.

Vygotsky 1983, 102

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Author Note

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E-mail: , Telephone: , Fax: .

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Abstract
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Keywords: , ,

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. Kauffman (2008)
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(, 2002).


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(, 1995:27,28. -, 1998, 2004. Thomas & Woods, 2008).
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, (Artilles, 2000 . &
2009:157). (2001) (Barbas, Birbili,
Stagiopoulos & Tzivinikou, 2006) :

 .:

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.
(Fisher & Frey, 2001).

.


. .
.
(Ballard, Gorman, Gottlieb, & Kaufman, 1977. Gottlieb, Semmel & Veldman
1978. Strain & Kerr, 1982. Hughes et al, 2002).
(Goodman, Gittleieb, & Harrison 1972).
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2:
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1 (Intellectual disability)
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( 1995).

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Manion & Bersani, 1987),
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1762, Emile -on Education,

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

2.
,
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1862,
,
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.

,
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(Simpson, 2000).

(idiot) (idiocy) Seguin

.
.
, 1987

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10

Kant Pestalozzi
. Friedrich Froebel

.
(physicians)

1977:113.,1987:114.Sheerenberger,1983),

,
.
1800 Jean Marc Gaspard Itard

.
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Aveyron
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, (Simpson, 2000)
3. Itard ,
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(Malson, 1972. Montessori, 1912 ,1987),
tard (Simpson, 2000). -
Itard, Eduard Seguin Victor
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Bicetre ( .) Pinel
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Averyon 2

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11

.
Seguin, (functioning)

(Simpson, 2000). Seguin

.

.

Seguin (Association of Medical Officers of American
Institutions of Idiotic and Feeble-minded4 Persons Carlson, 2012:26).
.
. Seguin
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.

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19
.


.

. . 1904
. Alfred Binet.
Binet & Simon

feeble-minded .
feeble minded
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5

(..)/ Special

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12

(Ferguson, 1994). , (Semmel, Gerber, & MacMillan,

1994, Zigmond & Semmel, 1988),
(, 2006, 121-140). 70


(Edmonds, 1979).

(Cummins,).


. 1980,

( . Mortimore, 2000).

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( &
2006, Moores, 1996)
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1969 1970
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( , 1995:66).
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Educational Needs (S.E.N)

.

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1566/85
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1995:66).
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1143/81 .
/89
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(-, 2000).

2.3.

, , ,
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Thomas &Barnes (2006:4)

.

, Michael Oliver.
, o Oliver (1990) ,

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14

(, 2001:23).
,
(UNESCO, 2001 ; Ainscow et al., 2006)
(mainstreaming). ,

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.

. Warnock (1978),
. 1990 ..
101-476, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),
(Corbett,1994)

(1993)
. inclusion
inclusive . (social
inclusion) (inclusive education)

(UNESCO, 1994 . UNESCO, 2001 . Armstrong et al., 2010) .. (United
Nations Conventions of the Rights of Persons with Disability: 24: United Nations, 2006)
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(King-Sears, 1997). Norwich (policy paper 1)

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- (2012:699)

2009 : , ( ), ,
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15

.


(Armstrong, 2005:147).

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(Conflict- value theory: Sears, 2008:34). (1)

, (2)
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.

. (Goffman; 1963:
Langness &Levine, 1986).

(Bercovici, 1983; Bogdan & Taylor, 1982; Braginsky & Braginsky, 1971;
Dexter, 1967; Edgerton, 1967, 19841 Evans, 1983; Gleidman &Roth, 1980; Hobbs, 1975; Jacobs, 1980;
Langness & Levine, 1986; Mercer, 1973; Vail, 1967).
Goffman .
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16

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7.

(normalization), Bogdan &Taylor (1987),
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2001). (access to the general curriculum),

, . Goffman, I. ,

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17

...

,
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(, 2002: 325-326,
Tilstone, 2000: 225, Winzer, 2000: 6)
,

(, 2000: 39-41).

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Cronbachs alpha >0.7.12

5.4

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at risk. (Rubin, et all, 2007)

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6
6.1
.
( ).
.
. Interpersonal relationships are of fundamental importance to all people,
including individuals with mental retardation, although research on the interpersonal
relationships of this group has been limited, with most of the research focusing on commonalities
among individuals with mental retardation in terms of the kinds of relationships that they have
(Lunsky, 2006, 117-161).

 .:

47

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Appendices
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48

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Footnotes
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49

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Table [Insert table number here]
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50

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Figure Captions
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