Chapter 2

Electrostatics
Problem (a)
I Zero.!

2.1

1 q~, where r is the distance from center to each numeral. F points toward the missing q. Explanation: by superposition, this is equivalent to (a), with an extra -q at 6 o'clock-since the force of all twelve is zero, the net force is that of -q only.
I

(b) IF

=_ 411"1=0 r

(c) Zero.
I

(d) 14 1r0r 1 q~, pointing toward the missing q. Same reason as (b). Note, however, that if you explained (b) as a cancellation in pairs of opposite charges (1 o'clock against 7 o'clock; 2 against 8, etc.), with one unpaired q doing the job, then you'll need a different explanation for (d). Problem 2.2 E
I

(a) "Horizontal" components cancel. Net vertical field is: Ez = 4;<02~ cos O.
1 2qz A

Here 1-2

= Z2

+ (~)2 ; cosO = i, so E
I

= 41r0(Z2 +

(~)2)3/2 z. x

When z d you're so far away it just looks like a single charge 2q; the field should reduce to E = 4 ?r<o 1 ~ z z. And it aoes (just setd -+ 0 in the formula).

(b) This time the "vertical" components cancel, leaving

E=
E

_ 2~ sinOx, or
1 4 ?r<0 'V

qd

= 41r0 (z2

+ (~)2)3/2 x.

From far away, (z d), the field goes like E ~ 4;<0

set d -+ 0, we get E = 0, as is appropriate; to the extent that this configuration looks like a singlepoint charge from far away, the net charge is zero, so E -+ 0.)
22

~ z, which, as we shall see, is the field of a .dipole. (If we

x
-q

23 Problem 2.3 Ez
1 rL), dx
~ cos
411"fO JO

()

(1-

=Z

+ x ; COS()

= ~)

---1-)..z rL
411"fO JO

(z2+x2)3/2

dx

---1-)..Z 411"fO

[
A

1 Z2~
~

L 0 L
0
-

---1-~~ 411"fO z~'

411"fO

/Ldq x

= )"dx --

Ex

x
Z

411"fOJo
411"fO

1- rL )'dx sin() I

1-)..

xdx I (X2+z2)3/2

- ---1).. -

[~

L-

- - ---1-).. 1 411"fO

~.

L-

] ., - 4m:0 Z [ ..,j Z2 + L2 ..,j z2 + L2 _ 1 -z. It checks, for with z L the x For z L you expect it to look like a point char ge q = )"L: E -+ 4
1I"fO
Z

E - --1)"

- 1+

A x+

)z

1 ~kz. term-t 0, and the z term -+ _ 41I"fOz z Problem 2.4

From Ex. 2.1, with L -+

~ and z -+ vz2
El =

+ (~)2 (distance from center of edge to F), field of one edge is:
)..a
4 vz2 + + a2 4 a2 4 + a2

~
41f1:0vz2

There are 4 sides, and we want vertical components only, so multiply by 4 cos () = 4

!i+?- :
z2+ a4

=~
47r0(Z2 +

4)..az
a42)

z.

VZ2 + ~2

Problem 2.5 "Horizontal" components cancel, leaving: E = 4;fO {I cos ()} z. Here, 1-2= r2 + z2, cos() = ~ (both constants), while dl = 27rr. So

=~

)"(27rr)z

47r0 (r2

+ Z2)3/2

z.

Problem 2.6 Break it into rings of radius r, and thickness dr, and use Prob. 2.5 to express the field of each ring. Total
charge of a ring is 0" . 27rr . dr

)..

. 27rr, so

)..

= O"dr is the
Edisk

"line charge" of each ring.

Ering= 4 3/2; 7r0 (r2 + Z2)

Edisk

_1

(O"dr) 27rrz

=_ 47r0 27rO"z 0

R (r2

+ Z2)

3/2 dr.

1 =_ 4

27rO"z

!-

1
..,jR2 + z2 ]

z.

7r0

[Z

24

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

For R

z the secondterm -+ 0, so Eplane =_ 41I"fO

1 1 =(1 +
R2

1 27Taz =

21"0 a z.1
1 1 1 R2 R2 - +73 = ~ z z 2z 2z'

For z R '~z
Problem 2.7

-1/2

(1 -

~ 2z'

1 R2

) so [ ] ~

and E = ~ 21rR2". = ~g. 411"fO ~ 411"fO Z ' where Q = 7TR2a. ,(

z E is clearly in the z direction. From the diagram,
dq = ada = a R2 sin 0 dO d<jJ, 1z-2= R2 + z2 - 2Rz cos 0, cos'lj; = z-Rlz-cosO.

So
y

E - -2z

47TO

a R2 sin 0 dO d<jJ( z - R cos 0) (R2

+ Z2 - 2Rz cos 0)3/2 .

J = 27T.
d<jJ

1 - -(27TR 47TO 47To

2 a)

1
0

11" (z-RcosO)sinO (2 R + z 2 - 2Rzcos 0)3/2 dO.

_.X . . O=O=>u=+l . Let u - cosO, du - -smOdO, { O = 7T => u =- 1 } look it up.

= -2-(27TR2a)
- -227TR2a

-1 1 (2 R + z z2-- R~ 2 zu )3/2du.
1 '

Integral can be done by partial fractions-or 27TR2a (z - R) - (-z - R) { Iz - RI Iz+ RI

.2.-

zu - R

- -2-

- 47TO (

) [ z2 ~R2 + Z2 - 2Rzu ] -1 - 47TO Z2

}.

