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Illusion of Development
Critical Assessment of the Palestinian Development Discourse
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CopyrightBisan Center for Research and Development
2010
ISBN9789950369009
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This book is published in cooperation with
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k*gH+'+ -~7'+n+3+blI+'+ gGg0}H+=}I'++|K5glF+b=LiN5blH+Ln++J%gH
k+>kJ'+gIb.lH+ngIb+L'+ngrl+IG'+%rHk*}H+H+l.j5gF'+L-bl+
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n+Ek9gx,LkhH+L}H+IF'glHkH+~7'+gIbxl.lH+ngr.+7)+I-b1+G

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p1LbH+hH+ ^k7}H+>kN3glF+ng;gH+2Ik+K~7'+=bHL:H+
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gO N'+H4Ib,'+)+gKgxl.'+
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LbH+ 3glF IgH+ g.5+ I kHg1 = vhN pu, H+ 3glF+ g)+L kh. . )+
+|K<gO 8+O }I'+ 7gH+l7+=K+}H+kH+kH+pNb1IL^*+~7)+_
G'+Lk0IgO ,+}.LgO =G'+-bNb0g8'g,~8gh+l1+ngH&+Lng/L5IGtglJ)+bN|H+g)+
M}2'+k0I;H+g=L~ILkN3glF+ggkFg=)+L+O 5~:
3glF+kHhFIkIbxl+Kg+LkNlH+9g+gH+ng,5gulH++|Kgll2+
kHL3 gF kHLg N~G 5L3 75g '+ hN_ 9g+ gH+ 5L3 -52 'g, NgH+ 7N
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k7gH+Lk=gl0+H|GLkN5+3)+LkN3glF+ngr+k/%gh='+lr+=glHg,LkHLbH+
,g75bINgH+ ^.g1L;gJ
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*ghHkhHg,k1lIL-}1kH+H+mJgGbE+|KI>}H+=LklkN3glF+ng=gH
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bkJg/k0ILk:5gIL3Hg,ulH+Lg*g,5h=5+}l7+l1+kHLbHvl.kN3glF+L
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n+5gl1+30L=H+9g+gH+I3glF+L5grlH+EglH+=m=kH+NfIf.
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Ik=gl0+klulH+khH+LklulH+khH+}Nl,7k7lH+lh>5krlJH+3glF+Nf62f6
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kN~H+Lku,}+ng=gH+5gol7H+LMb+-b,LkFgKb*+='gE5gol7+
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lrHb*+=L3HLkHklulH+khH+KH+3glF+vhEk2+bH+kN3glF+
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=k7g7kN.)+ 9H+k==bH6glIg,k7g7kN}I'++O bNbLkHLbH+kG5g+l.L

gGgI+|KLH+9g+gH+kN.=6g.5g,H+iHk+L}H+
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k;gHklH+kdH+ ^H+l7+L~ngIIkN'+IblHk=gl0+L
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lNLk7g7kN.)+ 9H+0'+ IngG~H+Lng7(+I3b=G'+ +}xJ+KLkHLbH+
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iJg0L9g2gF k*+~7)+kG5g+EL'+-}H+=bG(N|H+}(H}2&+bhH+gI'+ LbH+
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ngI+Ig=='+lH+N5g+KgoH+Lg=+N5g+kFI lhJgI.kN5g=
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=}(+kN(L5.p1m,5gol7+}(Ijg2)+ M3'+ gI=+3L=
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kEg:)+b+lrHN}lH++|K:gJM}.kEkI1>ngIng,3'+=kF5H+bl.
+O %0gJM}.lH+kI+>ng+|HkoGkH+kK'+ng+kh8}N5g.Lng,3'+)+
kI+>ng+N65g,=gEng,glG=LEbIlI
ngFg.+F.b,k9g2H+LgH+gH+klH+jg2=n'+};lH+nulH+kF5H+h.L
-b0'+LbNb++H+}H+kKIkI+lIn%g0lH+L;H+5}ulH+0'+IgH+0+}.L7L'+
lr+oI,0l3glF+L7gH+5gl7+ngF=tglJ)+ bNgk,}H+kHg7'+}H+
kILgI=-53gFkN5gNkIb.MF.'+ ngJgI)+ lH+MH+%+l1+lNg,H+
|Kw}.gG.lH+kI+>ng+g<.2I=bN|H+gH+gH+Ll1+
kHg7'+}H+=}.|H+bNb+gH+gH+I+%0k7+5bH+
gEbH+ kuH+ kl ng=gF . kE kI1 > ng7(I 2 ng,3'+ bl. k7+5bH+
%gH+1LklH+LngIb+k;}IbH+Lng7gH++L
kH+kI+>ng+=g=NlH+7'+LKg+k0+}I)+b.kF5H+|K'L

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
kF5H+|Kg1}.lH+ngHg8)+'+ Nl1Lg,kI1>kI=k0+}I)+ b.L

IbNbH+==h.'+ g,gl7+53mlH++ng+0L'+ Mb1)+ ~u.
=:glH+bEkF5H+|Kg.lH+Kg+LM(L}H+EL.lH+M}2'+kI+>ng+
Kg+Ljg+=7g7'+GH+,Lg.g,3'+k0+}ImlH+k+kI+>ng+%g7'+
L'+ k9g+gK}N5g.L'+ kJLH+g.gu9=%+7g.+5+b9)+ Kh.gGg=6.lH+
kNH+
aHkqFjH*=mf*if1KjG*
3gN36+I-35ghH+j}+ngNgJIn5.pHg/gGL'+bIlrGkI+>ng+=kN+L}H+
kHg7'+}H+g23)+Lg+7'+5k=)+.kN3glF+n+.IE+}.|H+bNb++H+jg+kK
j}+b,-bul+'+ng='+|H+5LbH+oIL,}H+g7'+}H+G}+=+O b,gH+;gIG'+)+
pHgoH+gH+ngl)+ pNbulH+ klH+g23)+ ngImbNb+5gl7H-+3'gGkJgoH+kgH+
lH+kHgNI)HvhH+0H+LklH+=N|H+H4KkI+>ng+|2'g.|H+5LbH+
.=ng+IbNbH+ gO I'+LgO F2'+gO hF5JNJmFH+g,g7'+}H+j}H+gK3N
gH++|Kk7gH+LkN3glF+7g7'+,HLgIkHgo+gH++|Kb=+FLFl.lH+LbH+
mJgGlH+MH+.%+l1+LHk1glIk9}H+bNb+gH+gH+=-}H+3+}l7+b,b0L
IbNbH++kJ'+ muh9'+ ghE:5g+5gH+5g+gE+bK'+Lg=};Lg.g0.hl.
k7gH+LkN3glF+H+mL-bNb+kN5gl7+kHg7'+}H+-b0'+kN~8j++b,
%(Hmu7lH+kH+H+H+Lo+k,4g02Inglr+|KkN5gH+MH+0b.L%+l1+
lIb2LgH+J:Ng,N5oGJ'++L}N'g,
blH+=l7lH+kI+>ngg,}NgI:.muh9'+ k0b+MH+|K
3gELk;+}FL,LkN5gH+j+1'+FLlEH+gH+,gK30L5.gI-3g=KLklH+L
h7gI=xlHg,MH+|K.pu,G+8+}H+I~9g=m1lH+LbH+L'+kG+8+kHLbH+
pNb+kJgI)+G+8+}H+I|2'g.LgH++b,=gK5g/&+LkHg7'+}Hg,3b.n+5g8IlE5'+
gGgH+=+5}3l7lH+kIgH+khH+lHgH+lr++|KHg=l=
bIlgJ)+kHg7'+}H+b:gHg=gJ=G5gI-}E5K,kG5g+kN+L}H+
gO IgH+ngl,}NN|H+N0l+L'+ N6+0H+o+L+Ik=IIg=
gH2IlH+F12IN.LlIb2=.LgH+g7'+}H+gH+E5Lb.k1
bNb+gH+gHfLgIL3gIKgIj~.
o=.ngIgJ'+ bIlngIg9,kI+>ng+IIglH+lNL
ngI_KkI+>ng+'+ ,+INgI-3g=glHg,LkHLbH+,gIgILiH+
ng+.'+ 5L~H+IHJ'+ }rJLn53gKM}NL}rJLn35gK ^kh8

kIbI
>gJE_gH+g+7'+}HbNb++H+L~+vHgkI3g2N}lH++|K:kI+>
ng+|K:L)+.+4bu,3(NkIH+LbH+ng7Lng1Hk:5gIl1L,kI1
)+ bNb++H+L~+HLgl:5gILkHLbH+t5g2%ghH-oG};k/g+7'+5vHgIkJg2
kH+L'+kN5;+I)+JgNg}rJLn35gKH,gH+5b+ ^}H+|KI-b1+L
LbHklx+ngFgH+=+b,Lg,L5L'+ =gK5g/&g,+O 5,gH+g+7'+5-}7L-bNb+
kN5gl7+vHg+L+bK'+)+ g.5g8)+ I>}Hg,LglHg,L-}Tl+.L5gl7Hx.lH+
-}Ib+5g/&++53)+ IglNgJ'+ )+ glIb2=kHLbH+kJgJ)+kI+>ng+.lH+
5+L3'+,l2++53)+=N53gF>g,gJ'+gGj+j8=-bNb+kH+H+gl1lH+
,L+1'+'+7'+g.gIL'+gHkI3g2Lg.glkrlIKlH+j}H+kI+>ng+
t5g2g*+3HHg5vHggh.}IgK30LNlH+-}R l++bhH+kI+>ng+
gH.gJ'+:N|H+iH+vHgI5g;)+t5g2gN'+Hg,.lH+kHLbH+5g;)+
"':*-&*jHKfHfG*a*kq*
gJw}.p1gI+O %0HLkgH+kHLbH+k7gH+=O Nb,gJM}.kI+>ng+Hg,
gNgH+IbNbH+gH+Ml+=gû+Ml+=kNb=gF*+b,_Ik,gJgJ'+7g7'+=
mG}.LgHLg.lH+gNgH+J=kgH+MH+Mbul.kg=k=gl0+ngG}1_lHgKlH+
Pianta 20052 ^kgH+k=gl0+ngNbl+H+I}NgG-bul+'+FhFI1L3
ngG}1+1'+1'+K,gH+gH+t5g2.kG}1mHkgH+k=gl0+kG}+|KH
kIg=gO *gFg7'+}H+gH+=%g,)+LkIb7g7'+nb0LkH+H7'+Lf3ghI=.k19)+
}NgGLngG}+|EkNgH+5gJ+)+3(l7gJ'+G5gIgFlH+ng=+~H+%+l1+Lb=
=.gJ3'+kH+kI+>ng+jg2
kdhH+%gH+1gJ)+1=-bul+'+F-b0'+ =}/(.pu,ngHL(+L+k=
kJgJ)++kg=L.m1};bHkHL3k*g0k2L%+|H+E.k=gl0+klH+
kgH+ Gg+ k0+I jH+L ngI+ +bhH+ ngHL( +=+ I k=gl0+L k7gH+
k;+}bH+ngHbNb0%gELf3ghIngJ=)+kgH+uH-bNb0NgIs*glH+:I-bNb+
gH+LF)+Ml+=G'+7g7Lg.Lk=bhIng7g7++1LbH+hFIG'+ghlJ+
Pianta 200510
gHbLy7}.I+k==pNb+lNgI=ng=r+|Kb=(Lg.gKNL
'+oIkHLbH+ng+nb0L|H+5LbH+=5|+(LglH+lxNgG+|K6}E'+ |H+*gH+
. 7gH+ I -hG ng= 3g:+L F = kHg7'+}H+ . g,L hH g.g7(IL -bul+
n3+6gGglg=bN.lH+kJgJ)++Igl*gF)++IbN+kEg:)+=kHLbH+g.g7(I
ilI1)+H:5'+=kHg7'+}H+}Ib.gEkHg7'+}H+75g|H+H+L3g:+kg=

