

Giao t (n) : 1/6A , 2/6a v giao t (n+1) : 2/6Aa hay 1/6aa Dng aaa: a

Giao t (n) : 3/6a v giao t (n+1) : 3/6aa Cu 8.B NST lng bi ca loi = 24. Xc nh: - C bao nhiu trng hp th 3 c th xy ra? - C bao nhiu trng hp th 1 kp c th xy ra? - C bao nhiu trng hp ng thi xy ra c 3 t bin; th 0, th 1 v th 3? Hng dn gii: * S trng hp th 3 c th xy ra: 2n = 24 n = 12 Trng hp ny n gin, lch bi c th xy ra mi cp NST nn HS d dng xc nh s trng hp = n = 12. Tuy nhin GV nn lu cng thc tng qut gip cc em gii quyt c nhng bi tp phc tp hn . Thc cht: s trng hp th 3 = Cn1 = n = 12 * S trng hp th 1 kp c th xy ra: HS phi hiu c th 1 kp tc ng thi trong t bo c 2 th 1. Thc cht: s trng hp th 1 kp = Cn2 = n(n 1)/2 = 12.11/2 = 66 * S trng hp ng thi xy ra c 3 t bin: th 0, th 1 v th 3:

phn tch thy rng: - Vi th lch bi th nht s c n trng hp tng ng vi n cp NST. - Vi th lch bi th hai s c n 1 trng hp tng ng vi n 1 cp NST cn li. - Vi th lch bi th ba s c n 2 trng hp tng ng vi n 2 cp NST cn li. Kt qu = n(n 1)(n 2) = 12.11.10 =1320. Tuy nhin cn lu cng thc tng qut cho HS. -Thc cht: s trng hp ng thi xy ra 3 th lch bi Ana = n!/(n a)! = 12!/(12 3)! = 12!/9! = 12.11.10 = 132