For z > R (outside the sphere), Ez = 4 f ~ .. 0 z

= 4_

1 q 2 4 1I"fO z 1 :\, so E = 7TO Z z.1

I

For z < R (inside),Ez = 0, so I E 0.1 Problem 2.8 According to Frob. 2.7, all shells interior to the point (Le. at smaller r) contribute as though their charge were concentrated at the center, while all exterior shells contribute nothing. Therefore: 1 QintE( r ) ---r, 47TOr2 where Qint is the total charge interior to the point. Outside the sphere, all the charge is interior, so

E=-2-Q47TO r2 r.

Inside the sphere, only that fraction of the total which is interior to the point counts:
Qint

3"7T

:R

!7Tr3
3Q

= R 3Q,

r3

so E = 4 R 3Q2f 7TO r

_
1

r3

Problem

2.9
1"0

(a) p

V. E

= O~ tr (r2. kr3) = o~k(5r4) = 15okr2.1

25

(b) By

Gauss'slaw: Qenc= ofE. da = o(kR3)(41rR2)=

Qenc

41rokR5.

By direct integration:

= J pdT = JoR(5okr2)(41rr2dr)

= 201rok

JoR r4dr

= 41rokR5.,(

Problem 2.10 Think of this cube as one of 8 surrounding the charge. Each of the 24 squares which make up the surface of this larger cube gets the same flux as every other one, so:

one face

E. da =

2~

whole large cube

E. da.

The latter is 1..q, by Gauss's law. Therefore

<0

one face

E. da = -.!L.

24o

Problem

2.11

~
r
Problem

G2.12

GaUSsian surface: Inside: f E. da

.

= E(41rr2) = -!;Qenc = 0 => IE = O.I

Gaussian surface: Outside: E(41rr2)

= 1..(a41rR2) =>
<0

=~

R2
2

r.

(As in Frob. 2.7.)

or,-

Gaussian surface

j.L'E.

da

= E. 41rr2= 1..Qenc = 1..! <0 <0 3 1rr3p. So

JE= ~prr.1
Since Qtot = ~1rR2p, E = 4';<0j&r (as in Frob. 2.8). Problem 2.13 Gaussia
E. j.L'
'

~/
" l
Problem 2.14

da

= E.

21rs.l = 1..Qenc = 1..>"l. So <0 <0

n ,unace

IE

21ros = ~Sl

(same as Ex. 2.1).

Gaussian surface j.L' E da = E .41rr2

= 1..Qenc = 1.. <0 <0 Jp dT

= 1.. } (kf)(f2
<0

sin B dr dB d4

= 1.. k 41r Jo rr r3dr = 411'k r4 = 1I'kr4. <0 <0 4 <0

. 'E = ~1rkr2r.
41ro

26

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS 2.15

Problem

(i) Qenc = 0, so IE = 0.1 Af2 sinOdfdOd phi (H) f E. da = E(47IT2) = 1-Qenc = 1<0 <0 f pdr = 1<0 f r r- a
<0 Ja = M "df
~

<0 "'(r

- oj :.1E ~ (
fO
~

r2

)'.1

lEI

(iii) E(411"r2)

=~

f:

df

= 4:rok(b - a), so

IE=H~)r.1
Problem 2.16

(i)

@
(H)

)-

Gaussian surface

fE.da-E -

. 21I"S'[A

1Q

EE]

ps - -8

2fO .

- to enc= f-p7rs2[. 0'

~
2.17

f
-

= 1-p7ra2[; f E. da = E. 211"s,[= 1-Qenc <0 <0

2

G"""'an

,."face

E = pa s.
2fOS

Gaussiansurface
= 0; f E. da = E. 211"s,[= 1-Qenc <0

(Hi)

IE=O.I
lEI

\ ~'-'

a
Problem

On the x z plane E

= 0 by symmetry.

Set up a Gaussian "pillbox" with one face in this plane and the

other at y. = 1-Ayp; f E. da = E. A = 1-Qenc <0 <0 IE = fO P Y Y (for Iyl < d).

I

Gaussian pillbox

27

<0 Qenc= 1...Adp =} IE = 100 P dy

(for y

> d).
E
I!!! '0 t""."'

-d

Problem 2.18 From Prob. 2.12, the field inside the positive sphere is E+ = ~r+, where r+ is the vector from the positive center to the point in question. Likewise, the field of the negative sphere is - ...L 3 <0 r -. So the total field is E P = -(r+ 3100

- r_) +

r-

But (seediagram) r+ Problem 2.19

VxE

- L = d.

So E
I

= ~d'i = 4:100

~-

= 4:100 Vx =0

J ~PdT
Z

J [vx

(~~)] pdT

(since p depends on r', not r)

(since Vx

(~) = 0,from

Prob. 1.62).

Problem 2.20

x
(1) VxE1

tz 1= k [x(O - 2y) +:9(0 - 3z)+ z(O - x)] f:. 0, xy 2yz 3zx so El is an impossible electrostatic field.
x
(2)VxE2

= k Itx ty

y
2xy + z2

z
2yz

= k Itx
y2

ty

tz 1=k [x(2z -

2z) + y(O- 0) + z(2y - 2y)]= 0,

z

so E2 is a possible electrostatic field. Let's go by the indicated path: E. dl =(y2 dx + (2xy + z2)dy + 2yz dz)k
Step I: y
Step II: x

(xo, Yo, ZO)

= z = 0; dy = dz = O. E . dl = ky2 dx = O.
O. dx = dz = O. E dl = k(2xy + z2)dy = 2kxoY dy.

= Xo, Y : 0 -+ Yo, z =

III I x II

fII

E. dl

= 2kxo frio y dy = kxoY5.

Step

III: x

= Xo,Y = Yo,z : 0 -+ Zo;dx = dy = O.

