Wagner Nunes ICMC

J=I @A )K = @A 5 )!

+7 +)
9=C AH 8EAEH= AEJA K AI ,AF=HJ= A J @A =JA =JE?= 1+ + 752 BALAHAEH @A !
Sum ario
1 Avisos Gerais sobre a Disciplina 2 Introdu c ao 3 N umeros Reais 4 Fun c oes 5 Limites 6 Fun c oes Cont nuas 7 Fun c oes Diferenci aveis 8 M aximos ou M nimos 9 Limites no innito e innitos 10 Diferenciais 11 F ormula de Taylor 12 Integrais indenidas 13 Integrais denidas 14 Aplica c oes de Integrais denidas 15 Integrais impr oprias 16 Coordenadas Polares 5 13 19 51 125 179 205 281 345 425 431 441 517 557 617 651
"
57 )41
Cap tulo 1
Avisos Gerais sobre a Disciplina

4.03.2013 - 1.a
1.1
P agina do curso na web

E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH JA IACKE JA A @AHA ?
) F =CE = @= @EI?EF E = GKA IAH =
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! I =! DJ
1.2
Endere co de email
IACKE JA
A @AHA ? @A A =E @ FH BAII H 9=C AH A
ML K AI(E? ? KIF >H
1.3
Sala no ICMC
1+ + A= I= = ! &
) I= = @ FH BAII H 9=C AH
1.4
Telefone / Ramal
1+ + A
JA AB A H= = @= I= = @ FH BAII H 9=C AH
!! %! '%"#
1.5
Hor ario das aulas

+ = ?K 11 E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH IAH=
I D H =HE I @=I =K =I @= @EI?EF E = 5 )!!
=I " =I A $ =I BAEH=I @=I & =I ' # = I= = KJH=I E B H = ? AI F @A DJJF IAH >JE@=I
A?=JH E?=
IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA>
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! I =! DJ #
+)2 167
)815 5 /-4)15 5 *4- ) ,15+12 1 )
1.6
Ementa da disciplina
Introdu c ao: = *HALA ANF IE ?= I >HA I > AJEL I @ ?KHI @A + = ?K 1
N umeros Reais:
=
K J @ I K AH I HA=EI A = CK =I @A IK=I FH FHEA@=@AI E=EI H=?E =EI JHEC AJHE?=I C=H

J E?=I A ANF A?E=EI
> .K ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= ? .K ? AI F E ! Limites e Continuidade: = > ,A ? ?= E JKEJEL= @A E EJA @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= E ?= @A E EJA @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= A FH FHEA@=@AI E EJAI =JAHE=I @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA=
@ .K ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI ? J

K=I @A K = L=HE =LA HA= A FH FHEA@=@AI " Deriva c ao: = > ,A JEL= ? AI HAJ= J= CA JA A LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A= E ?= @A @AHEL=@= @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= E=EI H=?E =EI JHEC AJHE?=I
? 4A = ?= A JHA @AHEL= ?= A ? JE KE@=@A @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= @ 4ACH=I @A @AHEL= ?= @AHEL=@=I @A BK ? AI F E C=H
J E?=I A DEFAH> E?=I A 4ACH= @A +=@AE= F=H= ?
F IJ=I @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA=
B ) @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= E LAHI= @A K = BK ? ?= = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= )F E?= ?= ANFHAII AI @=I @AHEL=@=I @= BK ?= ANF A ?E= @=I BK ? AI E LAHI=I JHEC AJHE?=I A @=I BK ? AI DEFAH> E?=I E LAHI=I C )?H AI?E I A @EBAHA ?E=EI @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= IKFAHE H @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= D ,AHEL= ?= @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= GKA I= @=@=I E F E?EJ= A JA E ,AHEL=@=I @A H@A F E E @A 6=O H F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA=
6=N=I HA =?E =@=I @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= # Aplica c oes da Derivada: = ? 6A HA = @ L= H A@E F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= > .K ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= GKA I= ?HAI?A JAI K @A?HAI?A JAI =NE I A
E I ?=EI K HA =JEL I A C >=EI K =>I KJ I F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= =NE IA
E I ?=EI A C >=EI F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A
@ 2H > A =I A L LA @ K = L=HE =LA HA=
$
- - 6) ,) ,15+12 1 )
A + ?=LE@=@A A F J I @A E AN= @ CH = ? @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= B . H =I E @AJAH E =@=I A L LA @ BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= 4ACH= @A 0 FEJ= C 4AJ=I =II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI A D HE J=EI @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= D 4AFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= E ) JE@AHEL=@=I F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= $ A Integral Denida: = JEL= ?= FH > A = @A A ? JH=H L= H @A K = =HA= F = = > ) E JACH= @A E@= F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= A FH FHEA@=@AI ? 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K A =F E?= ? AI @ 1 JACH=EI E @A E@=I F=H= BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= A AJ @ I F=H= ? = ?K @A E JACH=EI E @A E@=I E JACH= ?= F H IK>JEJKE ?= A E JACH= ?= F H F=HJAI % As Fun c oes Logar tmicas e Exponeciais: = ,A E ? AI @=I BK ? AI C=H
J E?=I A ANF A ?E=EI A FH FHEA@=@AI > .K ? AI DEFAH> E?=I A DEFAH> E?=I E LAHI=I ? 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K F=H= =I BK ? AI C=H
J E?=I A ANF A ?E=EI A =F E?= ? AI & Aplica c oes de Integrais Denidas: = + = ?K @ L= H @A =HA=I @A HACE AI F = =I > + = ?K @ L= H @A L K AI @A I E@ I AJ @ @=I IA? ? AI JH= ILAHI=EI A AJ @ @=I ?=I?=I ?E
@HE?=I ? + = ?K @ L= H @ ? FHE A J @A K =H? @A IKFAHB
?EAI GKA I= @A HAL K ?= @ )HA=I A )HA= @A HACE AI F = =I A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ' M etodos de Integra c ao: = 5K>IJEJKE ? AI JHEC AJHE?=I > 1 JACH= ?= @A BK ? AI H=?E =EI Integrais Impr oprias: = 1 JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA A L LA @ BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= > 6AIJAI @A ? LAHCA ?E= F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I A L LA @ BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= ? 1 JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA A L LA @ BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= KJH=I E B H = ? AI F @A DJJF IAH >JE@=I IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA> ML K AI I =! A A J=! DJ MMM E? ? KIF >H AJ @ @ I @EI? I
&
+)2 167
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1.7
Bilbiograa da disciplina
I 2E AEH= 2A=HI ? /A I ''' /A )@@EI 9AI AO ' A 4 4 = H =?/H=M 0E * -@EJ H= '&% AJHE= ) =
JE?= 8 A
Stewart, J. + = ?K Thomas, G.B.
I ELH I IKCAHE@ I F=H= ? IK J= IAH= 8 + = ?K A 8 + = ?K
Swokowski, E.W.
J@= ''#
Simmons, G.F.
+ = ?K ? = H *
AJHE= ) =
JE?= 8
,KF =I A 6HEF =I
Shenk, A. Leithold, L.
Gon calves, M.B. & Flemming, D.M. + = ?K
) .K ? AI @A 8 =HE=I 8=HE =LAEI A 1 JACH=EI -@EJ H= += FKI '&" 0=HFAH 4 M 2K> 752 J=I @A )K = '&$
+ = ?K A /A + = ?K ? 7
AJHE= ) =
JE?= 8 /A 8
AJHE= ) =
JE?= 8 1 A 11
Guidorizzi, H.L.
+KHI @A + = ?K IAH >JE@=I
ELH I 6 A? E? I A -@EJ H=
T aboas, P.Z. + = ?K
,EBAHA ?E= A 1 JACH=
= 4AJ= 1+
KJH=I E B H = ? AI F @A DJJF
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! >E> E CH= =! DJ
1.8
Notas de aula
DJJF MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! J=I! DJ I= = @A =K =
A @AHA ? AIJ=H= @EIF

LAEI =I J=I @A =K = HA =JEL=I = ? JA K@ @AIA L LE@ FA FH BAII H A )I J=I @A =K = IAH= =JK= E =@=I IA = = A JA
1.9
Hor arios de monitoria da disciplina
= K Marcus Vinicius IAH = EJ H @= @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH - A E EIJH=H = =K = @A ANAH?

?E I IA = = A JA A @=H = F = J= @A @ KLE@=I IA = = A JA I D H =HE I A ?=EI @AIJ= A @=I KJH=I EJ HE=I IAH= @A E@ I F IJAHE H A JA KJH=I E B H = ? AI F @A IAH >JE@=I IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA> DJJF MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! EJ HAI! DJ
1.10
Hor ario de atendimento do docente da disciplina

E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH IAH = =I IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA> =I BAEH=I @=I $ =I & = I= = @ FH BAII H
D H =HE @A =JA @E A J @= @EI?EF E = KJH=I E B H = ? AI F @A DJJF
IAH >JE@=I
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! =JA @E A J ! DJ

156)5 ,- -:-4+ 1+1 5 ,) ,15+12 1 )
'
1.11
Listas de exerc cios da disciplina

E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH F @A IAH A ? JH=@=I =
)I @ A EIJ=I @A ANAH?
?E I @= @EI?EF E = IACKE JA F =CE = @= MA> DJJF
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! ANAH?E?E I! DJ
1.12
Freq u encia na disciplina
7 = ? @E ?= A?AIII =HE= =I = IK ?EA JA F=H= = K IAH =FH L=@ = @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH A GKA IK= BHAGKA ?E= = @EI?EF E = GKA @A J=HA I F H F IA = =E H K ECK= = 70 ) EIJ= @A FHAIA ?= @= @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH IAH = ? JH =@= 5 IAH= =?AEJ=I ASSINATURAS K NOME COMPLETO POR EXTENSO = EIJ= @A FHAIA ?= IAH 3K= GKAH KJH @ NAO = =?AEJ A IAH = ? ?=@ B= J= = EIJ= @A FHAIA ?=
1.13
Crit erio de avalia c ao e aprova c ao da disciplina
) =L= E= ?= @= @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH ? IJ=H = @A GK=JH FH L=I = FHE AEH= 1 @= J= = = IACK @= FH L= GKA IAH = @A J=@= P2 L= A @ FH L= GKA IAH = @A J=@= P1 L= A @
1 @= 6 6
J=
= = JAH?AEH= FH L= GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H P3 GKA ? HHAIF @AH ==

1
1 @= 3
J= A@E=
= A= =
GK=HJ= FH L= GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H P4 GKA ? HHAIF @AH = = @= 3 GKA @A J=HA I F H MF IAH = @=@= FA = IACKE JA B H K =
. 1 P1 + 2 P2 + 2 P3 + 3 P4 MF = . 8
J=
K IA = =
2=H= IAH ? IE@AH=@ =FH L=@ = @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH = A@E= @ = K = @EI?EF E = @ALAH = IAH =E H K ECK= = 5, 0 A IK= BHAGKA ?E= IAH =E H K ECK= = 70 K IA =
5, 0 MF
A 70 F. IAH A ? JH=@=I IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA>
KJH=I E B H = ? AI I >HA I @ EI EJA I =?E = F @A DJJF
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! ?HEJAHE ! ?HEJAHE ! DJ
1.14
Prova substitutiva da disciplina
= K GKA perder uma, e somente uma, @=I GK=JH FH L=I @ EJA ! F @AH = IA IK> AJAH = =IIE @A E =@= prova substitutiva ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H PS ) J= @AIJ= FH L= A JH=H = = KC=H @= J= @= FH L= GKA = K FAH@AK A = A@E= IAH = ?= ?K =@= ? EJA ! IK>IJEJKE @ IA = J= FH L= FAH@E@= FA = J= @= FH L= IK>IJEJKJEL= K IA =
. 1 P1 + 2 PS + 2 P3 + 3 P4 . 1 PS + 2 P2 + 2 P3 + 3 P4 K MF = MF = 8 8 . 1 P1 + 2 P2 + 2 PS + 3 P4 . 1 P1 + 2 P2 + 2 P3 + 3 PS K MF = K MF = 8 8

+)2 167
)815 5 /-4)15 5 *4- ) ,15+12 1 )
?=I L= H = AIGKAH@= = FHE AEH= E D= IAH = F=H= = K GKA FAH@AK = FHE AEH= FH L= L= H = @EHAEJ= = FHE AEH= E D= IAH = F=H= = K GKA FAH@AK = IACK @= FH L= L= H = AIGKAH@= = IACK @= E D= IAH = F=H= = K GKA FAH@AK = JAH?AEH= FH L= A L= H = @EHAEJ= = IACK @= E D= IAH = F=H= = K GKA FAH@AK = FHE AEH= FH L= SOMENTE F @AH = B= AH = FH L= IK>IJEJKJEL= = K GKA FAH@AK K = @=I GK=JH FH L=I @ EJA ! 2=H= IAH ? IE@AH=@ =FH L=@ = @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH = A@E= @ = K = @EI?EF E = =F I = FH L= IK>IJEJKJEL= @ALAH = IAH =E H K ECK= = 5, 0 A IK= BHAGKA ?E= IAH =E H K ECK= = 70 K IA = 5, 0 MF A 70 F.
= @EI?EF E =
Observa c ao 1.14.1
? JA K@ @= FH L= IK>IJEJKJEL= IAH =J @ E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH

EJA =?E = F @A IAH A ? JH=@=I
? JA K@ @AIA L LE@ @KH= JA

KJH=I E B H = ? AI I >HA DJJF
1.15
70
Prova de recupera c ao da disciplina

A@E= =E H K ECK= = 3, 0 A
3, 0 MF < 5, 0
I = K I GKA >JELAHA K IA =
A H GKA 5, 0 A BHAGKA ?E=
=E H K ECK= =
A 70 F,
F @AH= IA IK> AJAH = K = K JE = =L= E= ?= @A E =@= prova de recupera c ao ?K L= H IAH = E @E?=@ F H PR =K = IEJK= ?= =?E = GKA >JELAH J= = FH L= @A HA?KFAH= ?= =E H K ECK= = 5, 0 IAH = ? IE@AH=@ =FH L=@ = @EI?EF E = K IA = IA
5, 0 PR.
= IEJK= ?= =?E = = A@E= @ = K >JE@= @= IACKE JA B H =

5, 0 ,
=F I = FH L= @A HA?KFAH= ?= GKA E @E?=HA

MF + PR 5, 0 2 . MF + PR > 5, 0 2
I F H MR IAH =
IA IA
. MR =
MF + PR , 2
@KH= JA = @EI?EF E =
Observa c ao 1.15.1
? JA K@ @= FH L= @A HA?KFAH= ?= IAH = J @ E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH

EJA =?E = F @A IAH A ? JH=@=I
? JA K@ @AIA L LE@
KJH=I E B H = ? AI I >HA DJJF
$ ,)6)5 ,)5 )8) 1)+ -5 24 8) 57*56167618) - ,- 4-+72-4)+ ) ,) ,15+12 1 )
1.16
Datas das avalia co es, prova substitutiva e de recupera c ao da disciplina
)I @=J=I @=I FH L=I @= @EI?EF E = IAH=

1.a Prova: 3 de abril - 4.a-feira 2.a Prova: 29 de abril - 2.a-feira 3.a Prova: 27 de maio - 2.a-feira 4.a Prova: 24 de junho - 2.a-feira Prova Substitutiva: 28 de junho - 6.a-feira Prova Recupera c ao:
5AH =
=H?=@= =F I =
= E = ?= @=I =K =I @= @EI?EF E = IAH A ? JH=@=I IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA>
KJH=I E B H = ? AI I >HA I EJA I =?E = F @A DJJF
MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! @=J=I! DJ
1.17
Gabaritos das provas da disciplina
I C=>=HEJ I @=I FH L=I @= @EI?EF E = E EIJH=@= FA FH BAII H 9=C AH GKA IAH= =F E?=@=I @KH= JA @AIA L LE A J @= AI = AIJ=H= = @EIF IE ?= @ I = K I C =F I =I AI =I JAHA IE@ =F E?=@=I A IA A ? JH=H= IACKE JA A @AHA ? @= MA> DJJF MMM E? ? KIF >H ML K AI I =! C=>=HEJ I! DJ
1.18
Trancamento da disciplina
FH ?A@AH
) @=J= =NE = F=H= JH= ?= A J @= @EI?EF E = A 3 de abril de 2013 2H ?KHA = IA ?= @A CH=@K= ?= @= IK= K E@=@A F=H= =E HAI AI? =HA?E A J I @A ? JH= ?= A J
+)2 167
)815 5 /-4)15 5 *4- ) ,15+12 1 )
1.19
N umeros de aulas
E EIJH=@=I FA FH BAII H IAH= @A 45 =K =I IA @ GKA 5 @AIJ=I
K AH J J= @A =K =I = IAHA IAH= @AIJE =@=I =I =L= E= ? AI
1.20
Calend ario USP

@E= # @A BALAHAEH @A ! A J AH E I IACKE JAI @E=I IA = = =H ? @ AI IAH = @E= ' @A K D
E
?E @ IA AIJHA IAH = @A ! = D=LAH = =JELE@=@A
5A = = 5= J= @A # = ! @A 6EH=@A JAI @A =>HE @A =E =E =E
,E= @ 6H=>= D
+ HFKI +DHEIJE ! @A 4A?AII AI? =H ! @A
1.21
Observa c oes nais
Cap tulo 2
Introdu c ao
6.03.2013 - 2.a
-IJ=I J=I JA ? @EI?EF E = @A + = ?K 1
> AJEL = K@=H I = K I = N=HA
AD H
? JA K@ @AIA L LE@
) C @ ?KHI IAH= E JH @K E@ I L =HE I ? ?AEJ I E F HJ= JAI GKA IAH= K JAEI A @EI?EF E =I @ ?KHI @A CH=@K= ?= F H ANA F .
IE?= 1 .
IE?= 11 A JHA KJH=I
KJH=I
2.1
Comet arios
/H= @A ELH @= =JKHA = AIJ = AI?HEJ A I
> I =
+ @EIIA /= E A /= E AE #$" $" JA =JE? I ?
+ = ?K A K = F=HJA @= =JA =JE?= ?K FH F IEJ FHE =HE A AIJK@=H F HJ= A J @=I BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI
LE A J I A
K@= ? =I
5AH = K = BAHH= A J= E @EIFA I =LA A GK=IA J @ I I ?= F I @=I ?EA ?E=I FKH=I A =F E?=@=I F H ANA F = .
IE?= 3K
E?= *E CE= A JHA KJH=I 2 H GK=EIGKAH ?HEJ AHE I GKA KIA I AJ @ I A =F E?= ? AI @ + = ?K ? IJEJKA HA= E = ? AI F=H= =I =F E?= ? AI A FH > A =I HA =?E =@ I ? II K ELAHI - JHA I A A A J I @A II AIJK@ I ?KHI @A + = ?K 1 AIJ=H= =I BK ? AI =I BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= .= =HA I I >HA AIJ=I =EI =@E= JA FHE ?
FE @ELE@E@ A @K=I F=HJAI FHE ?EF=EI = I=>AH + = ?K ?KHI @A + = ?K 1 A A ,EBAHA ?E= A + = ?K 1 JACH= 7 K = @=I CH= @AI
=EI AIFA?E ?= A JA
FH > A = > =IE? HA =?E =@ ? C alculo Diferencial A FH > A = @= J= CA JA EIJ A A ? JH=H = E ? E = ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = K = ?KHL= F = = K F J P @=@ @= AI =
f:IRR ?
5KF D=
I GKA = ?KHL= A GKAIJ= IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA xo I A P = (xo , f(xo )) @A
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= = CK A @=@ = CKH= =>=EN
) GKAIJ= J H =H IA = A ? JH=H = J= CA JA @ = CK !
"
6
f(xo ) P
+)2 167
1 64 ,7+ )
y = f(x)
xo
7 FH > A = > =IE? HA =?E =@ ? C alculo Integral A FH > A = @= =HA= EIJ A ?= ?K =H = =HA= @= HACE= F = = R E EJ=@= @ F = xOy @A E EJ=@= F H K = ?KHL= FA =I HAJ=I LAHJE?=EI x = a x = b A FA @ AEN Ox 8= I IKF H GKA = ?KHL= A GKAIJ= IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= f : [a, b] R R @A f(x) 0 F=H= J @ x [a, b] LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y = f(x)
R
a
2=H= = CK I JEF I F=HJE?K =HAI @A ?KHL=I I=>A I HAIF @AH =I @K=I GKAIJ AI =?E = ? F H ANA F ?=I @= ?KHL= F = = IAH K IAC A J @A HAJ= ? JE@ F = xOy @=@ FA = AGK= ?=
y yo = m(x xo ), x [a, b]
LA = CKH= =>=EN

y
6
y yo = m(x xo )
b x
-6)41 5
#
?=I =?E = F=H= >JAH = E ? E = ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = CH = ? @= ?KHL= GKA A K IAC A J @A HAJ= K F J @ CH = ? @= ?KHL= GKA @A J=HA I F H P = (x1 , m(x1 xo )+ yo ) >=IJ= A >H=H GKA JC() = m, @A = CK A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y yo = m(x xo )
m(x1 xo ) + yo
x1
b x
,A @ IA A D= JA F=H= A ? JH=H I = =HA= A @= HACE= F = = E EJ=@= @ F = xOy @A E E J=@= FA CH = ? @= ?KHL= =?E = IAC A J @A HAJ= FA =I HAJ=I LAHJE?=EI x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox >=IJ= LAHE ?=H I GKA = HACE= F @A IAH @ELE@E@= A @K=I GKA @A J=HA I F H R1 A R2 ?K =I =HA=I E @E?=HA I F H A1 A A2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA )IIE JAHA I GKA R1 IAH = K HAJ= CK GKA JA ? >=IA E JAHL= [a, b] A = JKH= m(a xo ) + yo A R2 IAH = K JHE= CK GKA JA ? >=IA E JAHL= [a, b] A = JKH= [m(b xo ) + yo ] [m(a xo ) + yo ] = m(b a) LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y yo = m(x xo )
m(b xo ) + yo
R2
m(a xo ) + yo
R1
a b
)IIE
= =HA= A @= HACE= R IAH = @=@= F H

A = A1 + A2 = (b a) [m(a xo ) + yo ] + (b a) [m(b a)] . 2
6 @=LE= IA = ?KHL= B H =EI ? F E?=@= = @E ?K @=@A IAH = CH= @A F=H= HAI LAH I I @ EI FH > A =I =?E = 5 F=H= E KIJH=H FA IA A JA J=H HAI LAH I @ EI FH > A =I =?E = F=H= ?=I A GKA = ?KHL= A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
y = x2 , x [0, 2].
6A JA A ? JH=H = E ? E = ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =?E = F J P = (1, 1) A = =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= @ F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA CH = ? @= BK ?= =?E = FA =I HAJ=I LAHJE?=EI x = 0 x = 2 A FA AEN Ox
$
+)2 167
1 64 ,7+ )
- JHA KJH I II > AJEL IAH = HAI LAH I @ EI FH > A =I =?E = 2=H= J= J JA I K C ?= E D FA = BHA JA + A ?=HA I FA + = ?K ,EBAHA ?E= A @AF EI JH=J=HA I @ + = ?K 1 JACH=
Observa c ao 2.1.1
@ ? AIJK@=HA I + = ?K ,EBAHA ?E= A 1 JACH= B E ? ?A>E@ F H 1I==? AMJ $" % % A / JJBHEA@ 9E DA AE> E $"$ %$ + = ?K = LAH@=@A A FH @KJ @A K C FH ?AII AL KJEL E E?E=@ = /H A?E= ) JEC= 7 = @=I CH= @AI ? JHE>KE ? AI @A AMJ A AE> E B E HA? DA?AH = ? AN= A JHA I @ EI FH > A =I =?E = ? ?=@ I @= J= CA JA A @= =HA= - AI B H= I FHE AEH I = A JA @AH IEC E ?=@ @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K GKA @A ?AHJ @ HA =?E = FH > A = @= J= CA JA ? FH > A = @= =HA= ? LAHA I = C @ ?KHI = 4 = ) JEC= = F= =LH= += ?K KI IEC E ?=L= FA@H= FAGKA = K IAEN ? J=CA A C I KJE E =@ F=H=
! 8= A >IAHL=H GKA F=H= A ? JH=H I = E ? E = ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA F @AH

= I =CEH @= IACKE JA B H = -I? D= K K AH HA= F IEJEL GKA E @E?=HA I F H x > 0 F @AHE= IAH AC=JEL A ? IE@AHA = HAJ= IA?= JA = CH = ? @= ?KHL= GKA L= I IKF H IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= y = f(x) x [a, b] FA I F J I LA = CKH= =>=EN
P = (x1 , f(x1 )
y
. A Px = (x1 + x, f(x1 + x)).
6
P = (x1 , f(x1 )
f(x1 ) f(x1 + x) . Px = (x1 + x, f(x1 + ))
x1 a
x1 + x b
+ CA
EIJ F @A I A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H mx @= HAJ= IA?= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f F=II= @ FA I F J I JA JA A ? JH=H
P = (x1 , f(x1 )
. Px = (x1 + x, f(x1 + )).
2 @A I =C H= FA I=H A @E E KEH =?H AI?E x > 0 ?=@= LA =EI 2H L=LA A JA GK= J =EI @E E KEH I =?H AI?E x > 0 =EI FH NE mx ?=H =@ ? A ?EA JA = CK =H GKA @A J=HA I F H m @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f F J P = ( x1 , f (x1 )
-6)41 5
%
" ,A @ IA A D= JA F @A I FA I=H A JA J=H A ? JH=H L= H @= =HA= A @= HACE= F = = R E EJ=@= @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= y = f(x) x [a, b] FA =I HAJ=I LAHJE?=EI x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox =FH NE = @ L= H @= AI = F H L= HAI @A =HA=I @A HACE AI F = =I GKA I=>A I ?= ?K =H F H ANA F HAJ= CK I 2=H= EII @ELE@E I E JAHL= [a, b] A L =HE I IK> E JAHL= I = KIJ=F IJ I A =IIE F @A I @ELE@EH = HACE= E E?E= A IK> HACE AI ?K =I =HA=I IAH= =FH NE =@=I F H =HA=I @A HAJ= CK I LE@A CKH= =>=EN
y
f(b) f(a1 ) f(a2 ) f(a3 )
a1 a
a2
a3
a4 b
+ EIJ I=>A I ?= ?K =H = I = @=I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I KA JA ? >=IAI I E JAH L= I [aj1 , aj ] A = JKH= f(aj ) F=H= ?=@= j {1, 2, n} )IIE >JA I K = =FH NE = ?= @ L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= E ?E= 3K= J =E H B H = @ELEI= @ E JAHL= [a, b] =EI FH NE I ?=H = L= H @= I = @=I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I @= =HA= @= HACE= E E?E= # ) GKAIJ= GKA IKHCA A GK= @ F=H= I I FH ?AII I =?E = ,ALA I ?=H HAIJ @=I II=I LE@=I @ELE@E @ @ELE@E @ IA K ?= ? IACKEH >JAH L= H exato F=H= I A A A J I GKA AIJ= I E JAHAII=@ I A A ? JH=H $ = LAH@=@A I @ EI FH ?AII I @AFA @A @A K AJ @ @A =FH NE = ?= 2=H= = ?=H I HAIJ @A II=I LE@=I B= A @ =FH NE = ? AI FHA?EI=HA I @AIA L LAH K = JA HE= GKA F II= I = K@=H = =?A AH=H FH ?AII -II= JA HE= A GKA @A E = I = Teoria dos Limites GKA IAH = AIJK@=@= C = IACKEH A JAH = K F=FA BK @= A J= @ EI FH ?AII I =?E = A JHA KJH=I =F E?= ? AI
% + E IJHK A J > =IE? @ + = ?K I= =I BK ? AI ? A ?=HA I II I AIJK@ I F H A =I ) JAI F H A B= =HA I K F K? I >HA I K AH I HA=EI A IK=I FH FHEA@=@AI ?K I IK> ? K J I IAH= I @
E I A ? JH= @
E I @=I BK ? AI GKA ? I@AH=HA I AIJ= @EI ?EF E = )I BK ? AI GKA IAH= ? IE@AH=@=I = C @AIJA ?KHI IAH= = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= ,AF EI F=II=HA I = AIJK@ @= 6A HE= @ I E EJAI GKA IAH = = >=IA F=H= JH=J=H I @ I @ EI FH > A =I E E?E=EI
&
+)2 167
1 64 ,7+ )
Cap tulo 3
N umeros Reais, Opera c oes e Propriedades

3.1 Os n umeros reais
) E JH @K ?= @ ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI F @A IAH BAEJ= >=IA= @ IA = ANEIJA ?E= @ I K AH I =JKH=EI GKA @A J=HA I F H N = I=>AH
. N = {0, 1, 2, 3, }.
) F=HJEH @AIJA F @A
I ? IJHKEH I K AH I E JAEH I Z EIJ A

. Z = { , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }.
) IACKEH F @A
. Q= {
} p ; p, q Z, q = 0 = { K AH I ?K = HAFHAIA J= ?= @A?E = A q
I ? IE@AH=H I K AH I H=?E =EI GKA @A J=HA
I F H Q = I=>AH EJ= K E EJ= A FAHE @E?=}.
2 HK JE
E JH @K E
I I K AH I EHH=?E =EI GKA @A J=HA
I F H I = I=>AH
. I={ K AH I ?K = HAFHAIA J= ?= @A?E = AE
EJ= A = FAHE @E?=}.
)IIE
@A
K J @ I HA=EI R ?
IA @
. R = Q I. 8.03.2013 - 3.a
3.2
2 @A
Adi c ao e multiplica c ao no conjunto dos n umeros reais

