TR NG CAO NG KINH T K THUT

KHOA K THUT CNG NGHIP B MN C KH

C TRUNG

THIT K M HNH 3D BNG AUTOCAD

Thi nguyn, thng 8 nm 2010

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Chng 1 C S TO M HNH BA CHIU 1.1. Lch s pht trin CAD M hnh ha ba chiu (3D) l mt lnh vc pht trin nhanh chng trong CAD, n l mt cuc cch mng trong vic ng dng my tnh vo qu trnh thit k. Cc phn mm thit k 3D, c bt u s dng vo nhng nm 1980, ngy cng ph bin trong cng nghip. Nh phng php v truyn thng, cc bn v hai chiu (2D) trong cc phn mm CAD trnh by vt th trong mt phng XY. Do 2D CAD ch l cng c v bng my tnh (computer drafting tools) v sn phm cui cng l in ra giy. Ngc li, cc m hnh 3D khng ch l v mt i tng m l hnh nh thc ca vt th. Do 3D CAD l cng c m hnh ha bng my tnh (computer modeling tool). S xut hin v pht trin ca h thng SKETCHPAD ca Ivan Sutherland thuc trng i hc K thut Massachusetts vo nm 1962 c coi l m u ca CAD. Tuy nhin u tin h thng ny ch thc hin cc bn v hai chiu. H thng SKETCHPAD III, c pht trin sau bi T.E. Johnson, cho php biu din vt th bi cc m hnh 3D vi mc gii hn do tc tnh ca my lc cn hn ch. S pht trin ca cc phn mm CAD lin quan n s pht trin phn cng. V gi thnh ca my tnh ln vo nhng nm 60, 70 rt cao, do ch c Nh nc hoc Cng ty ln ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin mi c th trang b v s dng cc phn mm CAD. Trong thi k ny cc phn mm CAD s dng trong cng ty Hng khng, t, Qun s, Tuy nhin do s lng tnh ton khi thit k m hnh 3D rt ln v tc my cn chm nn s ng dng cn hn ch. Gim gi thnh v tng tc tnh ton my tnh cho php phn mm thng mi thit k m hnh 3D solid u tin ra i vo nm 1980. Phn mm ny c s dng trn cc my tnh ln v cc my tnh c nhn. Cng thi im ny phn mm AutoCAD ca hng Autodesk ra i (1982) dng cho my tnh

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c nhn. Cc phn mm 3D u tin ch thc hin cc nhim v c bit. V d cc phn mm ca cc cng ty hng khng chuyn v thit k kt cu hng khng v n khng thch hp cho vic thit k cc chi tit c kh c kch thc nh. Do cc phn mm 3D thng mi u tin ch phc v cho cc th trng c bit. Cc phn mm thng mi 3D pht trin hin nay c nhiu kh nng a dng v c th to cc m hnh bt k. Ngoi ra vo nhng nm 1980 pht trin tiu chun trao i d liu gia cc phn mm c tnh a dng cho cc phn mm thc hin cc nhim v c bit v cc phn mm tnh ton khc, cho nn cc sn phm m hnh ha a dng pht trin nhanh chng. S pht trin nhanh chng my tnh c nhn km theo l s gim gi thnh l nguyn nhn chnh gip cho phn mm AutoCAD c s dng rng ri. T AutoCAD 11 c th thit k m hnh 3D dng solid (AME). Trong cc release sau ny ca AutoCAD ngy cng hon thin cng c thit k 3D. Nguyn nhn s dng m hnh 3D M hnh ha hnh hc ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh thit k k thut. M hnh 3D (ba chiu) hin th vt th tht hn cc bn v 2D (hai chiu). Bn c th chuyn m hnh 3D sang cc hnh chiu 2D, to cc bn v ch to 2D. M hnh 3D trn AutoCAD c to m khng cn s dng cc bn v 2D. Ta c th xut h hnh 3D ca AutoCAD thnh cc nh dng DXF, IGES, STL, chuyn i d liu cho cc phn mm CAD, CAD/CAM,v d cho cc phn mm my iu khin chng trnh s, cc phn mm tnh ton, Lnh Stlout trong AutoCAD xut m hnh solid thnh nh dng file tng thch vi cc thit b to hnh lp th hoc cn gi l cc thit b to mu nhanh (rapid prototyping). Cc thit b ny s dng cc d liu s my tnh to cc m hnh t mt s vt liu. Ngoi ra ta cn c th to cc hnh nh tht ca vt th t cc m hnh 3D bng cch gn vt liu, nh sang v t bng. iu ny rt cn thit biu din m hnh trong cc giai on thit k v thit lp ti liu thit k.