28 E. dl = 2kyzdz = 2kYozdz.
JIll

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

E. dl = 2Yok Jozo z dz = kyoZ5.

V(XO, Yo,ZO) = (xo.Yo.zo) - 0 J E dl = -k(xoY5

Check:
Problem

+ Yoz5), or

V(x, y, z) = -k(xy2

+ yz2).

-vv=k[lz(xy2+yz2)

x+/v(xy2+yz2)y+/;(xy2+yz2)

Z]=k[y2 x+(2xY+Z2) y+2yz i]=E. ,(

2.21

Outside the sphere (r > R ) : E =

_ 1

41I"fO :;\r. r

V(r) =

Je: E

. dl.
{ Inside the sphere (r < R) :
E = 4;fO-J/:srr. =1 411"100 q r!,I

Soforr>R:
and for r

V(r)=-Je:

(
q

4;f

~ ) df=
dfr2

4;f q(to)
0

00 r

< R: V(r) = - J:: (~~)

1

J~ (4;fO -J/:sf)df = -dto .

A

[:k-:h

(r22R2)]

=1411"100 2R 3 - R2
A

. -L- 8 1 -L- 1 -L- 1 ,( Wh en r >, R VV EVV )r - 411"fO 8r ( ;:: - - 411"fO f=2"r,so - - 411"fO f=2"r.
A

Whenr < R, VV = -dto2~tr (3 - ~) r = -dto2k (-~) Problem 2.22

r = --dtobrj

soE = -VV = 4;fO -J/:srr.,(

E 4;fO 2;8 (Prob. 2.13). In this case we cannot set the reference point at 00, since the charge itself extends to 00. Let's set it at s = a. Then V(s) = .

r (~2: ) dB =
a 1I"fO

-- 1 2,Xln ~ 411"100 a

( ).

(In this form it is clear why a = 00 would be no good-likewise the other "natural" point, a = 0.) In l. VV = --L2'xE.. = --L2,Xi = -E.,( 411"fO 88 ( ( a )) 411"fO 8
Problem

2.23

V(O) = -J::OE.dl = li. { 1-!!-ln fO b

Problem

= -J:O(-!o(b;;a)dr-Jba(-!o(r;;a)dr-J~(O)dr = -!o(b~a)- -!o(ln(%)+a(~-i))\

b

!! ( b ) -1+!!

} = ~ln 100

(~) .
a b E. J.a

2.24 Using Eq. 2.22 and the fields from Prob. 2.16:

V(b)

V(O) =

fb Jo

E. dl

= -

fa Jo

E. dl-

dl = _L fa S ds - e.. b ids 2fO Jo 2fO J.a s

(~)

8;I: +

~ Insl: = 1- ~:: (1 + 2ln (~) ) .1

.

Problem

2.25

(a)Iv

~
411"100 Jz2

2q
+ (~)2

29 (b) V-I L f -L ~ Adx A I ( = 41UO n x + Yz 2 + x2 ) -L

I

,\ =I-In
41r0

+ YZ2 + 2
[ -
+ YZ2 + 2 ]
I

= ~ln
2"fO

(L+~
I

).
x

(c) V = 4:fOJoR~;~:~~ = 4:f021r<7 (vr2

+ z2)1: =

(JR2 + Z2- z)
A

.1

In each case, by symmetry ~~ = ~~ = O.

:. E = _8V 8z Z .

(a) E = -~2q "fO

(b) E

(-!) (z2+(~) 2z 2t2

2 v'z2+2
1 1

1 2qz 2 3/2 Z I(agrees with Prob. 2.2a). Z = 41r0(z2+(~))

1

A 1 - - 41rfo { (L+~)
-

- (-L+~)

2~
A

2 z Z

- (c) E
(7

~"fO v' Z2+L 2 {

-L+~-L-~ ( + L2 ) -L
Z

_ }Z4 -12'\
1VR2

1r0 ZY Z21

+ 2

Z
A

I(agrees

WIt h

Ex... 2 1)

= --2fO { _ 2 1 v'Ri +z 22z -

I } z = 12 o [

+ Z2 ]

z I (agrees with Prob. 2.6).

Ifthe right-hand charge in (a) is -q, then V = 0 I, which,naively, suggestsE = - VV = 0, in contradiction with the answer to Prob. 2.2b. The point is that we only know V on the z axis, and from this we cannot hope to compute Ex = - ~~ or Ey = - ~~. That was OK in part (a), because we knew from symmetry that
I

Ex

= Ey = O. But

now E points in the x direction,

so knowing V on the z axis is insufficient

to determine

E.

Problem 2.26 V(a)

=~ rv'2h 41r0 Jo

( )
1r

a21rr

ch

41r0 V2

21ra ~(V2h)

= ah.
20

V(b)

=_ 41r0
21ra

l ( )
0

(where v'2h

= 1-/V2)
ch,
1-

a21rr

-=.-1-

where ii =

Vh2 + 1-2-

V2h1-.

rv'2h

= 41r0 V2 Jo =~
2V20 [

Jh2 + 1-2 - V2h1-ch

v'2h

Vh2 + 1-2-

- V2h) ] V2h1-+ - h In(2V h2 + 1-2- V2h1-+ 21V2 0

.

= 2v20

+ v2 ':n In(2h+2V2h-V2h) - h - ':n In(2h-V2h) v2

= 2v20 ~ v2 ':n[In(2h+V2h)

-In(2h-V2h)

= uk In
4100

2+

( 2 - V2

V2 = ah

In

(2 + V2)2

40

= ah

20

In(1 + V2).

:.1V(a) - V(b)

= ;~ [1-ln(1

+ V2)] .