I @A EH @K=I FAH= ? AI ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI = I=>AH
Deni c ao 3.2.1 K = @A
E =@= adi c ao de n umeros reais

+ : RRR (a, b) a + b
GKA JA
=I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI '

A1. Comutativa da Adi c ao: a + b = b + a, A2. Associativa da Adi c ao: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), A3. Elemento Neutro da Adi c ao: ANEIJA K a + 0 = a,
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
F=H= J @
a, b R ;
F=H= J @
a, b, c R ;
K AH HA= 0 @EJ F=H= J @

a R;
K AH HA= AH J= GKA
K AH HA= 0 IAH = @EJ elemento neutro da adi c ao @A K AH I HA=EI

A4. Elemento Oposto da Adi c ao: @=@ K K AH HA= E @E?=@ F H a J= GKA a + (a) = 0 . a ANEIJA K
K AH HA= GKA IAH =
K AH HA= a IAH = @EJ elemento oposto =II ?E=@ =

Deni c ao 3.2.2 ) IACK @= FAH= ?= IAH = @A . :
K AH HA= a
E =@= multiplica c ao de n umeros reais
RRR (a, b) a.b
GKA JA
=I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI
M1. Comutativa da Multiplica c ao: a.b = b.a, M2. Associativa da Multiplica c ao: (a.b).c = a.(b.c),
F=H= J @
a, b R ;
F=H= J @
a, b, c R ;
M3. Elemento Neutro da Multiplica c ao: ANEIJA K a.1 = a,
K AH HA= 1 J= GKA
a R;
F=H= J @
K AH HA= 1 IAH = @EJ elemento neutro da multiplica c ao @A K AH I HA=EI

M4. Elemento Inverso da Multiplica c ao: @=@ K K AH HA= 1 K AH HA= GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H a J= GKA ( ) a. a1 = 1 ; a @EBAHA JA @A 0 ANEIJA K
K AH HA= a1 IAH = @EJ elemento inverso da multiplica c ao =II ?E=@ = @EBAHA JA @A 0

M5. Distributiva da Adi c ao pela Multiplica c ao: (a + b).c = a.c + b.c,
K AH HA= a
F=H= J @
a, b, c R ;
!!
):1
)5 ,-
4,-
M6. 5A a.b = 0 IA A I Observa c ao 3.2.1
A JA IA a = 0 K b = 0
2=H= x, y R @A
EHA
. x y = x + (y).
+ =I FH FHEA@=@AI =?E = F @A I >JAH KJH=I FH FHEA@=@AI GKA I= K JAEI =I FAH= ? AI ? K AH I HA=EI GKA F @A IAH A ? JH=@=I = O.a EIJ= ANAH?
?E A ?K = HAI K ?= IAH = @AEN=@= = ?=HC @ AEJ H ! I ?=I I A GKA B H I IE F E ?=H ANFHAII AI = C A>HE?=I ? J =H KEJ ?KE@=@ F=H= ALEJ=H AHH I @ IACKE JA JEF 5A x = y = 0

.x
K AH I HA=EI @ALA
x2 = xy
y2
x2 y2 = xy y2
()
(x + y)(x y) = (x y)y
x+y=y
x = 0,
GKA A K =>IKH@ F EI x = 0 @A AIJ = AHH AHH AIJ =A = GKA AIJ= IE F E ?= ?= GKA A I = AL= I A ? J= GKA ? x = y K IA = x y = 0 A F HJ= J = F @A I B= AH = IE F E ?= ?= 2 HJ= J J @ ?KE@=@ A F K? = D H= @A B= AH I IE F E ?= ? AI
3.3
Axiomas de ordem no conjunto dos n umeros reais

I I AA A J I @ ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI FHA?EI=HA I E JH @K EH IACKE JA
2=H= H@A =H =NE =
GKA IAH = @A @AI
Axioma 3.3.1 -NEIJA K IK>? K J = L= E @ I K AH I HA=EI GKA E @E?=HA I F H P E =@ conjunto dos n umeros reais positivos GKA JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@= P1. 5A a R A J=
K aP
K a P K a = 0
P2. 5A a, b P A J= a + b P P3. 5A a, b P A J= a.b P
EIJ F @A
I E JH @K EH = IACKE JA @A
E ?=
Deni c ao 3.3.1 ,EHA Observa c ao 3.3.1
I GKA K
K AH HA= a IAH = @EJ negativo IA a P
8=
I N=H GKA 0 = 0 P
K IA = 0 = A A
K AH HA= F IEJEL
AC=JEL
,AIJA @ F @A I @ELE@EH ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI AN?AJK= @ IA K AH HA= AH A @ EI ? K J I @EI K J I KEJ >A @A E@ I = I=>AH I ? K J I B H =@ I FA I K AH I HA=EI F IEJEL I A I K AH I HA=EI AC=JEL I
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
EIJ JA
I =I IACKE JAI @A
a, b R
E ? AI
Deni c ao 3.3.2 5A =
,EHA
(b a ) P
I GKA
K AH HA= a A menor que
K AH HA= b E @E?= @ F H a b IA K AH HA= b E @E?= @ F H a b
" ,EHA I GKA K AH HA= a A maior ou igual que IA a > b K a = b

2 @A I A J= >JAH IACKE JA HAIK J=@
a, b, c, d R 6A Proposi c ao 3.3.1 5A =
I GKA
a > 0 IA A I
a < 0 IA A I
A JA IA a P A JA IA (a) P
! 5A a 0 A J= a.c < b.c % 5A a b.c
Demonstra c ao: De 1.:
,= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
! JA
a>0
I GKA IA A I A JA IA
(a 0) P ,
GKA A AGKEL= A JA AI?HALAH a P F EI a 0 = a ?

De 2.:
GKAH
=
IJH=H
,= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
JA
a<0
0 a P,
GKA A
AI
GKA AI?HALAH a P F EI 0 a = a ? E ?= ! ! EJA IA a < b JA I GKA A J=
GKAH
=
IJH=H
De 3.:
,= ,A
A b < c, 2 IACKA GKA
(b a) P
( c b) P .
, )NE
= ! ! EJA
(b a) + (c b) P ,
=ca
EIJ A
(c a) P .
!!
):1
)5 ,-
4,-
! IACKA GKA
a < c,
C @= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
GKAH
=
De 4.:
IJH=H IA a < b A J=
(b a) P . (b + c) (a + c) P .
,= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
=I
(b + c) (a + c) = b a ,
K IA =
C @= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
IACKA GKA
a + c < b + c,
GKAH
=
De 5.:
IJH=H IA a < b A J= A J= EIJ A

(b a) P . (d c) P .
,= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
,A
@ = = C = ! ! EJA 2
IA c < d IACKA GKA
, )NE
(b a) + (d c) P ,
=(b+d)(a+c)
[(b + d) (a + c)] P .
C @= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
IACKA GKA
a + c 0
A J=
(c 0) P .
, )NE
= ! ! EJA
2! IACKA GKA
=c
[(b a).(c 0)] P ,

=(ba).c=c.bc.a
EIJ A
(c.b c.a) P .
C @= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
IACKA GKA
c.a < c.b,
GKAH
=
De 7.:
IJH=H
" ,= ,A E ?= ! ! EJA IA a < b , )NE = ! ! EJA

[
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
A J=
(b a) P ,
A IA c < 0
A J=
c P.
2! IACKA GKA
=b+(a)
( b a ).(c)
] P,
EIJ A
(c.a c.b) P .
=(c).b+(c).(a)=c.ac.b
C @= ,A
E ?= ! ! EJA
IACKA GKA
c.b < c.a,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 3.3.2
)I FH FHEA@=@AI ! " A # L= A IA IK>IJEJKEH I IE = < FA IE = A K ?E=@ I A =I HAIFA?JEL=I @A IJH= ? AI @AIJAI L I ?=I I IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H )I FH FHEA@=@AI $ A % L= A IA IK>IJEJKEH I IE = < FA A IE = > 0 FA IE = 0 HAIFA?JEL= A JA A K ?E=@ I A =I HAIFA?JEL=I @A IJH= ? AI @AIIAI L I ?=I I IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H ! + =I FAH= ? AI =?E = F @A I ? ?=H IA = F @A I H@A = ? F AJ= A JA 1IJ IAH = @A CH= @A L= E= = FH NE = IA ?= ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI A H@A K
3.4
A reta numerada
>IAHLA I GKA ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI AIJ = A ? HHAIF @A ?E= >E AJ H= E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= ? I F J I @A K = HAJ= CA AJHE?= EIJ A = ?=@= K AH HA= F @A I B= AH ? HHAIF @AH K K E? F J @= HAJ= A HA?EFH ?= A JA = ?=@= F J @= HAJ= ? HHAIF @AH =K K E? K AH HA= 2=H= LAH I EIJ NA I K = HAJ= r A K IAC A J ?K ? FHE A J IAH = II= K E@=@A @A ? FHE A J u GKA @A E =HA I =FA =I F H K E@=@A 5 >HA = HAJ= r GKA IAH = @A E =@= eixo NA I K F J O GKA IAH = @A E =@ origem ) K AH HA= 0 =II ?E=HA I F J O @= HAJ= N=@ =?E = A HA?EFH ?= A JA 2 @A I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA = HAJ= AIJ = = F IE ?= D HE J= ) IACKEH @EHA I ? =II ?E=H = ?=@= K AH HA= K K E? F J @= HAJ= r A HA?EFH ?= A JA ,=@ K K AH HA= a @EBAHA JA @A 0 IA A A B H F IEJEL =II ?E=HA I = AIJA K F J A I >HA = HAJ= r GKA @EIJ= a K E@=@AI @= HECA O EIJ A d(O, A) = a A AIJ = = @EHAEJ= @= AI = LE@A CKH= =>=EN

O a
r A
!#
1 6-48)
5 ,) 4-6) R
5A K AH HA= a B H AC=JEL =II ?E=HA I = AIJA K F J A I >HA = HAJ= r GKA @EIJ= a K E@=@AI @= HECA O EIJ A d(O, A) = a A AIJ = = AIGKAH@= @= AI = ? a A AC=JEL JA I GKA a A F IEJEL LE@A CKH= =>=EN

A a
r O
,AIJA @ E@A JE ?= I = ?=@= K AH HA= a K F J @= HAJ= r A HA?EFH ?= A JA = ?=@= F J @= HAJ= F @A I =II ?E=H K K AH HA= F H ANA F IA A A K F J @= HAJ= r @EBAHA JA @= HECA ?= ?K = @ IA = @EIJ= ?E= @ AI = HECA O GKA E @E?=HA I F H d(O, A) A A A AIJELAH . = @EHAEJ= @= HECA K AH HA= IAH = a = d(O, A) A IA AIJELAH = AIGKAH@= @= HECA K AH HA= . IAH = a = d(O, A)
HAJ= =IIE Nota c ao 3.4.1 )
>JE@= @=HA
A @A reta numerada
Observa c ao 3.4.1 ,ALE@ = HA = ?= >E AJ H= =?E = >JE@= A JHA ? A F J I @= HAJ= r I HABAHEHA I = ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI ?
I FHA ?KF=H ?
K J @ I K AH I HA=EI IA @ = HAJ= R IA =I @EBAHA ? =I A JHA = > I EIJ A F J I @= HAJ= A K AH I HA=EI
3.5
Intervalos da reta R
1 JH @K EHA I = IACKEH K = I AHEA @A IK>? K J I @= HAJ= R GKA IAH= @A CH= @A E F HJ= ?E= @AIA L LE A J @ I FH NE I ?=F
JK I = I=>AH I E JAHL= I @= HAJ=
,A
a, b R ?
a? K J @= HAJ= R . (a, b) = {x R ; a < x < b},
F H (a, b) ?
IA @
?K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

a b
intervalo fechado de extremos nos pontos a e b E @E?=@ IACKE JA IK>? K J @= HAJ= R . [a, b] = {x R ; a x b} ,
F H [a, b] ?
IA @

a b
intervalo semi-aberto ` a direita de extremos nos pontos a e b K intervalo semifechado ` a esquerda de nos pontos extremos a e b E @E?=@ F H [a, b) ? IA @ IACKE JA IK>? K J @= HAJ= R . [a, b) = {x R ; a x < b},
$
a b
+)2 167
-
-4 5 4-)15 7
"
intervalo semi-aberto ` a esquerda de extremos nos pontos a e b K intervalo semifechado ` a direita de extremos nos pontos a e b E @E?=@ F H (a, b] ? IA @ IACKE JA IK>? K J @= HAJ= R . (a, b] = {x R ; a < x b},

a b
E JAHL=
=>AHJ
. (, b) = {x R ; x < b},

b
E JAHL=
BA?D=@
. (, b] = {x R ; x b},

b
E JAHL=
=>AHJ
. (a, ) = {x R ; x > a},

a
&
E JAHL=
BA?D=@
. [a, ) = {x R ; x a},

a
'
E JAHL=
=>AHJ
. (, ) = R,

-
!$
,7
7 8)
4 )*5
76
3.6
2 @A
M odulo ou valor absoluto de um n umero real

I @A EH K = KJH= FAH= ?= I >HA I K AH I HA=EI = I=>AH
Deni c ao 3.6.1 5A = a R ,A E I m odulo ou valor absoluto @ { . |a| = Exemplo 3.6.1 6A
K AH HA= a E @E?=@ F H |a| ?

.
IA @
a, IA a 0 a, IA a < 0
I GKA
|5| = 5
| | = .
EIJ JA
I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI HA =?E =@=I =

a, b, c R ? a>0
@K @A K AH I HA=EI
Proposi c ao 3.6.1 5A =
- J=
|a| 0
| a| = |a|
! |a| b IA A I A JA IA a > b K a FA IE = A # |a| a |a| $ |a + b| |a| + |b| % |a b| |a| + |b| & | | a | | b| | | a b| ' |a| = a2 |a.b| = |a|.|b|
Demonstra c ao: De 1.:
>IAHLA 2 H KJH
I GKA IA a 0 , =@ IA a < 0 , A J=
|a|
A J=
|a |
,AB ! $
a 0.
,AB ! $
a > 0.
C F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA
|a| 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= a R,
& ? GKAH
=
De 2.:
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
IJH=H % IACKA GKA A J= A | a|

a = (1).a 0.
,AB ! $
JA
I GKA @= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA IA a 0 ,
C
|a|
,AB ! $
(a) = a,
EIJ A 2 H KJH =@ J= > A
| a| = |a|.
@= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA A J=
% IACKA GKA
IA a < 0 , C
|a|
a = (1).a > (1).0 = 0.

,AB ! $
,AB ! $
A | a|
a,
EIJ A C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA

|a| = | a|,
| a| = |a|.
F=H= ?=@=
a R,
GKAH
=
De 3.:
IJH=H
5KF D=
I GKA
|a| < b.
!
a = |a| < b,
!
5A a 0 , C
JAHA
a < b.
! % GKA
b = (1).b < 0,
!
+
b>0
IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA

a > 0 > b ,
C IACKAGKA JAHA I 2 H KJH =@ IA a < 0 , C

a 
(1).b = b.
!$
,7
7 8)
4 )*5
76
' IACKA GKA JAHA

()
+
a < 0 < b,
b < a < b, b < a < b.
IJH= @ GKA 5KF D= A IJHA I =C H= GKA
IA |a| < b ,
I
()
b < a < b
I GKA
|a| < b.
5A a 0 IACKA @A GKA
|a| = a
@A
<
b,
GKA E F E?=H =A
|a| < b.
2 H KJH
=@ IA a < 0 IACKA @A A @= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA

|a| = a = (1).a
@A A @= 2H F ! ! EJA
% GKA
<
(1).(b) = (b) = b.
C
|a| < b,
GKAH
= I IJH=H 8= A AI HAIK J=@ ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
De 4.:
JH ?= @ IA
IE = < FA
IE = ?K = LAHE ?= ?= IAH = @AEN=@= ?
5KF D= JA
I GKA
|a| > b.
! ! K IA =
a > b.
I GKA IA a 0 JAHA =@ IA a < 0 JAHA I
I a = |a| > b,
! !
! !
! "
2 H KJH
a = |a| > b,
K IA =
a>b
! #
A @= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA
% IACKA GKA
! # A = 2H F ! ! EJA
a = (1).(a)
<
(1).b = b.
! $
C @A ! # A ! $ IACKA 5KF D= JA I =C H= GKA
K a > b,
b<a
()
K a < b. K
a < b.
()
I GKA IA a 0 IACKA @A GKA

|a| = a > b,
K IA =
|a| > b.
!
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
2 H KJH =@ IA a < 0 IACKA @A A @= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA
% GKA
|a| = a = (1).a > (1).(b) = (b) = b.
C ?
|a| > b ,
F=H= ?=@=
a, b R,
GKAH
= I IJH=H 8= A AI JH ?= @ IA IE = < FA IE = A LAHE ?= ?= IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
De 5.:
IE = > FA
IE = HAIFA?JEL= A JA ?K =
>IAHLA
I GKA IA a 0 A J=
|a| = a a ,
K IA =
|a| a.
2 H KJH =@ IA a < 0 A J= C @= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA
|a| = a a.
% IACKA GKA F=H= ?=@= a R.
|a| a |a|, De 6.:
, EJA
# JA
I GKA
|a| a |a|
|b| b |b|.
,= 2H F IE ?= ! ! EJA
# IACKA GKA
|a| + (|b|) a + b |a| + |b|,
(|a|+|b|)
K IA = 2 HJ= J @ EJA ! F @A
(|a| + |b|) a + b |a| + |b|.
I ? ? KEH GKA F=H= ?=@= a, b R,
|a + b| |a| + |b|,
GKAH
=
De 7.:
IJH=H I GKA
|a b| |a| + | b|
@ EJA
= =|b|
, EJA
$ =?E = JA
= |a| + |b|,
F=H= ?=@= a, b R ?
De 8.:
GKAH
=
IJH=H
5KF D=
I GKA
|a| |b|
! %
!$
,7
7 8)
4 )*5
76
!
JA A
I GKA
|a| = |a + 0 | = |a + (b + b)| = |(a b) + b)|
=bb
@ EJA
| a b| + | b| ,
K IA = 2 H KJH K IA = =@
| a | | b| | a b| | |a| |b| | = |a| |b| |a b|, ||a| |b|| |a b|.

! % ! &
! &
,A @ IA A D= JA F @A I IJH=H GKA = @AIECK= @=@A =?E = ? HHA 2=H= IJH=H EIJ >=IJ= JH ?=H = @A IJH= ?= =?E = a ? b ,AEN=HA I I @AJ= DAI @AIJA ?=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H C
| |a| |b| | |a b|,
?=I @A |a| |b|
F=H= ?=@= a, b R ?
De 9.:
GKAH
=
IJH=H I I
a2 = a = |a|. a2 = a = |a|,
JA
I GKA =@
IA a 0 JAHA IA a < 0 JAHA
2 H KJH K IA =
a2 = |a|,
F=H= ?=@= a R ?
De 10.:
GKAH
=
IJH=H
6A
I GKA
|a.b|
@ EJA
'
(a.b)2 =
EJA ' a2 .b2 = a2 . b2 = |a|.|b|
F=H= ?=@= a, b R ?
GKAH
=
IJH=H
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA I = CK I ANA F I @A AGK= ? AI A E AGK= ? AI A L LA @ @K @A K AH I HA=EI + A ?=HA I ? K ANA F HA =?E =@ @ K = AGK= ?= A L LA @ @K @A K AH I HA=EI =EI FHA?EI= A JA
Exemplo 3.6.2 - ?
JHA
K J I K ?= @= AGK= ?=
|x 5| = 7,
! '
EIJ A ? K J GKA @A J=HA = AGK= ?= =?E =

Resolu c ao:
I F H S B H =@ F H J @ I I K AH I HA=EI x GKA I=JEIB= A
6A
I @K=I F IIE>E E@=@AI
! 5A
x50
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
!
A J= = AGK= ?= GKA JAHA
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

x 5 = |x 5| = 7,
!
K IA =
x 5 = 7,
?K = I K ?= IAH =
x = 12.
>IAHLA
I GKA x = 12 I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! F EI 12 5 = 7 0 K J I K ?= @= AGK= ?=

12 S .
C x = 12 FAHJA ?A = ?
K IA = ! !
2 H KJH =@ IA
x5<0
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

(x 5) = |x 5| = 7,
!
K IA =
x + 5 = 7
?E = I K ?= IAH =
x = 2.
>IAHLA
I GKA x = 2 I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! F EI 2 5 = 7 < 0 K J I K ?= @= AGK= ?=

2 S.
C x = 2 FAHJA ?A = ?
K IA = ! !
C @A ! A ! ! IACKA GKA
K J I K ?= @= AGK= ?= ! ' IAH =

S = {2, 12}.
) IACKEH JA
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 3.6.1 - ?
JHA
K J I K ?= @= AGK= ?=
|3x 6| = |x + 8|,
! "
EIJ A ? K J GKA E @E?=HA = AGK= ?= =?E =

Resolu c ao:
6A
I =I IACKE JAI F IIE>E E@=@AI
!$
,7
7 8)
4 )*5
76
!! ! # ! $
5A K AGKEL= A JA = A J= = AGK= ?= GKA JAHA
3x 6 0 , x 2,
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

3x 6 = |3x 6| = |x + 8|,
! "
K IA = @ALAHA
I HAI LAH = AGK= ?=

3x 6 = |x + 8|.
! %
2=H= AIJ= AGK= ?= JA = 5A
I =I IACKE JA @K=I F IIE>E E@=@AI

x+80 x 8 ,
! & ! '
K AGKEL= A JA A JA = A J= = AGK= ?= ! % J H =H IA =
3x 6 = |x + 8| = x + 8,
! '
K IA = @ALAHA
I HAI LAH = AGK= ?=

3x 6 = x + 8 ,
EIJ A
2x = 14,
?K = I K ?= IAH =
x = 7.
2HA?EI= +
I LAHE ?=H IA x = 7 I=JEIB= =I ? @E ? AI ! $ A ! '

3.7 6 = 15 0,
EIJ A x = 7 I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! $ A

7 + 8 = 15 0 ,
EIJ A x = 7 I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! ' JAHA =II ?E=@ = AGK= ?= @ ANA F EIJ A
I GKA x = 7 FAHJA ?AH == ?
K J I K ?= ! ! !
7 S.
> 2 H KJH =@ IA
x+8<0
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x < 8 ,
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

3x 6 = |x + 8| = (x + 8),
!
!" K IA = @ALAHA I HAI LAH = AGK= ?=

3x 6 = x 8 ,
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
EIJ A
4x = 2,
?K = I K ?= IAH = >IAHLA I GKA =I ? @E ? AI ! $ A !

x2
1 x= . 2
A
I B H A?A
x < 8.
K J L= E F EI
)IIE C ?=I
= ANEIJEH = I K ?= GKA I=JEIB= = AIJ=I @K=I ? @E ? AI = JA I A DK = AGK= ?= F=H= HAI LAH A A DK =
L= I K ?=
? HHAH = AIJA
2 H KJH =@ IA
3x 6 < 0
! ! ! "
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x<2
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

(3x 6) = |3x 6| = |x + 8|,
! !
K IA = @ALAHA
I HAI LAH = AGK= ?=

3x + 6 = |x + 8|.
2=H= EIJ JA = 5A
I =I IACKE JAI @K=I F IIE>E E@=@AI

x+80 x 8 ,
! # ! $
K AGKEL= A JA A JA A J= = AGK= ?= GKA JAHA
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

3x + 6 = |x + 8| = x + 8,
! #
K IA = @ALAHA
I HAI LAH = AGK= ?=

3x + 6 = x + 8 ,
EIJ A
4x = 2 ,
?K = I K ?= IAH =
1 x= . 2 1
2HA?EI= I LAHE ?=H IA x = I=JEIB= =I ? @E ? AI ! " A ! $ 2 >IAHLA I GKA ( )

3. 1 2 9 6 = < 0, 2
!$
,7
7 8)
1 2
4 )*5
76
!#
EIJ A x = , I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! ! A

1 15 +8= 0, 2 2
EIJ A x = I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! $ JAHA 2 I K ?= =II ?E=@ = AGK= ?= ! " EIJ A

1 S. 2
I GKA x =
1 FAHJA ?AH == ? 2
K J ! % ! & ! '
> 2 H KJH =@ IA
x+8<0
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x < 8 ,
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

3x + 6 = |x + 8| = (x + 8),
! &
K IA = @ALAHA
I HAI LAH = AGK= ?=

3x + 6 = x 8 ,
EIJ A
2x = 14,
?K = I K ?= IAH =
x = 7.
2HA?EI= I LAHE ?=H IA x = 7 I=JEIB= =I ? @E ? AI ! " A ! ' JA I GKA

3.7 + 6 = 15 < 0 ,
EIJ A x = 7 I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! " A

7 8 = 15 < 0 ,
EIJ A x = 7 I=JEIB= = ? @E ?= ! ' JAHA =II ?E=@ = AGK= ?= ! " EIJ A C @A ! ! % A ! ! ?
I GKA x = 7 FAHJA ?AH == ?
K J I K ?= ! !
7 S.
K J I K ?= @= AGK= ?= =?E = IAH =

{ } 1 S = ,7 . 2
Observa c ao 3.6.1 8= A >IAHL=H GKA ANA F =?E = x = 7 =F=HA?A @K=I LA AI ? @=I AGK= ? AI A L LE@=I = HAI K ?= @ FH > A =
I K ?=
) IACKEH JA
IK
ANAH?
?E ?
E AGK= ? AI A L LA @
@K @A K AH I HA=EI ! !
Exerc cio 3.6.2 - ?
JHA
K J I K ?= @= E AGK= ?=
|x + 4| |2x 6|,
EIJ A ? K J GKA @A J=HA = E AGK= ?= =?E =
!$
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
6A 5A
I =I IACKE JAI F IIE>E E@=@AI

x+40 x 4
! ! ! !!
K AGKEL= A JA A JA A J= = E AGK= ?= GKA JAHA
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

x + 4 = |x + 4| |2x 6|,
! !
K IA = @ALAHA
I HAI LAH = E AGK= ?=

x + 4 |2x 6|,
! !"
IA ! !! ? HHAH 2=H= EIJ JA = 5A K AGKEL= A JA A JA A J= = E AGK= ?= GKA JAHA I =I IACKE JAI @K=I F IIE>E E@=@AI
2x 6 0 x3
! !# ! !$
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

x + 4 |2x 6| = 2x 6,
K IA = @ALAHA

x + 4 2x 6 ,
K IA = @ALAHA
I JAH
10 x .
! !% I
2HA?EI= I =JA @AH =I ? @E ? AI ! !! A ! !$ = A @= ? @E ?= ! !% K IA = FHA?EI= B= AH = E JAHIA? ?= @ I IACKE JAI JHAI ? K J I
. S1 = [4, ), . S2 = [3, )
. S3 = [10, ).
2=H= EIJ LA =
@E=CH= = =>=EN
! !! ! !$ ! !%
4
S1
10
S2
S3
10
S1 S2 S3 = [10, )
[10, ) S .
! !&
!$
,7
7 8)
4 )*5
76
!% ! !' ! "
> 5A
2x 6 < 0
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x < 3,
A J= = E AGK= ?= GKA JAHA
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

x + 4 |2x 6| = (2x 6),
! !'
K IA = @ALAHA

x + 4 2x + 6,
K IA = JAHA
I x
2 . 3
! " I
2HA?EI= I =JA @AH =I ? @E ? AI ! !! A ! " = A @= ? @E ?= ! " K IA = FHA?EI= B= AH = E JAHIA? ?= @ I IACKE JAI JHAI ? K J I
. S1 = [4, ), . S4 = (, 3)
. S5 =
( ] 2 , . 3
2=H= EIJ LA =
@E=CH= = =>=EN
4
! !! ! " ! "
S1
S4
S5
2 3
S1 S4 S5 = [4, 2 ] 3
[ 4,
] 2 S. 3
! " ! "! ! ""
5A
x+4<0
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x < 4 ,
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

(x + 4) = |x + 4| |2x 6|,
! "!
K IA = @ALAHA

x 4 |2x 6| ,
! "#
IA ! "" ? HHAH 2=H= EIJ JA I @K=I F IIE>E E@=@AI
!& = 5A
2x 6 0
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
! "$ ! "%
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x3
I GKA HAI LAH EIJ A @ALAHA I JAH

2 x. 3
x 4 2x 6 ,
! "& I
2HA?EI= I =JA @AH =I ? @E ? AI ! "" A ! "% = A @= ? @E ?= ! "& K IA = FHA?EI= B= AH = E JAHIA? ?= @ I IACKE JAI JHAI ? K J I
. S1 = (, 4), . S2 = [3, )
[ ) . 2 S3 = , 3
GKA I @ = ? K J L= E 2=H= EIJ LA = I @E=CH= = =>=EN

! "" ! "$ ! "%
2 3
S1
S2
S3
S1 S2 S3 =
> 5A
2x 6 < 0
! "' ! #
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
x < 3,
I GKA HAI LAH IAH =

x 4 |2x 6| = (2x 6),
! "'
K IA = @ALAHA

x 4 2x + 6,
EIJ A @ALAHA
I JAH x 10 .
! # I
2HA?EI= I =JA @AH =I ? @E ? AI ! "" A ! # = A @= ? @E ?= ! # K IA = FHA?EI= B= AH = E JAHIA? ?= @ I IACKE JAI JHAI ? K J I
. S1 = (, 4), . S4 = (, 3)
. S5 = (, 10).
2=H= EIJ LA =
@E=CH= = =>=EN
!%
2 )
7 -41+
! "" ! # ! #
R2
4
!'
3 S1
10
S4
S5
S1 S4 S5 = (, 4)
C
(, 4) S
! # ? K J I K ?= =II? ?E=@ =
C @ I EJA I A E AGK= ?= @=@= IAH =
EIJ A @A ! !& ! " ! # IACKA GKA
[ ] ( ] 2 2 S = (, 4) 4, [10, ) = , [10, ). 3 3 11.03.2013 - 4.a
3.7
Plano num erico R2