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
|I}/gl.n|2'+lH+kF+LkJgJ)+ng7(+IgK>Lg.g7(IL-bul+'+/+IL+}='+
-G}H+Jg+LkgH+-5g=bH+ngh8%gH+l7+L3g:+lNghE:g+}H+ngNgJ
g,L%gH+1=guHn+bKg+LngFg.+F.LkgH+n+}(+b.n+5gH+-},g=ngG~H
Ml+=sI+H+=lNj++b,n+5gH+-},g=.Lk,}H+Jg+grl.lH+ngNgH+.
=lNb7gELe;+lI1gHkILgIHkH+kJ'+:}ElNg,LkdhH+=guHgH+
}N}.+L-g++)+ IglH+1g.LJgH+-3g7Lk;+}bH+==ng85L
7g,jH+-g153gH7H+,5gl7+E3N|H+mFH+kN}++L+
0.2I-bNb+kH+H+,g1gH++|K=kgH+GggEH+Lf3gh+|KJ
Ikl+b,IkI+>ng+I&+lH+kgH+n+}(+2IgHn+3glJ+
ng7gH+=kh.+s*glH+kJ6+I=.lH+k19)+n+=bH+Ik=w};lNp1gH+
|K oI ^k=gl0+ L}H+ L 3glF+ H+ , + )+_ -=bH+ lE -bNb+ kH+H+
Pianta ^gH+H+Lk=gl0+N5g+%+l1-bNb+kH+H+ng9H+IkFglI_l.-=bH+
kI+>ng+'+M}.lH+gJ-bNb+kH+H+-}H+=.JmFH+gH200514
|H+5LbH++|KI%0Kn+}(+|KLng7gH+|Kgx.lH+n+rH+b,gH+=-53gH+K
h.'+g=
N~H+}H+InglH+b=,|H+5}ulH+=k+n+~8(+Mb1)+n+}(+|Kl.gG
30Lg=g:}ElH+3H+IkHg7'+}H+5}kF3G'+,L'+-35ghH+j}+IN5}ulH++|K
I5}ulHg,rlN5gl1++|KLbH++b+b1H+i=H+&+KkHg7'+}HgEk:5gILkEgI-F
+I-bNb0ng=Lk=gl0+ngFH+gN'+,EH+L*ghH+Hk=Lg+~7'+
bE-bNb0kg=gNgFLgl.lH+kgH+n+}(+Ik=I;L1
Pianta ^GMlI=ngh0+H+L+k>g9-3g=)+_bNb+:H++|K<+Ivh9'+
200514

klH+jg2LkI+>ng+
L'+H+
if1KjH*=mf*
aMa*4fk6*jkG*
j+L3)+ klH+g23) kbH+-bNb+kN5gl7+k+I+O %0kI+>ng+.
kgH+j}+|I}2&+)+b=In+}I-b=gJgILgIgIn.gHg23)+3+}NlH+klH+|Kkxl+
j+LbH7g7'+x+nl=+lH+k;}IbH+KgI-brlI-~9g+k1}+vhlHkJgoH+
IgO Ig=l7IG'+ |Ivr.lH+klH+kI6g) *}H+wgl+L^xlH+_L}H+kHg1I
^k;}IbH+_F}NLj+L3k,}H+LkHLbH+ng+g.3gFlH+kNlH+sI+H+LN5g+
5+}H+9k=ng=r+L3+}E'+5L3-3gN6gg,7gH+gH+rN5b..k=_gJ'+=
7g7gJh.LngN}+vIkHLbH+-G}I,-3g=h.}.k;}IbH+k=lH+LolH+2I
k=.L7.LkHLbH+lG=-gIgO Nb.mJgGnggHkJb+ng7(+3b.
ulH++|KkIlH+kJb+ng7(+Kassis 200136 ^5+}H+9ng=r+L3+}E'+kG5gI
LgH+IkIng=vHgIo)+ lH+kI+>ng+KlH+;+}bH+
ibid36 N}lH++|KIk7gH+j+1'+%gol7+lNpu,kN|.k7)+.
:g+}H+}2+L'+|Ib+lrHglH+k7gH+nbH+Lg+=hG(Lg.L3L
ng=Lng.'+Lb+lr+N}.1klx+ng,3'+8gH+5ubNb+klH+jg2
g,LIb=L'+ 30L)+ 3(.lH+kNhH+L'+ kEgoH+I+H+.=LIt}x.gN'+L:2b.
-5L~:=bG'g.gKN,}H+gH+bIl30Hk,}H+ng7+5bH+JgKN
Challand 20097 xlH+Lk+=.lH+kI+>ng+.L22IHg23)+
kI+>ng+,,,}H+gH+b+lr+=k,}H+ng7+5bH+lH+blNbJg8
lr+=jg+k+Lkxl+kI+>ng+=-3g=GH+lNp1}2&+g,L
>ng+tgI3)+lN'+IEkxlH+L'+k7'g+|Ko}l.lH+.%gol7+lNg,b+
b+lrHkH8G'+N}.=qbulNKibid94 gO JbIgO llNgI:kNb=gH+kI+

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
hFLEngJgoH+2LnghH+|Inb0LlH+kNKg+ngG}+LgrH+NE
kI+>k+3gl=+kK'+NgKbJg8Hibid152 kxl+kI+>ng+5glJ+
M}2'+LbIlI+O %0l.kI1>kIrNgE7g7'+5gGkHLbH+k0}+
5g;)+t5g2h.kgNgF=Lkk0}I:.lH+kI+>ng+HHkhHg,
lNJ)gE-bNb+kH+H+5g;)+.'gNkI+>ngg,g+5LbH+'+gLb+lrg,}NgI
kHg7'+5kN3glF+NgILnguLglg=2IbIlk7(GglHgEbNbLg.
-%gH+LkHgH+gh.lH+Hl+ Nbl+3+b='+LsI+HvNLH+=g.5bFoII
.kEg+L5+}lH+)gEiH+L:}H+=*gH+g7'+}H+H+J+FEL.Lnb0LgJ'+gL
bxNb+lr+'+ M}._bJ8gNgG-}H+|KkI+>ng+Hk7g7'+ nghlI
Challand 200999 ^kHLbH+5+L3'+ h,gHg,kI+>ng+.p1kx+bK
'+,.'+kHLbH|H+5LbHg,kI+>ng+.'+g:=NgO N'+H
0'+Npu,KgGg+5+}l7+.,E.|H+lr+1,.
k,glH+kHg7'+}H+O 6IFH+7gH+L3g+3glF+Ml+=k=gl0+ngFH+LH+g8'+
j+1'+t+}2)+ v:+L,}N5g++|KgH+g7'+}H+gH+kIbj++b,k,+
5g;)+t5g2I6I,+7gH+H+gGgg;b+lrH-~9g+ngN}lH+IIk7gH+
k+.lH+L~9g+g,kHg7'+}H+vHg+L'+ kHLbH+k0}+'+ -bNb+kH+H+I6
7g7'+=gH+gJ'+=kI+>
> ng+ k1}I )+ 9H+ -5g, I= blN k,L5L'+ kNG}+ = N xN5g. 2
k1}Ig.+4bu,mJgGlH+;++1Lk;+}bH+k1}I)+ 9H+hF,}H+gH+kI+
ng+5ghl=+'+-5g,M}NglHg,kHg+g.gJI)+.'+hFk,gH+1+}+Ik=IkIblI
gE}ElNlH++bhH+b+lrHk+kG}+=buN7_b+lr+KkI+>
^kHLbH+t5g2LkH+t5g2mHLkHL3Lk7kG}IKLk;+}bH+kG}I'+;+}31gJ
-5g,gINlH+k,L5L''+kNG}+LkJgxN5glH+=:glH+IggI+4)+H-5g,
=G'+gJG}.gGgI+4)+'+bIl30L=O H3kI+>ng+30L5ghl=E5
gEkI+>ng+)+-3g=Nb+lr+vh9'+g0'+IlH+k7gH+*g<H+L5g/&+
J'+-5g,M}NgGhGb1)+.N}lH++|Kk*}H+kHg8)+'+5bJ'+
iH+Ik7+Lg7L'+J+)+g*7'+3(NLng+E'+;+}bH+7gH+Hg,gO KLxN
=jL}+b0.gGLngGH+=EglHg,kIixJkFgK5ghl=+Lk;+}bH+kH+=
ng7(I'+k9g25gE'+ngGL=kEgoH+ixH+,Eg.b0NH|G3glF+kh0'+ngGH+
-5g, k,}H+n+b=g++I'g,gNlNgO hHg>g=pNb+}rNlH+b+lr+

ngIgO Hg1E-30+kI+>ng+5ghl=+I|H+*}H+IgH+'+M}N-5g,

klH+jg2LkI+>ng+
g,H+lr+IkrlIgJGb=LgO N3gIgJtglJ)+ -3g=)+ =g.5bFb=KbIl

+O blIgK30LGH.+4bu,ng+|Hh0'+NlH+.k+'+ M}N-5g,3g+
gO N3gIgJtglJ)+ -3g=)+ =gKr==bG'+ J'+ -5g,w};gKgO FgJhNgIH7g7'+ ,=
gK+(L5ng+|K'+gO N'+k,L5L'+k0}g,5guJ+:g5kHg8)+'+}R NH
tglJmHLgO ,}>gO 0glJkFLkN}Ek1gJIgk,}>k0}I:.kKg+gK};'+LgE+bK'+
3gl=g5kH+|KK'+J'+I>}Hg,-5g,gK}G|NlH+kN3g+k1gHg,h.}N+|KhHg,gl
='+-}H+}NgG,}H++H+}H+kg=LkI,gN'+
GH+-5L~:=I+}>5gE'+ I.'g.7gH++~H+b+lr+5L3kK'+ '+ hN-5g,
kK=qbulN-5g,hNgGI+}>,+L7gH++~H+gkFH+hH+=gH+
=kEg/kK'+goH++=H+2Ik=gl0+kH+bH+}HkKg7'+}H+}H-3gI
qbulNI+}>,gH+kI+>ngH|H+3glF++=kH+IO b,lr+
-5g, kNb,kK+xN'+goH+gr+=H+2IN|H+gH+kh;=
J)gEgIL1L3glF++~H+s0'g.uJ7g+gr+_KI+}HkhHg,b+lr+
H3glF+7gH+l7+L7g+L+gr+N|H+FH+h+gJ)+=HkhHg,
NbhH+G}uN+4)+LlILgI-5L~,7gH+lN+4)+LlEg/L7gH+=LxN+4)+ kF+4
-5g, ^*gH+g7'+}H+=gl0+gH
-5g, b1Ih8N3)+ul.'+g=kK:}.'+IllHI+}>g=qbulNlH+kEgoH+H
gO h8HkH+kI+>ng+|H+kEgoH+NbH+'+gKk+
=pNb+kHg1k1qb1gEk,}>kEg/o+7H+khH+%g,'+IIgM7+O b1IHL
khH+g:}E=.lH+.KkEgoH+kH+'+ KkI+>ng+IIbIl
'++H+h.p1kHLbH+kH+H+kEgoH+5g;)+:ng+|K3.L0.lH+kl+7H+
.Kb+lr+kI+>ng+ngKgI9HgO Hg1kIbxl+gO =8G'+k,g+

G.LK9L|H+ng+LngG}H+t4-bNb+kH+H+L'+ kH+H+k75bg,k9g+
}/'++L5}Gb+lr+=N}9g+H(+,b+lr+vH+O /'g.G'+ngI+bxl7+mJgG
ngrHk/gkN(L5=E+b.krlH+k;+}bH+k;+}bH+}JLLbH+w9)+=kJb+nglr+
05g2mIbxl7+gHLj}H+O 9'+nb0Lt4gH+|K'+ILk7gH+kJ'+w9)t4gGkJb+
Shawa 20003 gO N'+
=lH+kN}H+LkEgoH+khlH+kH'gIh.I+}>Lb+lrH-5g,8gJM}2'+-}IH
|H+7gH+/'glH+MbIbNbglNG}II>}Hg,IglK+gJt5g2kI+>ng+
E,}=J'+=H)+}NgI,kN5gl7+-}7ngF=g7h.'+kI+>ngH
kH+y7}.L:}E=NgO HL3L'+ gO ,}>lNgI,Lk,}H+kEgoH+kHE+5LLgI'+

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
kEgoH+LkN3glF+k7gH+bH+kEgG=k,}H+
kJb+Hg,kl+._KgK~J=.'+ g='+ kI+>ng+M}.lH+kEgoH+LH+
b=g.'+ gkI+>ng+'+ -}E*gH+IgO N'+ kI+ng7g7bLk;+}bH+L
-lIkI+>k+.l1LShawa 2000 1 ^+30INp1b+lr+
=gl0+H+gNgFoI =gl0+lH+0'+I-b0'+b._=.'+g=bIlkI
kIuHlr+vHgIoLknglIn9%ghHgO N'+ .L}H+xl,glK+L
ibid2 ûJg+L
>ng+L}NbNLNoIIb+lr+-3gFEpHgoH+5glH+jgu9'+b=pNb+
Ik;+}bH+LkG5g+=bG(.lH+kH+H+kHLbH+k0}+blIjg2:NkI+
=NLkJJgFk=gl0+1g:bN}.k=gl0+ngG}1Lk7/'g.L:ngH&+ =pNb1
ibid8 ^b+lrHkIlHgl;+}3LglIglEg8mho.'+kI+>ng+_
ngG}+-}Kg<I%0E^k1l+kH+_k0+I-30IkN5gNgJ'+=.kH+H+kH+|K
Ib.Ll7+LiH+Lj}uHkKg+ngG}+Lk=gl0+ngNbl+5g.lH+kgH+k=gl0+
kH+H+KgILg7'+5k=k0+g=Hgg7k+k=gl0+ngdH+jl7+LkdhH+
gI5,'+ E'+g=0'+IL-bNb+
pu,g=E+b+LkH+H+g,N3g+%(Kk=)+kN5gNmJgGlH+MH+gJ+lN+|K
75gLhGJ'+)+L}NINoH+'+ILbNb+g7'+}H+gH+I+O %0uhN
JNJ'+ )+ glILgI=kIgH+LkHg7'+}Hk:5g+^kIgH+khH+kEg/_kHI+}>kN(L}H
+JN'+=EN53gFbNb++H+gHg,gO N,kh.}+kI+>ng+FILlh,
gJ-+lLkd;+lIgHLg.gllH+)+.k:5gIMFg*7'+L'++1'+1'+
LbH+,ngFH+MlI=gH+g7'+}H+-}H+
kI+>ngH/>H+I+}N|H+5LbH+gO u:+LLbhN-bNb+kH+H+5g;)+IpNb+
)+kEg:)g,kN~hH+n+5bH+}N.sI+},L-~9gIkN.t4g%gh,pNbulH+uJ0lH+_p1I
I*g++ />H+ ^b+lr+%g,Lk;+}bH+NlHk0+kJ'+
EH,gIiH+vHgIo=5bF'+KkI+>ng+'g,:+E+=bG(Ng,
IglH+gO =LgO 0HNbN'+LgO N}E-2'+5L3:=qbulNKk7gH+j+1'+gN'+ ,kHLbH+
NgIk+H/>H+ H+iH+.lH+-bNb+n+5lH+LgNgH+I
nr=lH+-bNb+kH+H+-b0'+h.LkN5gH+-b0'+=ulH+:hN/>H+IH)+
,gr++|K-b*+}H+kI+>ng+mJgGg,glhG+I=kH+k7gH+j+1'+
=bG'g.L5+}.EKgKH+iH+)+ -5g8)+H+iH+gNgFLK=}H+