30
Problem 2.27

CHAPTER

2. ELECTROSTATICS

Cut the cylinder into slabs, as shown in the figure, and use result of Prob. 2.25c, with z -t x and C1 -t P dx: z+L/2

V =!to

J (V R2 + X2 - x) dx z-L/2 = ... 1. XVR2 + x2 + R2ln (x + VR2 + X2) 2<0 2 [

X2

Z+L/2 Iz-L/2

1. -8 do: 'r
x
~2 L2

= I 4fo{ (z+t
(Note: -

h/ R2+(z+t)2 -(z- t h/R2+(z-t)2 +R21n

2

[::;: :::~:::] -2ZL}.

= -2zL.)
2

(z

+ 2") +

(z

- 2")

= -z

- zL - "'4 + z - zL + "'4
H_H_

L2

E = -vv

= -z-

8V
8z

= --E...

40{/

R2 +

( 2)
[
,

L z + - 2+ 1+

(z

+ 2" L)

VR2+(Z+t)2
Z"2

/
~

- n__

R2 +

( 2 ) - VR2+(z-t)2
L Z-"2

L z- --

L) (z - 2"

+L

1+

+ R2 z+

y'R2+(Z+t)2

y'R2+(Z-t)2

- 2L
]

t + VR2 + (z + t) 2
1

Z- t +

VR2
1

+ (z - t) 2
'

VR2 + (Z + t) 2 - VR2

+ (Z -

t) 2

--~

{2VR2 + (Z+~)'

--

2VRZ

(Z--~)'

-2}

~,;,O Problem

[L-JR'+(Z+~)' 2.28

+JR'+(Z-~)']Z

Orient axes so P is on z axis.

B..dT. = 41T<0 ~ J1-

1-

Here p is constant, dT = r2 sin e dr de d<jJ, = vz2 + r2 - 2rzcose.

JO
f21T d'!"

y x

r2 sin IJdr dIJdiP . VJ vz2+r2-2rzcoslJ' - -.1!.41T<0

f1T sin IJ

'f' -

- 27r

.
1

Jo vz2+r2-2rzcoslJ

de = ..l. rz (vr2

+ Z2 -

2rz cose)

1T= ..l. 0 rz

(vr2 + Z2+ 2rz - vr2 + Z2 - 2rz )

2/z,

ifr < z,

= rlz(r + z -IT - zl) = { 2/r, if r > z. }

31

... V

= --1!..211' . 2 411"<0

{f
0

z lr2dr + z

fR lr2dr r
z

= <0 {lz
.P...

z3

R2-z2

}= L (R2 - )
2<0
z2

3'

But P

= Fw'
2.29

so V (z)

=~~

(R2

~) = -d!oR (3 - ~) ;

V (r)

(3-

~)..I

,f

Problem \72V

= 4;<0'V2f(*)dr
2.30.

= -L- f
411"<0

= 4;<0 f p(r') ('V2k)dr (since p is a function air', (r ) . .,f p(r') (-4mP (r - r') ] dr = -1...p <0

not r)

Problem

= (a) Ex. 2.4: Eabove= 2u <0 ft; Ebelow

--2u <0 ft

(ft always pointing up); Eabove- Ebelow = ..ft. ,f <0

Ex. 2.5: At each surface, E = 0 one side and E = .. <0 other side, so 6.E = ... <0 ,f
Prob. 2.11: Eout

= ~f <or

= ..f; Ein = 0; so 6.E = ..f. <0 <0 ,f

(b)

'. .~ ../

'IF"
l

--'

5
R

Outside:

E. da = E(211's ) l
Qenc

= 1...Qenc = <0 1...(211'R)l =} E = ..B. = .. <0 <0 s <0 (at surface

<0

).

Inside:

= 0, so E

= O. :. 6.E = ...

,f

(c) Vout ~
ar

= R2u <or =

at surface ) ; \In = Ru Ru <0 ( <0 ; so Vout= \In- ,f

= _R2u = _.. (at surface ) - 8V;n= O' so ~ ~ <0 ' 8r ' 8r

2.31

8V;n

8r

= _...,f <0

Problem

( ) V - -L".!Ji.. - -L a - 411"<0 L" rij - 411"<0=.!1. a .'. W4 = qV

-L V2a. + =.!1. a } - 411"<oa

- -L-

(-2

+ ...1)

V2 -

= 141I'foa

q2

(-2 + ) V M

(1). -

+ -

.(4)

(b) WI

= 0, W2 = 4;<0(=f); W3 = 4;<0(:;a - ~ ; W4 = (see(a)).

1 2
II

(2)

.+

(3)

Wtot = 411"<0 7 {-1

2q2

+ 'Vi - 1 - 2 +

V2}

411'fO

-;;: - 2+ V2 -

32

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS
2.32

Problem

(a) W =

! JpVdT. From Frob. 2.21 (or Frob. 2.28): V = f<o (R2 - r;) = 4;O m (3- ~)

1 1 q {R W = 2P 411"100 2R Jo

r2

3 - R2

qp

r3

1 r5

R ]
I

411"r dr

= 4oR [3"3
.

- R2"5

qp 4oR

R3

R3

=
(b) W = !f
.

qp R2= qR2 ~=
5100 5100 ~11" R3

411"100 5 R

( )

~q2

JE2dT.

Outside (r
1 2

> R) E = 4;O ~r
roo 1 2

Inside (r
{R

< R) E = 4;O Wrr.