IK KJH ? ?AEJ GKA IAH = @A CH= @A E F HJ= ?E= AIJK@ @ I ?=F
JK I
AIJ= IA ?= HA A >H=HA GKA LEH= = IACKEH

Deni c ao 3.7.1 ,A
JA I F H R2 F H K AH I HA=EI EIJ A GKA IAH = @A
K J B H =@ F H J @ I I F=HAI H@A =@ I B H =@ I
. . R2 = R R = {(a, b) ; a, b R} ,
E =@ plano num erico ?
Observa c ao 3.7.1 )IIE F= K AHE? R2 ?
?=I @ ? K J @ I K AH I HA=EI R F @A I E@A JE ?=H ? K J @ I F J I @A K F = CA AJHE? 2=H= EIJ AI? D= I K F = K = HAJ= D HE J= GKA @A J=HA I F H eixo dos xs ou Ox A IAH = ?D= =@ @A eixo das abscissas A K = HAJ= LAHJE?= GKA @A J=HA I F H eixo dos ys ou Oy A IAH = ?D= =@ @A eixo das ordenadas FAHFA @E?K =HAI A JHA IE F J @A E JAHIA? ?= @AII=I @K=I HAJ=I IAH = E @E?=@ F H O A @A E =@ origem 2 ) ?=@= F=H H@A =@ @ F = K AHE? (a, b) R EHA I =II ?E=H K F J @ F = CA AJHE? GKA ? J A =I @K=I HAJ=I =?E = @= IACKE JA B H = .ENA I K = K E@=@A @A ? FHE A J u A A ? JHA I I >HA AEN Ox K E? F J GKA ?D= =HA I @A X =II ?E=@ = K AH HA= a ? = IA ?= ! " LA = = CKH= =>=EN ,A @ = = C A ? JHA I I >HA AEN Oy K E? F J GKA ?D= =HA I @A Y =II ?E=@ = K AH HA= b ? = IA ?= ! " LA = = CKH= =>=EN
"
y
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
6
Y
6H=?A I FA I F J I X A Y HAJ=I F=H= A =I = I AEN I Oy A Ox HAIFA?JEL= A JA F J P >JE@ @= E JAHIA? ?= @=I HAJ=I =?E = IAH = =II ?E=@ = F=H H@A =@ (a, b) R2 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
Y P
,AIJA @ F @A I =II ?E=H = ?=@= F=H H@A =@ @ F = K AHE? K K E? F J @ F = CA AJHE? A HA?EFH ?= A JA = ?=@= F J @ F = CA AJHE? N=@=I =I @K=I HAJ=I FAHFA @E?K =HAI JA I =II ?E=@ K K E? F=H H@A =@ @A K AH I HA=EI >=IJ= JH= ?=H =I HAJ=I FAHFA @E?K =HAI = I AEN I Ox A Oy GKA ? J A F J @ F = CA AJHE? A ? JH=H IK=I E JAHIA? ? AI ? I AEN I Ox A Oy A A ? JH=H I K AH I HA=EI GKA AIJ= =II ?E=@ I = ?=@= K @AIIAI F J I I >HA =I HAJ=I Ox A Oy HAIFA?JEL= A JA A = A JA ? IJHKEH F=H H@A =@ @ F = K AHE? - CAH= L= I E@A JE ?=H F = CA AJHE? ? F= K AHE? IA I AIGKA?AH GK= @ A?AII =HE GKA = LAH@=@A I= > AJ I @EBAHA JAI
Nota c ao 3.7.1 7JE E =HA
A ?E =@
I =I IACKE JAI
J= ? AI F=H= I A A A J I @ F =
CA
AJHE? =?E =
!&
/4).1+
,- 7
-37)+ )
-EN @=I H@A =@=I
2 )
y
R2
"
q
Y
6
P

HECA
O X
-EN @=I )>I?EII=I
3.8
A >HA
Gr aco de um equa c ao no plano R2

I GKA
Deni c ao 3.8.1 gr aco de uma equa c ao A ? K J B H =@ F H J @ I I F 2 K AHE? R ?K =I ? H@A =@=I @ I AI I I=JEIB= A = AGK= ?= @=@= Observa c ao 3.8.1 2 @A I HAFHAIA J=H CA K AHE? R2 F = CA AJHE?
J I@ F=
AJHE?= A JA
CH = ? @A K = AGK= ?= @ F =
) IACKEH ANE>EHA
IK
ANA F
@AIJ= IEJK= ?=
Exemplo 3.8.1 +
IE@AHA
I = AGK= ?= A
R2 @=@= F H ( ) y2 x2 + 2x y + 2x3 = 0.
4AFHAIA JA CA
Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= A JA
( )
F=
K AHE?
CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E =
>IAHLA
I GKA = AGK= ?= =?E = F @A IAH ?

(y 2x) y x2 = 0
=y2 (x2 +2x) y+2x3
?=@= = IACKE JA B H =
y 2x = 0
K y x2 = 0.
CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= IAH =

{
K J
(x, y) R2 ; y = 2x
K y = x2 .
F=
CA
AJHE?
JA
I K = HAJ= = I=>AH
y = 2x, xR xR
A K = F=H => = = I=>AH
y = x2 ,
A =IIE F @A I HAFHAIA J=H = AGK= ?= =?E = GKA A @=@= F = K AHE? CA F = CA AJHE? ) CKH= =>=EN A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@=
AJHE?= A JA
"
y
+)2 167
6
-4 5 4-)15 7
y = 2x
y = x2
3.9
Pontos de acumula c ao de subconjuntos de R

AIJK@ @= 6A HE= @A E EJAI GKA
) IACKEH E JH @K EHA I = CK I ? ?AEJ I GKA IAH= BK @= A J=EI IAH = JH=J=@= A K ?=F

JK =EI = BHA JA + A ?=HA I FA =
Deni c ao 3.9.1 5A = a R A > 0 N=@ I
,=HA
V (a) = E JAHL=
A @A vizinhan ca de centro no ponto a e raio GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H =>AHJ

. V (a) = (a , a + ) .
a a a+
,=HA I A @A vizinhan ca ` a esquerda de centro no ponto a e raio GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H V (a) = E JAHL= IA E =>AHJ = AIGKAH@=
. V (a) = (a , a].
-
! ,=HA I A @A vizinhan ca ` a direita de centro no ponto a e raio GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H V+ (a) = E JAHL= IA E =>AHJ = @EHAEJ=
. V+ (a) = [a, a + ).
a+
!'
,- )+7 7 )+ )
1 A J= JAHA I GKA 2 ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 3 , V (a) = V 1 (1) = 1 , 1 + = ; 2 2 2 2 2 ] ( ] ( 1 1 V (a) = V 1 (1) = 1 , 1 = ,1 2 2 2 [ ) [ ) 1 3 V+ (a) = V 1 + (1) = 1, 1 + = 1, . 2 2 2
"!
Exemplo 3.9.1 5A a = 1 A =
EIJ JA I IACKE JA ? ?AEJ GKA IAH = @A CH= @A E F HJ= ?E= @ I E EJAI = I=>AH
@AIA L LE A J @= 6A HE=
A R A xo R ,EHA I GKA F J xo A ponto de acumula c ao do conjunto A IA F=H= ?=@= > 0 = LE E D= ? = @A ?A JH F J xo A H=E EIJ A ? K J V (xo ) E JAH?AFJ=H ? K J A A FA A I K F J @EBAHA JA @ F J xo ?=I xo FAHJA ? = = ? K J A EIJ A F=H= ?=@= > 0 @ALAHA I JAH (V (xo ) A) \ {xo } = .
2 J @A A @EBAHA JA @ F J xo
?
xo xo xo +
Observa c ao 3.9.1 >IAHLA I GKA IA F J xo R A K F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A A J= GK= GKAH LE E D= ? = @ F J xo F IIKEH =E EJ I F J I @EIJE J I @ ? K J A ,A B=J IA J =H I = 1 > 0 @= @A E ?= @ F J xo R IAH K F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A IACKA GKA F @A I A ? JH=H x1 R J= GKA x1 (A V1 (xo )) \ {xo }.
x1 A, x1 = xo
?
xo 1 xo
xo + 1
x1 = xo JA
I J
= @ IA
. 0 < 2 = | x 1 x o | < 1
GKA @= @A E ?= @ F J xo R IAH K F @A I A ? JH=H x2 R J= GKA
F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ?
K J A IACKA GKA
x2 (A V2 (xo )) \ {xo }.
xo 2 xo xo xo + 2
xo +
x2 A, x2 = xo
""
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
F=HJE?K =H x2 = x1 F EI IA x2 V2 (xo ) A J= |x2 xo | < 2 = |x1 xo | x2 = xo JA I GKA J = @ IA

. 0 < 3 = |x2 xo | < 1 , 2 ,
C x2 = x1
@= @A E ?= @ F J xo R IAH K A ? JH=H x3 R
F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ?
x3 (A V3 (xo )) \ {xo }.
K J A IACKA GKA F @A
- F=HJE?K =H x3 = x2 F EI IA x3 V3 (xo ) A J= |x3 xo | < 3 = |x2 xo | C x3 = x2 = A @EII x3 = x1 F EI |x3 xo | < 3 |x2 xo | < 2 = |x1 xo | =IIE x3 = x1 2H IIACKE @ FH ?AII =?E = F @A I >JAH K = ? A ?= E EJ= @A F J I @EIJE J I @A A = I=>AH
{x1 , x2 , x3 , } A
J= GKA J @ I AIIAI F J I AIJ=

Exemplo 3.9.2
= LE E D= ?= V (xo )
. + IE@AHA I A = (1, 2] ) H = I GKA J @ F J @ ? K J A A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A ,A B=J F EI IA xo A A > 0 A J= J @= LE E D= ? = @ F J xo @A H=E E JAH?AFJ= ? K J A A FA A I K F J x1 @EBAHA JA @A xo LA = CKH= =>=EN
xo x o + 1 xo
x1 A
@EBAHA JA @A xo
>IAHLA I GKA 1 A =I J= > A A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A F EI J @= LE E D= ? = @ F J 1 @A H=E E JAH?AFJ= ? K J A A FA A I K F J x1 @EBAHA JA @A 1 LA = CKH= =>=EN
1 1 1 +
2AHJA ?A = ?
K J AA A @EBAHA JA @A 1
Conclus ao:
E JAHL=
? K J B H =@ F H J @ I I F J I @A =?K K = ?= @ ? BA?D=@ [1, 2]
K J A IAH =
. + IE@AHA I A = (1, 2] {3} , -NA F =?E = IACKA GKA J @ F J @ ? K J [1, 2] IAH = F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A >IAHLA I GKA F J 3 n ao A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A F EI IA ? IE@AH=H I . = 1 JAHA I GKA V1 (3) A \ {3} = .
C ? K J B H =@ F H J @ I I F J I @A =?K K = ?= @ ? BA?D=@ [1, 2] EIJ A A AI @ -NA F = JAHE H
K J A A
E JAHL=
!
4-57 6), 5 -
)6- )61+)
1 2 3
"#
-
! + IE@AHA ) H = ,A B=J 2=H= EIJ ? K J J= GKA
. I A=
1 ;nN n
I GKA K E? F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A A0 FHE AEH LA = I GKA 0 A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A @=@ > 0 >IAHLA I GKA J @= LE E D= ? = @ F J 0 @A H=E E JAH?AFJ= A A FA A I K F J @EBAHA JA @A xo EIJ A F @A I A ? JH=H no N
0< 1 1 < , no
FAHJA ?A = ? K J A A = ? K J V (0) A = A @EII A EIJ A K AH HA= no @EBAHA JA @A 0 IJH= @ GKA 0 A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A 2 H KJH =@ @=@ GK= GKAH K AH HA= xo = 0 A J= F @A I IJH=H GKA F J xo = IAH F J @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A A A AIJ=H = = K = @EIJ= ?E= F IEJEL= n ao F @AH @ A A A J @ ? K J A =EI FH NE @A A ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H C ? K J B H =@ F H J @ I I F J I @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A A B H =@ F HK K E? F J EIJ A {0}
0
1 3
1
1 2
6
-NEIJA no N J= GKA
1 no
A V (0)
Observa c ao 3.9.2
-NEIJA IK>? K J I E EJ I @A R GKA A DK F J A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ AI . 2 H ANA F IA A = N A J= A DK F J @= HAJ= R IAH = @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J

A
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
-NEIJA IK>? K J I FH FHE I @A R EIJ A GKA AIJ= ? JE@ I A R =I = I= J @ R J= GKA J @ F J R A F J @A =?K K = ?= @ AI . 2 H ANA F IA A = Q A J= J @ F J @= HAJ= R IAH = @A =?K K = ?= @ ? K J A ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
3.10
Ordem de import ancia dos resultados na Matem atica
= =JA =JE?= ANEIJA L =HE I JEF I @A HAIK J=@ I GKA I= @A ?AHJ @ ? =IIE ?=@ I @A =? H@ ? IK= E F HJ= ?E= A K KJE E@=@A ) IACKEH @=HA I K >HALA HAIK @A ? = CK I @AIJAI HAIK J=@ I F @A ? HHAH A IK=I E F HJ= ?E=I @A JH @ =IIK J AIJK@=@
"$
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
Axioma ou Postulado: I= A A A J I @= =JA =JE?= GKA I= =?AEJ I ? LAH@=@AEH I F H ANA F = /A AJHE= @A -K? E@AI JA I FHE AEH )NE = K 2 IJK =@ GKA I @E -NEIJA F J
Teorema: I= HAIK J=@ I @=
HAIK J=@ I F H ANA F
=JA =JE?= GKA I= @A 6A HA = @A 2EJ =C H=I
IJH=@ I = F=HJEH @ I )NE
=I K KJH I =I A K
! Proposi c ao: I= HAIK J=@ I @= =JA =JE?= GKA I= @A IJH=@ I = F=HJEH @ I )NE 6A HA =I GKA = I= J= E F HJ= JAI GK= J I 6A HA =I " Lema: I= HAIK J=@ I @= =JA =JE?= GKA I= @A IJH=@ I = F=HJEH @ I )NE A GKA IAH= KJE E =@ I = @A IJH= ?= @A K 6A HA = A K 2H F IE ?= # Corol ario: I= HAIK J=@ I @= =JA =JE?= GKA I= @A =I 6A HA =I A K 2H F IE ? AI
Nota c ao 3.10.1 7JE E =HA
=I A K 6A HA =I
IJH=@ I B=?E
A JA = F=HJEH @ I )NE
I=
C @AIJ=I
J=I = CK I I
>
I I GK=EI @AIJ=?=
F J I @ F= HAJ=I @ F =
CA CA
AJHE? IAH= E @E?=@ I F H AJH=I AJHE? IAH= E @E?=@ I F H AJH=I
=E KI?K =I A, B, C, E K I?K =I a, b, c,
! =I AJH=I CHAC=I E K I?K =I AE= IA = B= AE= IA @A J= AE= IA AFEIE AE= IA C= = AE= IA >AJ= E @E?=H= K AH I HA=EI F IEJEL I GKA I= FAGKA I
) IA ?= = IACKEH B E EJE@= @=I =K =I =I F @AH = IAH AIJK@=@= FA I = K I GKA JA D= E JAHAIIA A IA =FH BK @=H A = CK I ? ?AEJ I > =IE? I E F HJ= JAI @A =JA =JE?= K
3.11
Ap endice: supremo e nmo de subconjuntos da reta

=FH BK @= A J AIJK@ @ I
) IACKEH E JH @K EHA I = CK I ? ?AEJ I GKA I= E F HJ= JAI K AH I HA=EI + A ?=HA I FA =
Deni c ao 3.11.1 5A = A R = L= E ,EHA I GKA IK>? K J A R A limitado superiormente A HA= L J= GKA a L, F=H= J @ a A.
R IA ANEIJEH K
K AH
?=I =?E =
+ EIJ JA I=
K AH HA= L IAH = @EJ limitante superior A
R @ IK>?
K J A
A @= HAJ= R
Proposi c ao 3.11.1 5A L A K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ IK>? K J = L= E A L L A J= L J= > A IAH = K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ IK>? K J A Demonstra c ao:
,A B=J ? C
L AK
E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A
a L L
R @ IK>?
K J A A J= a L F=H= J @ a A
a A,
F=H= J @
EIJ A a L F=H= J @ a A A ? GKAH

= I IJH=H
IJH= @ GKA L J= > A AK
E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ IK>?
K J
!
5724-
- 1 .1
"%
Deni c ao 3.11.2 ,EHA I GKA K K AH HA= l J= GKA
IK>?
a l,
K J AR A limitado inferiormente A F=H= J @

a A. R @ IK>?
R IA ANEIJEH
?=I =?E =
+ EIJ JA I=
K AH HA= l IAH = @EJ limitante inferior A
K J A
Proposi c ao 3.11.2 5A l A K E EJ= JA E BAHE H A R @ IK>? K J = L= E A l l A J= l J= > A IAH = K E EJ= JA E BAHE H A R @ IK>? K J A Demonstra c ao:
A @= HAJ= R
,A B=J ? C
l AK
E EJ= JA E BAHE H A
a l l
R @ IK>?
K J A A J= a l F=H= J @ a A
a A,
F=H= J @
EIJ A a l F=H= J @ a A A ? GKAH

= I IJH=H
IJH= @ GKA l J= > A AK
E EJ= JA E BAHE H A R @ IK>?
K J
7 = KJH ? ?AEJ E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA =

Deni c ao 3.11.3 ,EHA
I GKA IK>? HE H A JA A E BAHE H A JA A R

+ IE@AHA I I IACKE JAI ANA F I
K J AR A limitado A
R IA A A B H E EJ=@ IKFA
Exemplo 3.11.1 . 5A = A = (0, 4] R
- J= L = 4 A K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R F EI IA a A A J= a L = 4 A l = 0 AK E EJ= JA E BAHE H A R @ ? K J A F EI IA a A A J= a L = 0 2 HJ= J ? K J A A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A E BAHE H A JA A E EJ=@ A R

. 5A = A = { 1 ;nN n } R 1 L = 1 F=H= J @ n N A l = 0 AK R F EI n 1 R @ ? K J A F EI l = 0 F=H= J @ n N n A A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A E BAHE H A JA A R K IA = A A A R
K IA = A A A
- J= L = 1 AK
E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A
E EJ= JA E BAHE H A 2 HJ= J ? K J E EJ=@ A R

. ! 5A = A = QR R
- J= A n ao A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A
R A J= > A
n ao A E EJ=@ E BAHE H A JA A
)I LAHE ?=H ? AI @AIIAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
"&
Observa c ao 3.11.1
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
-NA F ! EJA JA I GKA ? K J A A E EJ=@ A R EIJ A A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A E BAHE H A JA A R >IAHLA I GKA F @A I A ? JH=H K A H E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R GKA A 4 A K =E H E EJ= JA E BAHE H A R GKA A 0 ,=HA I K A AIFA?E= = ?=@= K @AIIAI K AH I HA=EI = I=>AH
R
Deni c ao 3.11.4 5A = A R = L= E E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A ,EHA I GKA S R A supremo @ ? K J A IA S1 S AK S2 S A
E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A
R@ ?
K J AA
A H K AH HA= ? = FH FHEA@=@A =?E = EIJ A A R @ ? K J A K =E @= IA S A K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A

S S.
A H E EJ= JA IKFAHE H R @ ? K J A A J=
AIJA ?=I @A J=HA

,A @ = = C JA
IS
I=
IKFHA
@A A F H IKF(A)
Deni c ao 3.11.5 5A = A R = L= E ,EHA I GKA s R A nmo @ ? s1 s AK s2 s A
E EJ=@ E BAHE H A JA A K J A A R IA K J A
E EJ= JA E BAHE H A
R@ ?
R@ ?
=HE H K AH HA= ? = FH FHEA@=@A =?E = EIJ A A K J A K =E @= IA s A K E EJ= JA E BAHE H A

s s.
R@ ?
=E H E EJ= JA E BAHE H K J A A J=
AIJA ?=I @A J=HA

Observa c ao 3.11.2
Is
@A A F H E B (A)
>IAHLA I GKA IA IKFHA K

@A K ? K J A ANEIJA A A IAH =K E? ) @A IJH= ?= @AIIAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H 8= A >IAHL=H J= > A GKA IA ? K J A A E EJ=@ A R A J= F @A I FA I=H A A ? JH=H IKF(A) A E B (A) = LAH@=@A HAIK J=@ = IACKEH C=H= JA AIJAI ?=I I = ANEIJA ?E= @ IKFHA A @
@A J=EI IK>? K J I @A R
EIJ JA
IACKE JA HAIK J=@ ?K = @A
IJH= ?= IAH =
EJE@=
Teorema 3.11.1
6 @ IK>? ,A
! -
K J @= HAJ= R E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A
R F IIKE IKFHA R F IIKE
@ IA A D= JA J @ IK>? F=HJE?K =H J @ IK>?
K J @= HAJ= R E EJ=@ E BAHE H A JA A

R F IIKE IKFHA
K J @= HAJ= GKA A E EJ=@ A
!
5724-
- 1 .1
"'
Exemplo 3.11.2 . 5A = A = (0, 4] R + ? K J A A E EJ=@ A R IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = IKF(A) A E B (A) A R >IAHLA I GKA L = 4 A A H E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J HA= A H GKA 4 = IAH = E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A ,A @ IA A D= JA l = 0 A =E H E EJ= JA E BAHE H @ ? K AH HA= =E H GKA 0 = IAH = E EJ= JA E BAHE H @ ? K J 0
= A E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @A A
GKA
K J A =@ EJA
A A R GK= GKAH K AH R EIJ A IKF(A) = 4
K J A A R GK= GKAH A A R EIJ A E B (A ) =
?
l=0
L=4
= A E EJ= JA E BAHE H @A A
} 1 ;nN R n + ? K J A A E EJ=@ A IKF A A E B A . 5A = A =
R IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = GKA
K J A =@ EJA
>IAHLA I GKA L = 1 A A H E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A R F EI GK= GKAH K AH HA= A H GKA 4 = IAH = E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A R EIJ A IKF(A) =
1
,A @ IA A D= JA l = 0 A =E H E EJ= JA E BAHE H @ ? K J A A R F EI GK= GKAH K AH HA= =E H GKA 0 = IAH = E EJ= JA E BAHE H @ ? K J A A R EIJ A E B (A) = 0
= A E EJ= JA IKFAHE H
l=0 4
1 1 3 1 2
L=1
= A E J= JA E BAHE H
HAIK J=@
KEJ K JE
AIJK@ @ IKFHA
A K@
@A IK>?
K J I @A R A @=@ FA
Teorema 3.11.2
+ IE@AHA I A R = L= E A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A R - J= S = IKF(A) IA A I A JA IA =I IACKEJAI ? @E ? AI AIJ= I=JEI=BAEJ=I

S1 S2
S AK
,=@
E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ ? K J A K AH HA= > 0 F @A I A ? JH=H a A J= GKA S < a

-NEIJA a A
?
S S
A E EJ= JA IKFAHE H
#
+)2 167
-4 5 4-)15 7
+ IE@AHA I A R = L= E A E EJ=@ E BAHE H A JA A R - J= s = E B (A) IA A I A JA IA =I IACKEJAI ? @E ? AI AIJ= I=JEI=BAEJ=I

s1 s2
s AK
,=@
E EJ= JA E BAHE H @ ? K J A K AH HA= > 0 F @A I A ? JH=H a A J= GKA a < s +

-NEIJA a A
?
s
s+
A E EJ= JA E BAHE H
Demonstra c ao:
IJH=HA I EJA ) LAHE ?= ?= @ EJA IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A S IAH= LAH@=@AEH=I IJHA I FHE AEH= A JA GKA IA S = IKF(A) A J= S1 2 + S = IKF A JA I GKA S A K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ ? K J A EIJ A S1 A LAH@=@AEH= ,=@ > 0 JA I GKA S < S C S = F @AH = IAH E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ ? K J A F EI S A A H E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A R )IIE @ALA ANEIJEH a A J= GKA S < a EIJ A S2 A LAH@=@AEH= IJHA I =C H= GKA IA S1 A S2 I= LAH@=@AEH=I A J= S = IKF A JA 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA @A S1 I GKA S A K E EJ= JA IKFAHE H A R @ ? K J A 5KF D= I GKA S < S A IJHA I GKA S = F @A IAH E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A R . 2=H= EIJ ? IE@AHA I = S S > 0 IACKA GKA F @A ,A S2 I A ? JH=H a A J= GKA S < a EIJ A
a > S = S (S S ) = S ,
K IA = S = A E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A R 2 HJ= J S A A H E EJ= JA IKFAHE H @ ? K J A A R K IA = S = IKF(A) ? @A IJH=H

Observa c ao 3.11.3
GKAH
=
-NA F K
! EJA @A K ?
JA A
I GKA AI @=HA I K A
IKF(A) = 4 A
E B (A) = 0 A.
3K= @ IKFHA AIFA?E= = I=>AH
K J FAHJA ?A =
Deni c ao 3.11.6 5A = A R = L= E E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA A R 5A S = IKF(A) FAHJA ?A = ? K J A @EHA I GKA S A m aximo @ ? AI?HALAHA I =N(A) = S EIJ A =N(A) = IKF(A).
K J AA
R A
,A @ = = C JA I IA = A R = L= E E EJ=@ E BAHE H A JA A R 5A s = E B A FAHJA ?A = ? K J A @EHA I GKA s A m nimo @ ? K J A A AI?HALAHA I E (A) = s EIJ A

E (A) = E B (A).
Observa c ao 3.11.4
R A
-NA F =NE
! EJA A
R
JA A
I GKA
E B (A) = 0 A,
IKF(A) = 4 A
EIJ A
K J A JA
=I n ao JA
Cap tulo 4
Fun co es Reais de Uma Vari avel Real

13.03.2013 - 5.a
AIJA ?=F
JK JH=J=HA I @A K @ I A A A J I GKA IAH= = >=IA @A J @ AIJK@ GKA B=HA I =EI =@E= JA = I=>AH =I BK ? AI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= EIJ Af:ARR 4A A >H=HA I = CK I ? ?AEJ I E F HJ= JAI =II ?E=@ I = AIJ=I A @A EHA I = CK =I L=I BK ? AI GKA IAH= KJE E =@ I A = CK =I =F E?= ? AI K BKJKH FH NE
4.1
+
Deni c oes e exemplos

A ?=HA I ? IE@AH= @ K ANA F IE F AI F H A E JAHAII= JA
Exerc cio 4.1.1 5KF D= I GKA K D A AIJ = K >=H? A K HE = 2 I = AIJA @A IK= ?=I= GKA IEJK= IA A K = @=I =HCA I @AIIA HE ) =HCA A @ HE A HAJ= A L=E @ IA JE@ HJA IK - A @AIA = EH = K =H = A GKA ?= = 3 I = IK @A IK= ?=I= = =HCA @ HE GKA AIJ = = IK= ?=I= 2 5=@A I GKA A A F @A HA =H = K = LA ?E@=@A ? IJ= JA @A D A F @A ? HHAH = K = 3 LA ?E@=@A ? IJ= JA @A 6 D 2AHCK J= IA GK= J JA F A A AL=H = F=H= ?DAC=H = =H = A IA A A HA =H @EHAJ= A JA =J A K F J Q N=@ @= =HCA GKA AIJ ==x I N=@ = IK @A IK= ?=I= A ? HHAH FA = =HCA =J A =H = A 2=H= E KIJH=H LA = = CKH= =>=EN
*=H?
6
N 2
+=I=
?
x
)H = A
#
#
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
2HE AEH= A JA NA I K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I I GK=EI F @AHA I AI?HALAH AGK= ? AI GKA @AI?HALA II FH > A = 2=H= B=?E EJ=H AI? DAHA I AEN Oy ? IA @ = HAJ= GKA K A = ?=I= A >=H? HEA J=@ IA JE@ AIJA AIJA AEN Ox ? HHAIF @AH = = HAJ= @AJAH E =@= FA = =HCA @ HE FAHFA @E?K =H = KJH= HAJ= A HEA J=@ IA JE@ HJA IK ,AIJA @ = ?=I= ?=H = = HECA @ IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I 8A = CKH= =>=EN
AEN @ I yI
6
*=H?
P = (0, 2)
=
)H = A
+=I=
j
0 Q = (x, 0)
? AEN @ I xI R = (3, 0)
,A JA I F H x = @EIJ= ?E= @ F J GKA A A L=E ?DAC=H = =HCA EIJ A F J Q = IK= ?=I= 5A = t1 A t2 I JA F I GKA A A AL=H = F=H= EH @ >=H? F J P =J A F J @= =HCA F J Q A @AIIA F J @= =HCA F J Q =J A =H = A F J R HAIFA?JEL= A JA 3KAHA I A ? JH=H K = ANFHAII= F=H=
. t = t1 + t2 ,
EIJ A JA F GKA D A AL=H = F=H= FAH? HHAH = F EC = PQR >IAHLA I GKA t1 A t2 A F HJ= J t @ALA @AFA @AH @A x EIJ A @ F J Q ? ? =H = IACKEH 2 ,= A?= ?E= JA I GKA LE A J HAJE
A K EB H A ?K = LA ?E@=@A A @=@= F H
3 2 PQ = t1 , 3
?=H = D
=EI
C
t1 = PQ 3 = PQ. 2 2 3
"
>IAHLA K IA =
I GKA
JHE= CK POQ A HAJ= CK