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1.2. c im mi trong AutoCAD 2004 Phin bn u tin ca phn mm AutoCAD xut hin vo nm 1982, hin nay phin bn mi nht l AutoCAD 2010. T phin bn AutoCAD 2004 trang b cc cng c lm vic nng sut cao hn, nng cao giao din s dng v hin th ha to d liu nhanh hn. t password cho bn v. Cng c CAD standards v h tr bi DWF (Design Web Format) file gip cho d liu trao i c nhanh. Trong AutoCAD 2004 c cc c im lin quan n phn 3D nh sau: - Dn sch mn hnh (t hp phm CTRL + 0). - Th hin cc ng khut khi thc hin lnh Hide. - ng ca s Render. Dn sch mn hnh (Clean Screen) Dn sch mn hnh bao gm che khut nhng g hin th trn mn hnh, ngoi tr vng ha (drawing area), menu bar v dng lnh (command line). Nhp t hp phm CTRL + 0 (Zero) chuyn gia giao din hin hnh v mn hnh c dn sch. Ngoi ra c th chn trn View menu.

Hnh 1.1. Dn sch mn hnh Hin th cc ng khut (Hidden Lines) Trn trang User Preferences ca hp thoi Options bn c th thay i thit lp cho cc ng khut. Cc thit lp ny nh hng n s hin th cc

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ng khut khi bn thc hin lnh Hide hoc la chn Hidden ca lnh Shademode.

Hnh 1.2. Hp thoi Hidden Line Settings V d bn c th gn dng ng DASHED cho tt c ng khut m hnh 3D nh sau:

Hnh 1.3. Hin th cc ng khut ng ca s Render Khi t bng to hnh nh, bn c th ng Render window bng cch chn vo nt Close (hnh 1.4).

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Hnh 1.4 1.3. Gii thiu v cc m hnh 3D Bn v 2D l tp hp cc on thng v ng cong (ng trn, cung trn, elip,) nm trong mt phng XY. Trong bn v 3D ta thm vo trc Z. Lch s pht trin m hnh 3D gm 4 th h d liu CAD bt u t vic to mt 2 chiu, sau l dng khung dy (wireframe), mt cong (surface) v cui cng l m hnh khi rn (solid). M hnh 2 chiu M hnh 2 chiu c to theo nguyn tc ko cc i tng 2D theo trc Z thnh cc mt 2 chiu. M hnh khung dy (wireframe modeling)

Hnh 1.5. Khung dy 12 lines M hnh dng khung dy bao gm cc im trong khng gian v cc ng thng hoc cong ni chng li vi nhau. M hnh dng khung dy nh hnh 1.5 bao gm 12 cnh (edge cn gi l ng sn hay ng bin). Cc mt khng c to nn v ch c cc ng bin, m hnh ny ch c kch thc cc cnh nhng khng c th tch (nh mt cong), hoc khi lng (nh solid). Ton b cc i tng ca m hnh u c nhn thy (hnh 1.5).

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M hnh mt cong (surface modeling) M hnh mt cong biu din i tng tt hn m hnh khung dy v cc cnh ca m hnh khung dy c tri bng mt c nh ngha bng cc cng thc ton hc.