2 2

- 100

.. W - 2" (411"O)2q { JR 1 q2 1
00

r4 (r 411"dr) + Jo 1
+ R6

(R3 )
1

(411"r dr) }
q2

= 411"100 "2

{(

-;:

)1 R

r5
"5

)I 0 } = 411"100"2

+ 5R

)=

13q2
411"100:5R"/

(c) W = !f { is VE. da + Jv E2dT} , where V is large enough to enclose all the charge, but otherwise arbitrary. Let's use a sphere of radius a > R. Here V = 4;O~'

= 100
2

- ~ -1 ~ ( )( ) {/
=a

1 411"100 r

411"100 r

r2 sinOdOd4>+ {R E2dT + {a
Jo JR

(-

1 ~ 411"100 r

2 (411"r2dr)

100

= 2"
=

q2 14 q2 411" 1 4 2 (411"100)2 ~ 11" + (411"100)2 5R + (411"100)2 1I"q

( -;: ) R }
. l

1 1 1 1 q2 1 411"100"2 { ~ + 5R - ~ + R }

1 3 q2

411"100:5 R ../

As a --t 00, the contribution

from the surface integral (4;O~)

goes to zero, while the volume integral

(~f.(~
Problem

- 1)) picks up the slack. 2.33 dW 1 = dqV = dq 411"100 ~, r

( )
r3
2

(q = charge on sphere of radius r).

(q = total charge on sphere).
411"r2

q = 311"r3 p =

q R3

0~~
dW

dq

= 411"r
1

dr p = 43qdr 311"R

= R3 r

3q

dr.

qr3 411"100R3

( ) (
;:

3q 2 R3 r dr

)=

1 3q2 4 411"100 R6 r dr

= 411"100 R6

1 3q2 {R Jo r4dr

= 411"100 R65

1 3q2 R5

= 411"100 :5R

( ) ../

3q2

33 Problem 2.34
(a) W -

=~f
2

E2 dr.
2 b

E
1

=
1rr

4;fO!-r (a 2d
2

< r < b),

zero elsewhere.
81rfO a

W- ~

~ ( (41TfO ) J.a;:2
2

) 24

r -

- L

J. b 1 81TfO a;:2 -

-IL (~- ~ b).

(b) WI

= 8;fO7'

W2 = 8;fOT,

El = 4;fO!-rr (r > a), E2 = 4;fO::;ir (r > b). So

E1.E2 = (4;fO)2~,
Wtot = WI + W2 Problem 2.35
(a) aR
I

(r > b), and hencef E1. E2 dr = - (4;fO)2 q2go ;!r471T2dr = - 4::0b' 2

+ 100fEI

. E2

dr

= ~q2 (~+! -~) = ~ (~-!).,(

= 4;R2; aa = ~; q -q
f::O

ab = 4;b2' q

(b) V(O)= -

E. dl = - f::O(4;fO!-r)dr - fba(O)dr - faR (4;fO !-r)dr - f~(O)dr

(c) ab ~ 0 (the charge "drains off"); V(O) = - f::O(O)dr - faR(~!-r Problem 2.36
I I

)dr - f~(O)dr =

~ (t ~ -~) ~ (~ - ~)
+
I

.1

.1

(a ) aa
I

= -~; qa
=4 -1
1

II ab

= -4;b2; qb I
A

aR

= qa 41rR2 + qb .

(b) Eout

qa + qb ~ r r, where r = vector from center of large sphere. 1rfO

-ra, (c) lEa = 41rfO r~

(d) IZera.
I

qa A

Eb = _ 1 q~rb, Iwhere ra (rb) is the vector from center of cavity a (b). 41rfO rb

(e) aR changes (but not aa or ab); Eoutside changes (but not Ea or Eb); force on qa and qb still zero. Problem 2.37 Betweenthe plates, E = 0; outside the plates E = a / 100 = Q / foA. So

p
Problem 2.38

= 100E2 = 100~
2 2 f5A2

-1Q2l
-~
cME

Inside, E = 0; outside, E = 1 ~r; so 41TfOr

Eave = ~ 4;fO

~ r;

fz

= a(Eave)z; a = 41T~2'
() R2 sin () d() dq;

Fz =

J fzda

= f( 41T~2 ) ~ (4;fO ~ ) cas

- 1 9... 2 1 . 2 1T/2 1 2 1 -9- 2 f1T/2. ( 4R ) ( 2"sm ()) 0 - 211:fO (9... ) ( R ) 21rJo sm ()cas () d () - 1TfO 2<6 41T 4R
1

_
I

Q2

321rR2fO .

34

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

Problem 2.39 Say the charge on the inner cylinder is Q, for a length L. The field is given by Gauss's law: _ 1 s. Potential difference between the C y linders is E. da = E . 21TS . L = .!..Qenc = .!..Q => E = -92 "'EO L 8 EO EO

V(b)

V(a)

=-

E.d1= --

21ToL a S

-dB = --In

21ToL

()
a

- .

As set up here, a is at the higher potential, so V = V(a)

- V(b) = ~

In (~).

C=
Problem (a) W

~ ==~...t~)' so capacitance
n "

~O per unit length is In 21T (Ii) .1

I

2.40 x (area) x (distance)

= (force)x(distance) = (pressure)

= ~ E2 A.I
I

(b) W

= (energy per unit

volume)x (decrease in volume) = (O~2) (A). Same as (a), confirming that the

energy lost is equal to the work done. Problem 2.41 From Prob. 2.4, the field at height z above the center of a square loop (side a) is 1 4Aaz

- 41To(z2 + ~2) E--

Z.

Z2

a2 2

-~- da 2
-a+aa-

Here A -+ ad2a (see figure), and we integrate over a from 0 to ii:

- a--..
a2
.