klH+jg2LkI+>ng+
j+1'+L'+kHLbH+,I'+|H+*}H+=gH+KkI+>ng+'+M}N|H+jgg,+lH+
-bNb+kHLbH+-b0'+f3ghILFuN'+k7gH+
+bK'+ngr.+7+M(L}H+ku:+L.gH+g7'+}H+gH+};'+kN5gH+ng=r+%+l1+
~8ghI,gK}G4hN|H+LgK30HgK}N.l1Lg=ng+|KgKbl.lH+ng0}+L
5gEg7'+}H+}HIl7+L%(Kk,glHg,Lj}H+kG+8+k,}rlH+,hIL'+
KkI+>ng+30Lk=~H7g7'+5b+g=*gHkhHg,LbhNgI=L7g7'+
gI)+k7gH+j+1'+Ig,L5L'+H4g-bNb=;gI7+H+hH+gh1)+_T D,/>H+NgI
l1Kg+ng0gl1+5lH+khG+I=}2&+g,=glHL'+gHL'+j+1'+|K,3gH
vHgI=hlH+=kNblH+ k7H+k;+}bH+ngH&+5F_L^gK5Lb,gH+glHg,l.
h.ngH&+bNJ)gEiHgH+'+}H+uN'+b*gH+,}H+;+}bH+kh>'+gJN1E7gH+
%gH+L%+}H+glIbILlr+k+L-H+ngdHk<gl+ng0g+LngF'+L'+kF'HEL
/>H+ ^ggIo:ng=L};'+)+k0gu,MH+|KLk9g+ng0gl1+L4Lg;'+L

iF}GkI1>ngIgF30LkK'+_=kI+>ng+5L3=oNb1G}N/>H+
Ik=b=O hFFN+|K,g2LChalland 2009117 ^kH+kH+H6+IL=
N|H+L l1+ kILgI g8'+ I O 8 ngJgoH+ ngIbxH b. gG N|H+ ,gH+ N5gH+
+Lb0LN|H+%(KgH+g7'+}H+gH-bNb+kH+H+k7gH+bI-~9g+k1}++uh9'+
>ng+H+vh9'+pu,7L'+b,gIk1}I7g7=gE+JN'+=N53gF>J'+
-}IHlN5gN+lhoN'+J'+L}NgH2IlH+gO N'+HNg,lH+lE}1kI+
kdGgIn3bKgI+4)+gIb1)+kH+LlrHkhHg,.gH+1'+E'+kN5gH+|KM}2'+
.+L3'+I-+3'+hN|H+gH+gHkhHg,HHLkI+>ng+3.
7IgFIkG ^ngF'+_1=gEbH+LlH-+3'gGkI+>ng+=E+bN/>H+
+(H+=gO :glILg,L5L'+m/b1nulH+|KGI=gE3k=~8+O blIgO N'+-bNb+kH+H+
oIkHL3,ngEl2+'+ KgrlI=gh.)+ H+=irN|H+t4H+Kg,L5L'+ .+4g=
k7g7k;+}3L'+kN5gNj+1'+I%+7gJg'+L'+gJ}EEgEE,LgJg'+L'+gJ}E
H+l1+g7EN'+~hH+5lH+2kIbIj}H+.lH+kN+L}H+:b,
%g8'+'+KglNLkN+L}H+|K:mHg=,j+L3ImJg=|H+5gl7+LE
I%g,Ig=mJgGLEO 9'+b0.=gl0+gE}H+L3O oIg,L5L'+mEgJ'+gNlH+
kN5gl7+k7gH+=llH+=ENKggKKLkEgG.Hl1M}2'+j0L3
k7gH+t4gH+IkHg7'+}H+vHgI*NgI-}R l+nglr+L+bhH+=:}.lH+-bNb+
3.|H+gH+gH+n+L3'+ I-+3'+ KkI+>ng+mJgGgg;HkN3glF+LkN}H+L

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
ngH&+LkH+kI+>ng+k=~87g7'+N'+gO ,}lINEk,}H+LbH+7g7'g,
EqbuNg=}H+,j}H+qb1gI)+-blIL-blIgE+bK'+Lg=
7(NpHg/gGgHkHLbH+kN(L}H+I/gl,gK5L3LgJ)+}.kH+kI+>nggE
E7g7gJ:}ELk;Lk.=+O 53gFgO JbIgO lNg
bIl%ghHk7g7'+nghH+.'+g7'g.m.lH+-oH+n+H+2LkhH+m=gl7+bH_
ngr.+7+LKgI5NL5hN'+LpHgoH+gHg,NgIN'+k=g,gl7+;+}3L1
kI+>ng+kh8 ^;+}bH+ulH+Lk;H+klH+k=gO F/IgO N}8N'K(.
5+3)+}N}lH+kH+
bIl_oIIn+5gh=2IkHLbH+-b0'g,+lH+bG(.lH+kH+KgKkIbxl+kH+.L
n+5ghH+|K.pu,;+}bH+ulH+LklH+kG+~H+k=gEk;+}3kG30L^1
gl0}Imuh9'+lH+kHLbH+Ng+L-b0'g,kH+kI+>ng++lH+=+O bG'g.Kg+L
gO h.}IkF+kI+>ng+H,grN)+lH+NLgO N}ELgO N3gIg0glJ)+ -3g=)+ 5bIL
ngGglJ+=gK}N5g.gK3g1Lgl=:IMbIL7gH+gKb=glIMbIoIIf3gh
glImlh/'+gGk;H+LkIH+g0HNbN'+~9gH%+l1+F'+}N5glH+|KmJgGgGLgJ)+1
kHLbH+Ngg,gO F1gO 0}I.'+=g.5bFglHg,Lgl=:IL
*+~7)+l1+30LgE+bK'+Lg,g2Kgrl.kH+kI+>ng+'+ N+|K
.pu,=bNLb0L'+ |H+gH+gH+=Ig:)+ IgGIIgl.gH:5'+=
+|KlILgHLgH++|Kb=+FLk0}lNng+|HgELIIglHM(L}H+Lngr.+7+
kIvh.pu,kH+kI+>ng+glH+M(L}HkN~7k0+}IlN(L5
ng9HgELuHk,gFH+lr+gIgNM}2'+GgII,h.}NgIL*+~7)+l1+
kF+kI+>ng7(+Mb1)+ h.gG,gH+LkILg+2IH-bNb+kH+H+
|,^LbH+gJ)+JgH+LkHLbH+gJ)+1NgILJgH+-3g,_+lH+2IkH+
l1+IxlH+kJgJ)+lI+},lNgEkNLgIkIgllH+IH+lN_kN}H+
=GHg,.kF1kI1>kII7ghlF++|K^+}N}.IgH+ulH+L
ng7+53tglJ)+=m=pu,->gFLk,}H+kH+.g7(IL*+~7)+l1HkJJgH+k1gH+
*+~7)+l1+=LbH+gJ)+JgH+f3ghIghJ+h.
jI K gI : 7g7'+ g= NL kHLbH+ kJJgH+ k0}g, kh.}I h. k7gH+ gF+I
kH+:+5'+gJ)+1ngGglJg,=H+E5oIkHLbH+kF+ngdH+hFI~IL
bNH4=gl=+},MbI5+3)+gl=+oIIkF1LkJJgFgKl.gNgF=H+L'+klu+
l1LkHLbH+Ngg,+lH+=g.5bF'+ gK}N5gl,LbH++=+jglG+=g.5bFMbI=
H4gG'+ %+7kH+kH+=Ng+|KghJ+7gFLh.Ib,O IgG+lH++|KN

klH+jg2LkI+>ng+
kHLbH+)+kHglJ+k1}I1gJgK5ghl=g,L'+l1+30L=}H+,kHL31gJgK5ghl=g,
H+i+k=~8MbI7gFL.gO IkHLbH+Ngg,+lH+MbINkJgoH+kHg+E
|H+bNb+kH+H+jgx,+lH+)gEM}2'+k0ILk0I+|KkHLbH+NgHgELkl+kHLbHg,
*g<H+Mb1)+.kH+H+k7gH+nghlILKgIIgK>LJgH+-3g7Lk;+}bH+=G}N
'+ h+*+}0)+N}l,;+}bH+%+3'+khF+}IkI+>ng+g=.'+ +IlH+
>k+3(.pu,gJ)+1NgIl.gJ'+IbG'glH5l7bH+ngN~.Lng,gxlJ+khF+}I
g,EqbuNgILH+lr+khF+}I=.lH+LbH+lr+54'+I+5|GgK5L3kI+
kHLbH+bNb+5gl7+ng7(Ig,.lH+kN5g+k+J:.JmFH+
'+ KJgH+-3g7f3ghII'+bhI}2L'+ gJ)+1I1glJ+lNgIb=g=NglHg,
lNHHkhHg,kH+kH+LgKHl*5l0gI'+gF+Ih.ngJg,5+b9)g,.
*g7}H+LngJghHg,l+%+gI'+ kNH+}N5glH+LkJLH+kuH++bxl7g,gF+I==)+
gO lkK'+ng+Im0lH+kN+L}H+l>g9|H+g=:h.|EkH+kHk0+
gF'+ |H+*}H+gK50hFIgIkFl+g.gI:KLg*+3'+LkH+=gO hF+}IgO JbI
EolNgo+h7=30LIbH+L7g7'+=gEL.gJILb+lr+=kN+L}H+|K
kH+kH+k7g*}H+hFI:}E|H+f5+H+JgF=k+|K:+=+=hlH+
2IgIk,gH+};gx+Lk7g*}H+n+%+}0)+|Kk=~8IgF+In~J_NgG6
^k+ngH+)+gHgN)+LkJLH+glu9=g:L
kq*<s4f12|fFfI(*0
>ng+..g7(ILg,Llr+t5g2gGL3}G gJ)+1=g=gE3
%g,L}N}ulHL'+ H+lr+.q+b1) .kEng7(GHkF+kI+
8gIF+L'+=+IgH+gEbKLk*}H+glIh.,glN(L5-3g=h.gGlIl
2+3H+H4i.%+7bH++|KbxNgk=:Ig.gr.+7+.H|HLgJ)+1kNg1K
l1L'+kH+kHg,9g+H4K=pNb+lN|H+gH+gG+4)+L05g2I'+*gH+gH+
kh0'+MHg,gO h.}IgO 05g2hNng7(+|K|2'g.|H+F+'+v:+H+IJ)gEl1g,9g+
05g+gFIb.'+L3gH+2+3IHg,n+}I-b=mIgFHg,LglH+LkHLbH+
kHg1gGHFgI};=-oGng1.g=iHg7'+LgKgIgl=kIgJ'L
kEgoH+gO .+5ghLgO gO ,g;uN|H+LngGglJ+/.b=Hg,k=+n+3gH+=5+~9)+
gNgH+F1o=b.|H+lr+kIb2=-53gF>.ng+|K)gEkH+k7gH+
-}IHk=gE.'+ gJgI)g,+NgIJ'+ M}.H4IkN3}EkJJgFgNgF)+ gHgIb=k7gH+
lH+tgrl1+*+}=LngJghH+L}N5glH+2I05g+gK5khHg,L05g+gFIIM}2'+
H+H:}lN|H+H+=kHL(I.lH+.gEgk05g+ngdH+Lng+)+7}.

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
kH+|K)+NkI+>ng+Mb1)}N}.IgoI
IrNgkFn+3g8%g=)+H+kh>5b=K7bH+Hg,lH+G'+k,H+
m75'+ p1gO Gk=gE>.H4IulIh8k+kHg=NgI=*gH+/.
5+},lNgEN}I'+zH+k05g+L(H+=kHL(+krH+)+ k1lIkHg75
,k9lH+L7bHg:LklH+gN'+j}1g1gIgIO g==*+}7)+ eN|H+zH+
krH+N65g,N3}E%g='+ )+ gJ)+1k,gF5Im75'+ kHg7}H+|K7bH+)+ kN}I'+-5gH+
n}J*+}7)+}N~1kF}H+7bHJgH+>H+IgO Ig=,5'+6+},)gO N'+k+
)+kF}H+7bH+ng;lIH(Lg,lN|H++5gH+kJJgFb=m1};L:HO IgO :}=
kNb+I,}H+%~+
lH+f3gh+LNg+LJ+H+'+ '+ k05g2kJJgFkG}IKk,gH+k+oIkF1kIkG}I
1f3ghIklx+gK}N5g.bG(.gG'+gHk=~H+NN|H+%(,k9g+.Kg=0.
GguHg0.b=k*+~7)+J+H+LkJ'+LkHLbH+GguH0lH+L/lH+kHg1kHLbH+gJ)+
=pNb+lN|H+gHgE2+3IL'+gH+t5g2IHg,+O 3INgI-3g=+|KLk*+~7)+
f3ghIL}E=N|H+gH+gH+8'+L='+gI*g=)g,uJgF+4)+)+gO u:+LHgK
1ngdKLJ+FLf3ghInb0L'+lH+.L5gl7+H+ngF=m1g.'+lH+.gEgkH+H+
oI,L5L'+2b.NLJgH+IglNlILgILH+Npu,klx+g.gl,gJ)+
lH+k*gol7+n+5bH+=bN}2&+ +O 6g)+ l1+ng7MbHk7(+}NbIL'+ <I=t+}E)H
*+~7)+Hd+ghlJ+mHvhNL05g+IngFH+%g,LhlH+ng=k7(+g,ll.
kF'+ g*gG~8hFIk=gH+kG5g+2IEJ'+ }JuJ_,gH+=i.N}2&+ +O 6g)+
m1pu,5}l+H++|,g1};I'+gJ)+1=E+bHkhHg,k9g25+3)+gl=+
^*+~7)+Hd+ghlJ+=
kI+>ng+30)gE+H+g7'+}H+gH+n+L3'+I-+3'+gJGLkN5g+glI:L
%g:5)+ glHLg:L^LbH+gJ)+JgH+LgJ)+1+1+IkNFkEg/kN|._G.
LglH+It4b._gK5L3=bG(.gJ)gE05g+NlH+g=NlH+H+%g,-b0'+
G'+6g)+NL^k*+~7)+LkH+kI+>ng+,hlH+LngI+kG5g+
-b0'+ :L,khl+H+1I,L'+ 1-3gl7+Hng+|Kb=
IbEL.2I+=gEbH+hlH+gKhlH+7L'+b,gI-EH+
kJgrH+Lk/+b+b,gII6EF}H+lHKgI}(IkG5gHEL*+~7)+I
NN|H+%(KiHgI=gEbH+k=gO N~8IgH+N'+ pu,gO IJ:LO E
NLF1iNN|H+%(K1LiHgI5}H2blNIKJ'+ k05bHgO IgFIgH+NL'+
Ik1}IgO 1:LG'+ kIH+L3ghl7++H+gH+IFglH+LgH+vhNpu,

