1

2
3
4
5

C bn v cp quang v cc u
ni

6
nh gi

7
8
9
1
0

Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn tn hiu, do t suy hao v thng c dng cho kt ni
khong cch xa.

Ngy nay, Internet tr thnh mt nhu cu thit yu, gip mi ngi khp ni trn
th gii c th giao tip, trao i, hc tp, mua sm, gii tr d dng, nhanh chng. Cc
ng dng, dch v trn Internet cng ngy cng pht trin theo, iu ny i hi tc ,
bng thng kt ni Internet cao v cp quang tr thnh la chn s mt - FTTH (Fiber
To Home) l mt in hnh. FTTH p ng cc dch v lun i hi mng kt ni tc
cao nh IPTV, hi ngh truyn hnh, video trc tuyn, gim st t xa IP Camera...
Trc y, cp quang ch dng kt ni cc ng trc chnh ca quc gia, nh cung
cp dch v, doanh nghip ln v chi ph kh cao. Nhng hin nay, cp quang c s
dng kh rng ri cc doanh nghip va, nh, cc trng i hc v ngi s dng
thng thng. Bi vit gii thiu c bn v cp quang v cc u ni, gip bn c hiu
c thng s k thut trn cc ti liu, thng tin sn phm quang.
Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn tn hiu, do t suy hao v thng c dng cho
kt ni khong cch xa. Trong khi cp ng s dng dng in truyn tn hiu, d b
suy hao trong qu trnh truyn v c khong cch kt ni ngn hn.
Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh: li (core), lp phn x nh sng
(cladding), lp v bo v chnh (primary coating hay cn gi coating, primary
buffer). Core c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng. Bao
bc core l cladding - lp thy tinh hay plastic - nhm bo v v phn x nh sng tr
li core. Primary coating l lp v nha PVC gip bo v core v cladding khng b
bi, m, try xc. Hai loi cp quang ph bin l GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) - cp
quang lm bng thu tinh v POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) - cp quang lm bng plastic.
POF c ng knh core kh ln khong 1mm, s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu khong

cch ngn, mng tc thp. Trn cc ti liu k thut, bn thng thy cp quang GOF
ghi cc thng s 9/125m, 50/125m hay 62,5/125m, y l ng knh ca
core/cladding; cn primary coating c ng knh mc nh l 250m. Hnh 1

Hnh 1

Bo v si cp quang l lp v ngoi gm nhiu lp khc nhau ty theo cu to, tnh

cht ca mi loi cp. Nhng c ba lp bo v chnh l lp chu lc ko (strength
member), lp v bo v ngoi (buffer) v lp o gip (jacket) - ty theo ti liu s c tn
gi khc nhau. Strength member l lp chu nhit, chu ko cng, thng lm t cc si
Kevlar. Buffer thng lm bng nha PVC, bo v trnh va p, m t. Lp bo v
ngoi cng l Jacket. Mi loi cp, ty theo yu cu s dng s c thm cc lp jacket
khc nhau. Jacket c kh nng chu va p, nhit v chu mi mn, bo v phn bn
trong trnh m t v cc nh hng t mi trng.
C hai cch thit k khc nhau bo v si cp quang l ng m khng cht (loosetube) v ng m cht (tight buffer).
Loose-tube thng dng ngoi tri (outdoor), cho php cha nhiu si quang bn trong.
Loose-tube gip si cp quang gin n trc s thay i nhit , co gin t nhin,
khng b cng, b gp nhng ch cong. Hnh 2