Hnh 1.6. M hnh mt cong M hnh mt ca hp ch nht ging nh mt hp rng, c cc cnh v cc mt nhng bn trong th rng. M hnh mt c th tch nhng khng c khi lng. M hnh dng ny c th che cc ng khut v t bng (hnh 1.6). M hnh solid (solid modeling) M hnh solid (khi rn) l m hnh biu din vt th ba chiu hon chnh nht. M hnh ny bao gm cc cnh, mt v cc c im bn trong. Dng cc lnh ct solid ta c th nhn thy ton b bn trong m hnh. M hnh dng ny c th tnh th tch v tnh cc c tnh v khi lng. M hnh solid ca AutoCAD c cu trc CSG (Constructive Solid Geometry). Trong AutoCAD cc solid l cc i tng ca AutoCAD v c cu trc gi l ACIS. Solid c cu trc ACIS cn gi l m hnh lai (Hybrid modeler) v n duy tr hai dng d liu ch yu m t hnh l: d liu khng gian hnh hc (Geometric spatial data) v d liu lin kt topo (Topographic data). D liu khng gian hnh hc m t m hnh theo gii hn ca kt cu solid, ging nh to cc solid a hp cu trc CSG ca AutoCAD. D liu lin kt topo hay cn gi l biu din bin (B-rep) dng to cc mt li a gic. M hnh dng khi a hp (complex solid) l s kt hp cc solid c s (nh box, cylinder, wedge, sphere) bng cc php i s boole (cng, tr, giao). M hnh 3D dng mt cong v solid c th che cc mt khut bng lnh Hide v to nh tht bng cch t bng bng lnh Render hoc Shademode (hnh 1.7).

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a) Sau khi Hide

b) Sau khi Render

Hnh 1.7. Hnh chiu song song Trong AutoCAD c th quan st hnh chiu song song (hnh 1.7) v hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D vi vt liu v hnh nh. 1.4. Cc phng php nhp ta im trong khng gian ba chiu Nu trong bn v hai chiu (2D) ta ch nhp ta X v Y, th trong bn v ba chiu (3D) ta nhp thm ta theo trc Z. Hng trc Z vung gc vi mt phng XY v tun theo quy tc bn tay phi (hnh 1.8 ngn ci trc X, ngn tr trc Y v ngn gia trc Z).
Y

Hnh 1.8. Qui c cc trc ta theo qui tc bn tay phi Biu tng xut hin di pha tri mn hnh ha gi l User Coordinate System Icon (hnh 1.9 a). Trn biu tng ny ch thy trc X v Y. Khi thay i im nhn bng lnh Vpoint c gi tr z khc 0, ta quan st c trc Z (hnh 1.9c).

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+Y

Y X

+Z
X

-x

Z Y X

a)

+x

-Z

b) Hnh 1.9. UCS v trc Z qui c

-Y

c)

nhp ta mt im vo bn v ba chiu ta c 5 phng php sau y: - Trc tip dng phm chn (PICK) ca chut. X, Y, Z - Ta tuyt i @X, Y, Z - Ta tng i Nhp ta tuyt i so vi gc ta (0,0,0). Nhp ta so vi im c xc nh cui cng nht. Nhp vo khong cch (dist), gc (angle) trong mt phng XY so vi trc X v cao - Ta tr tng i @dist<angle, Z Z so vi im c xc nh cui cng nht trong bn v Nhp vo khong cch (dist), - Ta cu tng i gc (angle) trong mt phng XY @dist<angle<angle v gc (angle) hp vi mt phng XY so vi im xc nh cui cng nht trong bn

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v. 1.5. Quan st m hnh 3D (lnh Vpoint)

Hnh 1.10. Gi lnh Vpoint trn View menu hoc Standard toolbar S dng lnh Vpoint xc nh im nhn n m hnh 3D (php chiu song song). im nhn ch xc nh hng nhn, cn khong cch nhn khng nh hng g n s quan st ( quan st hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D ta s kho st lnh Dview hoc 3Dorbit trong chng 10). Ty vo im nhn m biu tng UCSicon xut hin trn mn hnh s khc nhau. Khi biu tng c dng cy bt ch gy ta khng th no to cc i tng trn mt phng lm vic (Working plane mt phng XY). Gi lnh Vpoint t bn phm, thanh cng c Standard (hnh 1.10) hoc View. Command: Vpoint Current view direction: VIEWDIR=0.0000,0.0000,1.0000 Specify a view point or [Rotate] <display compass and tripod>: -1,-1,1 Cc la chn Ta X, Y, Z Ta 0, 0, 1 0, -1, 0 -1, 0, 0 (Vector) Hnh chiu bng (Top) Hnh chiu ng (Front) Hnh chiu cnh (Side) Nhp ta im nhn. Nu hnh chiu trc o u (isometric) l -1, -1, 1 th:

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-2, -2, 1 -1, -2, 3 Rotate

Dimetric Trimetric

Xc nh v tr im nhn bng cc gc quay Command: Vpoint Specify a view point or [Rotate] <display compass and tripod>: R Enter angle in XY plane from X axis <Gi tr gc hin hnh>: (Gc im nhn so vi trc X trong mt phng XY). Enter angle from XY plane <Gi tr gc hin hnh>: (Gc ca im nhn so vi mt phng XY). Cc la chn t toolbars v view menu - lnh Ddvpoint (hnh 1.10) Viewpoint Preset Viewpoint Plan view> Top Bottom Left Right Front Back SW Isometric SE Isometric NE Isometric NW Isometric Xut hin hp thoi Viewpoint Presets (hnh 1.11) Compass Globe Hnh chiu bng theo Curent UCS, UCS v WCS im nhn (0, 0, 1) im nhn (0, 0, -1) im nhn (1, 0, 0) im nhn (-1, 0, 0) im nhn (0, -1, 0) im nhn (0, 1, 0) im nhn (-1, -1, 1) im nhn (1, -1, 1) im nhn (1, 1, 1) im nhn (-1, 1, 1) Hnh chiu bng Hnh chiu t y Hnh chiu cnh tri Hnh chiu cnh phi Hnh chiu ng Hnh chiu t mt sau Hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o

SW hng Ty Nam. SE hng ng Nam. NE hng ng Bc. NW hng Ty Bc.

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Hnh 1.11. Hp thoi Viewpoint Presets 1.6. To cc khung nhn tnh (lnh Vports) Lnh Vports dng phn chia mn hnh thnh nhiu khung nhn, cc khung nhn ny c kch thc c nh nn cn gi l khung nhn tnh. Ta c th gi lnh t View menu (hnh 1.12).

Hnh 1.12. Lnh Vports trn View menu Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: (La chn hoc nhp Enter).

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Hnh 1.13. To 4 khung nhn tnh v chn khung hin hnh Ti a trn mn hnh ta to c 16 khung nhn. Trong cc khung nhn c to ta ch c mt khung nhn l hin hnh. Ta ch thc hin c cc lnh AutoCAD trong khung nhn hin hnh. Mun cho khung nhn no l hin hnh ta a mi tn vo khung nhn v nhn phm chn (phm tri ca chut), khi trn khung nhn ny s xut hin hai si tc v con chy (cursor). Khung nhn hin hnh c ng vin m hn cc khung nhn khc (hnh 1.13). Cc la chn Save Ghi cu hnh khung nhn vi mt tn (ti a 31 k t): Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: S Enter name for new viewport configuration or [?]: (Tn ca khung nhn hoc nhp ? nu mun lit k cc cu hnh khung nhn c). Nu nhp ? s xut hin dng nhc sau: Viewport configuration(s) to list <*>: (Nhp vo tn cu hnh khung nhn hoc ENTER). Restore Gi li tn mt cu hnh khung nhn ghi: Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: R