( PQ )2
= 22 + x2 , x2 + 4. 3 2 x + 4. 2
PQ =
"
C IK>IJEJKE @ " A
" >JA
I
t1 = t1 (x) =
" !
"
,-.1 1+ -5 - -:- 2
#! A?= ?E= JA I GKA LE A J HAJE

A K EB H A ?K = LA
,A @ IA A D= JA JA ?E@=@A A @=@= F H 6 D C
I GKA @=
QR = 6t2 . QR . 6
t2 =
" "
=I
QR = 3 x,
C IK>IJEJKE @ AIIA L= H @A QR A
" " >JAHA

t2 =
I " #
3x . 6 3x 3 2 x +4+ , 2 6
2 HJ= J @A " ! A " # IACKA GKA
JA F J J= F=H= FAH? HHAH = F EC = PQR IAH = @=@ F H
t = t(x) = t1 (x) + t2 (x) =
GKA ? FHALE I @AFA @AH = @A x K IA = @ F J Q >IAHLA I GKA F=H= FH > A = @ALAH I JAH x [0, 3]
Observa c ao 4.1.1
) GKAIJ= GKA F @AH

= I ? ?=H A = IACKE JA GK= = F IE ?= @ F J Q F=H= GKA JA F C=IJ F=H= FAH? HHAH = F EC = PQR IA = A H F II
LA ) HAIF IJ= = AIJA FH > A = IAH = @=@= =EI =@E= JA + = ?K ,EBAHA ?E= 2=H= I ?KHE I I FH > A = =?E = ? F= DAEH =
5A =
20 J Q @ALAH = IEJK=H IA = 20
= IK @= ?=I= II
I JEL= = AIJK@=H ? =EI @AJ= DAI K ? ?AEJ GKA IAH = C @A J @ @AIA L LE A J @ ?KHI = I=>AH =I .K ? AI
A, B R = L= E I
Deni c ao 4.1.1 7 = fun c ao @A
? HA = ?= GKA =II ?E= = ?=@= A A A J x A K F H f(x) ,A J=HA I J= BK ?= F H

f:AB
E@=
K J A =IIK E @ L= HAI ? K J B AK = A I A JA K A A A J y B GKA IAH = E @E?=@
A B. f em x ou imagem do valor x
5A x A A A A J y = f(x) B IAH = @EJ valor da fun c ao pela fun c ao f ? K J A IAH = @EJ dom nio da fun c ao f A E @E?=@ F ? K J B IAH = @EJ contra-dom nio da fun c ao f ? K J B H =@ F H J @ I I A A A J I @A B GKA I= IAH = @EJ conjunto imagem da fun c ao f A E @E?=@ F H Im(f)
. Im(f) = {y B ; y = f(x) F=H= = CK Deni c ao 4.1.2 2 @A
H Dom(f) E =CA @A L= HAI @= BK ? = f EIJ A
x A}.
I E JAHFHAJ=H = IEJK= ?= =?E =
D= @
IACKE JA @E=CH= = @A 8A
#"
B
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
,
A x

E @A f
/
y = f(x)
]
+=@= x A AIJ = =II ?E=@ = K AI A JA K
y = f(x) B
+ JH= @

E @A f
+ IE@AHA
Exemplo 4.1.1
I = CK I ANA F I
2=H= FH > A = GKA E E?E K AIJA ?=F

JK JA I GKA = BK ?= GKA @AI?HALA . . = IACKE JA t : A B @A A = [0, 3] B = [0, ) A
3x . 3 2 t (x) = x +4+ , 2 6 x A.
FH > A = A
KJH ANA F
f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 , x R.
. AIJA ?=I A = B = R
K =E @= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x, . AIJA ?=I A = (0, ) A B = R x (0, ).
"
K f : R \ {0} R @=@= F H
. AIJA ?=I A = R \ {0} A B = R
. 1 f(x) = , x
x R \ {0}.
6A
I J= > A
Deni c ao 4.1.3 5A = f : A B K = BK ?= @=@= ,A E I gr aco da fun c ao f @A J=@ F H G(f) ? IA @ F= K AHE? R2 GKA I= @= B H = (x, f(x)) F=H= x A EIJ A . G(f) = {(x, f(x)) ; x A} .
K J @ IF J I@
F = CA =>=EN
Observa c ao 4.1.2 6A @
CH = ? @= BK ? = f F @A I HAFHAIA J = 2 AJHE? GKA A E@A JE ?=@ ? F= K AHE? R ?
CA AJHE?= A JA IJH= I ANA F I
Exemplo 4.1.2
"
,-.1 1+ -5 - -:- 2
##
5A = BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = x3 , xR
A J=
CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@ F H
G(f) = {(x, x3 ) ; x R} R2
AJHE?= IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
x3
(x, f(x)) = (x, x3 )
5A = BK ?= f : [0, ) R A @=@= F H A J=
. f(x) = x,
xR
CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@ F H
G(f) = {(x,
x) ; x [0, )} R2

y
6
x (x, f(x)) = (x, x)
! 5A = BK ?= f : R \ {0} R A @=@= F H
. 1 f(x) = , x x R \ {0 }
A J=
CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@ F H
) } {( 1 ; x R \ {0} R2 G(f) = x, x
#$
y
+)2 167
6
"
.7 + -5
(x, f(x)) =
1 x
( ) 1 x, x
4.2
2 @A
Opera co es com fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real

I B= AH =I IACKE JAI FAH= ? AI ? BK ? AI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA=
K +
AI IK>? EIJ F @A I @A
f, g : A R @K=I BK ? AI BK ? AI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= @A K J A @= HAJ= R
E@=I
EH =I IACKE JAI BK ? AI
= adi c ao @= BK ?= f ? = BK ? = g E @E?=@= F H f + g ? K = L=HE =LA HA= f + g : A R @A E@= F H

. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), x A;
IA @ = BK ? = HA= @A
= diferen ca @= BK ?= f FA = BK ?= g E @E?=@= F H f g ? K = L=HE =LA HA= f g : A R @A E@= F H

. (f g)(x) = f(x) g(x), x A;
IA @ = BK ? = HA= @A
! = multiplica c ao (ou produto) @= BK ? = f ? = BK ?= g E @E?=@= F H f.g ? = BK ?= HA= @A K = L=HE =LA HA= f.g : A R @A E@= F H
. (f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x), x A; f K f/g ? g
IA @
" = divis ao (ou quociente) @= BK ? = f ? = BK ?= HA= @A K = L=HE =LA HA=

( ) f . f(x) (x) = , g g(x) Observa c ao 4.2.1 8= A
= BK ?= g E @E?=@= F H
IA @
f : A \ {x A ; g(x) = 0} R @A g x A \ {x ; g(x) = 0}.
E@= F H
IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @

E I
>IAHL=H GKA J @=I =I GK=JH BK ? AI =?E = AIJ= >A

E@= =
@A
E@=I
7 = KJH= FAH= ?= E F HJ= JA A @A
"
2-4)+ -5 +
.7 + -5
#%
Deni c ao 4.2.2 + IE@AHA I @K=I BK ? AI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= f : A R A g : B R @A A, B R I= = L= E I ,A E I = BK ?= composta @= BK ? = f FA = BK ?= g E @E?=@= F H f g ? IA @ = IAGKE JA BK ?= HA= @A K = L=HE =LA HA= f g : C R @A E@= F H . C = {x B ; g(x) A} . (f g)(x) = f(g(x)), x C. Observa c ao 4.2.2
@E=CH= = @A 8A
=>=EN E KIJH= = @A
A
E ?= =?E =
R
C x
g(x) f
(f g)(x) = f(g(x))
f g
fg
+ IE@AHAHA
Exerc cio 4.2.1
I = CK I ANAH?
?E I
5A =
f, g : R R @K=I BK ? AI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= @=@=I F H . f(y) = |y|, y R
. g(x) = 8x + 1, x R.
- J= = BK ?= ?
F IJ= f g : R R AIJ = >A
@A
E@= A IAH = @=@= F H

x R,
(f g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(8x) = |8x + 1|,
EIJ A >IAHLA I GKA F @A
(f g)(x) = |8x + 1|,
x R.
I ? IE@AH=H = BK ?= ?
F IJ= g f : R R GKA IAH = @=@= F H

y R,
(g f)(y) = g(f(y)) = g(|y|) = 8|y| + 1,
EIJ A 5A =
(g f)(x) = 8|y| + 1,
y R.
f : R \ {0} R A g : [0, ) R @K=I BK ? AI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= @=@=I F H . 2 f(y) = , y R \ {0} y
. g(x) = x, x [0, ).
#&
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
- J= = BK ? = ?
F IJ= f g : (0, ) R AIJ = >A
@A
E@= A IAH = @=@= F H

x (0, ),
2 (f g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f( x) = , x
EIJ A >IAHLA F H I GKA F @A
2 (f g)(x) = , x
x (0, ).
I ? IE@AH=H = BK ? = ?
F IJ= g f : (0, ) R GKA IAH = @=@=

y (0, ),
( ) 2 2 (g f)(y) = g(f(y)) = g = , y y 2 (g f)(y) = , y
EIJ A
y (0, ).
@EBAHA JAI
Observa c ao 4.2.3
>IAHLA
I GKA
I @ EI ANA F
=?E = =I BK ? AI (f g) A (g f) I=
4.3
Exemplos importantes de fun co es reais de uma vari avel real
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I K = EIJ= @A ANA F I E F HJ= JAI @A BK ? AI = L= HAI HA=EI @A K = L=HE =LA HA= GKA IAH= KJE E =@ I = C @A J @ @AIA L LE A J @AIJ=I J=I Fun c ao maior inteiro ) BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H @A IAH = @A
. f(x) = [x], x R,
. [x] = n,
IA x [n, n + 1),
F=H= n Z
E =@= fun c ao maior inteiro (menor que)
Observa c ao 4.3.1 8= A >IAHL=H GKA @=@ K K AH HA= x IA FHA F @A K K AH E JAEH n J= GKA n x < n + 1.
I A ? JH=H
,AIJA
-
= HA = ?= =?E = @A
I GKA IA IA IA
E@A K = BK ? =
F=HJE?K =H JA
[x] = 0, [x] = 1, [x] = 2,
0x<1 1x<2 2x<3
AIJA ?=I n = 0 AIJA ?=I n = 1 AIJA ?=I n = 2, =E H E JAEH
5ACKA
= CKH= =>=EN = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y
#'
6
2
(x, f(x)) = (x, 1) 1
2 3
A @=@ = BK ? = =?E = A F H GKA A = =II ?E= = ?=@= K AH A H @ GKA K AH HA= x K =E @= IA K AH x F I IKA K = HAFHAIA J= ?= @A?E = A J= K AH HA= [x] I B H A?A K AH E JAEH @= HAFHAIA J= ?= @A?E = @ K AH HA= x 2 H ANA F IA x = 3, 141617 A J= [x] = 3
Observa c ao 4.3.2 HA= x =E H E JAEH Fun c ao constante
7 = BK ?= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao constante IA A = FK@AH IAH AI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H = f : A R R @=@= F H

. f(x) = C, x A,
@A C R AIJ = N=@
Exemplo 4.3.1 ) BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = 2, xR
A K = BK ? = ? IJ= JA IAC A J K K = HAJ= D HE
?=I C = 2 AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = ? IJ= JA AK J= LA = CKH= =>=EN

y f(x) = C
Observa c ao 4.3.3 ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
6 j
(x, f(x)) = (x, C)
$ ! Fun c ao polinomial
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
7 = BK ?= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao polinomial IA A = FK@AH IAH AI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H = f : A R R @=@= F H

. f(x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn , x A,
@A ao , a1 , a2 , an R A n N AIJ=
N I
Exemplo 4.3.2 ) BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = 3 2x + x2 , xR
A K = BK ?= F E E= ?=I ao = 3, a1 = 2, a2 = 1 AIJA ?=I JA I GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
x 1 3
f(x) = 3 2x + x2
(x, f(x)) = (x, 3 2x + x2 )
Observa c ao 4.3.4
7 = BK ?= A K = BK ? = F E E= IA A I A JA IA IK= AE @A =II ?E= ?= B H @=@= F HK F E E >IAHLA I GKA J @= BK ? = ? IJ= JA A K = BK ? = F E E= 2=H= LAH EIJ >=IJ= ? IE@AH=H ao = C A a1 = a2 = = an = 0 ! 5A K = BK ? = F E E= p : R R A @=@= F H
. p(x) = ao + a1 x, xR
AIJA ?=I a2 = a3 = an = 0 A = IAH = @A IEJK= ?= =?E = IA ao = 0 A = IAH = @EJ= linear " 5A K = BK ? = F E E= p : R R A @=@= F H
. p(x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 ,
E =@= fun c ao linear am
xR
AIJA ?=I a3 = a4 = an = 0 A = IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao quadr atica # 5A K = BK ? = F E E= p : R R A @=@= F H

. p(x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 , xR
AIJA ?=I a4 = a5 = an = 0 A = IAH = @A
E =@= fun c ao c ubica
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
$
" Fun c ao racional 7 = BK ?= IAH = @A R R @=@= F H
E =@= fun c ao racional IA A = FK@AH IAH AI?HEJ= ?

. p(x) f(x) = , q (x) . x A = {x A : q(x) = 0},
K = BK ?= f : A " $
@A p A q I= BK ? AI F E
E=EI
. Exemplo 4.3.3 ) BK ? = f : A = R \ {1, 3} R @=@= F H . 1 3x + x2 10x3 f(x) = , 3 2x + x2 xA
A K = BK ? = H=?E = 2=H= LAH EIJ >=IJ= ? IE@AH=H =I BK ? AI F E

p(x) = 1 3x + x2 10x3
E=EI p, q : R R @=@=I F H
q(x) = 3 2x + x2 , xR
GKA I= BK ? AI F E
E=EI E= A K = BK ? = H=?E = = ANFHAII= " $ ? IE@AH=H = BK ?= F E E= q : R R @=@=
Observa c ao 4.3.5 8= A >IAHL=H GKA J @= BK ?= F E
2=H= LAH EIJ >=IJ= . F H q(x) = 1 F=H= J @ x R
# Fun c ao par 7 = BK ?= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao par IA A = JA F=H= ?=@= x A J= GKA x A @ALAHA I JAH
Exemplo 4.3.4 ) BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = |x|,
= IACKE JA FH FHEA@=@A f : A R R A
f(x) = f(x).
xR
A K = BK ? = F=H
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J
F EI
f(x) = | x| = |x| = f(x),
x R.
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
6
f(x) = |x| = | x|
(x, f(x)) = (x, | x|)
(x, f(x)) = (x, |x|)
x x
$
Observa c ao 4.3.6 8= A >IAHL=H GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F=H IAH = IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = AEN @ I Oy ? IA
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= AEN Oy B IIA K AIFA D
$ Fun c ao mpar 7 = BK ?= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao mpar IA A = JA A F=H= ?=@= x A J= GKA x A @ALAHA I JAH
f(x) = f(x). Exemplo 4.3.5 ) BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 , xR
= IACKE JA FH FHEA@=@A f : A R R
A K = BK ?=
F=H
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J
F EI
f(x) = (x)3 = (1)x3 = x3 = f(x),
x R.
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f IAH = @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
f(x) = x3 x x (x, f(x)) = (x, x3 ) f(x) = x3
(x, f(x)) = (x, x3 )
Observa c ao 4.3.7 8= A >IAHL=H GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

F=H A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HECA O = (0, 0)
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?=
% Fun c ao peri odica 7 = BK ?= = ? IJ= JA IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao peri odica IA A = JA = IACKE JA FH FHE A@=@A f : A R R A F @A I A ? JH=H T > 0 @A @ GKA F=H= ?=@= x A J= GKA x + T A @ALAHA I JAH f(x + T ) = f(x). " %
Exemplo 4.3.6 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = 1, IA x [1, 0) . f(x) = 1, IA x [0, 1) f(x + 2) = f(x),
F=H= ?=@=
x R.
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
$!
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= FAHE @E?= >=IJ= F H ANA F ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@ F H
y
? IE@AH=H T = 2
(x, f(x)) = (x, 1)
1 2 3
Observa c ao 4.3.8
JA I GKA IA K = BK ?= A FAHE @E?= @ALAH = ANEIJEH K A H L= H @A T > 0 F=H= I GK=EI " % IAH = LAH@=@A ) @A IJH= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H -IJA A H L= H @A T > 0 IAH = @EJ per odo fundamental @= BK ? = FAHE @E?= f A AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A T FAHE @E?= -NA F " ! $ =?E = = BK ? = f A 2 FAHE @E?= ! 8= A >IAHL=H GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= FAHE @E?= HAFAJA IA E @A E@= A JA K A D H IA ? DA?AH I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= FAHE @E?= K E JAHL= @A ? FHE A J T A J= F @AHA I A ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = A J @ IAK @
E 2=H= AIJA >=IJ=H = JH= I =@=H = @EHAEH= K = AIGKAH@= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f E JAHL= @A ? FHE A J T @=@ E E?E= A JA
& Fun c ao sobrejetora 7 = BK ?= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao sobrejetora IA ? K J E =CA EIJ A IA f : A R B R A J=
f(A) = B. Exemplo 4.3.7 5A = f : R [0, ) @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 , x R.
IAK ? JH= @

E B H ECK= = IAK
- J= = BK ?= f IAH = K = BK ?= I >HA AJ H= F EI IA y [0, ) ? JH= @ J = @ IA

. x= yR

E A J=
JA
I GKA
f(x) = f ( y) = [ y]2 = |y| = y,
$"
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
IJH= @ GKA J @ A A A J @ ? JH= @

E @= BK ?= f GKA A [0, ) A E =CA = CK A A A J @ @
E @= BK ? = GKA A = HAJ= R ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
@A
6
y (x, f(x)) = ( y, y)
x=
Observa c ao 4.3.9
, F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? K = BK ? = A I >HA AJ H= IA A I A JA IA J @= HAJ= D HE J= y = c GKA E JAH?AFJ= ? JH= @

E @= BK ? = E JAH?AFJ=H = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= A FA A I K F J 6 @ ?KE@=@ = = = EIA @= IEJK= ?= =?E = >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= g : R R @=@= F H
. g(x) = x2 , xR
A I >HA AJ H= F EI IAK ? n ao
JH= @
E A = HAJ= R A =IIE IA J =H I y < 0 GKA AIJ = ? JH= @
E n ao F @A I A ? JH=H x R @
E @= BK ?= J= GKA f(x) = y = CKH= =>=EN K = HAJ= D HE J= GKA E JAH?AFJ= AEN AC=JEL @A Oy n ao E JAH?AFJ=H = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
y
f(x)
(x, f(x)) = (x, x2 )
y<0
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ? = g =?E = A @EBAHA JA @= BK ? = f @ -NA F
" ! % =?E =
' Fun c ao injetora
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
$# E =@= fun c ao injetora IA @=@ I x1 , x2 A A J=

f(x1 ) = f(x2 ).
7 = BK ?= f : A R B R IAH = @A
x1 = x2
,A
@ AGKEL= A JA IA f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) F=H= x1 , x2 A A J=

x1 = x2 .
A?AII=HE= A JA @ALAHA
I JAH
Exemplo 4.3.8 5A = f : [0, ) R @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 ,
x R.
- J= = BK ?= f IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H=
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J ,A KJH
F EI IA
x1 , x2 [0, ), x1 = x2
JAHA
I =I
2 f(x1 ) = x2 1 = x2 = f(x2 ).
IA JELAH
I A J=
2 x2 1 = x2 ,
2 x2 1 = f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) = x2 ,
x1 , x2 [0, ) ,
x1 = x2 ,
IJH= @ GKA f A K = BK ? = E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
f(x) = x2
(x, f(x)) = (x, x2 )
Observa c ao 4.3.10
, F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? K = BK ?= IAH = E AJ H= IA A I A JA IA J @= HAJ= D HE J= y = c E JAH?AFJ= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = A =NE K F J >IAHLA I GKA IA = BK ? = g : R R A @=@= F H
. g (x) = x2 , xR
A J= = BK ?= g n ao IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H= F EI F H ANA F
g(1) = 1 = g(1).
JA
I GKA = BK ? = g =?E = A @EBAHA JA @= BK ?= f @ -NA F
" ! & =?E =
$$
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
18.03.2013 - 6.a
Fun c ao bijetora 7 = BK ?= f : A R B R IAH = @A I >HA AJ H= A E AJ H= E =@= fun c ao bijetora IA A = B H K = BK ?=
Exemplo 4.3.9 5A = f : R \ {0} R \ {0} @=@= F H . 1 f(x) = , x x R \ {0}.
- J=
BK ? = f IAH = K = BK ?= >E AJ H=
Resolu c ao:
) @A IJH= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
( (x, f(x)) =
1 xx
O x
J @A LEIJ= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? K = BK ? = A >E AJ H= IA A I A JA IA J @= HAJ= D HE J= y = c GKA E JAH?AFJ= ? JH= @

E @= BK ? = E JAH?AFJ=H = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = A K K E? F J
Fun c ao inversa associada a uma fun c ao 5A = f : A R B R K = BK ?= @=@= 5A ANEIJEH K = BK ?= g : B A J= GKA
(f g)(y) , = y
Observa c ao 4.3.11 , F
F=H= ?=@= y B, (g f)(x) = x , F=H= ?=@= x A,
" & " '
@EHA
I GKA = BK ?= f admite uma fun c ao inversa
Observa c ao 4.3.12 5A = BK ? = f : A R B R =@ EJA K = BK ? = E LAHI= g : B A A J= = BK ? = g IAH ==K E?= BK ? = ? =I FH FHEA@=@AI " & A " '
,AEN=HA
= @A
IJH= ?= @AIJA B=J ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
$%
Deni c ao 4.3.1 = IEJK= ?= @= @A E ?= =?E = = BK ?= g IAH = @EJ= fun c ao inversa 1 associada ` a fun c ao f A E @E?=@= F H f EIJ A J= BK ?= JAH = =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI f1 : B A ( ) f f1 (y) = y, ( ) f1 f (x) = x, Observa c ao 4.3.13
F=H= ?=@= F=H= ?=@=
y B, x A.
) CH II @ = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = K = BK ? = @AIB= @E=CH= = @A 8A =>=EN E KIJH= = IEJK= ?=

B A f
GKA = BK ?= B=

x = f1 (y)
f1
y = f(x)
Exemplo 4.3.10 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 , x R.
- J= = BK ?= f =@ EJA K = BK ?= E LAHI=
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J
IA ? IE@AH=H I
I = BK ?= g : R R @=@= F H
. g(y) = 3 y, yR
A J= JAHA
(f g)(y) = f(g(y)) = f ( 3 y) = [ 3 y]3 = y,
F=H= ?=@= y R 2 H KJH =@
( ) 3 (g f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g x3 = x3 = x,
F=H= ?=@= x R C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA K = BK ? = E LAHI= A GKA = BK ? = E LAHI= 1 =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f IAH = = BK ? = f : R R @A
. f1 (y) = 3 y, y R.
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= = CKH= =>=EN
$&
y
+)2 167
6
) ( ( ) y, f1 (y) = y, 3 y
"
.7 + -5
y = f(x) = x3
? -
(x, f(x)) =
( ) x, x3
x = f1 (y) = 3 y
Observa c ao 4.3.14
, F J @A LEIJ= @ CH = ? K = BK ?= =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= IA FK@AH I AI?HA LAH = AGK= ?= y = f(x) = L=HE =LA x A JAH I @= L=HE =LA y K IA = x = f1 (y) ) A @EII ? f A K = BK ? = J @= HAJ= LAHJE?= GKA E JAH?AFJ= @
E @= BK ? = f @ALA E JAH?AFJ=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AI = A K K E? F J 2=H= GKA = J @ y @ ? JH= @
E @= BK ? = f AIJA = =II ?E=@ K K E? x @ @
E @= AI = A >HA IA GKA f1 @ALA IAH BK ? = F @A I ? ? KEH GKA IA f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= A J= A = @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H= = LAH@=@A I @ EI ? ?AEJ I I= AGKEL= A JAI EIJ A JA I IACKE JA HAIK J=@
Proposi c ao 4.3.1 7 = BK ? = f : A R B R =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= IA A I IA = BK ? = f A >E AJ H= Demonstra c ao:
A JA
5KF D= IJHA
I GKA f : A R B R =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= I GKA f @ALA IAH >E AJ H=

( ) ( ) f(x) = f f1 (y) = f f1 (y) = y,
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= y B I=>A
I GKA f1 (y) = x A A = A
@EII
C y @ALAH = FAHJA ?AH = ?
K J E =CA
@= BK ?= f =IIE
= BK ?= f IAH = I >HA AJ H=
2 H KJH =@ IA f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) A J= f1 (f(x1 )) = f1 (f(x2 )) EIJ A
( ) ( ) x1 = f1 f (x1 ) = f1 (f(x1 )) = f1 (f(x2 )) = f1 f (x2 ) = x2 ,
K IA = x1 = x2 5KF D=
IJ= @ GKA = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H=
2 HJ= J = BK ?= f A >E AJ H= I =C H= GKA = BK ?= f : A R B R A >E AJ H=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
$'
IJHA
I GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= I g : B A @=@= F H

g(y) = x,
2=H= EIJ ? IE@AHA
"
x A ?
@A y = f(x) F=H= = CK
xA
>IAHLA I GKA f IA @ >E AJ H= IAH = I >HA AJ H= C ANEJEH =K " @ B=J GKA f A E AJ H= J= x A @ALAH = IAH K E? @AIJA K = BK ?= ,A " JA I GKA
(f g)(y) = f(g(y)) = f(x) = y, (g f)(x) = g(f(x))) = g(y) = x,
= FH FHEA@=@A @ = HA = ?= " @A A
F=H= J @ y B A F=H= J @ x A
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= GKA =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI=
Observa c ao 4.3.15
6A @ = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A I=>A @ IA GKA A = A K = BK ? = >E AJ H= F=H= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = E LAHI= @= BK ? = f >=IJ=H = HA AJEH I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A J H @= HAJ= y = x ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? >JE@ IAH = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ AI @ I AEN I EIJ A CH = ? @= BK ?= E LAHI= @= BK ?= f @A JH ?= I I AEN D HE J= IAH = AEN Oy A AEN LAHJE?= IAH = AEN Ox ANA F =?E = JA I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?= CA AJHE?=
[x] y y=x
[(y, f1 (y)]
(x, f(x))
x [y]
+KE@=@ F=H= n ao ? BK @EH = BK ? = E LAHI= f1 @A K = BK ?= @=@= f ? 1 A E LAHI @= BK ?= f EIJ ?=I ANEIJ=

f
%
Fun c ao limitada
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
7 = BK ?= f : A R R IAH = @A ? IJ= JAI M, m R J=EI GKA
E =@= fun c ao limitada (no conjunto A) IA ANEIJEHA

m f(x) M, x A.
Observa c ao 4.3.16
7 = KJH= ?=H=?JAHE = ?= AGKEL= A JA = @=@= =?E = A = BK ?= f IAH = K = BK ?= E EJ=@= ? K J A IA ANEIJEH L > 0 J= GKA
|f(x)| L,
F=H= ?=@= x A.
) @A IJH= ?= @= AGKEL= A @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= /A AJHE?= A JA K = BK ?= @= BK ?= f AIJELAH ? JE@ A
?E= @AIJ= ?=H=?JAHE = ?= ? = @A E ?= =?E = IAH = AEJ H IAH = E EJ=@= IA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? K = B=EN= D HE J= @A =HCKH= EJ=
Exemplo 4.3.11 ) BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = 1, IA x [1, 0) . f(x) = 1, IA x [0, 1) f(x + 2) = f(x),
F=H= ?=@=
x R.
A K = BK ?=
Resolu c ao:
E J=@= A
,A B=J
IA ? IE@AH=H
I M = 1 A m = 1 JAHA
I GKA F=H= ?=@=

x R.
m = 1 f(x) 1 = M ,
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
(x, f(x)) = (x, 1)
1 2 3
KJH= ? =IIA GKA IAH = E F HJ= JA A @=@= FA =
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
AR aA
%
,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f : A \ {a} R A limitada no ponto x = a IA FK@AH > 0 A M, m R J= GKA m f(x) M F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a} GKA I=JEIB= 0 < |x a| <
a < x < a + , Observa c ao 4.3.17 xA
I A ? JH=H
K IA = F=H= A
x = a.
) @A E ?= =?E = I @E GKA K = BK ?= A E EJ=@= K F J IA A = B H E EJ=@= FAHJ @ F J A GKAIJ= 8= A >IAHL=H GKA = BK ?= n ao FHA?EI= A?AII=HE= A JA AIJ=H @A E@= F J A GKAIJ= ) @A E ?= =?E = I @E GKA K = BK ?= f A E EJ=@= F J x = a IA A I A JA IA ANEIJEH > 0 @A @ GKA = HAIJHE ?= @= BK ? = f = ? K J (a , a + ) \ {a} IA = K = BK ?= E EJ=@= ? K J (a , a + ) \ {a} ! >IAHLA I GKA = @A E ?= =?E = A AGKEL= A JA = IACKE JA ?=H=?JAHE = ?= K = BK ? = A E EJ=@= F J x = a IA A I A JA IA ANEIJEHA L, > 0 J=EI GKA
|f(x)| L
F=H=
0 < |x a| < .
,A B=J
IA ANEIJEHA
L, > 0 J=EI GKA |f(x)| L
F=H=
0 < |x a | <
IACKA GKA A =IIE J
L f(x) L F=H= 0 < |x a| < , . . = @ IA m = L A M = L JAHA I GKA m f(x) M
F=H= F=H= I GKA

ML L m.
0 < |x a| < .
2 H KJH =@ J
IA
m f(x) M
0 < |x a| < ,
. = @ IA L = =N{|M|, |m|} 0 JA
" "
)IIE
IA 0 < |x a| < JAHA

(4.12)
I GKA
(4.11)
L m f(x) M L,
EIJ A
|f(x)| L,
?
6A I
GKAH
=
IJH=H
%
Exerc cio 4.3.1 ) BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 + 2x, xR
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
A E EJ=@= A
Resolu c ao:
x=1
,A B=J IA J
=H
I = 1 M = 2 m = 0 JA
I GKA
0 = m f(x) 8
F=H= ?=@=
x (1 , 1 + ) = (0, 2).
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= AIJ = @A ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
E@=
F J x=1 ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H

y = x2 + 2x
0 1 1
Observa c ao 4.3.18
= LAH@=@A ANA F =?E = JA I GKA = BK ? = f IAH = E EJ=@= A ?=@= a R K IA = F=H= ?=@= x = a R ANEIJEH= La , a > 0 J=EI GKA
|f(x)| La
x = a F=H=
F=H=
|x a | < a .
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
JA I GKA = BK ?= f @ ANA F =?E = n ao A E EJ=@= A R ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
%!
! Fun c ao (estritamente) crescente ,EHA I GKA K = BK ?= f : A R R A crescente IA F=H= x1 , x2 A J= GKA

x1 x2
JA D=
I f(x1 ) f(x2 ).
,A
@ = = C @EHA x1 , x2 A J= GKA
I GKA K = BK ?= f : A R R A estritamente crescente IA F=H=

x1 < x 2
JA D=
I f(x1 ) < f(x2 ).
Observa c ao 4.3.19 6A I GKA J @= BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA J= > A IAH = K = BK ? = ?HAI?A JA =I = HA?