-~- da 2

= ~2az
41TO

l
.

alia

0 (z2
-2

+ a;) /z2 + a22

du

. Let u = "4' so a da = 2 duo

= -4az
41TO
2

a /4

1
(

=-

az

-tan-l
[Z

v2u

+ Z2
Z

0.2/4

(u

+ z2)v2u + z2 + z2

1TO

)] 0

= 1T:

J
{ tan-l

a2

2Z

- tan-l(l)
2 1T

};
A

E
a -+ 00 (infinite Plane ) : E
z

=-

2a tan -1 1TO [

1+

2z2

- - Z.
4]

=k tan-l "'EO [

(oo) - 1!:. 4]

1!:.- 1!:. = ...fL. ,f =k "'EO ( 2 4) 2EO

a (point charge): Let f(x)

= tan-l vI +x - 7' and

1 f(x)

expand as a Taylor series:

= f(O) + x!,(O) + "2x21"(0) + ...

35 f( 0) Here

= tan

-1

(1) - 4"

1<

= 4"-

1<

1<

4"-,

- O. f ' ( ) x 1

1 1 1- - 2(2+x).,!1+x' 1 SO 1+(1+x) 2 v'I+X

1'(0) = 1. 4'

SO

f(x) = -x 4 + ( )x2 + ( )x3 + . . .

. a2 Thus (Since W = x
Problem 2.42

I)E ,

20"

~ 1rlo 4W

(
-

1 a2

zr = 41<EO~' v ) = 41<EO
O"a2

p - fOV . E -

= fO
Problem 2.43

1 8 BSinocos</ I 8 2A r - + -( r } { r2 8r ( r ) r sin 0 8</> 1 1 B sin 0 . -( r - sm </ = 2(A - B sin </. 2A + :r r sm r 0 ] [ fO

fO
I I

From Prob. 2.12, the field inside a uniformly charged sphere is: E is f=pE = (~~3)(41<~R3)r

= 4;EO~r.

So the force per unit volume

= ~(41<~3)2r, and the force in the z direction on dr is: Q dFz = fz dr = fO 471-R3 r cas O(r2sin 0 dr dOd</.

( )
2

The total force on the "northern" hemisphere is:

Fz =

Q fzdr = fO 471'R30 Q = fO 471'R3 3

( )1 1 ( ) ( )(
2

1f/2

21f

r3dr 0 Sin2 ~

cas 0 sin 0 dO 0
1</2

d</>

R4

13Q2

"4

) (271')=1 ~OR2'

Problem 2.44 1 Vcenter = 47I'fO 4 f -da = 1'

i a
R

7I'fO

f da = -4
= - aR

1
7I'fO

R (271'R)

aR =2

fO

v.pole

- =

a 1 h - da, Wit 471'fO 1-

da = 271'R2 sinO dO, 1-2= R2 + R2 - 2R2 cosO = 2R2(1 - cosO). { 2V2fO

(2Vl

1 a(271'R2) 1f/2 sinO dO 471'fO RV2 0 VI - cas 0

1f/2

cas 0)
1

aR
::::

v 2fO

(1- 0)

= V 2fO

aR In'

aR In :. Vpole- Vcenter= 2fO (v2 - 1).

the sphere, using Gauss's law:

Problem 2.45 First let's determine

the electric field inside and outside

fO

fE.

da

f0471'r2 E

enc =

P dr

p k1')1'2 sin 0 d1'dOd</>= 471' k lr

1'3 d1' = { : ~~4

(r < R), (r > R).

36
So E

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

= 4~0 r2

f (r

< R);

E = 4~~:2 f (r > R).

Method I:
Q

="2

Q {R

=47r"' 2

E2dr (Eq. 2A5) 2 R k

= "2 lQ

( )
4Q
00

kr2

47rr dr

( ) {l
4Q
.1

r6dr+R8

1R

-dr
r2

=}

7rk2 8Q

( ) -+R8 { (-- )1
"2

{'X>

kR4

1R

4Qr2

47rr2dr
00

R7 7

=-

7rk2

8Q

-+R7
7

R7

7Q = l7rk2 R7

Method II:

w=~
For r < R, V(r)=-

pV dr
r

(Eq. 2A3).

:. W

(- ) dr=-=-~ - + ( ) = ~ ( - ). = - 1 (kr) - (R3 - - )] 47rr2dr= - 1 ( = _! = (~) = . .( {

00

E.d1=R3

l( )
00

kR4

--"2
4Qr

dr-

kr2
4Q

1R

k
4Q

R4 --

( )
r

R 00

r3

+-

3 R}
1

4Q
R

r3 3

R3 3

R3

30

r3 4

r3 4

27rk2 30

2 0

[ 30

R3r3

- -r6
4

) dr
A

27rk2

30

R3 R4

4 7 }

R7

7rk2R7

2. 30

7rk2 R7

70

Problem

2.46

E
p

v = - VV - - A~

( )

e r

-Ar

r
A

- - A r (-A )e

'

-Ar

- e

-Ar

r
A

r ' -. - Ae-Ar (1 + Ar )
I

= o V. E = oA {e-Ar(1 + Ar) V. (~) + ~. V (e-Ar(1 + Ar))}. But V. (~) = 4m53(r) (Eq. 1.99), and e-Ar(1 + Ar)(P(r) = 83(r) (Eq. 1.88). Meanwhile, V (e-Ar(1 + Ar)) =ftr (e-Ar(I+Ar)) =f{-Ae-Ar(I+Ar)+e-ArA} =f(-A2re-Ar).
So ~. V (e-Ar(1 + Ar)) = -Ar2 e-Ar, and Ip = oA [47r83(r)- ~2e-Ar} .
Q= jPdr = OA{47r /83(r)dr-A2
so Q

je~Ar 47rr2dr} =OA(47r-A247r

100 re-Ardr).