klH+jg2LkI+>ng+
-b1+LkH+kI+>ng+.LgH+k75g+LH+=kHg7'+}H+kKL-3g7
K|H+gHkN}H+LkH+f3ghg,l.L.gr.+7+L+(L5EL.lH+gH++|Kn+L3'+ I
ngohH+,L5L'+3g+-bul+'+gI'+%+7kHLbH+g.g=gE3Gl+>+lH+gG_I%0
kF5LEHL7g71'+7g7'+N'+irNLbH+JgH+'+kHg7}Hg,gH+lr+L'+k7gI,bH+
}N}LHlI;LmHglHg7}E^k7gH+k+0'+IgO hJg0g1};kILgI
gJ)+JgH+kIb2ol.7g7'+KlH+glHg75:.'+|KH+L'+:5'+
ng+|KH='+H+.JgH++|KI+O %0E}N}g,NlH+k05bHgELbH+
qbul.7g,|H+lr+kFkIb2
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%8'+ r.'+ glH+kF+kI+>ng+)gEgN}H+N'+ k7gH+|K
kN3}ELk*0gNgF)+ gll.=.'+ M7gIgI'+ bG'+k7gH+kH+MlI=
rlH+ng=O oEk*gH+ku+*gH+:H+N}.lNg,-b1=GgIIglH+lN
lH+kN3}H+MLg=bH+2IkF+kI+>ngHkhHg,glILgIl.7bH+H
IglH+lN->=5g+L6g+bKkJH+56gr+k05g2L'+k*+~7)+Gg)+g,0lH+lN
Ggu+|KmIgF%+7Lg:}E|H+gHk,glH+.gEgGgu+)+0lHg,kJJgFk1gJIgI
JgH+gH+0Lk*lH|.lN+O 5+}Fn5b9'+'+l1+gJI~8ghI(;+.n+=bH+E},
=%8.i>+}H+>L53gH+>gH++|KI+O %0h.lHg+glGgJ)gE+H+F+L
,Lg,kFH+LH+8hNk,gH+kF+k7(+}N5g.b1'+I}2&+goI+|KF+H+:5'+
E.=.LngdH+|KH7LKgKk7(+*+~7)+l1g,lNgEk05g+ngdH+
g=gIbxl.'+ngdH+|HlH+g+3++LngJghH+
gI+bxl7kNbH+ngl>+=O Ig8gO In}1kNbH}N'+ko+ilIi;=%g,

ngH+MbHn2b.Hg,k=In+3g8JgFng*g1)+ H4gg,L5L'+ r:}=
0}H*gH+>lHg,lNgE2b.5+b9)+ b,kEg:)+ kE+bIn2b.Lk*+}7)+kN}H+
k*+}7)+ngH+IkH+w};bHH+ko+ilI++5E
gh.lH+ngdH+ng0g1hNg.'gNk+|K,.|H+/lH+='+7ghlF+v:+LKgG
HL.g7g7L.g75gI l1+gNgFIgNgF'+ kH+kF+ng7(H3blH+L
KglH+LkhlH+kF=.LhHg,gO JJgF gIIglH+Lg=pNb+IgG7(IgGI
gEl1+g,NlH+lH+ng=,+L'+ H+=NgIb=LbH+jg+I
kF+kI+>k7(+LH+b:l1+75g=~8>lFgKL=~8lF
75Lg/.lNgIK=~H+>lH+ng1E^=~H+lH+_/.LpuhH+glImH
lFLgO =~8->5g1LgO =~8El1++Ll=+N|H+%(KNg0}N+4L+|K,3Lb+
H+=gO =~8gO =gE3H+&+

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
|1%*s3jMG*mf*
lH+kI+>ng+b=gKbkF+kI+>ng+MbH-30+lHk/gng0.
7g7'++KkHLbH+k0}+.p1kF1k1gJIngH+%gH+gNgF=.
k0}+KF1L%gHg,kl+kHLbH+ngFg.+lEng+|K.H2I|H+5g;)H
'+ 5ghl=g,kNH+ng7(+.0'+ I|H+bH+gh.NlH+LL+b7kFg.+7g7'+ ,
}N})+gO *g.L.+4bu,3(7gh./ILk/H+gl.lH++k==kH+F.
gH:}lNlH+H+g8'+kEgGIngH+%gH+
=GH+NE%gH+g:L'+LH+lr+=,}H+jg+gGLng+|Kjg2
irNgI'+)+H++|K53gII+O 5bIl1+l=+kHg1LngH+%gH+Ig.|H+H+
^-}I-5G4_T DH blH+=pNb+l1+g75G|H+H+hNg=,HblH+
lrHLngH+%gH9+gKb1L.lH+kHLbH+ngFg.+2IH++|HblH+NL
kNH+kI+>ng+jg2G}.gKNH+gH+:gO N'+LGH+
gJ)+LbH+JgH+m=~8lH++IgH%l.lH+%gH+1IkI1=
=gO oNb1gE+bK'+Lk7(+kN(L5lEgh.=}H+,HgJ)+1JgFL
ng7(+kHg1gGL%gH+}N}.+=pNb+lNLlNg1-5L~:L-g++k7bF
kN(L}E-bNb+kH+H+jg2g23'+lH+ngu+Ik1glIk,kN(L}H+k>g9'+bh.M}2'+kF+
}N}.1k75gIngH+%gH+_NgI=.kNH+kI+>ng+Mb1)+
JgH+-3g7'+bhb8.-3g7n+4kEkHL35g;)+k7(ILkJJgFLk=gl0+kd,KI
)+kEg:)+lH+gK^7gH+L3glF+L=gl0+Ib..LngH+%gH+b:L
jg+~9g=I'+glN(L5.gJ'+IbG'gl.k+p1JgH+-3g7Lk7(IkJJgFkd,
kHLbH+ng+gl:LgG^pHgoH+gH+_+b,blH+LklH+=bNb+
glNEkHL3k0}I=.|KHkEkNJ-b0'+ .k+|KgKghl.lH+-b0'+
%gH+L H+ lr+ )+ F1L %gH+ = kHLbH+ Ng+ J k= xl. kH+
kNJ-b0'+ n+4N5gILsI+},G}+bN_ngH+ng8gH+Ik=2IngH+
|K|.=gO I+G}+n+b1L.LgJ)+kHLbH+Ng+=.ku:+LkE
^gl,glILN5g+LsI+H+
ngH+%gH+b:l1+75g|H+H+M}2'+kF+kI+>ng+kHg1gGL
%gH+gNgHkEkNJkN(L5:HLgJ)+LbH+JgH+NgIELIIglH+lN
,N|H+gEbH+LH+:IKngH+%gH+.g,Lk;H+gEgngH+
5+}H+Jg9LkNH+G+}+=ng*gH+ng;gH+%gH+MlI=NH+LgH+G}+
5G|H+ILbH+LH+

klH+jg2LkI+>ng+
jLg.ng+|K'+;L1hNkH+kNH+kI+>ng+=gl7+53
-b=g+ngr.+7+LkN3}H+=G}.lH+-bNb+kH+H+ngr.+7+=.LuJg+II
1 =g0,hHgI=uHngH+%gH+.==gKN'+ L3k.+|H+
ulH,gF>%gH+-g1,.'+qLb1ngJgI)+rNg;L
ng,glH+K'+gJ'+)+kH+kNH+kI+>ng+=g/bulN;L1'+I>}Hg,L
>ng+IgK>Lng+|K,ngr.+7+L+bK'+LM(L}H+:LH+kN};-hH+
lH+|KlH+k,gHglE3lH+jgh7'+O N;lH+)+k0g+L3LkH+kI+
kI+>ng+=lH+ngH+I'+-}E=G'+G}JgKgJ'+)+v:+L}N.gHLbhN
=iHg7'+L+bK'+LM(L5bl.gIlH+L-bNb+kH+H+-b0'+I-bl+gJKk*gH+
k+oIIng7O oE,gH+H+gN'+5gGgIkF+k9g2M}2'+kI+>ng+
ng*gH+GLH+G}.gGkE+b+LiN5blH+sI+},h.kNH+G+}+.lH+xlH+L
H+ng85Lb=Lqgu,'+|.F+=H+LolH+=GH+7g7=Ln+L4ngoIg=
gO N'+ kF+kI+>ng+ng7IK;L1 n+3gH+}N.sI+},L
G'+ +R G}Ig=NlH+.l1Lk;+}bH+LH++Lk7gH+gNgF=.lH+gO N'+L
gJ)+1-b0'g,g.b0'+ gh.5+;L19Lg=hNg0KLngIb+b.=
kgH+
kJJgH+H+=~G}.lH+JgH+:H+g+2Im.kgH+gJ)+1-b0'+'+gG
k=^ngNg>_=~G}.M}2'+-5gh,kIgJ)+1nghHgkJJgH+>g8'+glHg,L
-3g=l.lH+9'+LgH+H4g^k7H+_Kgrl.LkJJgH+|lH+ngH&+LgJ)+1MLg=3
;L1 kJJgH+>g8'+gJ'g,
-b=g+ng75g_=G}.lH+-bNb+kH+H+-b0'+g=gh.)+ kI+>ng+l.p1
IIglH+lNL,gH+5b+ ^L~+=j7'bI'+-FkN(L}H+L'+;++MbHk.+|H+
sI+H+|KhFIEbl+H+
kK'+ng+)gEk;+}bH+sI+},%+5Lng:}H+5IILkEgJkIb2HmIbF^*g,6_J'+=
ng;gH+LH+85LIil7glHg,gJ'+LkIng=r+'g,:+E+ih,k9gx,Llr+b.
30LkJgI)+ I>}H+=lr+.kGkF=kI+>ng+xl.gKLk,g+
,gH+5b+ H|Hk0g1
grNL}.kI+>ng+Egl.lH+H+Ik=gJ'+=kNlH+sI+H+IIglH++|K
ngr.+7+LEg.Li;L:}=IH+ngF=m23'+lH+kHg7'+}H+kH7gJ+Kg*g,H
gH+=N53gF3+}E'gG%(KIIglH+Ll+L'+ l+j|0iHg7'+LsI+H+sNL}.oII
-b0'+=.gIK.+5g2.LgENlH+hH+=}H+,kJ=L-}1n+5gx,
-bNb+kH+HkNlH+

gH+g+7'+5kIb2kI+>ng+
goH+H+
jHa1jH*=mf*
,aMa*jG*G*,a/&*fG*f*6&*4
lG-b*gH+-3gN6)+ N_3+}E'gGN7gH+'+ :+E+NbNb++H+5g;)+
ngJgI)+kh._K}H+5g;)++|KoIklH++NglHg,LÊglH+3ghlH+2I
ngr.+7+.LCole 20068 ^3}H+Gl7+5gg,_gH+=7gH+-5bF.lH+L^7gH+
ngJgI)+h.lH+-}++7'+'g,k=gH+=.LbH+hH+oIkHLbH+ng+ghl.lH+klH+
+|KLb0130Ll.|K}H+=%gHk*}H+kr.+7)+l73+}E'H}+5g+
kH+H+5g;)+klH+.glHg,Libid11 ^(G,.+7'+lH+b=+H+_J'+=}N
kN3}H+kN}+uJ+J'+ =}I^b._Lgo+EglH+L3}H+5g+f3ghI=k*gF-bNb+
-bNb+kH+H+1}.|H+3FL3go+EglH+dibi 31 H+Eg.L
kJJgH+b=+H+7'++7'+khF+}In=3H+.lH+kJ'+LJ+H+Ikd,gO hI:N
>|KI'+yH+-}1kEgu9lI%gFLEglH+=bNFbIl9g+gH+5gol7
}.kEgoH+|KoIgH2IlH+kH+pNbulH+}khHg,H4IE-30I
.^H+ngd7_Isl.lH+H+L-gJg+Ll7+LkH+b=H+LklH+K^lr+pNb_
dibi 41 k/+b+)+blH+I05GkG}kEb9
ng+2IkN5gl7+koNbulH+k+5g;)+ H+=g:}ElNkHg7'+}H+f3gh+|K
g,+=HkulIlHkHLbH+klH+ng9,l.'+g=lH+ng7(+IgK>LkI+>
k0+I=53gH+b+lr+N.Kh.'+kI+>ng+=|H+5LbH+Npu,kHLbG
5LbH++|Kiu7lNLkG5g+LkEgH+Lk=~H+LkH%g+oIIKgI2Iglh7gLkHLbH+
>ng+=*gH+'+ :+E+lNg,lr+vHgIog=*gH+5ghl=g,kHLbH+I
+LsI+H+:Lng+|Kb,klH+.gKILlr+vHgIo=5bF'+KkI+
;L1 LbH+hH+oIkHLbH+kNlH+ng7(+g.lH+

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
JmFH+lNg,-bNb+kHg7'+}H+kHLbH+-b0'+I(;+lH+LbNb++H+5g;)+KglNL
pNbulH+LklH+5g8mgKgILgK+(L53gl=+
gH+gH+L'+^kHLbH+_5L3IlH+=gO HL3LgO F)+gO bNb+7gH+LlH++~G}N