FH L= A B= I= EIJ A A J @= BK ? = ?HAI?A JA A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI ?A JA ANA F = IACKEH IJH= EII Exemplo 4.3.12 ) BK ? = Resolu c ao:
A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA
=E H E JAEH LAH EJA
@AIJ= IA ?= A ?HAI?A JA
=I n ao
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ?

Exemplo 4.3.13 5A = f : R R @=@= F H
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
. f(x) = x3 + x 2,
x R.
- J= = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J
F EI IA x1 , x2 R A x1 < x2 JAHA
I GKA
x1 <x2
3 f(x1 ) = x3 1 + x1 2 < x2 + x2 2 = f(x2 ),
IJH= @ GKA = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= E AJ H= ,A B=J IA

Observa c ao 4.3.20 8= A >IAHL=H GKA J @= BK ?= AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA IAH = K = BK ?=
x1 , x 2 A
x1 = x2
A J= K
K x1 < x 2
f(x2 ) < f(x1 )
x2 < x 1 .
)IIE AA
K
f(x1 ) < f(x2 )
GK= GKAH @ I ?=I I =?E = JAHA
I
f(x1 ) = f(x2 ),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A E AJ H= AI n ao A L = E@ F=H= BK ? AI ?HAI?A JAI EIJ A ANEIJA BK ? AI ?HAI?A JAI GKA n ao I= E AJ H=I ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H A ? JH=H K ANA F GKA EIJ ? HHA
%" " Fun c ao (estritamente) decrescente ,EHA
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
I GKA K = BK ?= f : A R R A decrescente IA F=H= x1 , x2 A J= GKA

x1 x2
JA D=
I f(x1 ) f(x2 ).
,A @ = = C @EHA F=H= x1 , x2 A J= GKA
I GKA K = BK ?= f : A R R A estritamente decrescente IA

x1 < x2
JA D=
I f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
I GKA J @= BK ?= AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA J= > A IAH = K = BK ? = @A?HAI?A JA =I = HA?

FH L= A B= I= EIJ A A J @= BK ? = @A?HAI?A JA IAH =K = BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA ,AEN=HA I? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H A ? JH=H K ANA F GKA EIJ ? HHA
Observa c ao 4.3.21 6A
Exemplo 4.3.14 5A = f : (0, ) R @=@= F H . 1 f(x) = , x x (0, ). (0, )
- J= = BK ? = f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J
F EI IA x1 , x2 (0, ) A
x1 < x 2
JAHA
I GKA f(x1 ) =
1 x1
x1 <x2
>
1 = f(x2 ), x2
IJH= @ GKA = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH=

Observa c ao 4.3.22 >IAHLA E AJ H= F EI IA x1 , x2 A A x1 = x2
I GKA J @= BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA IAH = K = BK ? = K

x2 < x1
A J=
x1 < x 2
A =IIE
f(x1 ) > f(x2 )
K f(x2 ) > f(x1 )
AA
GK= GKAH ?=I JAHA
I f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= BK ? AI @A?HAI?A JAI GKA GKA EIJ ? HHA
AI n ao A L = E@ F=H= BK ? AI @A?HAI?A JAI EIJ A ANEIJA n ao I= E AJ H=I ,AEN=HA I? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A ? JH=H K ANA F
# Fun c ao Mon otona ,EHA I GKA K = BK ?= f : A R R A mon otona IA A = B H K = BK ?= ?HAI?A JA K @A?HAI?A JA

Exemplo 4.3.15 )I BK ? AI @ EJA
I= BK ? AI
J =I
@AIJ= IA ?= A @ I -NA F I " ! ! A " ! "
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
%#
$ Fun c oes trigonom etricas: ) IACKEH L= + A ?=HA A H=E 1 5A = X I HA A >H=H ? I ? IE@AH= @ K I= @A E@=I J @=I =I BK ? AI JHEC AJHE?=I = HECA F J P = (x, y) I >HA K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH
F J @A E JAHIA? ?= @= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= =?E = ?
IA E AEN F IEJEL @ AEN @ I Ox
+ IE@AHA I R = CK GKA = IA E HAJ= OP B H = ? =>=EN
=EI FHA?EI= A JA ? FHE A J =H? @A ?EH?K BAHA ?E= XP = IA E HAJ= OX HEA J=@ IA JE@ = JE D H =HE LE@A CKH=
y
B y
P = (x, y)
EIJ JA
I =I
16.1 A fun c ao cosseno Deni c ao 4.3.3 ,A
E I cosseno do arco (ou angulo) E @E?=@ F H ? I() IA @ L= H x FHE AEH A A A J @ F=H H@A =@ =II ?E=@ = F J P N=@ =?E = EIJ F @A I @A EH = fun c ao cosseno E @E?=@= F H
? I:RR
Observa c ao 4.3.23 +
@=@= F H @A x A K A I ? ?
? I() = x,
R,
FHE A J @ IAC A J OA F=H= ?=@= FHE A J @ IAC A J OA IA

[
[ ] + 2k , + 2k 2 2
] 3 + 2k , + 2k , @A k Z. 2 2 [ ] 4AIJHE CE @ IA = E JAHL= , JA I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?= CA 2 2
AJHE?=
%$
y
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
P = (x, y)
O X
? I()
6A I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @= BK ?= ? IIA @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.1
?K =I @A
IJH= ? AI IAH=
E = BK ?= ? IIA
A K = BK ? = 2 FAHE @E?= EIJ A

? I( + 2) = ? I(),
R;
EE = BK ?= ? IIA
A K = BK ? =
E EJ=@=
=EI AIFA?E ?= A JA JA
R.
I GKA
1 ? I() 1,
EEE 6A A
I GKA
0 ? I() 1
IA
] [ + 2k , + 2k 2 2 [
1 ? I() 0
IA
] 3 + 2k , + 2k , 2 2
k Z.
EL ? I() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = 2k ? kZ L ? I() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = (2k + 1) ? k Z LE ? I() = 0 IA A I A JA IA

=
LEE = BK ?= ? IIA
A K = BK ? = F=H EIJ A
+ k ? 2
kZ
? I() = ? I(),
R;
" !
LEEE ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA =>=EN
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? IIA
A @=@ FA = CKH=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
6
(, ? 1
%%
I())
? I()
2
2 3 2
3 2
16.2 A fun c ao seno Deni c ao 4.3.4 ,A E I seno do arco (ou angulo) E @E?=@ F H IA () ? IA @ L= H y IACK @ A A A J @ F=H H@A =@ =II ?E=@ = F J P N=@
=?E =
EIJ F @A
I @A
EH = fun c ao seno E @E?=@= F H
IA : R R
@=@= F H @A y A K A I E JAHL= ? ?
IA () = y,
R,
FHE A J @ IAC A J OB IA
[2k , (2k + 1)] , kZ
FHE A J @ IAC A J OB IA
[(2k + 1) , 2(k + 1)] , k Z.
0 JA
I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?= CA
y
AJHE?=
6
IA
()
B y
P = (x, y)
?
O
%& 6A ? I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @= BK ?= IA ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
?K =I @A
IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I
Propriedades 4.3.2
E = BK ?= IA
A K = BK ?= 2 FAHE @E?= EIJ A

IA ( + 2) = IA (),
R;
EE = BK ?= IA
A K = BK ?=
E EJ=@=
=EI AIFA?E ?= A JA
R.
1 IA () 1,
EEE A
0 IA () 1 1 IA () 0
IA [2k , (2k + 1)]

k Z.
IA [(2k + 1) , 2(k + 1)] ,

=
LEE = BK ?= IA
+ 2k ? kZ 2 3 L IA () = 1 IA A I A JA IA = + 2k ? kZ 2 LE IA () = 0 IA A I A JA IA = k ? k Z
EL IA () = 1 IA A I
A JA IA
A K = BK ?=
F=H EIJ A
IA () = IA (),
R;
" "
LEEE ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = IA
6
(,
A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
IA
())
IA
1 ()
2
3 2
3 2
)I BK ? AI ? IIA IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
A IA J= > A F IIKA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K =I @A ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
IJH= ? AI
Propriedades 4.3.3 2=H= J @ , 1 , 2 R JA
I
" # " $
E EE
? I2 () + IA 2 () = 1; ? I(1 + 2 ) = ? I(1 ). ? I(2 ) IA (1 ). IA (2 );
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
%'
EEE 5ACKA @A " $ GKA

? I(2) = ? I2 () IA 2 () ? I( + ) = ? I() ? I
(
) = IA () 2 ? I(1 2 ) + ? I(1 + 2 ) ? I(1 ). ? I(2 ) = 2
" % " & " ' "
) FA K JE = E@A JE@=@A I @E GKA F @A I >JAH K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = IA ? IIA HAIFA?JEL= A JA JH= I =@= @ IA @A = 2 HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= CH = ? @= BK ? = ? IIA IA HAIFA?JEL= A JA = @EHA ?= D HE J= IA JE@ F IEJEL IA JE@ AC=JEL HAIFA?JEL= A JA EL
IA (1 + 2 ) = IA (1 ). ? I(2 ) + ? I(1 ). IA (2 ); "
L 5ACKA @A " GKA

IA (2) = 2 IA (). ? I() IA ( + ) = IA () IA ( + ) = ? I() IA (1 ). IA (2 ) = + =I BK ? AI ? IIA A IA F @A
{ 2 2
" " ! " "

2
? I(1 2 ) ? I(1 + 2 )
" #
I @A
EH KJH=I BK ? AI E F HJ= JAI = I=>AH A
16.3 A fun c ao tangente Deni c ao 4.3.5 2=H= R \ } + k ; k Z @A
angulo) E @E?=@ F H JC() ?
IA @
I = tangente do arco (ou
JC() =
Observa c ao 4.3.25
IA () . ? I()
= CKH= =>=EN I JHE= CK I OAP A OXT I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) C =@ I ? HHAIF @A JAI CK=H@= = AI = FH F H ?= A F=HJE?K =H JA I
XT OX = , AP OA
EIJ A
XT =
OX.AP . OA
+
OX = 1, OA = ? I()
AP = IA ()
@= HA = ?= =?E = IACKA GKA

XT =
IA () = JC(). ? I()
&
y
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
6
T P
6
IA
()
?
O
? I()
A -
J @A LEIJ= @ = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K EJ =HE= GKA KJE E = I F=H= @A EH ? IIA A IA @A K =H? JA I GKA = J= CA JA @ =H? ? HHAF @A A @K = ? FHE A J @ IAC A J XT @A T A F J @A E JAHIA? ?= @= IA E HAJ= OP ? = HAJ= FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN Ox GKA F=II= FA F J X LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
Conclus ao: @ F
6
JC()
? O
2 @A
I =IIE
@A
EH = fun c ao tangente E @E?=@= F H

JC : R \
{ 2 } + k ; k Z R { 2 } + k ; k Z .
@=@= F H
JC() =
. IA () , ? I()
R\
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @= BK ?= J= CA JA ?K =I @A @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.4 5A = R\ { 2 } + k ; k Z - J=
IJH= ? AI IAH=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
&
= k k Z = + k k Z 4 EEE JC() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = + k k Z 4 EL ) BK ? = J= CA JA A K = BK ? = FAHE @E?= EIJ A { } JC( + ) = JC(), R \ + k ; k Z ; 2
E JC() = 0 IA A I EE JC() = 1 IA A I
A JA IA A JA IA
L ) BK ? = J= CA JA A K = BK ? =
F=H EIJ A
JC() = JC(), ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
R\ { 2 } + k ; k Z .
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= J= CA JA A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

6
JC())
(,
JC()
2 3 2 2
3 2
16.4 A fun c ao cotangente Deni c ao 4.3.6 2=H= R \ {k ; k Z} @A angulo) E @E?=@ F H ? JC() ? IA @
I = cotangente do arco (ou
? JC() =
Observa c ao 4.3.26
. ? I() . IA ()
= CKH= =>=EN I JHE= CK I OBP A OYT I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) C =@ I ? HHAIF @A JAI CK=H@= = AI = FH F H ?= F H ANA F
YT OY = , BP OB
EIJ A
YT =
OY.BP . OB
+
OY = 1
OB = IA ()
A BP = ? I()

YT =
? I() = ? JC(). IA ()
&
y
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
6
Y
6
IA
()
?
O
? I()
J @A LEIJ= @ = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K EJ =HE= GKA KJE E = I F=H= @A EH ? IIA A IA @A K =H? JA I GKA = ? J= CA JA @ =H? ? HHAF @A A @K = ? FHE A J @ IAC A J YT @A T A F J @A E JAHIA? ?= @= IA E HAJ= OP ? = HAJ= FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN Oy GKA F=II= FA F J Y LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
Conclus ao: @ F
6
? JC()
2 @A
I =IIE
@A
EH = fun c ao cotangente E @E?=@= F H

? JC : R \ {k ; k Z} R
@=@= F H
? JC() =
. ? I() , IA ()
R \ {k ; k Z}.
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA ?K =I @A @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.5 5A = R \ {k ; k Z} - J=
IJH= ? AI IAH=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
&!
=k kZ 2 EE ? JC() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = + k k Z 4 EEE ? JC() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = + k k Z 4 EL ) BK ? = ? J= CA JA A K = BK ?= FAHE @E?= EIJ A
E ? JC() = 0 IA A I
A JA IA
? JC( + ) = ? JC(),
R \ {k ; k Z};
L ) BK ? = ? J= CA JA A K = BK ?=
F=H EIJ A
? JC() = ? JC(), ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
R \ {k ; k Z}.
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

6
? JC()
2 3 2 2
2
3 2
(,
? JC())
Observa c ao 4.3.27
)I BK ? AI J= CA JA A ? J= CA JA IA HA =?E =
( ) JC + = ? JC(), 2
@= IACKE JA B H =
R \ {k ; k Z} .
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H + ? IAGKA ?E= @= E@A JE@=@A =?E = IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA J= CA JA HAIFA?JEL= A JA F @A IAH >JE@= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = J= CA JA ? J= CA JA HAIFA?JEL= A JA JH= I =@= @ IA AIJA K JE @A = @EHA ?= D HE J= A GK= GKAH K 2 @ I IA JE@ I A HA AJE @ IA A J H @ AEN Ox
16.5 A fun c ao secante Deni c ao 4.3.7 2=H= R \ { 2 } + k ; k Z @A
angulo) E @E?=@ F H IA?() ?
IA @
I = secante do arco (ou
IA?() =
Observa c ao 4.3.28
1 . ? I()
&"
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
= CKH= =>=EN
I JHE= CK I OAP A OXT I= IA A D= JAI ?=I )))

y
6
T P
O A X
=@ I ? HHAIF @A JAI CK=H@=

OT OX = , OP OA
AI = FH F H ?=
OT =
F=HJE?K =H
EIJ A
OX.OP . OA
+
OX = OP = 1
A OA = ? I()
1 = IA?().

OT = Conclus ao: @ F
? I()
J @A LEIJ= @ = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K EJ =HE= GKA KJE E = I F=H= @A ? IIA A IA @A K =H? JA I GKA = IA?= JA @ =H? ? HHAF @A A @K = ? FHE A J @ IAC A J OT @A T A F J @A E JAHIA? ?= @= IA E HAJ= OP ? = HAJ= FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN Ox GKA F=II= FA F J X LA = CKH= =>=EN EH
y
6 >
IA?()
P
=
O
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
&#
2 @A
I =IIE
@A
EH = fun c ao secante E @E?=@= F H

IA? : R \
{ 2 } + k ; k Z R { 2 } + k ; k Z .
@=@= F H
IA?() =
1 , ? I()
R\
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @= BK ?= IA?= JA ?K =I @A @AEN=@== ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.6 5A = { } R\ + k ; k Z - J= 2 { } E 1 | IA?()| F=H= J @ R \ + k ; k Z 2 EE IA?() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = 2k k Z
IJH= ? AI IAH=
EEE IA?() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = (2k + 1)k k Z EL ) BK ? = IA?= JA A K = BK ? = 2 FAHE @E?= EIJ A

IA?( + 2) = IA?(),
R\ { 2
} + k ; k Z ;
L ) BK ? = IA?= JA A K = BK ? = F=H EIJ A

IA?() = IA?(), ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
R\
{ 2
} + k ; k Z .
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= IA?= JA A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

6 9
(,
IA?()
1
IA?())
3 2
3 2
16.6 A fun c ao cossecante Deni c ao 4.3.8 2=H= ?=@= R \ {k ; k Z} @A (ou angulo) E @E?=@ F H ? IIA?() ? IA @
I = cossecante do arco
? IIA?() =
Observa c ao 4.3.29
1 . IA ()
= CKH= =>=EN
I JHE= CK I OBP A OYT I= IA A D= JAI ?=I )))
&$
y
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
6
Y T
=@ I ? HHAIF @A JAI CK=H@=

OT OY = , OP OB
AI = FH F H ?=
OT =
F=HJE? =H
EIJ A
OY.OP . OB
+
OY = OP = 1
A OB = IA ()

OT = 1 = ? IIA?(). IA ()
+ ? KI= @ F J @A LEIJ= @ = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= K EJ =HE= GKA KJE E = I F=H= @A EH ? IIA A IA @A K =H? JA I GKA = ? IIA?= JA @ =H? ? HHAF @A A @K = ? FHE A J @ IAC A J OT @A T A F J @A E JAHIA? ?= @= IA E HAJ= OP ? = HAJ= FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN Oy GKA F=II= FA F J Y LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
>
? IIA?()
=
O
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
&%
EIJ F @A
I @A
EH = fun c ao cossecante E @E?=@= F H

? IIA? : R \ {k ; k Z} R
@=@= F H
? IIA?() =
IA ()
R \ {k ; k Z}.
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @= BK ?= IA?= JA ?K =I @A @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.7 5A = R \ {k ; k Z} - J=
IJH= ? AI IAH=
E 1 | ? IIA?()| F=H= J @ R \ {k ; k Z} EE ? IIA?() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = + 2k k Z

2 + 2k k Z EEE ? IIA?() = 1 IA A I A JA IA = 2 EL ) BK ? = ? IIA?= JA A K = BK ?= 2 FAHE @E?= EIJ A 3
? IIA?( + 2) = ? IIA?(),
R \ {k ; k Z};
L ) BK ? = ? IIA?= JA A K = BK ?=
F=H EIJ A
? IIA?() = ? IIA?(), R \ {k ; k Z}. ( }} ) { { LE IA? + k ; k Z . = ? IIA?() F=H= J @ R \ {k ; k Z} 2 2 ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
(,
? IIA?())
6
? IIA?()
1
3 2
3 2
)I BK ? AI @ I EJA
$ =J A $ $ I= @A
E =@=I fun c oes trigonom etricas AJHE?=I ?K =I @A I
6A I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI GKA A L LA L =HE=I @=I BK ? AI JHEC JH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.8 { } = 5A R \ + k ; k Z A J= 2
JC2 () + 1 = IA?2 ();
" $
&&
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
> 5A R \ {k ; k Z} A J=
? JC2 () + 1 = ? IIA?2 (); " %
=?E = @A
Observa c ao 4.3.30 7
KJH @ @A LAH CA AJHE?= A JA =I BK ? AI JHEC E@=I A @=@ @= IACKE JA B H = ? IE@AHA I F J

{ } P (x, y) R2 ; x2 + y2 = 1
6
AJHE?=I
P = (0, 1), (0, 1)
A B
C +
OA = ? I(),
OB = IA (),
OP = 1.
I JHE= CK I OAP A OBP I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) IACKA GKA

PB OP = , AP OA
EIJ A
PB =
OP=1
AP OA
AP=OC
OC IA () = , ? I() OA
K IA = ,AII= IA A D= ?= J= > A IACKA GKA
JC() = PB.
OB OP = , OP OA
EIJ A
OB =
OP=1
1 1 , = ? I () OA
K IA =
IA?() = OB.
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
&'
,A GKA
@ = = C
I JHE= CK I OCP A ODP I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) IACKA EIJ A

PD =
OP=1
PD OP = , CP OC
CP OC
CP=OA
OA ? I() = , IA () OC
K IA = ,AII= IA A D= ? = J= > A IACKA GKA
? JC() = PD.
OD OP = , OP OC
EIJ A
OD =
OP=1
1 1 = , IA () OC
K IA =
) IACKEH JH=J=HA I @=I
? IIA?() = OD.
20.03.2013- 7.a
% Fun c oes trigonom etricas inversas: AIJ= IA ?= L= I HAIJHE CEH @A @ ? LA EA JA ?=@= K = @=I BK ? AI JHEC AJHE?=I ANE>E@=I = IA ?= = JAHE H F=H= GKA F II= I >JAH IK=I ? HHAIF @A JAI BK ? AI E LAHI=I + A ?=HA I FA = I = BK ?=
f : [0, ] [1, 1]
17.1 A fun c ao arco-cosseno
+ IE@AHA
@=@= F H f(x) = ? I(x),
x [0, ],
AJHE?= @ IAK CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
6
(x, ? 1
I(x))
? I(x)
A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA C IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= f
AIJ= IEJK= ?=
F @A
IJH=H IAH = @AEN=@ ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H GKA = BK ?=
2 HJ= J f A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : [1, 1] [0, ]
'
+)2 167
Deni c ao 4.3.9 ) BK ? = E LAHI= f1 >JE@= =?E = IAH = @A 1 cosseno A E @E?=@= F H =H?? I K ? I
"
.7 + -5
E =@= fun c ao arcoIJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I
) BK ?= =H? ? IIA ? ANAH?

?E F=H=
Propriedades 4.3.9
JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K =I @A AEJ H
E ? I(=H?? I(y)) = y EE =H?? I(? I(x)) = x EEE =H?? I(0) =

2 EL =H?? I(1) = 0
IA y [1, 1] IA x [0, ]
L =H?? I(1) = LE =H?? I A K = BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA

) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?? I A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
x
(y, =H??
I(y))
=H?? I(y)
Observa c ao 4.3.31 2 @AH

= I JAH AI? DE@ KJH=I HAIJHE ? AI @= BK ? = ? IIA = KJH I E JAHL= I @A R F=H= ? IE@AH=H IK= BK ? = E LAHI= F H ANA F E JAHL= I @ JEF [k, (k + 1)] @A k Z
2=H= ?=@= K = @AII=I AI? D=I JAHA I K = BK ?= E LAHI= @EBAHA JA =II ?E=@=@= = AI? D= @ @
E @= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ? = ? IIA GKA A I
17.2 A fun c ao arco-seno
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?=
[ ] f: , [1, 1] 2 2
@=@= F H f(x) = IA (x),
[ ] x , , 2 2
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y
'
6
1
(x,
IA
(x))
IA
(x)
2 x
f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= Deni c ao 4.3.10 ) BK ? = E LAHI= f1 seno A E @E?=@= F H =H?IA K IA 1
AIJ= IEJK= ?=
F @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H GKA = BK ?=
[ ] 2 2
2 HJ= J f A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : [1, 1] ,
>JE@= =?E = IAH = @A
E =@= fun c ao arco-
) BK ?= =H? IA JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K =I @A ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.10
IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
E EE EEE EL
IA ( =H?IA (y)) = y =H?IA ( IA (x)) = x =H?IA (0) = 0 =H?IA (1) =

2
IA y [ 1] [ 1, ] IA x ,
2 2
L =H?IA (1) = 2 LE =H?IA A K = BK ?= AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA

) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?IA A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
x
6
2
(y,
=H?IA
(y))
=H?IA
1
(y)
s y 1 y
'
Observa c ao 4.3.32
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A
F=H A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= J= > A A K = BK ?=
F=H 2 @AH
= I JAH AI? DE@ ? @
E @= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ? = IA KJH I E JAHL= I F=H= ? IE@AH=H IK= BK ? = E LAHI= F H ANA F E JAHL= I @ JEF [ ] + k, + k @A k Z 2 2 2=H= ?=@= K = @AII=I AI? D=I JAHA I K = BK ?= E LAHI= @EBAHA JA =II ?E=@=@= = AI? D= @= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= IA GKA A I
I = BK ?=
( ) f: , R 2 2
17.3 A fun c ao arco-tangente
+ IE@AHA
@=@= F H f(x) = JC(x),
( ) x , , 2 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
(x,
JC(x))
JC(x)
2 x
AIJ= IEJK= ?= F @A I IJH=H IAH = @AEN=@ ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= 2 HJ= J f A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R ,
Deni c ao 4.3.11 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 >JE@= =?E = IAH = @A tangente A E @E?=@= F H =H?JC K JC1 ( ) 2 2
E =@= fun c ao arco-
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
'! IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I
) BK ?= =H? J= CA JA JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K = @A ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.11
E JC( =H?JC(y)) = y IA y R ( ) EE =H?JC( JC(x)) = x GK=@ IA x , EEE =H?JC(0) = 0 EL =H?JC(1) =

4 2 2
L =H?JC(1) = 4 LE =H?JC A K = BK ?= AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA

) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?JC A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
x
=H?JC(y)
y
(y,
=H?JC(y))
Observa c ao 4.3.33
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ? = f A
F=H A IK= BK ? = E LAHI= J= > A A K = BK ? =
F=H 2 @AH
= I JAH AI? DE@ = HAIJHE ?= @= BK ? = J= CA JA = KJH( I E JAHL= I F=H=) ? IE@AH=H IK= BK ? = E LAHI= F H ANA F E JAHL= I @ JEF + k, + k 2 2 @A k Z 2=H= ?=@= K = @AII=I AI? D=I JAHA I K = BK ? = E LAHI= @EBAHA JA =II ?E=@=@= = AI? D= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= J= CA JA GKA A I
I = BK ?=
f : (0, ) R
17.4 A fun c ao arco-cotangente
+ IE@AHA
@=@= F H f(x) = ? JC(x),
x (0, ),
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
'"
y
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
? JC(x)
f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA C IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= 2 HJ= J f A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R (0, ) Deni c ao 4.3.12 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 >JE@= =?E = IAH = @A cotangente A E @E?=@= F H =H?? JC K ? JC1
AIJ= IEJK= ?=
F @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H GKA = BK ?=
E =@= fun c ao arcoIJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=
) BK ?= =H? ? J= CA JA JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K =I @A @=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.12
E ? JC( =H?? JC(y)) = y EE =H?? JC( ? JC(x)) = x EEE =H?? JC(0) =

2 EL =H?? JC(1) = 4 3
IA y R IA x (0, )
L =H?? JC(1) = 4 LE =H?? JC A K = BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA

) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?? JC A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
x
(y,
=H?? JC(y))
=H?? JC(y)
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
'#