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Enter name of viewport configuration to restore or [?]: (Tn cu hnh cn gi). Delete Xa mt cu hnh khung nhn ghi. Join Kt hp khung nhn hin hnh vi mt khung nhn khc vi iu kin l hai khung to thnh mt hnh ch nht. Command: -Vports Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: J Select dominant viewport <>: (Chn khung nhn chnh). Select viewpoint to joint: (Chn khung nhn cn kt hp). Single Chuyn khung nhn hin hnh thnh khung nhn duy nht trn mn hnh. ? Lit k cc cu hnh khung nhn t tn. 2 Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 2 khung nh hn. Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: 2 Enter a configuration option [Horizontal/Vertical] <Vertical>: (Hai khung nhn thng ng hoc nm ngang). 3 Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 3 khung nhn nh. Enter an option [Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/3/4] <3>: 3 Enter a configuration option [Horizontal/Vertical/Above/Below/Left/Right] <>: Horizontal Vertical Above Below Left Ba khung nhn nm ngang Ba khung nhn thng ng Mt khung nhn ln pha trn, 2 khung nhn nh pha di Mt khung nhn ln di, 2 khung nhn nh trn Mt khung nhn ln bn tri, 2 khung nhn nh bn

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phi Right 4 Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 4 phn bng nhau. Khi thc hin lnh Vports ta c th to cc khung nhn t hp thoi Viewports (hoc la chn New Viewport t View menu) cho php ta chn cc dng cu hnh khung nhn khc nhau. Ta c th thit lp v tr cc hnh chiu theo tiu chun E (hnh 1.14). Mt khung nhn ln bn phi, 2 khung nhn nh bn tri

Hnh 1.14. Hp thoi Viewports 1.7. Quan st hnh chiu bng (lnh Plan) Khi thc hin lnh Plan s hin ln hnh chiu bng theo im nhn (0, 0, 1) cc i tng ca bn v theo mt h ta m ta nh (hnh 1.15).

a) Trc khi Plan Hnh 1.15 Command: Plan

b) Sau khi Plan theo WCS

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Enter an option [Current ucs/Ucs/World] <Current>: (Chn h trc ta cn th hin hnh chiu bng). Cc la chn: Current ucs Ucs World 1.8. Lnh View Dng lnh View hoc View to cc phn hnh nh ca bn v hin hnh. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: Cc la chn: Save Lu li nh ang hin hnh trn mn hnh di dng mt nh c tn. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: S Enter view name to save: (Nhp tn ca nh t bn phm). Restore Gi li phn nh c t tn. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: R Enter view name to restore: (Tn ca phn nh cn gi li). Delete Xa mt phn nh c t tn ra khi bn v. ? Hin danh sch tn cc nh ca bn v. Window Lu phn nh c xc nh bng mt khung ca s. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: W H ta hin hnh H ta ghi trong bn v H ta gc

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Enter view name to save: (Tn ca phn nh). Specify first corner: (Xc nh im gc th nht ca khung ca s). Specify opposite corner: (Xc nh im gc i din ca khung ca s). Orthographic Hin th cc la chn hnh chiu cho view. Command: -View Enter an option [?/Orthographic/Delete/Restore/Save/Ucs/Window]: O Enter an option [Top/Bottom/Front/BAck/Left/Right]<Top>: (Nhp la chn cc hnh chiu hoc ENTER).

Hnh 1.16. Hp thoi View Nu ta nhp t bn phm lnh View hoc chn t View menu s xut hin hp thoi View (hnh 1.16). Trong hp thoi ny ta c th thc hin cc chc nng ca lnh View nh k ra trn. 1.9. Che cc nt khut (lnh Hide) Lnh Hide dng che cc nt khut ca cc m hnh 3D dng mt cong hoc solid. Command: Hide Khi s dng lnh Hide, nu bin INTERSECTIONDISPLAY gn ON th giao tuyn gia cc mt cong s c hin th l cc pline (hn 1.17).

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a) OFF

b) ON

Hnh 1.17. Bin INTERSECTIONDISPLAY Nu bin HIDETEXT gn l OFF th khi thc hin lnh Hide b qua cc dng text nhng cc dng text vn hin th trn mn hnh. 1.10. Lnh Rengen, Regenall, Redraw, Redrawall Lnh Redraw, Redrawall V li cc i tng trong khung nhn hin hnh. Lnh ny dng xa cc du + (gi l cc Blipmode) trn mn hnh. Command: Redraw (hoc R ). Nu mun xa cc du + trn tt c cc khung nhn dng lnh Redrawall. Lnh Rengen, Regenall Lnh Rengen tnh ton v ti to li ton b cc i tng trn khung nhn hin hnh. Khi ti to s cp nht ton b bin thay i trong bn v. Lnh Regenall tnh ton v ti to li ton b cc i tng trn tt c cc khung nhn ca mn hnh (khi s dng lnh Vports to cc khung nhn trn mn hnh). Khi ti to s cp nht ton b cc bin thay i trong bn v.