3glF+)+j}F'+=gFgK5ghl=g,K'+gH+L9g+gH+)+kHL(+|KJLklH+ng=
nglrH^k7g7'+ngIb+_bl,K'+L9g+gH+N'+ NbNb+++|K)+ H+
3gH+bh= klH+kHgO N5+3)+LgO x.+O 5L3gH+gH+lNg,ku+
bg=,k,}H+nglr+LE=,}H++H+jg+Ik/gl+koNbulH+lN+L5L
k*gHgGhH+lr+ngILng7(I_-}7IxlH+)+k0g+-5L~:=qbulN3gH+bh=
IglH+kH+kK'+ngHn+3g85)+0N3gH+bh=3gH+bh= ^kH+L
iJg0=kK'+ngHk7gH+kH+:LlNp1k7g7gO N'+ kNb.kK'+ngIIulH+
ng7(I)+_kbH+-bNb+kH+H+ng,g+|KoIbl.lH+k*goH+k,glH+IblH+
l)+ glJ+IH+lr+lNl1IulH++|K^kEg8k;+}3LkIkN.
3gH+bh= bIlEb0N;+}3
kI+>ng+5LbH/>H+kN(L5gO N'+ b-bNb+kH+H+5g;)+ oNbulH+jg++|K
k=7g7'+=gH+K-~9g+k1}+kI+>ng+'+ />H+M}Np1kH+
L'+ ^~=}2&+ )+ b.lI_ulH++|KgG'+ %+7H+lr+g:xNlH+ulH+
>ngH|H+7gH+5LbHlN(L5:L/>H+H^5lH+_kHg1)+^xlH+_kHg1I
kILgIkI+>ng+hl7|H+G}+5LbH+)+ gO N'+ Nh.'+ 3gl=g,kI+
kHLbH+==kI+>ng+-bNb+kH+H+jg2I/g:LHkhHghEl1+
~NKL5}LHglJ+Llr+b.ghlNlH+ngg,.'+=-53gH+Kk7gH+j+1'+L
5LbH++|KgKg='+|H+5gl7+g7'+}H+gH+IgO Ig-blIkI+>ngHk=gH+|K'+
H+=-53gFng+|EkK'+ng+IG'+k;H+kILg+5Lb,gHE'+K(Ib1'+L
7lH+j5ggJ'+H4=367L'+ngFg.+gl:}ElH+3Lb+%+5LgELtLjlIL7bH+
k=+5~H+ngdH+gIL-53gg,-3bI;gI%ghH+Lk=+5~H+}H+8I5L3iHN};=gl7+
/>H+ kK'+ng+h.'+irN|H+;H+klH+5L3=goIM7
7L'+ngFg.+l:}E|H+F+H+5g;)+.lH+.KkI+>ng+gK3l7lH+kILggE
gKLgKk*0ngIb2b.2IKkI1>ngGglILgILH+iH+=
ng+|KgKl.lH+N5g+HN|H+H+-b0'+g,v.lH+khHg,kH+:+5'+
ELlN|H+b+lr+5LbH~9g++H+H+nghlI:gO N'+jg++|KhNLkILgI
7gH+gH+lHglHg,LkH+n+5oHkIgJ'+l._lH+kI+>ng+IH++|K
MH:g2IFg7L'+klIkHL35g;)+qbgJG=}H+,qb'+FlNn+lH+|K
Shawa 20002 ^k05g2

H+lr+E)+klH+k,}J=-53gH+KkgH+g.g;gh.5g,kI+>ng+L
I.L'+kI+>ng+.t4H++|K,9g2.t4N'+=53gF>b1H
t4g,kE}IG'+Kg=*gH+LkI+>nggEH+)+kHLbH+ng+ILgH
gNlNlH+sI+H+0/>H+ ^M}2'++b,kh+LgO HL3g,+_klx+klH+
JgH+-3g7k;+}bH+b+lr+oIIKgIE-b,H+lr+g0gluN%g8'+K
gGlH+LkhF+}+ng75gLn+L3'++bxl7+oIIk.KgI)+gJ)+1+1+LT D,=H+
kN5g+kHg+)+kNblH+L'+khH+lHg1IglJ+|H+H+lr+gH}lN%g8'+
gK30,)+kJb+
=g.5bF=}H+,gK5+L3'+Lg.gHL(I|2'+LkHLbH+5L3g:)g,gH)+ kG+glI:L
k=H+_=b.'+ng+|K=)gE'+lr+vHgIuNgIE'+IH4gG+4)+gIL'+H|,gH+
|K^J+F-b=5+}F)+ vHgH:ng=g0._L^ku+nglr+Lng=g+kN.LkNG}IH+
J+H+LkI+>ng+gJKk=gH+H+ng=g0LglNlH+ku+ng=r+
|H+LkI+>ngdH+JgF_oIggIlH+Lg,k9g+KgHkdhlH+l.lH+ng7gH+L
7ghlF+}NgG=GH+}N.L^b+uHrILkK'+ng+vHgIg1k,gol=+
gJkI+>ng+|K.L-bNb+kH+H+-b0'+=*gH+EgNk,lN,gH+
bE/>H+ J+Fn+3I:L5I'+^klx+kJgH+ng=gH+_7g,k/bul+gJ'+=
hFI=bG'glH+kI+>ngHklx+M(L}H+=G}.|H+^kI+ng7g7_/'glH+
HLbH+uJg+
ng+*g<LK'+b1'+ng7gH+/'glH++Ll=+kHLbH+klHkN}I'+kHgGH+k9g2uJg+%(K
kI+>ngHgO =3bFUSAIDsI+},b1'+b+lr+I+O %~0gK5ghl=+0'+IkI+>
gJ0'+ IH+b+lr+kN.L}N.=Hg,kl+_ku,}H+>ng+L'+
Shawa 200010 ^L(ILg83g=1
iH+gHN|H+gK5L3:.'gN%+}H+L+L%gH+7g,ng7gHg,/'glHg2blE
LbH+lr+LgHI.|2'+,g7g,qbul.lH+kJgH+ng=gH+L'+H+
jg2 b G H+ 7gH+ gH ,glH+ :H KgL 7L'+ L~I I gd;+. :L
gK'+ IK'+H-bNb05+L3'+LnghlILngFgul7+=qbulNkH+kI+>ng+
koHg/k0Ib+lr+LkJg/k0IH+3}H+Lk0IkHLbH+,gIkFH+IbNb
KH+h.IkHg13gH+bh= k,+5k0I9g+gH+Ib+lr+kF=H|GL
kHL3n+b0'+LvHgh.}.Lng+|K3.lH+khxH+IngdHkIvHgIkIb0glJ)+-3g=)+L
b0LJ'+lN+|KG9g2gFLbIlL3+}E'+LkHL3E,5L'+b,'gGEIIglH+lN
kI+>ng+|2'g.'+irN|H+5LbH+3gH+bh=n=gNLH+.+|H++%,

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
n3b1Lng+|KmrlJ'+lH+-bNb+kHLbH+-b0'HEL=;)+k7ghIkd8gH+kH+kHLbH+
kI+>ng++lH+mho.lH+-bNb+kH+H+~9gH5+}.2IkN+bhH+|IgK5L3gH
7(+ }NlH+ u+ lr+ JgH+ -3g7 H+ + = bG'glH+ 2 I gH -b0'g,
}H+kuEgILkILk:ngdE=gEbH+w9)+ lH+L
H++7g7'+=*gF53gFLFbIl%g,kHg,kKg+K'+H+ngIi0+LI
kH+k;H+kH+I.gF=.Lb,O =gEN'+ b+lr+JgH+-3g7L
irl.kIg=kN.k;Lng7g7)+ blN|H+lH+5g;)+LJgH+5g;)+b9=k9g2L
ku:+Ln+6g)+L'+l.'+gHklH+k=)gEH4)+kEg:)+u+lr+ngNHL'+LvHg
k;H+kHk7gH+ng7(HlH+L7(+}NlH+b9=1}N.%+}0)+ Lb,
gEbH+Lb,;+}3bIl%g,gGw9)+k= kH+g.g7(ILg.+5+6LL'+kH+
kJJgH+Lk=gl0+LkN3glF+Lk7gH+F1LgIg:Lk+LkH+ngdH+1=
3gH+bh= }H+kuEgkIg8kr.+7)+kN(L55g;)+
%0gJ'+ mholHkI+>ng+0IilIKb++L+iHg7'+ gNgF=H+
+|Kg23)g,g.gx.l2+=kI+>ng+0.'+ b,glHg,Lb+lr+I
oIInguI=gl>g9l.'+b,lH+gE+bK'+LglN(L5K'+,Hg+},~H+
kuEgI:LNg,;L1 gJ)+1LJgH+-3g7;+}3l
kNgJkHgNI)+L'+kHg7'+}H+5gl7+)+}lH+L3l,5gO IgO JgG5ghl=g,}H+
30LKgrlNjg2)+3glJ+0LkHg1:LlNHEuJg+kNHL'+HEkEb97ghlF+
.lH+.mHEuJg+MbHkNlH+-b0'gEgH+kh>'+%+}H+Ng,}H+
IbH+Lk04k,0kHL3K,+O }ELbH+G'+,ImHE3glF+)+
kHg7'+}H+LbH+30+H+IgJk05bH+=k,++bhH+|Kvh.'+HkNgH+klH+
NL;L1 H+k=g9KEkHLbH+kNlH+-b0'++bK'+Hk,}H+
%g,)+ =bG'glH+IG'+ HL-b0'+|KkIbgGKgI:Hg23)+ lN|H+3glF+ulH+
ng+Lng+0L}.|H+H+)+ k0gu,rNgHkN3glF+khlH+I5bH+H4
kuJg+
"HuGfH<M]aHk^jG*jH*=mf*
>ng+EkH+IN|H+H4K,gH+kI+>ngH|H+HgulH+
gK5ghl=g,g,.lH+ng=gH+sI+H+|.klx+kH+n+5+6LIlH+)+.kI+
=gKb1H-53gH+>kH+kH+=3NgK5L3'+M}.KLkHLbH+gI'+iH+7g,k/bul+
gJ.kI+>ng+gKgEg.'+ 7g1kG}1oIngG}v7gngIb+b.