=
I JAH AI? DE@ = HAIJHE ?= @= BK ? = ? J= CA JA = K JH I E JAHL= I ? @

E @= BK ? = f F=H= ? IE@AH=H IK= BK ? = E LAHI= F H ANA F E JAHL= I @ JEF (k, (k + 1)) @A k Z 2=H= ?=@= K = @AII=I AI? D=I JAHA I K = BK ? = E LAHI= @EBAHA JA =II ?E=@=@= = AI? D= @= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA GKA A I
17.5 A fun c ao arco-secante
+ IE@AHA
[ ) ( ] f : 0, , R \ (1, 1) 2 2
I = BK ?=
@=@= F H f(x) = IA?(x),
[ ) ( ] x 0, , , 2 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
6
(x,
IA?(x))
IA?(x)
x
2
AIJ= IEJK= ?= F @A I IJH=H IAH = @AEN=@ ? [ ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H GKA = BK ?= f ) ( ] A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I 0, A , C IAH = K = BK ?= 2 2 E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= [ ) 2 HJ= J f A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R \ (1, 1) 0,
( 2 ] 2 ,
Deni c ao 4.3.13 ) BK ? = E LAHI= f1 >JE@= =?E = IAH = @A 1 secante A E @E?=@= F H =H?IA? K IA?
E =@= fun c ao arcoIJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I
) BK ?= =H? IA?= JA JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K =I @A ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.13
E IA?( =H?IA?(y)) = y EE =H?IA?( IA?(x)) = x
IA y [ R \ (1, 1) ) ( ) IA x 0, , ]
2 2
'$
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
EEE =H?IA?(1) = 0 EL =H?IA?(1) = L =H?IA? A K = BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A A [1, ) ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I (, 1]
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?IA? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
=H?IA?(y)
i
(y,
=H?IA?(y))
I JAH AI? DE@ = HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= IA?= JA = KJH I IK>? K J I @ @

E @= BK ? = IA?= JA F=H= ? IE@AH=H IK= BK ? = E LAHI= F H ) ( ] [ ANA F HAJEH= @ I E JAHL= I @ JEF k, + k + k, (k + 1) @A
kZ 2 2

=
2=H= ?=@= K = @AII=I AI? D=I JAHA I K = BK ?= E LAHI= @EBAHA JA =II ?E=@=@= = AI? D= @= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ? = IA?= JA GKA A I
17.6 A fun c ao arco-cossecante
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?=
. [ ) ( ] x , 0 0, , 2 2
[ ) ( ] f : , 0 0, R \ (1, 1) 2 2
@=@= F H f(x) = ? IIA?(x),
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y
'%
6
(x,
? IIA?(x))
? IIA?(x)
2 x
AIJ= IEJK= ?= F @A I IJH=H IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH? ?E F=H= H GKA = BK ?= ) ( AEJ [

] f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A ?=@= K @EI E JAHL= I , 0 A 0, C IAH =K = 2 2 BK ?= E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H=
(
2 HJ= J f A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R \ (1, 1) , 0

0, ] 2
[ 2
Deni c ao 4.3.14 ) BK ? = E LAHI= f1 >JE@= =?E = IAH = @A 1 cossecante A E @E?=@= F H =H?? IIA? K ? IIA?
E =@= fun c ao arcoIJH= ? AI IAH=
C = BK ?= =H? ? IIA?= JA JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI ?K =I @A @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.14
E ? IIA?( =H?? IIA?(y)) = y EE =H?? IIA?( ? IIA?(x)) = x EEE =H?? IIA?(1) =

2
IA y R \ (1, 1)
[ 2 )
IA x , 0 0,
] 2
EL =H?? IIA?(1) = 2 L =H?? IIA? A K = BK ? = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (, 1] A [1, )

) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
?=@= K
@ I E JAHL= I
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?? IIA? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
'&
x
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
6
2
(y,
=H?? IIA?(y))

=H?? IIA?(y)
1 1 y y
Observa c ao 4.3.36
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ? = f A K = BK ?=
F=H A = BK ? = f1 J= > A BK ? =
F=H
AK =
2 @AH
= I JAH AI? DE@ = HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA = KJH I IK>? K J I @ @
E @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA F=H= ? IE@AH=H IK= BK ?= E LAHI= F H ANA F [ ) ( ] E JAHL= I @ JEF + k, k k, + (k + 1) @A k Z 2 2 2=H= ?=@= K = @AII=I AI? D=I JAHA I K = BK ?= E LAHI= @EBAHA JA =II ?E=@=@= = AI? D= @= HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JAA GKA A I
& A fun c ao logar tmo natural GKA B=HA I = IACKEH IAH = HABAEJ + = ?K 1 JACH= =EI =@E= JA @A K @ =EI HEC H I GK= @ AIJK@=H I
2 H D H= GKA B=HA I = IACKEH IAH = IK ?EA JA F=H= E JH @K EH I KJH=I BK ? AI KEJ E F H J= JAI = I=>AH = BK ?= C=H
=JKH= A = BK ?= ANF A ?E= A JHA KJH=I + IE@AHA I CH = ? @= BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. 1 f(t) = , t
t (0, ),
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
6
''
f(t) = 1 t
(t, f(t)) = (t, 1 ) t
2=H= ?=@= x > 0 N=@ ? IE@AHA I = HACE= F = = E EJ=@= GKA IAH = E @E?=@= F H Rx @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I t = 1 t = x A @ AEN Ox LA = CKH= =>=EN
6
Rx
t=1 t=x
1 @EGKA
I= =HA= @= HACE= Rx F H Ax
Deni c ao 4.3.15 2=H= ?=@= x > 0 @A E I logar tmo natural de x E @E?=@ (x) ? IA @ Ax , IA x > 1; . (x) = Ax , IA 0 < x < 1; , 0, IA x = 1.
F H
EIJ A (x) IAH = ECK= = L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= Rx F=H= x > 1 IAH = A I =HA= @= HACE= Rx F=H= 0 < x < 1 A ECK= = 0 IA x = 1 LA = CKH= =>=EN
6
(x1 ) = Ax1
L= H @=
(x2 ) = Ax2
Rx1
t = x1 t=1
Rx2
t = x2

+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
,AIJA ?K
6A
@ F @A
I @A
EH K = BK ?= C=H
J
@A
E =@= logar tmo natural @A J=@= F H =JKH= @A x

C=H
J =JKH=
: (0, ) R
L= H F=H= ?=@= x > 0 IAH =
I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI F=H= = BK ?=
Propriedades 4.3.15
= (1) = 0 > = BK ?= A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C A K = BK ? = E AJ H= ? = BK ?= A I >HA AJ H= C @ EJA IACKA GKA A = IAH = >E AJ H= @ 5A x, y (0, ) A J=
(x.y) = (x) + (y);
A 5A x1 , x2 , , xn (0, ) A J=
(x1 .x2 xn ) = (x1 ) + (xn ) = n. (x2 ) + + (xn );
B 5A x (0, ) A n N A J= C 5A x (0, ) A J=
(x); ( ) x 1 =
( ) 1 = x
(x),
EIJ A
(x);
D 5A x, y (0, ) A J=
( ) x = y
(x)
(y ).
Demonstra c ao:
, EJA , EJA 6A 5A
= E ?= @= BK ?= C=H
JE =JKH= >
5ACKA @= @A
I JHAI F IIE>E E@=@AI
E 0 < x1 < x2 < 1 A J= = Ax1 > Ax2 > 0 + 0 < x1 < x2 < 1 JA I GKA
(x1 ) = Ax1 < Ax2 = (x2 ),
EIJ A
(x1 ) <
(x2 ) 0 < x1 < 1 < x2 JA
EE 0 < x1 < 1 < x2 A J= ?
I GKA
(x2 ),
(x1 ) = Ax1 < 0 < Ax2 =
EIJ A
(x1 ) <
(x2 )
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5

EEE 1 < x1 < x2 A J= = Ax1 < Ax2 + 1 < x1 < x2 JA I GKA

(x1 ) = Ax1 < Ax2 = (x2 ),
EIJ A C F @A
(x1 ) <
(x2 )
I ? ? KEH GKA E @AFA @A JA @ ?=I IA

0 < x1 < x 2
JAHA
(x1 ) <
(x2 ),
GKA , EJA
IJH= GKA = BK ?= A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA ? C=H

JE IAH = EJE@= A J 5AH = BAEJ=
) @A IJH= ?= @= I >HA AJELE@=@A @= BK ?= =EI = BHA JA @AIA L LE A J @ ?KHI , EJA @ EJE@= ) @A IJH= ?= @AIIA B=J IAH = IAH = LE A J @ ?KHI , EJA A
A J
5AH = BAEJ=
=EI = BHA JA
@AIA L
) @A IJH= ?= @AIJ= E@A JE@=@A IACKA @ EJA @ A @A KJE E =H E @K ?= IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H , EJA ) @A B IJH= ?= @AIJ= E@A JE@=@A IACKA @ EJA
=JA =JE?= A I @AJ= DAI
A >=IJ= @ F=H= EIJ ? IE@AH=H
x1 = x2 = xn = x.
, EJA >IAHLA
C I GKA IA x > 0 JA

0=
I GKA
(x) x =
(1) =
) ( 1 EJA @ x. = x ( ) 1 = x
(x) +
( ) 1 . x
,= E@A JE@=@A =?E = F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA
(x)
IJH= @ GKA = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= , EJA D

( ) x = y
C IA x, y > 0 JAHA
( ) 1 EJA @ x. = y
(x) +
( ) 1 EJA C = y
(x)
(y ),
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @=I = H = ? AI I @ = K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AI IAH = LEIJ= ? @AJ= DAI AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =EI =@E= JA C=H
J =JKH=
) CKH= =>=EN ) ? IJHK ?= @
@AIA L LE A J @ ?KHI

y
+)2 167
6
"
.7 + -5
(x)
(x,
(x))
22.03.2013 - 8.a
' A fun c ao logar tmo na base a 2 @A I @A B H = EH = F=HJEH @= BK ?= C=H

J =JKH= KJH=I BK ? AI C=H
J =I @= IACKE JA
Deni c ao 4.3.16 5A = a > 0 a = 1 N=@
,=@ x > 0 @A IA @ + ?K EIJ F @A
logar tmo na base a do valor x E @E?=@
F H
Ca (x) ?
C a (x) =
(x) . (a)
I @A
EH = fun c ao logar tmo na base a E @E?=@= F H

Ca : (0, ) R,
L= H F=H= x > 0 IAH = Ca (x)

C=H
J = >=IA a JA FH FHEA@=@AI IA A D= JAI =I @= BK ?= C=H
JE =JKH= =
) BK ?= I=>AH
Propriedades 4.3.16 5A a > 0 A a = 1 JA
I GKA
= Ca (1) = 0 > = BK ? = Ca A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA IA a > 1 A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA IA 0 < a < 1 C A GK= GKAH K @ I ?=I I A K = BK ? = E AJ H= ? = BK ?= Ca A I >HA AJ H= C @ EJA IACKA GKA A = IAH = >E AJ H= @ 5A x, y (0, ) A J=
Ca (x.y) = Ca (x) + Ca (y);
A 5A x1 , x2 , , xn (0, ) A J=
Ca (x1 .x2 xn ) = Ca (x1 ) + Ca (x2 ) + + Ca (xn );
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
!
B 5A x (0, ) A n N A J=
Ca (xn ) = n. Ca (x);
C 5A x (0, ) A J=
( ) 1 Ca = C a (x), x
EIJ A
Ca x1 = Ca (x);
D 5A x, y (0, ) A J=
( ) x Ca = y
C a (x) C a (y ).
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A AEJ H )I @A ?KHI
IJH= ? AI IAH= @ I EJA I = > A B C A D @AEN=@=I ? IJH= ? AI IAH= @ I EJA I ? A @ IAH= ANE>E@=I =EI =@E= JA
ANAH?
?E F=H= @AIA L LE A J @
)I CKH=I =>=EN I @E A ? C=H

J = >=IA a ) ? IJHK ?= @ I AI
F @A IAH =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA @AJ= DAI =EI =@E= JA
AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= @AIA L LE A J @ ?KHI
I IAH = LEIJ= ?
1<a
Ca (x)
(x,
Ca (x))
"
y
+)2 167
6
"
.7 + -5
0<a<1
x 1
Ca (x)
(x,
Ca (x))
A fun c ao exponencial , EJA ? @= 2H F IE ?= " ! # JA I GKA = BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
(x), x (0, ) . f(x) =
AK +
BK ?= >E AJ H= EIJ JA I=
C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (0, ) R
Deni c ao 4.3.17 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R (0, ) =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f =?E = IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao exponencial A E @E?=@= F H ANF : R (0, ) K 1
,= FH F IE ?= " ! # IACKA

Propriedades 4.3.17
=I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI F=H= = BK ?= ANF A ?E=
= ANF(0) = 1 > = BK ?= ANF A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA ? 5A x, y R A J= @ 5A x1 , x2 , , xn R A J=
ANF(x + y) = ANF(x). ANF(y);
ANF(x1 + x2 + xn ) = ANF(x1 ). ANF(x2 ). . ANF(xn );
A 5A x R A n N A J= B 5A x R A J=
ANF(nx) = [ ANF(x)]n ; ANF(x) =

1 , ANF(x)
EIJ A
ANF(x) = [ ANF(x)]1 ;
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
# ANF(x) . ANF(y) C=H

J =JKH=
C 5A x, y R A J=
ANF(x y) =
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A IJH= ? AI @=I FH FHEA@=@AI =?E = IACKA A IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H ) CKH= =>=EN A ?E= ) ? IJHK ?= @ I I @E ? AI
@=I FH FHEA@=@AI @= BK ?=
F @A IAH = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @AJ= DAI

x
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ANF @AIA L LE A J @ ?KHI
I IAH = LEIJ= ?
=EI =@E= JA
6
ANF(y)
(y,
ANF(y))
A fun c ao potencia c ao 2 @A I @A EH KJH=I BK ? AI @ JEF ANF A ?E=EI = I=>AH
Deni c ao 4.3.18 ,=@ a > 0 A x R @A
I a elevado a x E @E?=@ F H ax ?
(a)].
. ax = ANF[x
)IIE F @A I @A EH = fun c ao potencia c ao com base a (xada) e expoente x ? IA @ = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H

. f(x) = ANF[x (a)], x R,
GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H ax EIJ A

. ax = ANF[x (a)], x R.
,A
@ IA A D= JA @=@ c R A x > 0 @A
. xc = ANF[c (x)],
I x elevado a c E @E?=@ F H xc ?
x (0, ).
$
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
)IIE F @A I @A EH = fun c ao potencia c ao com base x e expoente c (xado) ? IA @ = BK ? = g : (0, ) R @=@= F H

. g(x) = ANF[c (x)], x (0, ),
GKA IAH = @A J=@= F H xc EIJ A

. xc = ANF[c (x)], x (0, ).
,= 2H F IE ?= " ! & IACKA

Propriedades 4.3.18
=I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI F=H= @=I BK ? AI =?E = @A
E@=I
= 2=H= J @ a > 0 JA > 5A a > 1 = BK ?=
I a0 = 1
x ax , xR
IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA 5A 0 < a < 1 = BK ?= IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA 5A c > 0 = BK ?= IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA 5A c < 0 = BK ?= IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA ? 2=H= J @ a > 0 IA x, y R JA
x ax ,
xR
x xc ,
x (0, )
x xc ,
x (0, )
I GKA
ax+y = ax .ay ;
@ 2=H= J @ a > 0 A x1 , x2 , , xn R JA
I GKA
ax1 +x2 +xn = ax1 .ax2 . .axn ;
A 2=H= J @ a > 0 IA x R A n N A J=

anx = (ax )n ;
B 5A x R A J=
ax =
EIJ A C 2=H= J @ a > 0 IA x, y R A J=
1 , ax
ax = (ax )1 ;
axy =
ax . ay
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
%
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A
IJH= ? AI @=I FH FHEA@=@AI =?E = IAH= @AEN=@=I ? AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI @A

0<a<1
(y, ay ) x
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
)I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA =>=EN
E@=I =?E = I= @=@=I FA =I CKH=I
6 W
ay
a>1
y
6
ay
(y, ay )
=EI =@E= JA IJH=HA I FHA?EI= A JA GKA AIJ=I CKH=I I= =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI =?E =
AJHE?=I @ I
Observa c ao 4.3.37 5A a > 0 L= A >IAHL=H GKA = BK ?= g : R (0, ) @=@= F H . g(y) = ay , yR
A = BK ? = E LAHI= @= BK ?= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H

. f (x) =
C a (x),
x (0, ).
&
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
,AEN=HA
+
I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ?

I E JH @K EH
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
EIJ F @A
Deni c ao 4.3.19 ,A
n umero de Euler E @E?=@ F H e ? . e = ANF(1),
IA @
K IA =
(e) = 1. Observa c ao 4.3.38 +
EIJ
@= ,A
E ?= " ! & IACKA GKA

(e)]
(e)=1
. ex = ANF[x
ANF(x),
x R.
F=HJE?K =H IA a > 0 IACKA GKA

. ax = ex
(a)
xR x (0, ).
A IA c R JA
I GKA
. xc = ex
(x)
+ EIJ = 2H F IE ?= " ! & F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H = ?K = @A @E=J= A IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
Propriedades 4.3.19
IJH= ?= AE A
= e0 = 1 > = BK ?= y = ex A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA ? (ey ) = y, IA y R A e (x) = x, IA x > 0; @ 5A x, y R A J= A 5A x1 , x2 , , xn R A J=
ex+y = ex .ey ;
ex1 +x2 +xn = ex1 .ex2 . .exn ;
B 5A x R A n N A J= C 5A x R A J=
enx = (ex )n ; 1 , ex
ex =
EIJ A D 5A x, y R A J=
ex = (ex )1 ; ex . ey
exy =
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
'
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ANF A ?E= A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

x
6
K AH @A -K AH
ey
(y, ey )
q
1
As fun c oes hiperb olicas:
6A @ @A
E@= = BK ?= ANF A ?E= F @A
I @A
EH =I IACKE JAI BK ? AI @A
E =@=I fun c oes
hiperb olicas 22.1 A fun c ao cosseno-hiperb olico Deni c ao 4.3.20 2=H= ?=@= x R @A E I GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H ? ID(x) ? IA @ cosseno-hiperb olico do n umero real x
? ID(x) =
. ex + ex , 2
x R.
)IIE F @A I @A EH = BK ? = @A CKE JA B H = ? ID : R R, @A
? ID(x) = ) BK ?= ? IIA DEFAH> E? JA
E =@= fun c ao cosseno-hiperb olico @= IA

ex + ex , 2 x R.
Propriedades 4.3.20
E ? ID(x) = 1 IA A I A JA IA x = 0 EE ? ID(x) 1 F=H= J @ x R EEE ? K J E =CA @= BK ? = ? IIA

[1, )
DEFAH> E? A [1, ) EIJ A Im(? ID) =
EL ) BK ? = ? IIA
DEFAH> E? A K = BK ?= F=H EIJ A

? ID(x) = ? ID(x),
x R.

Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
)I @A
IJH= ? AI @AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ? AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? IIA

y
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA =>=EN
DEFAH> E? A @=@= FA = CKH=
6
(x, ?
ID(x))
? ID(x)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? ID A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
22.2 A fun c ao seno-hiperb olico Deni c ao 4.3.21 2=H= ?=@= x R @A E I GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H IA D(x) ? IA @ seno-hiperb olico do n umero real x
IA D(x) =
. ex ex , 2
x R.
+ EIJ F @A I @A EH K = BK ? = IACKE JA B H = IA D : R R, @A
IA D(x) = ) BK ?= IA DEFAH> E? JA
@A
ex ex , 2
E =@= fun c ao seno-hiperb olico @=

x R.
Propriedades 4.3.21
E IA D(x) = 0 IA A I A JA IA x = 0 EE ? K J E =CA @= BK ? = IA DEFAH> E? A R EIJ A Im( IA D) = R EEE ) BK ?= IA DEFAH> E? A K = BK ?=

F=H EIJ A
IA D(x) = IA D(x),
Demonstra c ao: x R.
)I @A
IJH= ? AI @AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ? AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= IA
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
DEFAH> E? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y

6
(x,
IA D(x))
IA D(x)
x
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= IA D A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
22.3 A fun c ao tangente-hiperb olica Deni c ao 4.3.22 2=H= ?=@= x R @A real x GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H JCD(x) ?
I = tangente-hiperb olica do n umero IA @

x R.
JCD(x) =
ex ex . IA D(x) = x , ? ID(x) e + ex
+ EIJ F @A I @A EH K = BK ?= @= IACKE JA B H = JCD : R R, @A

JCD(x) = ) BK ?= J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= JA
Propriedades 4.3.22
@A
E =@= fun c ao tangente-hiperb olica
IA D(x) ex ex = , ? ID(x) ex + ex
x R.
E JCD(x) = 0 IA A I A JA IA x = 0 EE ? K J E =CA @= BK ? = J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A (1, 1) EIJ A Im( JCD) =

(1, 1)
EEE ) BK ? = J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ? =

F=H EIJ A
JCD(x) = JCD(x),
)I @A
IJH= ? AI @AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA = CKH=

y (x,
+)2 167
JCD(x))
"
.7 + -5
6 1
JCD(x)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= JCD A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
22.4 A fun c ao cotangente-hiperb olica Deni c ao 4.3.23 2=H= ?=@= x R\{0} @A E real x GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H ? JCD(x) ?
I = cotangente-hiperb olica do n umero IA @

x R \ {0}.
? JCD(x) =
ex + ex . ? ID(x) = x , IA D(x) e ex
+ EIJ F @A I @A EH K = BK ?= @A @= IACKE JA B H = ? JCD : R R, @A

? JCD(x) =
E =@= fun c ao cotangente-hiperb olica
? ID(x) ex + ex = , IA D(x) ex ex
x R \ {0}.
) BK ?= ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= JA
Propriedades 4.3.23
E | ? JCD(x)| 1 F=H= J @ x R \ {0} EE ? K J E =CA @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A R\[1, 1] EIJ A Im( ? JCD) =
R \ [1, 1]
EEE ) BK ?= ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ? =

F=H EIJ A
? JCD(x) = ? JCD(x),
Demonstra c ao: x R \ {0}.
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA = CKH=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y (x,
!
? JCD(x))
6
? JCD(x)
1
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? JCD A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
22.5 A fun c ao secante-hiperb olica Deni c ao 4.3.24 2=H= ?=@= x R @A E I = secante-hiperb olica do n umero real x GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H IA?D(x) ? IA @
IA?D(x) =
? ID(x)
ex
2 , + ex
x R.
+ EIJ F @A I @A EH K = BK ? = IACKE JA B H = IA?D : R R, @A

IA?D(x) = ) BK ?= IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= JA
Propriedades 4.3.24 1
@A
E =@= fun c ao secante-hiperb olica @=

2 , + ex x R.
? ID(x)
ex
E IA?D(x) = 1 IA A I A JA IA x = 0 EE ? K J E =CA @= BK ?= IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A (0, 1] EIJ A Im( IA?D) = (0, 1] EEE ) BK ? = IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ? = F=H EIJ A
IA?D(x) = IA?D(x),
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA = CKH=
"
y
+)2 167
6
1 (x,
"
.7 + -5
IA?D(x))
IA?D(x)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= IA?D A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
22.6 A fun c ao cossecante-hiperb olica Deni c ao 4.3.25 2=H= ?=@= x R\{0} @A E real x GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H ? IIA?D(x) ?
I = cossecante-hiperb olica do n umero IA @

2 , ex x R \ {0}.
? IIA?D(x) =
IA D(x)
ex
+ EIJ F @A I @A EH K = BK ? = @A E =@= fun c ao cossecante-hiperb olica @= IACKE JA B H = ? IIA?D : R \ {0} R, @A

? IIA?D(x) =
1
IA D(x)
ex
2 , ex
x R \ {0}.
) BK ?= ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= JA

Propriedades 4.3.25
E ? IIA?D(x) = 0 F=H= J @ x R \ {0} EE ? K J E =CA @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A R\{0} EIJ A Im( ? IIA?D) =
R \ {0}
EEE ) BK ?= ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ? =

F=H EIJ A
? IIA?D(x) = ? IIA?D(x),
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA = CKH=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y
#
6
? IIA?D(x))
(x,
? IIA?D(x)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? IIA?D A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E = 6A I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @=I BK ? AI DEFAH> E?=I @A E@=I =?E =
Propriedades 4.3.26 2=H= J @ x R FAHJA ?A JA = I HAIFA?JEL I @
=>=EN = > ? @

.=HA
JA
I GKA

E I @=I BK ? AI
? ID2 (x) IA D2 (x) = 1 ? ID(x) + IA D(x) = ex JCD2 (x) + IA?D2 (x) = 1 ? JCD2 (x) ? IIA?D2 (x) = 1
Demonstra c ao:
I = @A I GKA
IJH= ?= @ EJA
ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
)I @A >IAHLA
IJH= ? AI @ I KJH I EJA I IAH= @AEN=@ I ?

[
? ID2 (x) IA D2 (x) =
] [ x ] e ex 2 ex + ex 2 2 2 [ 2x ] [ 2x ] x x 2x e + 2e e + e e 2ex ex + e2x 4 = = 1, = 4 4
F=H= J @ x R
Observa c ao 4.3.39 5AH = LEIJ A KJH= @EI?EF E = -GK= ? AI ,EBAHA ?E=EI GKA @=@ a > 0 = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= . ? ID(ax) f(x) = a
H@E =HE=I
@AI?HALA = F IE ?= @A AGKE

>HE @A K D CA A ? AI = = JKH= @AEN=@ I > = = ?= @= B H ?= @= CH=LE@=@A 6= ?KHL= A @A E =@= @A caten aria
ANJHA E@=@AI FHAI=I = K =
$
y ( ) ? ID(ax) x, a
+)2 167
6
"
.7 + -5
? ID(ax)
a
! As Fun c oes Hiperb olicas Inversas: ) IACKEH JH=J=HA EJA = JAE H I @A >JAH =I BK ? AI E LAHI=I @A ?=@= K = @=I BK ? AI DEFAH> E?=I @A E@=I
23.1 A fun c ao arco-cosseno-hiperb olico + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : [0, ) [1, )
@=@= F H
x [0, ).
. f(x) = ? ID(x),
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= EIJ A Im(f) = [1, ) K IA = A = A K BK ?= >E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
(x, f(x)) f(x)
C @= 2H F IE ?= " ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : [1, ) [0, ) ? EIJ JA I =

Deni c ao 4.3.26 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : [1, ) [0, ) =II ?E=@= = BK ?= f =?E = >JE@= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao arco-cosseno-hiperb olico A @A J=@= F H =H?? ID
EIJ A
=H?? ID : [1, ) [0, ). DEFAH> E? JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI
) BK ?= =H? ? IIA
Propriedades 4.3.27
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
%
E EE EEE EL L
? ID( =H?? ID(y)) = y F=H= ?=@= y [1, ) =H?? ID(? ID(x)) = x F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) =H?? ID(x) = 0 IA A I A JA IA x = 1 =H?? ID(x) 0 F=H= ?=@= x [1, )
[0,
K J E =CA @= BK ? = =H? ? IIA
DEFAH> E? A [0, ) EIJ A Im( =H?? ID) =
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A
IJH= ? AI @AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ? AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H? ? IIA

x (y,
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
=H?? ID(y))
6
=H?? ID(y)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?? ID A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
23.2 A fun c ao arco-seno-hiperb olico + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = IA D(x), x R.
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= EIJ A Im(f) = R K IA = A = A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
(x, f(x))
f(x)
&
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
C @= 2H F IE ?= " ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R R ? EIJ JA I =

Deni c ao 4.3.27 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R R =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f =?E = >JE@= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao arco-seno-hiperb olico A @A J=@= F H =H?IA D EIJ A
=H?IA D : R R. ) BK ?= =H? IA DEFAH> E? JA =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI
Propriedades 4.3.28
E EE EEE EL L
? K J E =CA ) BK ?= =H? IA
IA D( =H?IA D(y)) = y F=H= ?=@= y R =H?IA D( IA D(x)) = x F=H= ?=@= x R =H?IA D(x) = 0 IA A I A JA IA x = 0
@= BK ? = =H? IA DEFAH> E? A R EIJ A Im( =H?IA D) = R DEFAH> E? A K = BK ?=

F=H EIJ A
=H?IA D(y) = =H?IA D(y),
y R.
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A
IJH= ? AI @AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ? AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H? IA

x
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
(y,
=H?IA D(y))
=H?IA D(y)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?IA D A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
23.3 A fun c ao arco-tangente-hiperb olica + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : R (1, 1) @=@= F H
IA D(x) . , f(x) = JCD(x) = ? ID(x)
x R.
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= EIJ A Im(f) = (1, 1) K IA = A = A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
y (x, f(x))
'
6 1
f(x)
C @= 2H F IE ?= " ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (1, 1) R ? EIJ JA I =

Deni c ao 4.3.28 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (1, 1) R =II ?E=@= = BK ?= f =?E = >JE@= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao arco-tangente-hiperb olica A @A J=@= F H =H?JCD
EIJ A
=H?JCD : (1, 1) R. ) BK ?= =H? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= JA

Propriedades 4.3.29
E JCD( =H?JCD(y)) = y F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1) EE =H?JCD( JCD(x)) = x F=H= ?=@= x R EEE =H?JCD(x) = 0 IA A I EL
R
A JA IA x = 0 @= BK ? = =H? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A R EIJ A Im( =H?JCD) =
K J E =CA
L ) BK ? = =H? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ? =

F=H EIJ A
=H?JCD(y) = =H?JCD(y),
Demonstra c ao: y (1, 1).
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA CKH= =>=EN
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA =

x
+)2 167
6
"
.7 + -5
(y,
=H?JCD(y))
=H?JCD(y)
y
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?JCD A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
23.4 A fun c ao arco-cotangente-hiperb olica + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : R \ {0} R \ [1, 1] @=@= F H
? ID(x) . f(x) = ? JCD(x) = , IA D(x) >IAHLA
x R \ {0}.
I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I (, 0) A (0, ) C = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= EIJ A Im(f) = R \ [1, 1] K IA = A= A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y (x, f(x))
6
f(x) 1
C @= 2H F IE ?= " ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R \ [1, 1] R \ {0} ? EIJ JA I =
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5