Hnh 2

Tight-buffer thng dng trong nh (indoor), bao bc kht si cp quang (nh cp

in), gip d lp t khi thi cng. Hnh 3

Hnh 3

Trn mt s ti liu, bn s gp hai thut ng vit tt IFC, OSP. IFC (Intrafacility fiber
cable) l loi cp dng trong nh, c t lp bo v vt l v vic thi cng lp t linh
hot. OSP (Outside plant cable) l loi cp dng ngoi tri, chu c nhng iu kin
khc nghit ca nhit , m, bi... loi cp ny c nhiu lp bo v.
Cc tia sng bn trong cp quang c hai
kiu truyn dn l n mt
(Singlemode) v a mt (Multimode).
Cp quangSinglemode (SM) c ng
knh core kh nh (khong 9m), s
dng ngun pht laser truyn tia sng
xuyn sut v vy tn hiu t b suy hao
v c tc kh ln. SM thng hot
Hnh 4
ng 2 bc sng (wavelength)
1310nm, 1550nm. Cp
quang Multimode(MM) c ng knh core ln hn SM (khong 50m, 62.5m). MM
s dng ngun sng LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc laser truyn tia sng v thng
hot ng 2 bc sng 850nm, 1300nm; MM c khong cch kt ni v tc truyn
dn nh hn SM.

MM c hai kiu truyn: chit xut bc

(Step index) v chit xut lin tc
(Graded index). Cc tia sng kiu Step
index truyn theo nhiu hng khc
nhau v vy c mc suy hao cao v tc
kh chm. Step index t ph bin,
thng dng cho cp quang POF. Cc
tia sng kiu Graded indextruyn dn
theo ng cong v hi t ti mt im.
Do Graded index t suy hao v c
tc truyn dn cao hn Step index.
Graded index c s dng kh ph
bin.
Truyn dn tn hiu trn cp quang c
hai dng n cng (simplex) v song
cng (duplex). Simplex truyn tn hiu
ch 1 chiu. Duplex c th truyn nhn
tn hiu 1 chiu bn song cng (halfDuplex) hoc c 2 chiu song cng ton
phn (full-Duplex) Duplex cng thi
im ty theo cch cu hnh.

Hnh 5

Hnh 6

u ni cp quang vo bng u dy (patch panel) hoc vo cc cng vo/ra

(input/output) trn cc thit b truyn nhn quang, ngi ta thng s dng dy ni
quang mt u c sn u ni (pigtail) hoc c hai u c sn u ni (pathcord).

Hnh 7

Hnh 8

Mt s loi cp quang:
Ribbon: cp quang dng ruy-bng, cha nhiu si quang bn trong.Hnh 9
Zipcord: hai si quang c v ngoi lin nhau (nh dy in). Hnh 10

Hnh 9

Hnh 10

Bt k giao tip quang no cng bao gm 3 thnh phn: ngun pht, vt truyn dn trung
gian (cp quang) v ngun thu. Ngun pht s chuyn i tn hiu in t thnh nh
sng v truyn dn qua cp quang. Ngun thu chuyn i nh sng thnh tn hiu in
t. C hai loi ngun pht l laser v LED. Laser t tn sc, cho php truyn dn d liu
tc nhanh, khong cch xa (trn 20km), dng c cho c Singlemode v Multimode
nhng chi ph cao, kh s dng. LED tn sc nhiu, truyn dn tc chm hn, b li
chi ph thp, d s dng, thng dng cho cp quang Multimode. LED dng cho h
thng c khong cch ngn hn, c th s dng cho c si quang thy tinh, si quang
plastic.
Cc thng s quang cn quan tm
Suy hao quang (Optical loss): lng cng sut quang (optical power) mt trong sut
qu trnh truyn dn qua cp quang, im ghp ni. K hiu dB.
Suy hao phn x (Optical Return loss): nh sng b phn x ti cc im ghp ni, u
ni quang.
Suy hao tip xc (Insertion loss): gim cng sut quang hai u ghp ni. Gi tr
thng thng t 0,2dB - 0,5dB.
Suy hao (Attenuation): mc suy gim cng sut quang trong sut qu trnh truyn dn
trn mt khong cch xc nh. K hiu dB/km. V d, vi cp quang Multimode bc
sng 850nm suy gim 3dB/km, trong khi bc sng 1300nm ch suy gim 1dB/km.
Cp quang Singlemode: suy gim 0,4dB/km 1310nm, 0,3dB/km 1550nm. u ni
(connector) suy gim 0,5dB/cp u ni. im ghp ni (splice) suy gim 0,2 dB/im.
Bc sng (Wavelength): l chu k di chuyn ca sng in t. K hiu nm
(nanometer). nh sng chng ta nhn thy c c wavelength t 400nm n 700nm
(mu tm n mu ). Cp quang s dng nh sng nm trong vng hng ngoi c

wavelength ln hn wavelength m ta nhn thy trong khong 850nm, 1300nm v

1550nm. Cc bc sng truyn dn quang c xc nh da trn hai yu t nhm khc
phc tnh trng suy hao do nng lng v vt liu truyn dn: cc bc sng nm trong
vng hng ngoi v cc bc sng khng nm trong vng hp thu, cn tr nng lng
nh sng truyn dn (absorption) do tp cht ln trong cp quang t qu trnh sn xut