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Chng 2 H TA V PHNG PHP NHP IM 2.1. Cc h ta trong bn v AutoCAD Trong bn v AutoCAD tn ti hai h ta : WCS (World Coordinate System) v UCS (User Coordinate System). WCS tn ti trong bt k bn v AutoCAD. Ta c th to v lu (save) nhiu UCS trong mt bn v, UCS gip ta thc hin bn v ba chiu c d dng hn. Tuy nhin cng mt lc ta ch c mt trong hai h ta WCS hoc UCS l hin hnh. WCS l h ta mc nh trong bn v AutoCAD c th gi l h ta gc. Biu tng (icon) ca WCS nm gc tri pha di bn v v c ch W xut hin trong biu tng ny. Ty vo trng thi ON hoc OFF ca lnh Ucsicon m biu tng ny c xut hin hay khng. H ta ny c nh v khng th dch chuyn. UCS l h ta m ta t nh ngha, h ta ny c th t v tr bt k v ty vo im nhn (viewpoint) biu tng ca chng s hin ln khc nhau. S lng UCS trong mt bn v khng hn ch, mt phng XY trong cc h ta gi l mt phng v (Working plane). Phng chiu ca li (GRID), bc nhy con chy (SNAP) thay i theo cc trc X, Y trong mt phng XY ca h ta hin hnh. UCS c th to theo cc la chn ca lnh UCS. Gi tr ta X, Y xut hin trn dng trng thi (pha trn, bn phi mn hnh) l ta ca con chy (giao im hai si tc) trong mt phng XY so vi gc ta ca UCS hin hnh. Thng thng trong bn v 3 chiu X l chiu di (Length), Y l chiu rng (Width), Z l chiu cao (Height). 2.2. Qui tc bn tay phi Trong chng 1 ta bit: xc nh chiu ca cc trc X, Y, Z trong AutoCAD tun theo qui tc bn tay phi (ngn ci l trc X, ngn tr l trc Y v ngn gia l trc Z). Chiu quay dng theo ngc chiu kim ng h (Counter Clock-Wise) nhn t nh trc v pha gc ta . 2.3. Lnh Ucsicon

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Lnh Ucsicon iu khin s hin th ca biu tng ta . Nu biu tng trng vi gc ta ti im (0, 0, 0) th trn biu tng s xut hin du +. Khi quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (lnh Dview hoc 3Dorbit) th biu tng h ta l mt hnh chop ct c y l hnh vung. Command: Ucsicon Enter an option [ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin/Properties] <ON>: (Chn la chn). ON/ OFF M/ tt biu tng ta trn mn hnh v trn khung nhn. All Th hin biu tng ta trn mi khung nhn mn hnh. Noorigin Biu tng ta ch xut hin gc tri mn hnh. Origin Biu tng lun lun di chuyn theo gc ta (im 0, 0, 0 ca UCS). AutoCAD hin th cc biu tng UCS khc nhau trn paper space v model space. Trong c hai trng hp, du cng + xut hin trn biu tng khi biu tng ny ang nm gc ta ca UCS hin hnh. Ch ci W xut hin hng Y ca biu tng nu nh UCS hin hnh l h ta gc (WCS). T AutoCAD 2002 khi thc hin lnh Ucsicon cn c la chn Properties. Nu chn la chn ny s xut hin hp thoi UCS Icon (hnh 2.1). Trn hp thoi ny ta gn cc tnh cht hin th ca biu tng ta . Command: Ucsicon Enter an option [ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin/Properties] <ON>: P

Hnh 2.1. Hp thoi UCS Icon

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