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hNkI7)+ngG}+kh8glHg,LkI7)+ng+5glJ+kILgIkI+>ng+5L3=
=-53gF>kH+' +O }JL_kH+kH+LgHMbHgJN.=g=:gO N'+
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/>H+ ^kIL}u+ng=g+1=gEbH+=-53gFIG'+EngIb+|Kb.
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>ng+h.'+ irN|H+,gF}H+5LbH+g,k,+lH+k0535}.Ll+IG5L3
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kH+kH+5L3=N'+irNg-3bLkhIn+5.NbH'g,1.uJg+I=kN};
ngdH+}.L^bhH+Mb+=klH+kN}8_gJ'+=kH+kK'+ng+5L3)+L}NL
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LbH+hH+-b=gIn3bg=,LngIb+b.gkK'+ng+LkH+kH+,
9g+LK'+=gH+LkHLbH+,bI'+kN;ngG+}H+=~G}N|H+IgH+klH+5g;)+2+3H
;L1 klH+
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>ng+'+HbG'glH+kh>}H+LgH::gO N'+.'g.KL/>H+ kN~lH+L
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IgK>L'+ngJgH+k7gH+j+1'+oIkN3b.k;+}3ng7(I%g,l.ng+|KgF.
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k7gH+%gH+5+L3'+H+n+5ghl=+k*gH+|K)+gN7L'+~H+LJgH+-3g7L.+|H+
Carapico 2002384 +~H+ILH+}NlHkoH+%g,Lw9)+kN3glF+
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H+IgN|I=hG,3NuJg+-b0'+O 9'+k1L}I.lH+sI+H+IgK>L
kI+>k+=bF|H+NlH+5+bEh.}.E+O hGgO N3gILgO NIgO =3.L
gH23bIlk7(Gk+|,+=g,olN|H+7gH+L'++NlHg,gO N'+,
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2=}EHLgIbNb.gIb2=iH+-3gN6_=NuJg+'+,+}Gh.p1
kG5g+ mh. .5g kN5+}l7+ J mFH+ }2&+ bH k0g+L ulH+ , 5g<)+L 0glJ)+
;L1hNLCarapico 2002385 ^kI,Lng75gLngkN~8k,}=ng7(k=gH+
lN}I'+_gEkHLbH+kI+>ng+Egl.L2blH+gF_bNbul,INuJg+'+
,ulN:L)+_3(.kEg+|K;L1 ^^kEg+k,,:LglHg,
ng7g,h.Lk9g+gE+bK'+=G'+blh.gJ'+1g.g;g,kNbFglH+kFH+ul.L:}H+
,gH+5b+ kH+ngNHL'+LkH+-b0'+7'+%8b0NE,gH+5b+ ^+
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bH+=bG'glH+LkIg8k.=pNb+;+}bH+L7(+}NlH+g0}H+L%gH+,-+Lg+
ng0gl1+k*gFlHkHLggKKg+Lngu+.NL=gEbIl2KL='+
H+Ikk=G'+n+b0'+IE+l.
.'+ irNlH+%gH+Lg0}H+(Eg.Lb,7(+}NlH+=pNb+-hGk,9gK
gHLbhNh7gI=%g,kK'+ng7(HkH+k75g+,J+H+Lng7gH+LkJ'+L*g/H+
)+gHglJ+LkK'+ngHk;+}bH+khH+~N~l,l.7(+5lH+ngHk*gH+kNgH+'+
kIgH+klH+ng=gK5L33gN36+k9g2LgIkFl+klx+5+L3'+5g;)+k=gELk.ng7(I
3gH+bh= ;+}bH+b+lr+%g,9}E~N~.LkIgl+L
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=kN}1L-}+kEg+L}+5g+kJH+KgI=.lH+-bNb+kH+H+-b0'+:
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t4g%g,_oIIngu+bxl7+L^%+}H+L+n+5bF%g,L_=goNb1bLgJ)+
t4gkIgF)+ kF1gNgF=hlH+LkdhlH+_kK'+ =G}.L^b++LkdhH+LkuHkJbI
k;Lk0HNbN'+9'+mJgGkI1>kI^vHgH++N.k=gl0+Lku9kN.
nulH+LkN5gH+k7(+5L|0IgNg,KlH+kN5gH+f3gh+IxGH+glN(L5Lbh.kN5gN
=-53gFg*+3mJgGkHg7'+}H+'+gh1gI+4)+HkHg7'+}H+kH+H+H+Lf3gh+kKg:}.lH+
kH+Hf3ghIEslN++|K'+H++IJ)gEgIgJg3LgHkFgIM}2'+F%+l1+
t4gLku9ngIb2b.kN.Lku9k7(GgJ}.kuH+kI+>ng7(+Mb1)gE
K(++53gH+LkG5glH+-5+3)+N.2IH+iH+39N.=_.kN.
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|H+gH0N|H+G'++(H+hNHk7g7'+ gJ'+ H+M}NlH+f3gh+LKg+=+b,
:NlH+ngIb+bl,.'+kI1>kKglI,-bNb+kH+H+f3ghI:}.
ng0gl1+b7LngIb+b.sIgJ,k+|K+lH+MbI=}H+,kHLbH+lr+gK}EN'+
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jg2HgK)+ lN+|KM}2'+ +b,=kN3glF+LkN}H+g.}72ILbH+Ml+=
=5bF'+Kku+nglr+'+ 5ghl=+=.lH+-}H+=GH+lNLkI+>ng+
lr+ ngJgI)+ lH 2blH k0g1 gK E g.gNHL'+ i.}. glHg,L gK53gIL g.g0gl1+ bNb
kN(L}H+|K'+ K%g=3+lH++|Kk=gl0+L'+ kN3glF+k7g7,'+ =}H+,kIgH+
lH+kN~hH+klH+t4ELkN.kN(L5.'+gJmFH+HkG5g.kN(L5KkNlH+
L}H+5ghl=+L3g,INlH+kJH+n+5g+2I.g1L}<=HL(G3+}E'+.
H gN J'gGL gK .+5g2L .+5+}F l1 . lH+L gE Lb0N lH+ klr+ hH+L
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gIIglH+lNlH+kJH+Lk=gH+LkJ+3}H+KgI=.lH+.L=.g0g1LH+
gElH+k7gH+LkN3glF+k=gl0+I+H+ngN3gI=+O b,klILkIngJIgJ'+ =
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j)*|/(*m*|7'HjH*|G*KjG*aG*jM|*
g.b0'+gh.5+k*rlH+oIIgK5L3Lgl,k9'gl+Gg+=ilH+kI+>ng+Lg
qbul.gJ'+ :L}+LIbx.|H+lr+=gHgJ+Lkh8-b=gHgK5glE+k05g2-b0'g,kNlH+
> ng+ , kEg+L 5+}lH+ +1'+ 1'+ mF(+ }/'+ n+4 N5g+ = gK3gl=+ 7g,
I&+l1l.g,ngHg8)+|K=lHm/bul7+lH+Kg+Ik=2IkI+
klr+kG5g+kI+bl7+=pNb1gKvhEkN5|+g.ghhIIIglH+=gKr=ih,g1
lH+LhlH+kG+~H+
lr+kG5gI=.-}lIk._gJ'+ =k,gH+kuH+kI+>k+gE}.kI+bl7+
>kI^kdhH+IE+lNgg0HlH+L53gHvuH++bxl7+n+|H+=3gl=+=-5bH+L
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ulH+=.+5bF3+}E'+i7lNG5ghl=+,|2'+L3.g1L}<L=g:L'+=HL(G
g,+H+}H+g*+3g+gGgGg=klH+l.|KbNb+g7'+}H+gH+<K
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lH+-H+Lk*+n+~8(+Ik=)+ulN,lNkN(L}H+}G4g%8'+kH+L
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sI3_L^k*g:%gHkNg+ElH%gHkJJgH+Lk=gl0+ngIb+}N.Lk05g+g.gF=
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nglrHkEgoH+Lk7gH+kN3glF+k=gl0+ngNHL'+Lng0g+=k*gF.'+irNklH+
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kN~,k.=pNbg,uJg+MbHgJN.IglH+~9gHg,g2%+l1+IkI+
%gH+5L3=bG'glH+n+|H+=3gl=+klH+k=~hH+=GH+.L.kN3glF+
oIbh,gH+g7'+}H+gH+,}.lH+kN5gl7+ngFHKgLklH+k=%gG~GjghH+L
^khIL~8L3=bH+IbNklH+k=%gG~8_JG=bG'glH+2IE

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gO HgI+O }0'+ g=+.Lg,+=lH+gN'+3b=L*g<H+Hn}ELN|H+gH+3b,gK/'g.7gFlN
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l1H+ulN+|K,<.|H+L~+lNgIb=H+lr+kHghH+kI
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kH+H+-b0'+klH+l.|KkI+>ng+gIb.lH+kH+ngJ+L'+ klF(+H+
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Ig/gLkoNbulH+g.}JLbh.lH+-b=gH+|K:.gJ'+Lbh.kH+kI+>L'+
5}NgII/gl.kI+>ngHk7g7LkN.5+L3'+=gKG}.LklHkH+H+kN(L}H+
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I5gl7H7g7'+5+Kg,kh.}+Kg+Lk;+}bH+g23)+ kIvh.ggIbxN
5gl7+2blH+nggH%GL2hNHL+}H+kHg1gG}H+2blH+2
.g==-g+k+vh.gH++|K:L~9g+g7'+}H+gHkhHg,-%gGG'+k7H+bNb+
vh9'+lH+nglr+)+gHg23)+Lk;+}bH+,gH+=53gFGGgK5L3KkI+>ng+
N}lH+ELklx+g.gJILk;+}bH+)+ gK5glE+bNb+5gl7+jg+olNgx.

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Challand 2009117 HLbH+uJg+,MbHn5}ILm<LbIlk;+}bH+
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g,j}H+b=lH+.oIk;+}3H+MbHNGHmho.'+ kH+kI+
7}.bFJ'+u+L7(+IL_H+lr+H)+lNL0gluNg=}H+,kN3}H+kH+H+
2I)+IIglH+irNL-Hg,)+7gNj}H+'+JIE-bul+ngNH+Lj}H+
oH+gIgI'+L}*++:H/g:L)+ lEk;+}bH++75gI+4)+ J)+LkN5.glN3kJ'+
/>H+ ^H+ngh/)=irNg
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M}2'+MF'+gh;L'++)+kI7)+M,.'g.HlH+k;+}bH+,}H+gKbN}NlH+k;+}bH+
kI5+}l7+n+L3'+ .kI+>ng+A/>H+I?HkhHg,_,}H+gKbN}N
^kH9'+MH+LkH+gKblH+k;+}bH+>MH+ItL3+}+30LIk;+}bH
9'+7+F'+ Challand 2009117
Fg.=j}H+H+H+N}+.gJ)gEk,}H+vHg+kIb2=k;}IbH+kJ'+ .g,L
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j85gE)+Ll7+)+ kEg:)+ L(IK|H+bNb+g7'+}H+gH+-b0' kH+kI+
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Ikd;+lILglK=k:glIgrNgH++|K:kI+>ng+=5gl7+
gI5,'+ H+|KslJ'+|H+gH+
}H+-3g=) k0g1gK'+ kI+>ng+5L3=k7+5b,3gl7+2I3gH+bh=hNL
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'+ irN-bNb+-b0'gEkbH+-bNb+kN5gl7+kN5g+k+-bNb+~9gH+.7g7'+
7g7'+IKlH+-b*gH+kEgoH+k,5g=.'+kI+>ng+=LkJb+H+.
.'+ -b*gH+.=^kIbl+_glEgo,kI+>ng+=|H+oNbulH+L~+gI'+
kHLbH+-b0'+N'+b,bb1+LmFL3ghl7+LtgI3)+=N+Hjg2'+oIL|l,
kK'+ )+ -5g8)+H5ghl=+,lr+ngNHL'+ |2'+ -5L~:=qbulNkH+-b0'+gJ'+ =
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kr.+7)+LI'g,kl+gNgH+kFgILulH=ng85Lq/mJgNgH+|H}lH
gI#g1N'+irNGLk;H+kI'+k7gH+}9g=LMbIKgIoIIkd7'ng,g0)+3grN)L
gEEngN5L}H+Lkr.+7)+*g+KgIL#EkJb+kI'+ngFH+kh;K
#HLbH+h=Hg,lN
kG5gILk.Lk;+}3=pNb+gO E+IkI+>ng+=*gH+INoHkhHg,
kEkHL330Hk0g+L3-bNb+kH+H+k*gFIgK>L71LkILg+H kl
kH+kI+>ng+/gl.+|KgH+g7'+}H+gHb'+L3L;Ll7+L3L
=LH+lHgh.gKL'+ N.=kIg=LbH+lr+jg2Ig,g2
05g+gHIg/
>ngHk.g7(+LkKg+7'+gO N'+.LbNb0=gE.k=l.k,}H+n+b=ggE
|H+=gl0+3glF+lH+I-b=glIkHg1-bNb0^k/+b1_kbILkngGkI+
lr+,7H+gFIg,IgH+LkI+>ng+k:Ik=.pu,=bH+H)+3(N
.IJ)+_.;L1gNgGkIkhxJ.k=LbH+lr+LH+
Ng+LklH+t4gn+bg,N5bIJNu+=gH+p1ngIH-},gH+k=gH+n+|H+
'+)+u+Fg,kh.}I.gJ'+;L1bG(Ng,LHanafi & Tabar 2003210 ^k,}H+
/gl.H+iH+=ngNHL'+Lng0gl1+:}E=.kIk=.bF|K,}H+k=
Hg,k9g+.I
H+:H+F+LgK)+=.N5g+|K'+KgrlNH+lr+klH+N5gIL|I
=m:}ElH+ngFg.+EL.gH+1'+E'+EkN3glF+Lk7gH+Gg+=:glH+L

kH+khlH+=h.lH+kN3glF+N5g,ngFg.+oILbH+lr+hFIkH+kH+
k*+~7)+vHg+bxNgLHgK5.ELH+=bHg+},00.L*+~7)+3glFH
g,.lH+.l1gHg8'+ r,kILgIjg><'+ 7<HgO *gFl1+hNg,
>ng+h.'+ gGqb1gISouri 200676 kHLbH+-b0'+=+b,kEkNb=gFngI
7'+=.LH+lr+ng0gl1+h.lH+g+},LkHLbH+-b0'HkH+kI+
H+lr+bx.gG'+,}H+5gl7+L~+bx.kFLkN}E
-bNb0*g1k:5g+LkNb=gH+ngG}+gIn}<-bNb0ngI}Kku+ngG}+)+ M3'+
kN}I'+kHgGH+Lk,}H+kI+>ng+glHg,j}H+b.,g;|xl.^klH+_p1g.
-bNb0ng0gl1+Le.,.g0gl1irl.LH+lr+}.kHLbH+klH
k,}l+kI+>ng+LkNb=gH+ngG}+,+O }..L%+b=xNslN|H+lH+H4)+kEg:)+
Souri 200678 H+lr+L-2'+,gO N'+Lk,}H+L'+
++|,+~H+l1L'+7gH+EglH+uNgE.kd,53gIg23)+_,+}Gh.gGgO Ig
+~H-oI.'53g+IgK>Ln1}H+kNg=bH+k.g7(+,+L}H+NlH+N6.
Carapico 2003395 ^b+lr+kHLbH+ngF=-bI-3g=LkIH+ngr+
kI+>ng+N.k7g7'+kN}H+'+kI+>ng+=*gH+M}N='+gN'+5gG
bNb++H+jg+I/glH+2INkHLbH+ngdH+Lng+LkH+H+ixH+IgK5
KgK5LbEku+g.gl.bNb+gH+gHn+L3'gGkI+>ng+'+ M}N|H+
pNbulH+gO EI|H+5gl7+g7'+}H+gH+H0+.'+g=|H+gKLb=LpNbulH+g23)+
J'++M}NggO ELkH+kEgoH+L'+kH+kH+L'+kI7)+ngG}+,k,}H+nglr+
-5L~HkHLbH+Ng+:=~H+5+.|KL-bNb+kN5g+lIgI'+k*}H+khH+
KgILLbH+jg+I+|Kg/gnb0LkI+>ng+kI+>ng+30L=3
bNb+gH+5gl7+gH+kbImuh9'+gHLg0glJ)+-3g=)+LgJ=guHk7L-bNb+
gO uIglgK5L3LglF==(LglH+Npu,

H+lr+LkI+>ng+

pHgoH+H+
jH*=mf*
G*kq*K
kILgI+O 5L3i.mJgG7L'+ hFn'gJlH+kH+kI+>ng+IbNbH+g.gN+b,
b.gk9g2*+~7)+l1Hk,glH+lHkNb,kEng7(I3grN)+ 2Il1+
nghH+lI|IkNKg0};'+Lkh8gmJgGSullivan 1996 +H+LngIb+
mJgGlH+ngg,kJ5gg,kIb.G'++b,|2'+|H+7gH+L=gl0+H+g:g+}H+I
.-G}k=gl0+ngG}1.)+ n53g,k;H+-3gH+'+ jglGh.p1H4hF-30I
*+~7)+l1+ng7g7k0+1H+LgH+%gH+jghH+H4gklk=gl0+ng=gF
M}.LKuttab 2008 gE5+}H+9ngH&+LgKg,kNG}ILk;+}b,-bNb+ngG}+|KnL
kG5g+N.gGklu+kH+:+5'+nghH+khH+grH+.+bK'+I'+G+}.
H+ Taraki 1990 klx+ khH+ ng=gH+ , 7gH+ =H+ E5L k;H+ kG}+ khH+
H+L3g+-b=g+:+5'+ wl7+5+8bh. LbH+H+,0|H+=lH+
,rHG+}.h.gGkHLg-H+.m.lH+grH-+kH+gG}H+goH+
I1H+LgH+Lk0IkJb+7H+khH+oI,khH+0++~HLH+I=H+
=g.5bF=gO gJgGklx+lr+v*+~8I7gH+IhG3b=kdh.=g.5bFibid M}2'+k0
+bl7+L%gH+gNgFLgH+l7g,kl+.l1+mH+lr+gNgFIIglH+
|Kgl,grl7+ngx+LN}H+kuH+ngIb+%7oIIgNgFLl1+n+FhFIk=+5H+
kNKg0};'+_gJG=gKbG'g.IgO N'+ kE+ImJgGH+lrHku+k=gl0+gNgH
=m7LlH+kNhxH+=.M}2'+ kNb.ng7(Ix,glN=mJgGp1^k;+}3
.'+ Im,-30ImH+6gILmJgGlH+kN+LkNH+.oIM}2'+ ng7(ILngI
Taraki 199062 kJb+gJbH+7H+khH+Ld0H+L1H+IgK50Lg.3gFkN=kh>'+
k:glJ+n3gFLnghH+g.lH+khH+grH+'+ G+}.LjglGIGh.gGk9+