But

It

re-Ardr

= ~,

= 47roA (1- ~) = Izero. I

Problem

2.47

(a) Potential of +A is V+ = - 2:'0 In (~),

Potential of -A is V-

where s+ is distance from A+ (Prob. 2.22). A In (!=. = +2 ?TfO a ) , where s- is distance from A-.

37

.'. TotallV = ~ln

Now s+ "

21T1:0

( )
s+

s_ .

z (X,Y,Z)

= yI(y -

a)2 + Z2, and s- = yI(y + a)2 + z2, so

Vex y z) = ~

21T<0

In

y'(y+a)2+z2

y'(y-a)2+z2

In (y + a)2 + z2 471"Eo [ (y - a)2 + z2 ]

-).

).

.
0, or

= e(41T<0 Va/A) = k = constant That is' (b) Equip otentials are given by (y+a)2+z2 (y-a)2+z2 ., y2 + 2ay + a2 + Z2 = k(y2 - 2ay + a2 + Z2) => y2(k - 1) + z2(k - 1) + a2(k - 1) - 2ay(k + 1) = y2 + Z2 + a2 - 2ay (fI:t) = O. The equation for a circle, with center at (Yo, 0) and radius R, is (y - yo? + z2 = R2, or y2 + z2 + (Y5 - R2) - 2yyo = O.

Evidentlythe equipotentials are circles, with Yo = a (fI:t) and !:tl 2 - a2 a2- Y0 2 - R2 => R2 - Y0 - a2 k-l 2 - a2 - a2 (k2+2kH-k2+2k-l) (k-l)2

( )

- a2

4k (k-l)2 ,

Or

R = 2av'k Ik-ll' . or , in terms of Vr. o.

Yo - a e41T<0 VolA-I R

e41T<OVO/A + 1 -

- a e21T<0 Vo/ A - e-211"<0 Vo/ A - a coth ( - ).

I

e21T<OVO/A + e-21T<OVO/A -

271"EOVO

= 2a

e211"<OVO/A

e41T<OVO/A -1

=a

(e211"<OVO/A - e-21T<OVO/A) sinh e1l"',Xvo) z

=
I

a csch

). (-

271"EOVO

).

).

Problem 2.48 d2V (a) V'2V = _L (Eq. 2.24), so d 2 <0 X

= -'--po EO

() b qV v --:;;;. -, 2mv , -+ I-tqv (c) dq = Apdx j i

I =I
I

= ap~~ =

Apv

(constant). (Note: p, hence also I, is negative.)

38

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

(d )

<0 = -.1..1<0Av <oA 2qV dx2 = {3V-1/21 ' where {3= m :::} tPV (Note: [ is negative, so {3is positive; q is positive.)
I

d2V

-;rxr

= -.1.. p

= LV

<oA 2q L V Im..

(e) Multiply by V'

= ~~

:
:::}

v' dV' ~
But V(O)

= {3V-1/2 dV ~

V'dV'

= {3

V-1/2 dV

:::}

~ 2 V'2 = 2{3V1/2+ constant.

= V'(O) = 0

(cathode is at potential zero, and field at cathode is zero), so the constant is zero, and

V'2 = 4{3V1/2:::}dV dx = 2VP V1/4 :::}V-1/4dV = 2vp~' '

I
3
V3/4

V-1/4

dV

= 2VP

dx

:::}

~ V3/4

= 2VP

x + constant.

But V(oy = 0, so this constant is also zero.

= 2VPx,

so Vex) =

(2VP )
= Vo (d)
X

4/3

X4/3, or Vex) ="4{3

4/3
I

( )

2/3

x4/3 =

(32~A~q)

81I2

1/3

x4/3.

Interms of Vo (instead of I):

Vex)

(see graph).

Without space-charge, V would increase linearly: Vex) d2V

p

= Vo(~).

v.

= -o

dX2

4oVo 1 4 1 -2/3 _ = -o Vo d4/3 3 . 3x - - 9(d2x)2/3 .

I

= V m:vv=
2

f2q

v2qVo/m (d )
1/3

2/3

.
4 2 2

(f ) V (d )
[

= Vr = (32<5A2q 811 m 0 )
9v'1nd2vo 2.49 1

d4/3 :::} 11,3= 81md [2. 0 ~,

[2 = 32<oA 4qV,3. 81md 0 ,

4V2<oAVQTT3/2

- K TT3/2

vo , were

K
I

4oA f2q - 9d2 V m:'

Problem (a)

IE = ~ 47fo
I

fJ'I-. 1-2

e-1J-/Adr. (1 + ~ A)

(b) Yes.! The field of a point charge at the origin is radial and symmetric, so V XE = 0, and hence this is also true (by superposition) for any collection of charges. r 1 r 1 r (c) V =E . dl = --q "2 1+ - e-r/Adr

= -q 47fo

00

47fo

{ r

OO

1 r2

r q (1+ - ) e-r/Adr = A

00 r

OO

47fo

r {{

-e-r/Adr
r2

+-

A r

.' -e-r/)..dr
r .

00

.'

39

NowI ~e-r

/A

dr = -~

-r/).

- XI ~dr
1

-r/).

t-- exactly right to kill the last term. Therefore

q V(r)=41rfO{ (d)

--

e-r/A r
l

oo

r } -

--I

q e-r/A 41rfO r .

Js

1 E .da = ~q~ MfO l)!l-,X (1 + ~) e-R/A#

I)? q
fO

1+ = !J... fO'x
-

( R)
q

e-R/\ e-r/\

!
V

Vdr=-

q
MfO

R e-r/A

-r

#dr=-

re r/Adr=-

fO [ (1/ ,X)2,X

r ---1

)] 0

= ,X2f~ { -e-R/A
:.