Deni c ao 4.3.29 ) BK ?=
=?E = >JE@= IAH = @A =H?? JCD EIJ A
E LAHI= f1 : R \ [1, 1] R \ {0} =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f E =@= fun c ao arco-cotangente-hiperb olica A @A J=@= F H
=H?? JCD : R \ [1, 1] R \ {0}. =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI
) BK ?= =H? ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= JA

Propriedades 4.3.30
E ? JCD( =H?? JCD(y)) = y F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1] EE =H?? JCD( ? JCD(x)) = x F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} EEE ? K J E =CA @= BK ? = =H? ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A R\{0} EIJ A Im( =H?? JCD) =
R \ {0}
EL ) BK ? = =H? ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ?=

F=H EIJ A
=H?? JCD(y) = =H?? JCD(y),
Demonstra c ao: y R \ [1, 1].
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H? ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA =

x
6
=H?? JCD(y))
(y,
=H?? JCD(y)
-
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?? JCD A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
23.5 A fun c ao arco-secante-hiperb olica + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : [0, ) (0, 1] @=@= F H . f(x) = IA?D(x) = 1
? ID(x)
x [0, ).
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA C = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= EIJ A Im(f) = (0, 1] K IA = A = A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
+)2 167
6
1 (x, f(x))
"
.7 + -5
f(x)
C @= 2H F IE ?= " ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (0, 1] [0, ) ? EIJ JA I =
EIJ A
Deni c ao 4.3.30 ) BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (0, 1] [0, ) =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f =?E = >JE@= IAH = @A E =@= fun c ao arco-secante-hiperb olica A @A J=@= F H =H?IA?D
=H?IA?D : (0, 1] [0, ).
) BK ?= =H? IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= JA
Propriedades 4.3.31
E IA?D( =H?IA?D(y)) = y F=H= ?=@= y [0, 1) EE =H?IA?D( IA?D(x)) = x F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) EEE =H?IA?D(x) = 1 IA A I EL
[0, )
A JA IA x = 0
K J E =CA @= BK ?= =H? IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A [0, ) EIJ A Im( =H?IA?D) =
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H? IA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA = CKH=
"!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
x
!
6
(y,
=H?IA?D(y))
=H?IA?D(y)
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?IA?D A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
23.6 A fun c ao arco-cossecante-hiperb olica + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : R \ {0} R \ {0} @=@= F H . f(x) = ? IIA?D(x) = 1
IA D(x)
x R \ {0}.
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I (, 0) A (0, ) C = BK ?= f IAH = E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= EIJ A Im(f) = R \ {0} K IA = A = A K = BK ?= >E AJ H= ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
(x, f(x))
f(x)
C @= 2H F IE ?= " ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R \{0} R \{0} ? EIJ JA I =

Deni c ao 4.3.31 ) BK ?=
=?E = >JE@= IAH = @A =H?? IIA?D EIJ A
E LAHI= f1 : R \ {0} R \ {0} =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f E =@= fun c ao arco-cossecante-hiperb olica A @A J=@= F H
=H?? IIA?D : R \ {0} R \ {0}.
" ) BK ?= =H? ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= JA

Propriedades 4.3.32
+)2 167
"
.7 + -5
E IA?D( =H?? IIA?D(y)) = y F=H= ?=@= y R \ {0} EE =H?? IIA?D( ? IIA?D(x)) = x F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} EEE ? K J E =CA @= BK ?= =H? ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E? A R\{0} EIJ A Im( =H?? IIA?D) =
R \ {0}
EL ) BK ?= =H? ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A K = BK ?=

F=H EIJ A
=H?? IIA?D(y) = =H?? IIA?D(y),
Demonstra c ao: y R \ {0}.
)I @A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H? ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E?= A @=@= FA =

x
(y,
=H?? IIA?D(y))
=H?? IIA?D(y)
y
5AH = IJH=@ FHA?EI= A JA =EI =@E= JA @AIA L LE A J @ ? JA K@ GKA = HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= =H?? IIA?D A @=@= FA = CKH= =?E =
At e aqui para a 1.a Prova
Cap tulo 5
Teoria dos Limites

1.04.2013- 9.a
5.1
Motiva c ao
FH > A = GKA ? ?= I E
?E @AIJ=I J=I
) IACKEH JH=J=HA I @A K
Observa c ao 5.1.1
- ? JH=H = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA GKA @A J=HA I F H t = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= 2 @ CH = ? @= ?KHL= y = x F J @ CH = ? (2, 4) >IAHLA I GKA F J =?E = ? HHAIF @A = IACKE JA F J @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f (xo , f(xo )) @A xo = 2 A = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x2 , x R,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
6
(x, x2 )
x2
JA
t
I GKA >=IJ= A ? JH=H
? A ?EA JA = CK =H GKA @A J=HA
I F H mt @= HAJ= J= CA JA
,A B=J
F EI AIJA ?=I = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= t IAH =

y yo = mt (x xo ).
xo = 2 JAHA I yo = 4 =IIE IA ? DA?AH I ? A ?EA JA =I yo = f(xo ) = x2 o A ? = CK =H mt JAHA I GKA = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @=
#
$
+)2 167
1 16-5
?KHL= y = x2 K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F H
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
y 4 = mt (x 2).
F J (2, 4) IAH = @=@=
) GKAIJ= A? A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H mt 2=H= EIJ ? IE@AHA I K KJH F J @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?KHL= 2 y = x K @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f @EBAHA JA @ F J (2, 4) @EC= I (x1 , y1 ) = (2, 4) + I F J I (x1 , y1 ) A (xo , yo ) = (2, 4) I= @EBAHA JAI IACKA GKA F @A I A ? JH=H = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= GKA ? J A AIIAI @ EI F J I GKA IAH = K = HAJ= IA?= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= 2 CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?KHL= y = x K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f K =E @= F @A I A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @AII= HAJ= GKA E @E?=HA I F H ms LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
4 C
4AJ= IA?= JA
1 x2 1 A B
x1 2
5=>A
I GKA LAH CKH= =?E =

ms = JC(1 ) = 4 x2 BC (2 x1 )(2 + x1 ) x1 =2 1 = = = 2 + x1 , 2 x 2 x1 AB 1
K IA =
y=
F H
x2
? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= IA?= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?KHL= K @= BK ?= f GKA F=II= FA I F J I (xo , yo ) = (2, 4) A (x1 , y1 )(= (2, 4)) IAH = @=@
(
ms = 2 + x1 . ) 5A AH I F J A = (x1 , f(x1 )) = x1 , x2 = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= 1 @AI ?=H IA I >HA ?= @ CH = ? @= ?KHL= K I >HA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @EHA = F J C = (xo , yo ) ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= IA?= JA EIJ A ms EH = =FH NE =H IA @ A @A mt K IA = ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA t EIJ ( ) IA x1 , x 2 JAHA I GKA ms mt , 1 (2, 4) ,
K =E @= =I GK= @ x1 2 ? IJH=HA I AIJA ?=F

JK
IA x1 2 , IA x1 2 ,
JAHA JAHA
I I
ms mt .
ms = 2 + x1 IACKA GKA ms 4
K IA =
mt 4.
GKA HA= A JA mt = 4
,-.1 1+ )
,- 1 16-5
%
,AIJA @ ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= 2 ?KHL= y = x K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F J (2, 4) IAH = mt = 4 + EIJ = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = CH = ? @= ?KHL= y = x2 K @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f F J (2, 4) IAH = y 4 = 4(x 2), EIJ A y = 4x 4. /A AJHE?= A JA JAHA I
y
4AJ= J= CA JA
F J (2, 4)
FH ?AII =?E = A L LA K = IEJK= ?= ANJHA = FH > A = =?E = A A DK A J = HAJ= IA?= JA IAH = = HAJ= J= CA JA 2 H A = IEJK= ?= ANJHA = K E EJA EH = J H =H IA EIJ A GK= @ F J x1 AIJELAH =H>EJH=HE= A JA FH NE @ F J xo = 2
5.2
Deni c ao de limite e exemplos

I = AIJK@=H = IACKEH B E AIJHKJKH=@= F H +=K?DO %&' &#% A @A ? ?AEJ FHE ?EF= AIJK@A I I ?=I I CA AJHE? I =>=EN E =@=
) JA HE= GKA ? A ?=HA @A 6A HE= @ I E EJAI ) JAI @A E JH @K EH

@ I IAKI CH = ? I
1.o Caso:
IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI =>=EN HAFHAIA J=@=I FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA
AJHE?=I
y = f1 (x)
^
f1 (a)
? 6
-
a
&
+)2 167
1 16-5
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f1 AIJ = @A E@= A x = a A L= HAI FH NE FA = BK ? = f1 A L= HAI FH NE I @ L= H y = f1 (a) ,A GK= GKAH @ GK= @ FA = BK ? = f1 =FH NE =
2.o Caso:
I @A x = a I= AL=@ I
I =FH NE = I @ L= H x = a =I E =CA I @AIIAI L= HAI IA @ L= H y = f1 (a)
6
f2 (a)
y = f2 (x)
^
L
? 6
-
a
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f2 AIJ = @A E@= A x = a A L= HAI FH NE I @A x = a I= AL=@ I FA = BK ? = f2 A L= HAI FH NE I @ L= H y = L GKA A @EBAHA JA @ L= H y = f2 (a) ,A GK= GKAH @ GK= @ FA = BK ? = f2 =FH NE =
3.o Caso:
I =FH NE = I @ L= H x = a =I E =CA I @AIIAI L= HAI IA @ L= H y = L
y = f3 (x)
^
L
? 6
-
a
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f3 n ao AIJ = @A E@= A x = a A L= HAI FH NE AL=@ I FA = BK ?= f3 A L= HAI FH NE I @ L= H y = L ,A GK= GKAH @ GK= @ FA = BK ? = f3 =FH NE =
4.o Caso:
I @A x = a I=
I =FH NE = I @ L= H x = a =I E =CA I @AIIAI L= HAI IA @ L= H y = L
,-.1 1+ )
,- 1 16-5
y
'
6
y = f4 (x)
L1
6 ?
L2
-
a
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f4 AIJ = @A E@= A x = a A L= HAI FH NE I @A x = a =E HAI GKA a I= AL=@ I FA = BK ?= f4 A L= HAI FH NE I @ L= H y = L1 A L= HAI FH NE I @A x = a A HAI GKA a I= AL=@ I FA = BK ? = f4 A L= HAI FH NE I @ L= H
y = L2
JA I GKA L1 = L2 AIJA ?=I GK= @ I =FH NE = I @ L= H x = a =I E =CA I @AIIAI L= HAI FA = BK ? = f4 n ao =FH NE = IA @A A DK L= H @ AEN @ I Oy
5.o Caso:
y
6
y = f5 (x)
-
a
AIJA ?=I = BK ? = f5 n ao AIJ = @A E@= A x = a A L= HAI FH NE I @A x = a =E HAI = f5 A L= HAI ?=@= LA =E HAI E E EJ= A JA A L= HAI GKA a I= AL=@ I FA = BK ? FH NE I @A x = a A HAI GKA a I= AL=@ I FA = BK ?= f5 A L= HAI ?=@= LA A HAI E E EJ=@= A JA AIJA ?=I GK= @ I =FH NE = I @ L= H x = a =I E =CA I @AIIAI L= HAI FA = BK ? = f5 = =FH NE = IA @A A DK L= H HA= I >HA AEN @ I Oy = LAH@=@A =I E =CA I ?HAI?A K @A?HAI?A E E EJ=@= A JA
6.o Caso:
!
y
+)2 167
1 16-5
6
y = f6 (x)
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f6 n ao AIJ = @A E@= A x = a A L= HAI FH NE I @A x = a =E HAI K A HAI GKA a I= AL=@ I FA = BK ? = f6 A L= HAI GKA I?E = ?=@= LA =EI >HKI?= A JA AIJA ?=I GK= @ I =FH NE = I @ L= H x = a =I E =CA I @AIIAI L= HAI FA = BK ? = f6 n ao =FH NE = IA @A A DK L= H I >HA @ AEN @ I Oy = LA@=@A I?E = =>HKFJ= A JA GKA B=HA I = IACKEH A A = CK I @ I FH NE I ?=F
JK I A ?=H=?JAHE =H @ F J @A LEIJ= =JA =JE? AIIAI ? F HJ= A J I @=I BK ? AI =?E = FAHJ @ L= H x = a
) JAI @A E JH @K EH FHE AEH ? ?AEJ GKA I E JAHAII=H = ? IE@AHA I IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 5.2.1 5A = f : R R @=@= F H { . x + 1, x = 1 f(x) = 0, x = 1
x R,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
y = f(x)
x=1
,-.1 1+ )
,- 1 16-5
!
-IJK@A @ AI
Resolu c ao:
F HJ= A J @= BK ?= F=H= L= HAI FH NE
I @ L= H x = 1 A @EBAHA JAI
.= ?= I @K=I J=>A =I B H =@=I F H L= HAI FH NE I @ L= H x = 1 @EBAHA JAI @ AI 7 = ? @K=I ? K =I IA @ = FHE EAH= ? K = B H =@= FA I L= HAI GKA I= =E HAI GKA x = 1 A = KJH= ? K = B H =@= FA I HAIFA?JEL I L= HAI @=I E =CA I FA = BK ?= ) KJH= J=>A = @ AI JEF ? K = ? K = ? L= HAI GKA I= A HAI GKA x = 1 A = KJH= ? K = B H =@= @ I HAIFA?JEL I L= HAI @=I E =CA I FA = BK ?= f
x>1 2 1.5 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1 f (x) 2+1=3 1.5 + 1 = 2.5 1.1 + 1 = 2.1 1.01 + 1 = 2.01 1.001 + 1 = 2.001 1.0001 + 1 = 2.0001 2 x<1 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 1 f(x) 0+1=1 0.5 + 1 = 1.5 0.9 + 1 = 1.9 0.99 + 1 = 1.99 0.999 + 1 = 1.999 0.9999 + 1 = 1.9999 2
C A FEHE?= A JA JA
I GKA =E HAI GKA 1 IK=I E =CA I FA = BK ?= f A HAI GKA 1 IK=I E =CA I FA = BK ?= f =E HAI K A HAI GKA 1 IK=I =EI FHA?EI= A JA A H GKA > 0 @
3K= @ x =FH NE = IA @ L= H 1 F H L= HAI =FH NE = IA @ L= H 2 3K= @ x =FH NE = IA @ L= H 1 F H L= HAI =FH NE = IA @ L= H 2
) GKAIJ= GKA IA ? ?= A ? ?=H=?JAHE =H = ?= @A AIJ=H FH NE GK= @ I=>A I GKA K F J AIJ = FH NE @A KJH 2=H= EIJ KI=HA I I E JAHL= I >IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=H=?JAHE =H I GKA K F J x AIJ = = K = @EIJ= ?E= F J 1 I >HA AEN Ox >=IJ= AI?HALAH I
x (1 , 1 + ).
Conclus ao: GK= @ x =FH NE = IA @ L= H 1 F H L= HAI HAIFA?JEL=I E =CA I FA = BK ?= f =FH NE = IA @ L= H 2
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
1 1 1+ x
=I
x (1 , 1 + ) , A AGKEL= A JA = 1 < x < 1 + , GKA A AGKEL= A JA = < x 1 < ,
K =E @= AGKEL= A JA =
|x 1| < .
! K IA = F=H= AI?HALAH I GKA K AH HA= x AIJ = = K = @EIJ= ?E= F IEJEL @ K AH HA= 1 >=IJ= AI?HALAH I
|x 1| < .
+)2 167
1 16-5
A H GKA
K AH HA=
2 H KJH AI?HALAH I
=@
IA GKAHA
I @E AH GKA
K AH HA= x n ao A ECK= =
0 < |x 1|.
K AH HA= 1 >=IJ=
2 HJ= J F=H= AI?HALAH I GKA K AH x AIJ = = K = @EIJ= ?E= AH HA= 1 A A @EBAHA JA @AIJA >=IJ= AI?HALAH I F IEJEL @ K
0 < |x 1| < .
A H @ GKA
K AH HA=
,A @ IA A D= JA F=H= AI?HALAH I GKA K AH HA= f(x) AIJ = = K = @EIJ= ?E= K AH HA= F IEJEL @ K AH HA= 2 >=IJ= AI?HALAH I
|f(x) 2| < . L = 2 GK= J se queira F H L= HAI @= BK ?= f sucientemente FH NE I @ L= H xo = 1
A H GKA
C F @A
I ?=H=?JAHE =H = FH FHEA@=@A =?E = @= IACKE JA B H = F @A I ?=H J= FAHJ @A @AI@A GKA @

E @= BK ?= f AIJA = I I ?=H=?JAHE =H = ?= >IAHL=@= I ANA F I =?E = @= IACKE JA B H =
EIJ F @A
IA A I A JA IA 2=H= ?=@= K AH HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H > 0 N=@ F H A =H>EJH =HE ? IACKEH I A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H > 0 @A J= @ GKA F=H= ?=@= x A GKA I=JEIB= IA 0 < |x a| < , @ALAHA I JAH |f(x) L| < . # AIJA ?=I AI?HALAHA I
L= E
xa
Deni c ao 5.2.1 5A = A R a R K F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f K = BK ?= = L= HAI HA=EI @A E@= A A AN?AJ ALA JK= A JA A x = a EIJ A f : A \ {a} R ,EHA I GKA L R A limite da fun c ao f quando x aproxima-se de (ou tende ` a) x = a
f(x).
Observa c ao 5.2.2
5A
L= E
F=H= ?=@= > 0 N=@ F H A =H>EJH =HE @ALAHA I A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= > 0 GKA A CAH= F @AH = @AFA @AH @A 2 H ANA F GK= J A H B H J =@ K AH HA= > 0 A CAH= A H IAH = L= H @ K AH HA= > 0 GKA FHA?EI=HA I F=H= GKA # ? HH= = @A E ?= # ,A KJH @ = @A E ?= =?E = F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= = IACKE JA B H = =>HALE=@=
L= E
xa
xa
f(x),
f(x)
IA A I A JA IA @=@ K AH HA= > 0 F @A > 0 @A @ GKA F=H= ?=@= x A GKA I=JEIB=

0 < |x a| < ,
I A ? JH=H K
|f(x) L| < .
KJH
K AH HA=
@ALAHA
I JAH
,-.1 1+ )
,- 1 16-5
!!
! , F J @A LEIJ= @A @A E ?= # F @A I HAAI?HALA = @= IACKE JA B H = ,=@ K E JAHL= =>AHJ ? JA @ L ?=I @= @A E ?= # E JAHL= =>AHJ

(L , L + )
#
@ALAHA
#
I F @AH A ? JH=H K E JAHL= =>AHJ
KJH E JAHL=
=>AHJ ? JA @ a
?=I @= @A
E ?=
# !
(a , a + )
@A J= GKA J @ F J FAHJA ?A JA = IACK @ E JAHL= ?=I = @A ?= # E JAHL= # ! GKA FAHJA ? = = @

E @= BK ?= AN?AJ ALA JK= A JA F J a @ALAH = IAH AL=@ FA = BK ?= f @A JH @ E JAHL= @=@ E E?E= A JA ?=I @= @A E ?= # E JAHL= # /A AJHE?= A JA JA I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?=
6

L+
y = f(x)
L f(x) L
a a+
" 7 KJH @ @A A JA @AH = IEJK= ?= =FHAIA J=@= = @A @E=CH= = @A 8A

y x
E ?= # IAHE= IACK @
6
a
6
L+
x a f
f(x) L
a+ L
= @A E ?= # n ao A ?E = I =@= I >HA L= H @= BK ? = f F J a LA = GKA ? IE@AH= I I A JA I L= HAI x J=EI GKA 0 < |x a| < A F=HJE?K =H x = a F J a F=H= F @AH I K IA = = BK ?= n ao FHA?EI= A?AII=HE= A JA AIJ=H @A E@= FA I=H A AIJK@=H = ANEIJA ?E= @ E EJA @= AI = F J a
!"
+)2 167
1 16-5
3.04.2013- 10.a - 1.a Prova 5.04.2013 - 11.a
+ IE@AH=HA
I = IACKEH @ EI ANA F I
. f(x) = 4x,
Exemplo 5.2.2 5A = f : R R @=@= F H x R.
IJHA GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
x2 x2
@EII
E f(x) = 8.
Resolu c ao:
- FEHE?= A JA JA
I =I IACKE JAI J=>A =I

x>2 3 2, 5 2, 1 2, 01 2, 001 2 f(x) 4.3 = 12 4.2, 5 = 10 4.2, 1 = 8, 4 4.2, 01 = 8.04 4.2, 001 = 8, 004 8 x<2 1 1.5 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 f(x) 4.1 = 4 4.1, 5 = 6 4.1, 9 = 7, 6 4.1, 99 = 7, 96 4.1, 999 = 7, 996 8
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y
6
8
y = 4x
? 6
IJHA
I matematicamente GKA HA=
A JA ANEIJA E f(x) = 8.
E EJA E f(x) A = A
x2
@EII
x2
AIJA ?=I a = 2 A L = 8 2=H= J= J FHA?EI= I IJH=H GKA F=H= K @=@ K AH HA= F IEJEL AI? DE@ =H>EJH=HE= A JA A > 0 ? IACKEHA I A ? JH=H ANF E?EJ= A JA K KJH K AH GKA @A J=HA I F H EIJ HA= F IEJEL GKA ?D= =HA I @A EIJ A > 0 @A J= @ GKA F=H= I L= HAI @A x R J=EI GKA
0 < |x 2 | < ,
=a
@ALAHA
I JAH |f(x) 8 | < ,

=L
,-.1 1+ )
,- 1 16-5
!#
EIJ A IA 0 < |x 2| < , 2=H= EIJ @=@ @ALAHA I JAH |4x 8| < . I K AH HA= # " # # K AH HA= > 0 N F H A =H>EJH =HE AI? D=
. = > 0. 4
EIJ IA x R I=JEIB=
0 < |x 2| <
A J= JAHA
(5.4) |f(x) 8| = |4x 8| = |4(x 2)| = |4| |x 2| < 4 = 4 = , 4 =4

(5.5)
<
EIJ A IA 0 < |x 2| < , + EIJ IJH= JAHA I |f(x) 8| < . E EJA E f(x) A = A
x 2
I matematicamente GKA ANEIJA

x2
@EII
E f(x) = 8.
Observa c ao 5.2.3
>IAHLA
I GKA
x2
ANA F
=?E = JA
E f(x) = 8 = 4.2 = f(2).
+ IE@AHA
Exemplo 5.2.3 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 , x R.
IJHA GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
x3 x3
@EII
E f(x) = 9.
Resolu c ao:
- FEHE?= A JA JA
x>3 4 3, 5 3, 1 3, 01 3, 001 3
I =I J=>A =I
f(x) = 16 (3, 5)2 = 12, 25 (3, 1)2 = 9, 61 (3, 01) 2 = 9, 0601 (3, 001)2 = 9, 006001 9 42 x<3 2 2.5 2, 9 2.99 2.999 3 f(x) 22 = 4 (2, 5)2 = 6, 25 (2, 9)2 = 8, 41 (2, 99)2 = 8, 9401 (2, 999)2 = 8, 994001 9
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
!$
y = f(x) y
+)2 167
1 16-5
6 ? 6
3
IJHA I matematicamente GKA HA= A JA GKA ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A = A @EII E f(x) = x 3 x3 . . 9 AIJA ?=I a = 3 A L = 9 2=H= J= J FHA?EI= I IJH=H GKA F=H= K @=@ K AH HA= F IEJEL AI? DE@ =H>EJH =HE= A JA GKA @A J=HA I F H ? IACKEHA I A ? JH=H ANF E?EJ= A JA K KJH K AH HA= F IEJEL GKA ?D= =HA I @A @A J= @ GKA F=H= I L= HAI @A x R GKA I=JEIB= A
0 < |x 3 | < ,
=a
JAHA
I |f(x) 9 | < ,
=L
EIJ A IA x R I=JEIB=
0 < |x 3| < ,
JAHA I
x2 9 < .
2=H= EIJ @=@
K AH HA= > 0 AI? D=

. =
36 + 4 6 > 0. 2
K AH HA=
5AH = @AEN=@ ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H LAHE ?=H GKA

2 + 6 = .
# $ # %
EIJ IA x R I=JEIB= I
0 < |x 3 | <
A J= JAHA
|f(x) 9| = x2 9 = |(x 3)(x + 3)| = |x 3| |x + 3| = |x 3| |(x 3) + 6|

|a+b||a|+|b|
) < ( + 6) = 2 + 6 (5.6 + 6 |x 3| [|x 3| + 6 |x 3| | x 3 | = ,

(5.7)
<
(5.7)
<
EIJ A IA x R I=JEIB= + EIJ IJH=
0 < |x 3| < ,
JAHA
I |f(x) 9| < , E EJA E f(x) A = A

x3
I matematicamente GKA ANEIJA

x3
@EII
E f(x) = 9.
,-.1 1+ )
,- 1 16-5
!%
Observa c ao 5.2.4
>IAHLA
I GKA
ANA F
x3
=?E = JA
E f(x) = 9 = f(3). ? ?AEJ @A E EJA E JH @K E@ =?E = A K
) IACKEH @=HA I K ANAH?

?E HAI LE@ GKA =F E?= ANA F FH =JE? @A ? JH A @A GK= E@=@A
Exerc cio 5.2.1 2HAJA @A IA E IJ= =H A
K = B =>HE?= @A JK> I @A F =IJE? @A ?=@= JK@ JA = B H = @A K ?E E @H ?EH?K =H HAJ K A?= EI GKA I B H A ?= K ? JH A @A FHA?EI= @= =HA= JH= ILAHI= @A ?=@= JK@ GKA A= =HA= @A K ?
H?K FH @K E@ LEIJ GKA AIJA AIJ = @EHAJ= A JA HA =?E =@ ? = L= = @ AI A F HJ= J ? = HAIEIJA ?E= A K @KH=>E E@=@A @ AI
Resolu c ao:
@ =EI IE F AI @A B= AH I EIJ IAHE= A@EH A@EH r>0 A H=E @ JK@ ?E

@HE? A =IIE = =HA= JH= ILAHI= @ IAH = @=@= F H
A(r) = r2 .
@E= AJH @ JK> @=@ F H 2r @A AI GKA E @E?=HA I F H A = A(r)
) GKAIJ= A I=>AH GK= J F @A I AHH=H JH= ILAHI= @ ?E E @H L=HEA A JHA F H ANA F IAH = @A 0.1 cm2
@E= AJH @ ?E E @H @A @ GKA = =HA= @= HACE= 2 2 4 0.1 cm A 4 + 0.1 cm AHH FAH EJE@ = =HA=
A(r) = r2

2r
B = AIJ=H FH NE @A 2 cm F EI A(2) = 4 =?E LAH GKA H=E r @ALAH ) GKAIJ= A I=>AH GK= FH NE @ALAHA I AIJ=H @A r = 2 F=H= GKA L= H A(r) L=HEA A JHA 2 2 4 0.1 cm A 4 + 0.1 cm >IAHLA I GKA GKAHA I A ? JH=H K E JAHL= @A L=HE= ?= @A r K @A 2r @A J= @ GKA GK= @ r AIJELAH AIIA E JAHL= A(r) AIJA = E JAHL= (4 0.1 , 4 + 0.1) 1IJ F @A IAH ? ?=@ @= IACKE JA B H = GKAHA I A ? JH=H > 0 @A @ GKA IA r (2 , 2 + ) , K IA = L= H 0.1 B=H = F=FA @ JA D= I
A(r) (4 0.1, 4 + 0.1),
K AH HA= > 0 @= @A
E ?= @A E EJAI
!& -I? D= I
. = 4. 4 > 0. 2
+)2 167
1 16-5
16 +
- J= IAH = @AEN=@ ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J # & # '
( + 4) = .
)IIE JAHA
IA r R I=JEIB= I
0 < |r 2| <
|A(r) 4| = r2 4 = r2 4 = |r 2| |r + 2| = |r 2| |(r 2) + 4|
[|a+b||a|+|b|]
|r 2| [|r 2| +4] < ( + 4) = = 0.1.