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
gKG}.Lg=kNG}I lr+gNgFLHk,grl7+ =-53gFmJgGngJgoH+}2+L'+ L'+

kILgILbNb.5bILg7g,qbul.lH+khH+ng=gHkogl0kNKg+khH+khH+=
.g7(ILl1H
kI1>ngI)+ 7L'+ ngFg.+b,gIbNbH+lH+LglN+b,grH+|K.Hg,
=mr8Lm=lH+kH+*gH+-b0'g,kh.}Ig.b0'+m,p1l1+kILgIb,%g0
gH+EImFLklx+l1+ng7g7k0+k7LmJgGbEgIkN5gH+k9g2g.
khH+grH+'+I>}HghE7gH+olH+LkdhlHk7LgO N'+mJgGLH+,+7gH+
j+1'H7gH+H3+blI+mJgGgJ'+ )+ klu+:5'+2+3H+;H+H-mJgG
gk=gl0+Lk7gH+2+bH+gNgFLGgIIIgl.'+j+1'+|HI'+gH2IlH+k7H+L
Challand 2009 kIk=gl0+ngd,k9g+gE
*+L'+L ngJgoH+ }2+L'+ H+ ,+ 7gH+ H+ jg9'+ |H+ H+ FlH+ gGL
H++|K-5g,0}NL-5g, gHk,glH+kNKg+grH+5L3:IE+}.nglH+
ngJgoH+gO 1g05g2Lg2+3LkN+bhH+klu+:+5'+t5g2H+7gH+H+N)+
='+};|H+7g7'+ulH+'+ )+ H+8gH+I-hGkhH+.5H5bIL'+ kE}1)+
J'+-5g,hNp1nglH+gGgrH+|K=
=NlH+irl1+s+j}1b,t5g+IkHg+53g+gJ+Lk7gH+*gH+kI6'+ +bl1+I
g+=bH+N3g9N};=g.+453g+|Km:}=bFLM}2'+N53gI)+k0g+n'gE2+bH+
ngIHblI+L-}8gh+kN+LkK'+kJ'+=:g+g;gJ}lF+lH+k,}H+klH+L
Ik9g27gH+H+IkdH7g7'+l+K+|Kvh9'+LyH+kN.N5gILkI1>
ngJgoH+kNgJnbENlH+FLIgF655bInbEvlEkG}1ILkIblH+LkN5gH+*gH+
kI1>ngIkIgF)+)+-53gh+)+k7gH+*gH+H+I53+GglJ+k=nglH+L
-5g, gEH+LkNJLkN.Lkou,
)+ J'+ =-3g=H)+ }NgIgGkH+kI+>ng+=='+};|H+ulH+
H+I^bI_
kI+ > ng+ klH+ ngG}8 H23 3gN36g, lN gE k7'g+L k+ I k= b,
=H+E5ng;gJLiN5b.sI+},bIo.8=ng75g+I-bNb0O g8'+n|x.+kH+
k=gl0+Lk7gH+b=+H+lH+.,bNL^gH+_h.}NgH+IH++|K
Hanafi ku+qgu,'+~G+}Igrl.ng1ILng*g1)+8=-bNb0kE}In+%g=3+%}+1N
& Tabar 2003213
lr+ = n'+}; lH+ -bNb+ n+lH+L 7L'+ ngFg.+ F. I n+lH+ |K E+}. I >}Hg,
:n%g0,gKb1HEkK'+ng+==-~lImHnulH+|K'+)+H+

H+lr+LkI+>ng+
I-bN+lIkKilG+HLngJgoH+'+b,|H+LbH+klH+jg2b9=nulH+Ik=
hl.kH+kI+>ng+muh9'+pu,gH+kN5gH+MH+0+}.INb,jg2jg>
J'+=0lH++|K}NkI+>ng+8gH+=gH+b1'+3gH+bh=kN~hH+klH+I
klH+ E }u. L l. lH+L gJ)+ gK5 lH+ klH H+ sH+ = E ~G}N
t4H+Ik7g7LkIb.G'+ +O 3g,'+ |2'g.,gJ)+1+1+Lk7gH+Lk=gl0+LkN3glF+
N}lH+lNgEkNblH+kuH+ngIb+LlH+L%+|H+=}lN|H+gN}lHblH+
;+Gn+|H+=3gl=+Lk=L}++k=gl0+LkN3glF+Lk7gH+gK3g,'+LkNH+8'+
3gH+bh= N~G}I
H+lr+LkN._=G}.lH+.KH+iHk0+sI+H+.glHg,
-b=gHx.lH+k7g7'+ng=:+LgNgH+bNbLn+5g+LkI6H+ngI+L5gg,bNL.L
^klr+LkNlH+.gNHL'+L.g0gl1+IlNLrNg=gl0+lH+ng=L5+}H+9kHgH+
,gH+5b+
kF%g=)+lNg,}R l+lr+-30+kEgoH+LblH+kJ+3)+=NoNbjg2'+'+gL
kEgoH+ngJI_)+n+3glJ+0NkI+>ng+jg2)gEj}H+I-35l+lHkHg=k,grN)+
l. AL? kH+ kE+}+ ng=H+L kN3}H+L k*g+L kN}*gH+L k*gH+ )+ bl. lH+ -b*gH+
b=g.LKg.'+ kK'+ng+Lg+|H;+}3bIl%g,ngJILngIIIr.L
,gH+5b+ ^klr+k=lH+sIgJ},N};=-b*gH+kEgoH+.
IE+l.lH+.KkI+>ng+gHLgl.'+ :+IlH+gNgH+Lng=:+.L
O oIkuH+L-'+}+klx+ng=gHg,kl+J+H+/'glH+=G}.gKE,gH+x+
hlH+=bG'glH+2IgK5L3gKg='+|H+gH+gHg,kI+>ng+ngF==bG'glH+L
ng+.gGgH+gH+'+}Hg,/'glH+2IH+bxNJ'+gN+|K05g+g.+L
/'glH+LkdhlH+sI+},:.lH+k=gl0+LkN3glF+ng7gH+qgu,'+ 5+b9)+ =kI+>
ngHgulH+%g,LkI=)+ng;gH+=bN+l+GH+)+kEg:)+kIgH+ng7gH+LJ+H+LngN~lHg,
3gH+bh=
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^H+k=i7gI_5g<)+Lg,)+ b.gI5b,EkN.7'+ :LHglh>5:
mJgGgI+O oGgJ)gEH+lr+ng0g1kh.L}N.HLk05g2k7g7+bK'g,k0IgJ'L
H+k,NgI)+ L'+ k:+}l7+_N5gGgK|.lNH4ILu+lr+nghlIh.
^kHgH+klH+kH+u+lr+ulNpu,k,gl7+-5bH+.r14,'+,k7gH+
;L1
kuH+L-~7'+.-}h+kHH+.N5gINlH+kNHL'+ |2'g.lH+N5g+=koI'+IL

#klH-+3'+kI+>ng+
,gH+5b+ H+lrHkhHg,kNHL'+Ik05bH+|K=gJGb=I>}Hg,k,g)+
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2bH5bGsI+H+|K=lr+-b*+6kN3gl=+%g,=+b=lr+=}G|N+O }/'+.LkN3}E
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gNgH+L'+ kNhH+3Hg,kh.}+gNgH+3glH.hNJ)+ ,iuEbI'+-F+=
4gx.+uJg+N_kr+Gg++bl7+IO bhE3glF+%gH+tgI3)+kN};oIkH+
b1H+H+5g;)+L}Ng+ *~+3glF+NglHg,L-923bH.N5gILbI'+-Fn+%+}0)+
bFL^k:+lIn+5bHnb='+bFk:+l+N5g+'g,w.kk:}EgKmJgGHgG%gHwgl+
l1+g:}NlH+3glF+=kH+n+b+ih,k9gx,LEku:+Lngh.+|HgG
,gH+5b+ *+}7)+
-g11q+b1)+ =sI+H+|K-5bFb=k1=klHg,kI+>ng+.L
%gHkhHg,3glF+=gl0+.'+.ku7LkGn+~8(I=GH+2I%gH+
L3:L}H+0'+Ik7(H0lH+K5+}l7+L'+:}H+bNb.=%gH+-5bFO oIngH+
:L}H%gH+k0g15+}l7+jgh7'+ =L'+ NbH+b,%gH+g,.lH+kH+=+O oG(LglH+
ulHgO NLgI3glF++}xJ+lN|H+I+ulH+_Ih.;L1M}NgGk+
7}H+>gH+}.'+ lH+zgxH+glH+glHg,xNL3glF+=gl0+:H+
,gH+5b+ ^%gH+0+.bF|H+l7+L
gF5'+=+}E)g,_gKG}.2Ig+},gH)+3(.lH+klH+b==klH+=uJg+NL
2IL,gH+5b+ ^kH+kNgJk*gFg:LlH+H+7gHk,gH+n+~8(+L
k+.lH+n+~8(+Ik=)+ 5g/&+Ls*glH+lx.gH2IlH+n+~8(+3gl=+
:k.kHE+bK'+LlJ+I.+2sIgJH+=ngII.gI5b,lr+b9=n+.
ng+}N5g.|2'g.pu,uJg+g,NgI+O oGLgNlH+logical Frameworks k+};'+
,gH+5b+ +bK'+IIKgIh.=-5bH+b=x.g,+LH+}IkI+>
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uJg+gIbxlNk7Ll.gO N'+,=gl0+lH+
gHgE'+ }N.L}N5glH+k,glHkK'+ng+=uJg+75g|H+H+L+I'++bxl7+hllH
+|K5.gLkIk7(Ing75gg:}NgE+bK'+ulH35+HoI'++bxl7HH+H|GL
:xlH+Lkl+}N5glH+k,glG2I=gl0+%gH+k.+3'+L'+kH+kJH+7.I
^ngNgH+L*g7H+_=~GH+~lxN+|,LkHk0+kl+)+ul.L}.lH+=5g;)+