Hnh 11

Vy v sao chng ta khng s dng cc bc sng di hn? Bc sng hng ngoi l s

chuyn tip gia nh sng v nhit. Bc sng di hn, nhit xung quang cng nng
hn, tn hiu nhiu lon nhiu hn. Do , thng POF c bc sng 650nm, 850nm.
GOF vi Multimode hot ng 850nm v 1300nm, Singlemode 1310nm, 1550nm.
Gia hai bc sng 1300nm v 1310nm khng khc bit nhau, ch l cch qui c
phn bit s dng cp quang Singlemode hay Multimode.
u ni quang: gm nhiu thnh phn kt hp li vi nhau, chng c nhiu kiu nh
SC/PC, ST/UPC, FC/APC... Nhng c hai thnh phn bn cn quan tm, l kiu u
ni SC, ST, FC...v im tip xc PC, UPC, APC.
SC (subscriber connector), ST (straight tip), FC (fiber connector) l cc kiu u ni
quang c dng hnh vung, hnh trn...

Hnh 12

Bn trong u ni l ferrule, gip bo v v gi thng si cp quang. Ferrule c lm

bng thy tinh, kim loi, plastic hoc gm (ceramic) - trong cht liu gm l tt nht.

Hnh 13

nh ca ferrule c lm nhn (polish) vi ba dng im tip xc chnh PC (Physical

Contact), UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) v APC (Angled Physical Contact), gip m
bo ch ghp ni c t nh sng b mt hoc b phn x nht.

Dng PC c vt cong, s dng vi cc kiu u ni FC, SC, ST. PC, c gi tr suy hao
phn x (optical return loss) l 40dB. V gi tr ny kh cao, nn thc y cc nh sn
xut tip tc tm kim cc gii php tt hn. UPC l gii php tip theo, n cng c
vt cong nh PC nhng gim return loss hn. UPC c gi tr return loss 50dB. UPC
dng vi cc u ni FC, SC, ST, DIN, E2000. APC c vt cho 8 , loi b hu ht
s phn x im ghp ni v c gi tr
return loss 60dB. Bn nn lu l khi
c cc thng s k thut quang cp
mc suy hao c th lm bn d hiu sai
v du + v -. Chng hn, vi kt
qu tnh ton, o c mc suy hao l
-40dB. Trn thng s k thut c th
vit gi tr suy hao (loss values) l
Hnh 14
40dB hoc s o mc phn x l -40dB
hay li (gain) l -40dB. Tt c u nh nhau, do bn cn ch cch vit trnh
hiu sai.
Hin nay, gi thnh cp quang v cc ph kin quang thp hn so vi cch nay vi
nm. Cng vi vic ng dng nhiu gii php nh IP Camera, VoIP, Hi ngh truyn
hnh qua mng, kt ni mng gigabit gia cc ta nh, vn phng, xng sn xut; cp
quang dn tr thnh la chn s mt cho vic trin khai h tng mng i hi nhiu bng
thng v tc cao.
Quc Dng
Mnh xin gi cc bn hnh nh v cc loi u Connector mi ngi tin phn bit. V
theo nh mnh c bit, phn bit gia PC, UPC, hay APC ngi ta quy nh mu ca
Housing v Boot : Mu xanh l cy (APC), mu xanh nc bin (UPC) v mu ng (PC),
ngoi ra cn phn bit tiu chun thng qua mu v si cp (jacket), v d: vi dy nhy
quang (Patch cord) single mode th mu vng, multimode th mu xanh l cy v.v..
Thng thng by gi ngi ta hay dng UPC hoc APC (nu c yu cu cao), v u
Connector l SC (d dng thao tc), LC (tit kim khng gian).