(1
!J...

~) + I} .

Js

1 E.

da +

~ Jv r V dr = fO'x{ (I + R )e-R/A ,X2

(1 + R )
,X

e-R/A

+I

= !J....
fO

qed

(e) Doesthe result in (d) hold for a nonspherical surface? Suppose we make a "dent" in the sphere-pushing a patch (area R2 sin BdBd</ fromradius R out to radius S (area S2sinBdBd</.

D.fE. da =

4:fO {;2

(1 + ~) e-S/A(S2 sin BdBd</ - ~2 (1 + ~) e-R/A(R2 sine dBd</ }

e-s/A - (1 + ~) e-R/A] sin BdBd</>.

= 4:fO -1

[(1 +~)

D.,X2 V dr - ,X241rfO

1 - -~

~-rIA
r

.
(1

1 - -~

r sm B , dr dBd</> - ,X241rfO sm B dB d</>R re

-rIA
dr

=-

4:fO sin B dB d</> (e-r/A

i))I:
.

= - 4:fO [(1 +~)

e-S/A - (1 + ~) e-R/A] sin BdBd</>.

Sothe changein -b IV dr exactly compensates for the change in E da, and we get t;q for the total using the dented sphere, just as we did with the perfect sphere. Any closed surface can be built up by successive distortionsof the sphere, so the result holds for all shapes. By superposition, if there are many charges inside,
the total is .!..Qenc. Charges outside do not contribute (in the argument above we found that EO remainsoutside). So the new "Gauss's Law" holds for any charge configuration.

for this

volume fE . da + -b IV dr = a-and, again, the sum is not changed by distortions of the surface, as long as q

(f) In differential form, "Gauss's

V.E - A ,12

IE. d1

law" reads: IV.E

~V

= ~p, lor, putting it all in terms of E:

=~ ~p. SinceE = -VV, this alsoyields"Poisson'sequation": _\72V + A ,12 V=~ ~p.

40

CHAPTER 2. ELECTROSTATICS

,,~.. .~" -;$i"

-'!;

""co -;, "'A

E=-VV

V=- JE.dl

Problem p

2.50
foa (constant everywhere). would be compatible (as far as Gauss's
I I

= 100 V. E = 100tx (ax) =

density

The same charge

law is concerned)

with E

= ayy, for

instance, or E = (~)r, etc. The point is that Gauss's law (and VxE = 0) by themselves do not determine the field-like any differential equations, they must be supplemented by appropriate boundary conditions. Ordinarily, these are so "obvious" that we impose them almost subconsciously ("E must go to zero far from the source charges" )-or we appeal to symmetry to resolve the ambiguity ("the field must be the same-in magnitude-on both sides of an infinite plane of surface charge"). But in this case there are no natural boundary conditions, and no persuasive symmetry conditions, to fix the answer. The question "What is the electric field produced by a uniform charge density filling all of space?" is simply ill-posed: it does not give us sufficient information to determine the answer. (Incidentally, it won't help to appeal to Coulomb's law

(E =

~ Jp~dT
2.51

)-the

integral is hopelessly indefinite, in this case.)

Problem

Compare Newton's law of universal gravitation to Coulomb's law:

F = _Gmlm2
~r;

=- 1

qlq2

471"100 -;:2

r.

Evidently 4;<0 -t G and q -t m. The gravitational energy of a sphere (translating Prob. 2.32) is therefore

IWgrav=~G~.1 Now, G = 6.67 X 10-11 N m2/kg2, and for the sun M = 1.99 X 1030kg, R = 6.96 X 108 m, so the sun's gravitational energy is W = 2.28 X 1041J. At the current rate, this energy would be dissipated in a time
t -

W P - 2.28 3.86 X X 1041 1026

= 5.90 X 1014 s = 11.87 X 107 years.!

41 Problem 2.52 First eliminate

z, using

the formula for the ellipsoid:

a(x,y)=_m

1 + C2(y2 fb4) + 1 - (x2 f a2) - (y2fb2)

1 (xfa)2 - (yfb)2

47rab yI C2 (X2 f a4)

Now(for parts (a) and (b)) set c -+ 0, "squashing" the ellipsoid down to an ellipse in the xy plane: a(x,y)=Q 27rabyl1.

(1multiplied by 2 to count both surfaces.)

(a) For the circular disk, set a = b = R and let r == ylx2 + y2.1 a(r)

Q 27rR ..;R2 - r2 1 .1
7r ..; a2 1 = 2A x2

(b) For the ribbon, let Qfb ==A, and then take the limit b -400:1 a(x) (c) Let b = c, r ==yly2 + z2, making an ellipsoid of revolution:
r2 . Q - + - = 1, wIth a = --,-X2 a2 C2

.\

47rac2 yI x2 fa4

+ r2 fc4

The charge on a ring of width dx is dq = a27rr dB, 2xdx

Now ~ a

where ds = yldx2 + dr2 = dxJ1 + (drfdx)2.

so ds

2rdr

+ ~c
A(X)

=0 ~ dx = -~, ar

dr

c2x

= dx V 1 + 42 = dx-Jx2fa4 ar r
+r2fc4
I

C4X2

c2

+ r2fc4. Thus Q
'

~ = 27rr- Q 1 2 =47rac2 ylx2fa4 + r2fc4 -ylx2fa4 dx r

= 2a

(Constant!)

0'(r)

0'(r)

r R (a)

' -a
(b)

..

II (c)

J
-a (d)

1
A(X)

Lx