H+lr+LkI+>ng+
I1=-5gh=lr+vhNgH++|KL=gH+2IgJ5+}l,gJk+}l.L
,gH+5b+ gu,kK'+ng+.-hIGgI
=}H+,sI+H+|.Lx.lNEL|H+7g7'+5g+uJgHk7gH+ngNHL'+h.L
glH+kN5gl7+-b0'+g,mh>lH+kH+=;L135NgIO oIkHgH+L-%gH+n+%g=3+
g0L}.lH+-%gH+NgI=klHkN}I'+kHgGH+oINkI
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khH+bFih,k9gx,Lg+-5+3)~G}IgJ)+k0g+30LKkH+:+5'+g+F+L'+1
25'+IJ)+p1gO N3glF+IL}++|Khl+j7'+gGbFLnb0L)++|KkHg+klulH+
.L*+}7)+l1+*g1L}+NlI>gJ%gJ)+2IJ'+gGb1IgJ}N.
k=g9x.k053'+)+go++|K}N+|KLkIkE+}0n+b1L)+kH+:+5'+g9L'
;L1 *+}7)+:}.lH+gJHH++)+n+b=g+
M}2'+ngIu+gH+gO Jg1'+.lH+L}H+x.sI+},=kI+>ng+.gG
I'+sIgJ},_oIIngImgK+}JsI+H+|KoIl1+ng75g0L3H+N.oII
+|KkIgH+kH+kI+>ng+Mb1)+}N}.9N|H+L^kI+bl+k=+5H+L*+|H+
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)+ gI+L3gl7+N|H+3+}E'+%(K=k*+35g/&+ gHN'+ ngJgI)+ ng+IoH+gJ'+
mh.gJ'+ gGkI+>ng+,.|H+lH+H+lH+k*g,6glh.gJ'+
:lEH+9}EE.=.lH+g+},gI'+g1)+H+Ll1+F+LIlH+5g;)+
'+gklF(I7'+=)+kHghH+kI1lNp1-bNb+kH+H+=k*gH+kHLbH+-b0'+
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kHg+lH+LkHghH+khJ-3gN6)+ n3'+ lH+kN3glF+g:L'+IIglH+L'+ =%gH+HL
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L'+IgG,L~I|.b=}NlHgHgK}N5g.)+kNlH+sI+H+|KogK|.kI+
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3gH+bh= ^klH+)+k/g>)+IglJ+-5+3)g,^*+~7)+_Ln
gO N'+ EgKIb.L'+ :+5'+ -53gIIl1+ng7g7s*glJIIgl.lH+sI+HkhHg,o+L
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l.gg;gHNlH+}E.=-blIh.|Kl1HNbIg97gH+%g,)+kKgIIG'+.
gO h.}IH+39hNglHg,Ll1+g75glH+kN3g+LkN~hH+53g+-53gIk0+I
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gl.l.gIKk05g2kHL3-b0'g,h.}NgI5b,l1+kILgh.}NsIgJ},=kN3gl=+|K
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-bNb+kNlH+Kg+g23)+=g.5bFb=ih,+gH+ng+.)+n3'+gIgJ
jg2gK3gl=+b=LkHLbH+ng+Ig.gF=IG'+E.|H+u+lr+IG'+g;gh.5+L
Ng,-bNb+kH+H+KgIk*gFIgK>Lk+LkHL(+Lkh7gu+KgILb+lr+
L'+ ng+=lH+g=bl.pu,H+ng0gl1+Lku+53g+=G'+ gKG}.
Challand 2009 kHLbH+ngdH+
kNHL'+ n+4^kH+kI+>ng+kG}k+ngE'+_-3gN6oIINgImuh9'+L
=lH+Lu+lr+IkFH+l1L'+ k=lH+wL}H+jg1=kI+>ng+=
:mHL%gH+I.lH+kN+ng+O oEibid111 }9'+kNb=gH+L'+kN+ng+
;L1hNgGl.kI+>ng+.
IoH+LL}u+N}H+IngI3gH+Ln+H+%gH,grN)+ %gEb.=ng+|K-5b,_
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gIL05g+NlHkhlH+kF=gH)+ 3(.lH+k.H+ng==klH+=.pu,sI+H+
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ng+muh9'+ -bNb+g.g;gh.5+Lg.gF=:L-5g, :g+5gH+L;H+
7g7jg27'g.=./ILkHLbH+ngNHL'+LkHLbH+-b0'+hl.kH+kI+>
gJKg0'+ IgH+LkEkNHL'+ KkHLbH+ngNHL'+L-b0'+|K'+ %g=3+=NbNb0
;L
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lr+.k;+}3ngH&+Lb,LH+iH+hl;H+4gJ)+L}8IgO ;}8LbHH4
l1L'+ *+}7) blH+=-53gFMFslJ'+ lJHkH+k;H+kG}+LH+
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lxN1xlH+Lk7gH+=/'glH+_gF'+hNgEbK'+)+b+lr+-3gFg*g=3+>5L
.)+ bN'+ L3'+ k7gH+1g=5.b.L3ng*+IIg.7gH+H+=
muh9'+kH+kI+>ng+7L'+|I-5g, ^+gJLk*gH+k7gH+
L~n+L3'+ muh9'+ gJ'LkJg/k0IH+L~I=3Lk0I.H+n+53ghILn+L3'+
=g.5b,7g.muh9'+g.+6g)+l1+mi8ngNHL'+:ImHNgILkHbl.L3
7gHk,gFn+~8(IL+bK'+:LL+ulH+t4+bxl7+bI'+N;xlH+}N5glH+k,glG
olH-30IgJ'+ :N|H+HkhHg,gO d8.HLgH+O 6g)+ l.lH+.
Hammami 2000 khH+-b=gH+)+gK5glE+K7L'+b,g.g7K'+Mb1)+)gEglHg,L
wL}IKg=lx.kH+kHkN(L5kH+kI+>ng+MbHN'+ FlJL
kILg+HkILg+k,qbul.M}2'+gO Jg1'+Lng:Lg+kH'+kH+kH+k,qbul.gO Jg1'+E
b.=qb='+7ghlF+/>HgEgH,ghNlH+.'+kH+>kH+khH+
g,kH+kI+>ngHv:+H+>7gH+F+=M}2'+-}I+bG(IgO Ing:LgIL
gIkH+LH+kHIG'+jNKLkH+kHE'++}N|H+N5gH+3gH+bh=hN
%g1)+ glHg,Lng:Lg+kHLg;)+ -3Hg,^k*+}7)+_LkH++};'+gF)g,LbH+lr+wg

JgH+ 5g;)+ K +~. lH+L +};'+ 0 g= E+L lH+ ^N}H+ k;5g2_ EL ^H+ k=_
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7L'+g.6}E'+lH+kH+kHLbH+L~gO h.}Ivh9'+3gH+bhHkhHg,;H+5}ulH+L~E
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Ê;L5}-b0'+_)+kHLbH+-b0'+N

kg2
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kH+kHLbH+%gJ)+ ,gIg1)g,gO N'+ ,}N|H+LbH+lr+}Jk0LImE+.bEH|,L
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kN~)g,qbulH+lNp1LbH+Lu+b+lr+;g.=m=kr+ng+YIDD
ng75gL3.gJ)+1L%gH+kdhH+=gEbH+IkH+H+Ng+k,}H+IkJ}H+L'+L
bu,k;+}bH+-}7g7gI)+mJ+^k+_k,}H+ngGH+glHg,k1I.kg=khlI
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J+b,+oI^kI+>ng+o_bN+~lI,kNb+~G}I3gH+1'+..+}(I
=jg2kHkIF+ImJgGn+}(+|KoIgH+GI%I6In+3g+LkgH+n+}(+
Carapico2003390 k;+}bH+
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kG5g++bK'+gI'+gH+HgulH+LhlH+-}Eb=l.ng+|KkG5gIH4IkHg7'+}H+
H4Ing+|KI'+jg2-30I>gJ)gEkHg7'+}H+=%gHg,kl+.7g7'+,
H|HNb,7g7lHkNb,k=-3gIkN5;+I)+ 30HkJgI)+ gK'+ }rJLn35gKM}N
b:|H+LbH+bNbkIgKhNJ'+ )+ }rJLn35gK -bNb+kH+H+=*gH+
vhNL+O G}l7+Lklvh.kI'+L3Lb+k/+b+b,gIII6EgH+lN
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b=+FNbH+oIng=:I=kgH+MH+n+5+}Fk0+I)+k0g+In'+b,n+53gh+|KoILbH+
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'+FIkFH+IG'+ k0+.-3g= ngNbulH+|KoI-bNb+kH+H+=k*gH+kH+I
t+I' 26%g=)+ LkgH+gNgH+b+lr+ngIng;gJLkN(L57.nb=g7 -bul+
Pianta 200515 kgH+k=gl0+ngG}+
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ngHg8)+1Eg7'+}H+gH+*}H+5bI3g:+gNgFIIglH+=-53gF>LbH+
g.g7g7L-bNb+kH+H+=k*gH+kH+kKbL3^kF}H+ngFH+LkdhH+gH+3glF+_
k=gl0+ngG}uHO g}EN'+gH+=gl0+MblHg,Pianta 200516 Hk=+bH+
Mbl++|K5gNI=+(H+kIh.HLkHg7'+}H+kHO ,gIgO ..'+glH+
kEgH+53g+N|H+kg=k,i;gxlH+ngJgI)+N|H+dHL'+=j++b,Ik9g2
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-bNb+kH+H+f3ghIEL.lH+kI+>ng+IgH+IJNgI-3g=%(KE
7gH+gFI=M}2'+-}I-bG(IMbl++|KoIkG5g+2IgIg*gl7+=.gHL
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gHk,glH+klx+ng+L-bul+'+g.lH+n+}(+=lxN
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^*+~7)+_gh.}.lH+ngGglJ++hNLlF+:}N'+HlNp1H+lrH
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IgH+%(KkH+kI+>ng+IgH+MbHhNg,3b.L+bul.lH+.
b.bFlH+.kILgHkLk*0*g7LH+ngNHL'+ kK'g,LblNN|H+L+b+
>ng+b0L'+|H+gH+Mbul.gO N'+gHL;g+,H+hHk*0n+b=gI
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lN};+bxl7+2I.bFkI+>ng+=-bNb+kH+H+-b0'+kHkILg+
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uH+H+gLgIoIkNlH+ng7(+==hN'+ +|KChalland 2009167

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kI+>ng+3b=-3gN6<HLkIkI1>kIkIuN+|KgO IgO =L~IL'+
kI1 > ngI 2 I .b0'+ +L|N '+ H+ %(H h0'+ NlH+ = gEg.L
K;L1=qbulN|H+}2&+Lg+t4H+HJ'g,gK|l,+INL'+ M}2'+ kE
kHLbH+-b0'Hk,grl7+G'+gJ'+kF5H+|Km,lH+LgJ)+1gFkIgH+ngg,9g+
g1gN'+;L1gI)g,gGJ'+)+H+lr+=kIkHLNggO I+bxl7+G'+L
I,%glJ+Lg.LgK5I=._kH+kF+kI+>ng+'+ 5ghl=g,+|K
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lH+kulH+*g/H+Lng,3'+IkhlIL-hG-L}/+rlHI=glH+L5LbH++|K5g>:xH

gl92I>}H+=kH+kHg+.Lklx+.gNlI:5LbH++|KIIglH+mHLg1
IoH+g+}H+ngN+b,LN~H+}H+I2'+bH+1bEgH++|K=+O 4L|8lH
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k=gl0+LkN3glF+Lk7gH+q+b1'+Lngh.H+IkHg:}=ng7+5bH+|K}Hm+IL

NgI|H+,+H++|K'+= kNlH+k,}rlH+:uJg+l5L3IG}I,+}.kEgoH+L
Brynen 2000; Challand lH+H+ngNb,IJ'+=g1'+IoGL}ng,3'+|K,
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kH+kHg++O hNgI)gEgNI)+gHkNhH+khlH+ngFHx.j+nglIgKGE'+I
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Organization Winter Vol46 No1pp 69 108.

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w+F+ ng.+L%g,}H+ *+~7)+ N3LIIngIb+bl,lNgEn+5+}F|2'+ -}+L

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T *fG*<*8f*alG-b*gH+-3gN6)+ N_3+}E'gGN7gH+'+ :+E+NbNb++H+5g;)+_

g,kN3glF+klH+^~+_5L3i,  30L-E+;gH+gH+5L3~uJ+

=k7g7kN.)+ 9H+k==bH6glIg,k7g7kN}I'++O bNbLkHLbH+kG5g+l.L

.2IlN+O 3bO 8l1L'+ gO *+}0)+ +O bNb-5L~Hg,blN++|K5gul7+'

kF5H+|Kg1}.lH+ngHg8)+'+ Nl1Lg,kI1>kI=k0+}I)+ b.L

g,H+lr+IkrlIgJGb=LgO N3gIgJtglJ)+ -3g=)+ =g.5bFb=KbIl

.Kb+lr+kI+>ng+ngKgI9HgO Hg1kIbxl+gO =8G'+k,g+

gI+bxl7kNbH+ngl>+=O Ig8gO In}1kNbH}N'+ko+ilIi;=%g,

gH+gH+L'+^kHLbH+_5L3IlH+=gO HL3LgO F)+gO bNb+7gH+LlH++~G}N

ku:+L-59-3g=.nb+LkNd+iH+L+b+gO I+O }I'+lNulH+.Lb.MlI

k9g2Lklr+klH+LK'+H+0+.lH+k*}H+Gg+Mb1)+ .-b*gH+kEgoH+'+ gG

g.+bl,%gEH_*+~7)+ oIkN5gl7+k7-=3L'+ gJ)+1J+HngGglJ+gJGIO b,

gKG}.Lg=kNG}I lr+gNgFLHk,grl7+ =-53gFmJgGngJgoH+}2+L'+ L'+

 Challand 2009201 ^%8#k9g+kuH+n+3gH+

-bul+'+gI'+ *+}7)+ kh7gkHLbH+Ggu+gI'+ N3}H+l+kh7gkHglH++bK'+hl.

.HgJ)gEKg+L5gE'+|KH)+ m9LHl1l+O oI:++|Kng0.NbHL

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%g1)+ glHg,Lng:Lg+kHLg;)+ -3Hg,^k*+}7)+_LkH++};'+gF)g,LbH+lr+wg

lH+ ng7(+ = bJ K k+ k7gH+ k+_

khFglIg0'+ k2:}=kJgI)g, Senisolla 73grNgH++|KLgH+;gIl

kFg.+F.|IkEbl+kHg+n+b=g+r1'+ =bG'glH+Ig.+4k1+)+ }K8iK|NL

bNbLk:IglHg,LH+}KgH+6LgkJgI)+ 1gO ,g7g1};bFgG|H++(H+)+ -3Hg,

=GH+lNpu,gO 7g7'+ +O b,  7gKMbHl,)+L'+ G+53)+lr+Iw}N}2&+ iJg0I

Hass Peter 1992 "IntroductionEpistemic communities and international coordination" International

=L'+ vHg+ng=kN}J7g7'+ =-3g=Nku+kI+>ng+gl.|H+=bH+)+

mhl7+M(L5LgO FgE&+ m2kI+|Kk+;+H+L}=g+bH.kIIJ'+ ggO N'+

2IgLng=r+|KkN.gO I+O 5L3kI+>ng+ilE^vHg+ng=_

kNb.NggO h;HLkILk=7'+ =kh+k7'g+koNb+Ng+sI32IlNH4L

 ng7+5bH+IoGEEgl+=O (Lg.05g+NlH+=EglH+w}NM}2'+ k0I

F+ 2bH+yN5g. ^E:+5'+Ln+5gH+kI6'+_LbH+hH+ r

LH+F+ F+23yN5g. ^guN5iK|.H_=Lg,}+ r

EHL(I6gI,'+ =%+=k22+35gH+uI;'+ gIb,_hl+ku9 r

}N}.^kH+Kg+7L+O 51G'+0}H+vh9'+ :gE7_;H+n9 r

Soref -LbJlN+3pG++gH'+ |H+jg+Jn+5gl7+Lng7+5bHkJlNH+G}I r

ng7+53G}I^  kN.9}E2kH+kI+5L3_7g,uI r

~H+yN5g.^brI)+ NulHguN5'+ N6gGl77g1m7,H+6L0_;H+gJ3FI r

F+ 2bH+yN5g. kK'+ng+kh8 ,+}H+,}H+-5L3 kIgH+MH+vIs*glJ r

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LH+F+ 2bH+yN5g. kN5gh2)+gIkHgGL:gE73 r

Souri Helga Tawil. 2006. Marginalizing Palestinian Development: /HVVRQV against

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Hass Peter 1992 "IntroductionEpistemic communities and international coordination" International

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Souri Helga Tawil. 2006. Marginalizing Palestinian Development: /HVVRQV against