(5.9)
(5.8)
<
(5.9)
<
>IAHLA
I GKA
. = 4. 16 + 4 = 2 16 + 4. 0, 1 4 0.0079 2 (F EI 3.1416).
)IIE @E= AJH F @A L=HE=H A JHA 2 0.0158 cm A 2 + 0.0158 cm F=H= GKA = =HA= @= IA ?= HAJ= @ 2 2 JK> L=HEA A JHA 4 0.1 cm A 4 + 0.1 cm
Observa c ao 5.2.5
@EII 5AH = @AEN=@ ? LAH@=@A
= LAH@=@A AIJ=
I KI= @
r2
B=J GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E A(r) = 4 A = A
r2
E A(r) = 4.
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
IJH=H FA = @A
E ?= @A E EJA GKA @A B=J
EIJ A
5.3
Limites laterais e exemplos
L =HE=I IEJK= ? AI AIJ=HA I E JAHAII=@ I A AIJK@=H E EJA @A K = BK ? = A K L= H F=H= L= HAI =E HAI K A HAI GKA L= H @=@ 2 H ANA F IA GKAHA I ? DA?AH K = ?AHJ= A@E@= = FHAII= AH A J= I B=H = IA JE@ J =H I A@E@=I => H=J HE F=H= L= HAI @= FHAII= =E HAI GKA AH 1IJ I AL= = AIJK@=H I @A E =@ I limites laterais @A BK ? AI ?K =I @A E ? AI IAH= E JH @K E@=I = IACKEH ) JAI F H A ? IE@AH=HA I IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 5.3.1 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H { . x , IA x 1 f(x) = x2 1 , IA x < 1
Observa c ao 5.3.1 -
x R.
- ? JH=H
E EJA E f(x) IA ANEIJEH

x1
#!
1 16-5 )6-4)15
!'
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y
y = f(x)
? 6 1
C F @A
I >IAHL=H A FEHE?= A JA GKA GK= @

x 1, x > 1,
JAHA JAHA
f(x) 1.
2 H KJH
=@ GK= @
x 1,
x < 1,
I f(x) 0.
C F=HA?A E JKEJEL GKA F II= I ? ? KEH GKA n ao ANEIJA E f(x) x1 ) LAHE ?= ?= HEC H I= @AIJA B=J IAH = >JE@= =EI =@E= JA
Observa c ao 5.3.2
= LAH@=@A F @A I IJH=H ANA F =?E = GKA F=H= J @ GKA E f(x) = L K IA = = ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ?
x1
K AH HA= L R JA
ANAH?
?E F=H=
x1
AEJ H
2=H= GKA F II= I AIJK@=H ? F HJ= A J @A BK ? AI @ JEF =?E = FHA?EI= I I=>AH ?=H=?JAHE =H ? F HJ= A J @= AI = F=H= F J I FAHJ @ L= H x = 1 ? x > 1 A ? F HJ= A J @= AI = F=H= F J I FAHJ @ L= H x = 1 ? x < 1 K IA = IA ANEIJA E EJA FA = @EHAEJ= @A x = 1 A K E EJA FA = AIGKAH@= @A x = 1 F=H= = BK ?= @=@= -IJAI IAH= @A E =@ I limites laterais @= BK ? = f A x = 1 A ?=I ANEIJ= AI?HA LAHA I E + f(x) = 1 A E f(x) = 0.
x1 x1
=EI FHA?EI= A JA JA
I=
F H
Deni c ao 5.3.1 5A = A R a R K F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R ,EHA I GKA L R A limite da fun c ao f, quando x tende ` a a, pela direita @A L= E
xa+
J= @
f(x),
IA @=@ K K AH HA= > 0 N=@ F H A HA= > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB=

0 < x a < ,
=H>EJH =HE
F @A
I A ? JH=H K
KJH
K AH
@ALAHA
I JAH |f(x) L| < .
"
6
+)2 167
1 16-5
y = f(x) L+ f(x) L L
a+
@ = = C @EHA esquerda @A J= @ F H
,A
I GKA L R A
L= E
limite da fun c ao f, quando x tende ` a a, pela

xa
f(x),
IA @=@ K K AH > 0 N=@ F H A > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB=

< x a < 0 ,
y
=H>EJH =HE @ALAHA

6
F @A
I A ? JH=H K
KJH
K AH HA=
I JAH |f(x) L| < .
a x a
L+ f(x) L L y = f(x)
+ IE@AHA
I = CK I ANA F I
Exemplo 5.3.2 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H 1 , IA x > 0 . f(x) = 0 , IA x = 0 1 , IA x < 0
xR
@A
E =@= BK ?= sinal de x += K =H ?=I ANEIJ= I IACKE JAI E EJAI =JAH=EI

x0+
f(x)
x0
f(x).
#!
1 16-5 )6-4)15
"
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
) H =
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
x0+
f(x) A = A f(x) = 1,
@EII
x0+
K IA = IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJAI =JAH=EI JA I GKA a = 0 A L = 1 ,A B=J @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA=
. =1>0
F @AHE= IAH GK= GKAH K AH HA=
=E H GKA AH .
C IA x R I=JEIB=
0 < x 0 < = 1,
IACKA GKA 0 < x < 1

I f(x)=1
=IIE EIJ A IA x R I=JEIB=
|f(x) 1|
IA 0<x , JAHA
|1 1| = 0 < ,
0 < x 0 < ,
IACKA GKA |f(x) 1| < , @EII E

f(x) = 1.
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
x0+
f(x) A = A
x0+
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y
f(x) = 1

0 x
,A
@ = = C = H =
I GKA ANEIJA E
E EJA =JAH=
f(x) = 1,
x0
f(x) A = A
@EII
x0
" K IA = IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJAI =JAH=EI JA I GKA a = 0 A L = 1 ,A B=J @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA=
. =1>0 . .
+)2 167
1 16-5
=E H GKA AH .
C IA x R I=JEIB=
1 = < x 0 < 0 ,
IACKA GKA
1<x<0
=IIE
|f(x) (1)|
IA x<0 ,IACKA GKA f(x)=1]
| 1 + 1| = 0 < ,
EIJ A IA X R I=JEIB= IA K IA = ANEIJA

< x 0 < 0,
x0
IACKA GKA |f(x) (1)| < , @EII

f(x) = 1.
E EJA =JAH=
f(x) A = A
x0
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y
1 = f(x)
Observa c ao 5.3.3 2=H=
ANA F =?E = = H = I GKA n ao ANEIJA E f(x) x 0 ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
6A I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 5.3.1 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = [x], x R,
K IA = = BK ? = =E H E JAEH A H GKA x IJH=H GKA IA n Z AIJ = N=@ A J= E f (x) A = A @EII xn E + f(x) = n A

xn
IJHA GKA ANEIJA

xn
I E EJAI =JAH=EI E
xn+
f(x)
f(x) = n 1.
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
#!
1 16-5 )6-4)15
y
"!
6
2
(x, f(x)) = (x, 1) 1
2 3
) H =
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
xn+
f(x) A = A f(x) = n,
@EII
. .
xn+
K IA = IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJAI =JAH=EI JA I GKA a = n A L = n ,A B=J @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA=
. 1 = >0 2

1 , 2 =
=E H GKA AH A
1 2
A H GKA K .
>IAHLA C
I GKA IA x R I=JEIB=
0<xn<=
IACKA GKA n < x < n +
|f(x) n|
IA n<x<n+ 1 <n+1 , IACKA GKA f(x)=n 2
|n n| = 0 < ,
0 < x n < ,
IACKA GKA |f(x) n| < , @EII

f(x) = n.
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
xn+
f(x) A = A
xn+
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y
6
f(x) = n
n1

n1 n
x n+1
"" ) H = I GKA ANEIJA E EJA =JAH=

xn xn
+)2 167
1 16-5
f(x) A = A
@EII
f(x) = n 1, . .
K IA = IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJAI =JAH=EI JA I GKA a = n A L = n 1 ,A B=J @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA=
. 1 = >0 2
=E H GKA AH A
A H GKA K .
>IAHLA
I GKA IA x R I=JEIB=
1 = < x n < 0 , 2
IACKA GKA n
1 <x<n 2
C
|f(x) (n 1)|
IA n1<n 1 <x<n , IACKA GKAf(x)=n1 2
|(n 1) n + 1)| = 0 < ,
< x n < 0 ,
IACKA GKA |f(x) (n 1)| < , @EII

f(x) = n 1.
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
xn
f(x) A = A
xn
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y
6
n
f(x) = n 1
n1 x n
n+1
ANA F
=?E = = H =
xn
I GKA n ao ANEIJA
E EJA
f(x).

) IACKEH ANE>E I KJH ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
#!
1 16-5 )6-4)15
"#
Exerc cio 5.3.2 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H { . f(x) = x, 3,
IA x = 1 IA x = 1
x R.
+= K =H ?=I ANEIJ=
I IACKE JAI E EJAI =JAH=EI

x1+
f(x)
x1
f(x).
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y 3
6
y = f(x)
1 x
) H =
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
x1+
f(x) A = A f(x) = 1,
@EII
x1+
K IA = IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJAI =JAH=EI JA I GKA a = 1 A L = 1 ,A B=J @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA=
. = > 0.
# #
(5.11) (5.10)
C IA x R I=JEIB=
0<x1<
IACKA GKA
|f(x) 1|
IA 1<x , JAHA
I f(x)=x
|x 1 |
x1>0
x 1 < = ,
0 < x 1 < ,

f(x) = 1.
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
x1+
f(x) A = A
x1+
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
"$
y 3
+)2 167
6
y = f(x)
1 16-5
?
1
) H =
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
x1
f(x) A = A f(x) = 1,
@EII
x1
K IA = IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJAI =JAH=EI JA ,A B=J @=@ > 0 IA = C IA x R I=JEIB=
I GKA a = 1 A L = 1 # # !
1 x < = ,
(5.13) (5.12
. = > 0.
< x 1 < 0,
JAHA
I
|f(x) 1|
IA x<1 , IACKA GKA f(x)=x]
|x 1|
x1<0
< x 1 < 0 ,

f(x) = 1.
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA =JAH=
x1
f(x) A = A
x1
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y 3
6
y = f(x)
6 1
Observa c ao 5.3.5
#!
1 16-5 )6-4)15
"%
-NAH?
?E =?E = JA
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA @= BK ?= f
x1
F J x=1 A
E f(x) = 1.
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
>IAHLA I GKA I @ EI -NA F I = JAHE HAI ANEIJA I E EJAI =JAH=EI I= @EBAHA JAI A n ao ANEIJA E EJA @=I BK ? AI A L LE@=I F J A GKAIJ= = -NAH?
?E =?E = I E EJAI =JAHE=I = A @A ANEIJEHA I= ECK=EI A = BK ? = JA E EJA F J A GKAIJ= A = A @EII L= H @ E EJA @= BK ?= F J A ECK= = L= H @ I E EJAI =JAH=EI @= BK ? = F J A GKAIJ= + LAHA I = IACKEH EIJ A K B=J CAH= = I=>AH BK ? = -NEIJA IA A I
xa
AR aR K
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R K =
E f (x) = L
E EJA E f(x) A
xa
A JA IA ANEIJA
I E EJAI =JAH=EI
xa+
f(x)
xa
f(x)
A I= ECK=EI = L EIJ A
xa+
f(x) = E
xa
f(x) = L
Demonstra c ao:
5KF D= IJHA
I GKA ANEIJ= I GKA ANEIJA
xa
E f(x) = L R.
I E EJAI =JAH=EI
xa+
f(x)
xa
f(x)
A I= ECK=EI = L ,=@ K AH HA= > 0 ? F @A I A ? JH=H K KJH
xa
E f(x) = L, @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB= I |f(x) L| < .
K AH HA= > 0 @A
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
K IA = IA x A I=JEIB=
< x a < 0
K 0 < x a < ,
JAHA
I |f(x) L| < .
F=HJE?K =H IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < x a < ,
JAHA
I |f(x) L| <
"& K IA x A I=JEIB=
< x a < 0 ,
+)2 167
1 16-5
JAHA A
I |f(x) L| < , E
f(x)
K IA = ANEIJA
I E EJAI =JAH=EI
xa+
f(x)
xa
A I= ECK=EI = L 2 H KJH =@ IA ANEIJA
I E EJAI =JAH=EI
xa+
f(x)
xa
f(x)
A I= ECK=EI = L A J= @=@ > 0 F @AHA + , > 0 @A @ GKA A -I? D= + EIJ JA I
I A ? JH=H @ EI K AH I HA=EI GKA E @E?=HA I |f(x) L| < , I |f(x) L| < .
IF H # " # #
IA 0 < x a < + , x A JAHA IA

< x a < 0 , x A JAHA . =
K AH HA=
E {+ , } > 0.
I GKA
0 < + , . {
2 HJ= J IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
0 < x a < + ,
C # " E F E?=H = GKA |f(x) L| < . = GKA |f(x) L| < , < x a < 0 , C # # E F E?=H IACKA GKA |f(x) L| < ,
xa
EIJ A IA x A I=JEIB= K IA = ANEIJA E EJA
0 < |x a| < ,
E f(x)
A IAK L= H IAH =L ?
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
AIJA HAIK J=@ ?= =?E = I E EJAI A L LE@ I n ao ANEIJA =JAH=EI ANEIJA =I I= @EBAHA JAI
=EI B =?E IJH=H GKA I @ EI FHE AEH I ANA F I I L= HAI A GKAIJ= F EI I HAIFA?JEL I E EJAI
5.4
Propriedades de limites e exemplos

? = ?K @ I AI I
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E EJAI GKA IAH= K JAEI + A ?=HA I FA

Proposi c ao 5.4.1 7 E?E@=@A @ f : A \ {a} R K = BK ? =
E EJA 5A =
AR aR K
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A
5A ANEIJEH
E EJA
A J= L IAH =
K E? ?
AII= FH FHEA@=@A
xa
E f(x) = L
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
"' @EII
f (x).
Demonstra c ao:
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
M= E
xa
IJHA
I GKA
M = L.
2=H= EIJ @=@
K AH HA= > 0 ?
ANEIJA
xa
E EJA
E f(x) = L, @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB= JAHA

xa
F @A
I A ? JH=H K
K AH HA= 1 > 0 @A
0 < |x a | < 1 ,
I |f(x) L| < . @EII
# $
,A
@ IA A D= JA ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
E f(x) = M, @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB= JAHA I |f(x) M| < .

2
F @A
I A ? JH=H K
K AH HA= 2 > 0 @A
0 < |x a| < 2 ,
# %
C F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a} JAHA
I
|a+b||a|+|b|
|L M| = |L + [f(x) + f(x)] M| = |[L f(x)] + [f(x) M]|
|L f(x)| + |f(x) M| .
-I? D=
K AH HA=
. =
E {1 , 2 }.
C IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
I @= @AIECK= @=@A >JE@= =?E = GKA

|L M| |L f(x)| + |f(x) M|
(5.16),(5.17)
<
+ = , 2 2
F=H= ?=@= > 0 K IA =

|L M| <
F=H= ?=@= > 0
GKA E F E?=H =A
M=L ?
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 5.4.1
= @= @A IJH= ?= =?E = KJE E = I IACKE JA B=J K A JA IA A A A @K A A H GKA GK= GKAH K AH HA=

a=0
K AH HA= A AH IA A =E H GKA AH EIJ A
IA A I
A JA IA
|a| < b,
F=H= ?=@= b > 0.
#
+)2 167
1 16-5
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C = @= FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI EIJ A IA E EJA =JAH= ANEIJA A A IAH =K E? ?K A K ?E=@ A = @A IJH= ?= IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
8.04.2013 - 12.a
KJH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA A

BK ? = 5A ANEIJA
AR aR K
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R K =
E f(x)
E EJA
xa
A J= = BK ?= f IAH = E EJ=@=
Demonstra c ao:
F J x=a
@EII
xa
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
E f(x) = L , KJH K AH HA= > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A # & I
@=@ I=JEIB=
K AH HA= = 1 F @AHA
I A ? JH=H K JAHA
0 < |x a| < ,
I |f(x) L| < = 1 .
=I IA x A I=JEIB= 0 < |x a| < EIJ A x (a , a + ) \ {a} JAHA

|f(x)| |L|
|a||b||ab|
|f(x) L| < 1 ,
(5.18)
K IA =
|f(x)| < |L| + 1 ,
IJH= @ GKA ? F J x=a ?
K J A (a , a + ) \ {a} = BK ?= f A E EJ=@= K IA = = BK ?= f A E EJ=@= GKAH

= I IJH=H
Observa c ao 5.4.2 8= A K
HAIK J=@ = = C = @= FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI 2 H ANA F IA E EJA =JAH= FA = @EHAEJ= ANEIJA A J= = BK ?= IAH = E EJ=@= = @EHAEJ= @ L= H A GKAIJ= ?K I A K ?E=@ I A = @A IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
6A I J= > A
AR aR K
BK ? = - J= IA A I
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R K =
E f(x) = L
ANEIJA
E EJA E EJA
xa
A JA IA ANEIJA
xa
E [f(x) L] = 0. @EII
xa
Demonstra c ao:
6A
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
E f(x) = L
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
# I A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= > 0 @A @
IA A I A JA IA @=@ GKA IA x A I=JEIB= K AGKEL= A JA A JA
K AH HA= > 0 F @A
0 < |x a | < ,
JAHA
I |f(x) L| <
|[f(x) L] 0| < ,
EIJ A IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < ,
IACKA GKA |[f(x) L] 0| < , E [f(x) L] = 0,
K IA =
xa
IJH= @ AGKEL= A ?E= = H =@=

HAIK J=@
A K ?E=@ I A =I @A
I FH NE
HAIK J=@ = = C = @= FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI ?K I IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
@ ? = ?K @A E EJAI @A = CK =I BK ? AI E F HJ= JAI
I HAIK J=@ I JH=J=
- J=
a, b, m R N I
xa
E [mx + b] = ma + b,
EIJ A IA = BK ? = f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = mx + b, xR
A J= ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = ma + b.
Demonstra c ao:
+ IE@AHA I FHE AEH= A JA ?=I GKA m = 0 AIJA ?=I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
m=0 y
6
y = f(x)
#
+)2 167
1 16-5
AIJA ?=I JA I IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJA GKA L = b . C @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA= = 1 AIJA ?=I F @AH
= AI? DE@ GK= GKAH K AH HA= =E H GKA AH )IIE IA x R I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < ,
I JAH
JAHA
I |f(x) b| = |(mx + b) b| = 0 < , IACKA GKA |f(x) (ma + b)| < , GK= @
m = 0.
m=0
0 < |x a| < ,
IJH= @ GKA
xa
E [mx + b] = ma + b ,
+ IE@AHA I =C H= ?=I GKA m = 0 AIJA ?=I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
m = 0
y = f(x)
ma + b
? 6 6
a -
AIJA ?=I JA I IACK @ = @A E ?= @A E EJA GKA L = ma + b C @=@ K AH HA= > 0 AI? D= I K AH HA=
. > 0. = |m|
# ' #
5A x R I=JEIB= JAHA I
0 < |x a| <
|f(x) (ma + b)| = |(mx + b) (ma + b)| = |mx ma| = |m(x a)| = |m| |x a| < |m| = |m|
(5.20) (5.19)
= , |m|
0 < |x a| < ,
IACKA GKA |f(x) (ma + b)| < ,
IJH= @ GKA ? GKAH

= I IJH=H
xa
E [mx + b] = ma + b,
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
#!
F=HJE?K =H
= IEJK= ?= =?E = ?
xa
f(a) = ma + b
IJH=
I GKA
E f(x) = f(a). I I IACKE JAI HAIK J=@ I
? IAGKA ?E= E A@E=J= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA

a, b R
xa
Corol ario 5.4.1 5A =
- J=
E b = b,
EIJ A IA = BK ? = f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = b, xR
A J=
Demonstra c ao:
xa
E f(x) = b.
*=IJ= J
=H = 2H F IE ?= =?E = m = 0
Corol ario 5.4.2 6A
x a
E x = a,
EIJ A IA = BK ? = f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = x, xR
A J=
Demonstra c ao:
x a
E f(x) = a.
*=IJ= J
=H = 2H F IE ?= =?E = m = 1 A b = 0 I @ = ? @E ? AI IK ?EA JAI F=H= HA= E =H

AR aR K
xa
HAIK J=@ = IACKEH = I=>AH
I =I FAH= ? AI > =IE?=I ?
E EJAI
BK ? AI 5KF D=
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f, g : A \ {a} R @K=I

xa
I GKA ANEIJ=
I E EJAI E f(x) A E g(x) = M A = A

xa
@EII
E f(x) = L A
xa
E g(x) = M.
- J= = ANEIJA E EJA E [f + g](x) A = A

xa
@EII
xa
E [f + g](x) = L + M,
EIJ A
xa
E [f + g](x) = E f(x) + E g(x).

xa xa
#"
+)2 167
1 16-5
> ANEIJA
E EJA E [f.g](x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E [f.g](x) = L.M,
[
EIJ A
? IA M = 0 ANEIJA
[ ] f E EJA E (x) A = A @EII xa g [ ] f L E (x) = , x a g M
xa
E [f.g](x) =
xa
E f(x) . E g(x) .
xa
] [
EIJ A
[ ] E f(x) f E (x) = xa . xa g E g (x)

xa
Demonstra c ao:
, EJA ,=@
= K AH HA= > 0 ?
ANEIJA
x a
I E EJAI A
xa
E f(x) = L
E g(x) = M,
F @A
I A ? JH=H K AH I HA=EI 1 , 2 > 0 @A

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
@ GKA IA x A I=JEIB= JAHA JAHA I |f(x) L| < , I |g(x) M| < .

2 2
# #
A IA x A I=JEIB= + IE@AH=H JA IACKA GKA I
0 < |x a| < 2 , . =
E {1 , 2 } > 0.
I GKA IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < 2
0 < |x a| < 1 0 < |x a| < 2 ,
C @A # JAHA C @A # JAHA
I |f(x) L| < , I |g(x) M| < .

2
# ! # "
)IIE JAHA I
IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| <
|[f + g](x) (L + M)| = |(f(x) L) + (g(x) M)|

|a+b||a|+|b|
|f(x) L| + |g(x) M|
(5.23), (5.14)
<
+ = , 2 2
0 < |x a | < ,
JAHA
I |[f + g](x) [L + M]| < ,
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
## @EII
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA E [f + g](x) A = A
xa xa
E [f + g](x) = L + M.
, EJA > ,=@ K AH HA= > 0 ? ANEIJA E EJA E g(x) FA = 2H F IE ?= # " IACKA GKA = xa BK ?= g IAH = E EJ=@= F J x = a EIJ A F @A I A ? JH=H K K AH HA= 1 > 0 A K > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |g(x)| K.
# #
) A
@EII ?
ANEIJA
I E EJAI
xa
E f(x) = L
xa
E g(x) = M,
F @A
I A ? JH=H K AH I HA=EI 2 , 3 > 0 J=EI GKA IA x A I=JEIB=

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) L| <
2K
# $ # %
A IA x A I=JEIB= -I? D= I
0 < |x a | < 3 ,
JAHA
I |g(x) M| <
. 2[|L| + 1]
K AH HA=
. =
E {1 , 2 , 3 } > 0.
0 < |x a| <
C IA x A I=JEIB= JAHA I
0 < |x a| < 1 , 0 < |x a| < 2 , 0 < |x a| < 3 ,
C @A # # JAHA C @A # $ JAHA C @A # % JAHA

0 < |x a| < ,
I I
|g(x)| K; , 2[|L| + 1]
# & # ' # !
I |f(x) L| < ; 2K |g(x) M| <
=IIE
IA x A I=JEIB=
IACKA GKA
|[f.g](x) L.M| = |f(x).g(x) L.g(x) + L.g(x) LM|
|a+b||a|+|b|
|f(x).g(x) L.g(x)| + |L.g(x) LM|
= |[f(x) L].g(x)| + |L[g(x) M]| = |f(x) L||g(x)| + |L||g(x) M|

(5.28),(5.29),(5.30)
<
.K + |L| 2K 2[|L| + 1]
[ |L|+1 <1]
|L|
<
+ = , 2 2
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA @EII
I |[f.g](x) [L.M]| < ,
K IA = ANEIJA
xa
xa
E [f.g](x) = L.M.
#$ , EJA ? 5A IJH=H I GKA KJE E = @ IA EJA > JAHA I GKA
+)2 167
1 16-5
[ ] 1 1 (x) = , xa g M
[ ] [ ] f 1 1 L EJA > E (x) = E f. (x) = L. = . xa g xa g M M
,=@
K AH HA= > 0 ?
ANEIJA
E EJA
x a
E g(x) = M, @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB= I |g(x)|

|M| , 2 |M|2 2
F @A
I A ? JH=H I K AH I HA=EI 1 , 2 > 0 @A

0 < |x a| < 1 , 0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA JAHA
# ! # !
|M| LAHE GKA 2
I |g(x) M|
?=I =?E = F=H= >JAH # ! J C ?

M = 0 JAHA
I @= @A
E ?= @ E EJA E g(x) = M, =
xa (5.31)
|M| |g(x)| |M g(x)| = |g(x) M| <
|M| . 2
)IIE
I
|g(x)| >
2 , |M|
K IA = IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
2 1 < . |g(x)| |M|
# !!
8= A >IAHL=H GKA IAH = IJH=@ =EI =@E= JA LAH 6A HA = # " GKA IA M = 0 A J= g(x) = 0 A K = LE E D= ?= @ F J a AN?AJK= @ IA F J x = a 6 A I . = E {1 , 2 } > 0. C IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a | < ,
JAHA
I 0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
=IIE
[ ] 1 M g(x) |g(x) M| (5.33) |g(x) M| 1 = = (x) < 2 g M g(x).M |g(x)|.|M| |M|.|M| 2 (5.32) 2 |M| = , < |M|2 2
0 < |x a | < ,
JAHA
1 1 , (x) g M
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
[ ] 1 E EJA E (x) A = A xa g
#% @EII
[ ] 1 1 E (x) = xa g M
K IA = ANEIJA
F AJ= @ = @A +
IJH= ?= @= 2H F IE ?= I
? IAGKA ?E= @ HAIK J=@ =?E = JA
A = A
Corol ario 5.4.3 +
@EII
=I DEF JAIAI @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA

xa
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E [f g](x)
x a
E [f g](x) = L M,
K IA =
Demonstra c ao:
xa
E [f g](x) = E f(x) E g(x).

xa xa
>IAHLA
I GKA
[f g](x) = {f + [(1).g]} (x),
x A \ {a}.
C @ I EJA I = > @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = A @ + H =HE # " IACKA GKA

xa
E [f g](x) = E {f + [(1).g]}(x)
xa
EJA
=
EJA
>
xa
E f(x) +
x a
xa
] [ E (1) . E
xa
E f(x) + E [(1).g](x)
x a xa
]+ H =HE # " g(x) = E
xa
f(x) + (1). E
xa
g(x)
= E
xa
f(x) E
g(x),
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 5.4.5 8= A
=JAH=EI ,AEN=HA
2 @A
=I
AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI @=@=I FA = FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A IJH = =I
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
I CA AH= E =H = 2H F IE ?= =?E = = I=>AH

n N A R a R K
Corol ario 5.4.4 5A = A \ {a} R BK ? AI
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f1 , , fn :
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
I E EJAI
xa
E f1 (x) = L1 , , E fn (x) = Ln .
x a
- J= = ANEIJA E EJA E EJA E [f1 + + fn ](x) A = A

x a xa
@EII
E [f1 + + fn ](x) = L1 + + Ln ,
EIJ A
xa
E [f1 + + fn ](x) = E f1 (x) + + E fn (x).

xa xa
#&
+)2 167
1 16-5
> ANEIJA
E EJA
E EJA E [f1 . .fn ](x) A = A

xa xa
@EII
E [f1 . .fn ](x) = L1 . .Ln ,

[
EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
xa
E [f1 . .fn ](x) =
xa
E f1 (x) . . E fn (x) .
x a
) @A IJH= ?= A BAEJ= KJE E = @ IA E @K ?= EJ= A = 2H F IE ?= =?E = , EJA = ) 2H F IE ?= =?E = EJA = C=H= JA GKA F=H= n = 2 = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= 5KF D= I GKA = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= F=H= n = k A FH LA I GKA AI
n=k+1
? HHAH = F=H=
>IAHLA
I GKA FA = DEF JAIA @A E @K ?= JA

x a
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA
E [f1 + + fk ](x)
A= A
@EII
xa
E [f1 + + fk ](x) = L1 + + Lk . = IACKA GKA ANEIJEH =

xa
C @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = EJA
E EJA
E {[f1 + + fk ] + fk+1 } (x)
A= A
@EII E EJA
x a
E {[f1 + + fk ] + fk+1 }(x) = [L1 + + Lk ] + Lk+1 , E [f1 + + fk + fk+1 ](x)
K IA = ANEIJEH = A JAHA ? I GKA
xa
xa
E [f1 + + fk+1 ](x) = L1 + + +Lk+1 ,
GKAH
= I IJH=H , EJA > ) 2H F IE ?= =?E = EJA > C=H= JA GKA F=H= n = 2 = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= 5KF D= I GKA = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= F=H= n = k A FH LA I GKA AI >IAHLA I GKA FA = DEF JAIA @A E @K ?= JA
xa
? HHAH = F=H=
n=k+1
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA
E [f1 . .fk ](x)
A= A
@EII C @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = EJA
x a
E [f1 . .fk ](x) = L1 . .Lk . > IACKA GKA ANEIJA

xa
E EJA
E {[f1 . .fk ].fk+1 }(x)
A= A
@EII
xa
E {[f1 . .fk ].fk+1 }(x) = [L1 . .Lk ].Lk+1 ,
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
#' E [f1 . .fk .fk+1 ](x)
K IA = ANEIJEH = A JAHA ? I GKA
E EJA
xa
xa
E [f1 . .fk+1 ](x) = L1 . .Lk+1 ,
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
=JAH=EI ,AEN=HA
=I
AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI >JE@=I FA = FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A IJH = =I
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
7 = ? IAGKA ?E= @ + H =HE =?E = A @=@ FA

BK ? = 5KF D=
nN AR aR K
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R
I GKA ANEIJ=
E EJA E f(x) A
xa xa
E f(x) = L. E [f(x)]n
- J= ANEIJA A = A EIJ A @EII
E EJA
xa
xa
E [f(x)]n = Ln ,
[
x a
E fn (x) =
x a
E f(x)
]n .
Demonstra c ao:
*=IJ= @A
EH f1 , f2 , , fn : A \ {a} R @=@=I F H
. f1 (x) = f2 (x) = = fn (x) = f(x), x A \ {a }
A =F E?=H
+ H =HE =?E = EJA
>
=JAH=EI ,AEN=HA
=I
AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI @=@=I FA = FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A IJH = =I
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK I KJH I HAIK J=@ I CAH=EI @A E EJAI + A ?=HA I FA =

Teorema 5.4.1 6A HA = @= ? IAHL= ?= K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R BK ? =
@ IE = 5A =
A R a R K
F J @A =?K
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
E EJA
xa
E f(x) = L = 0.
f(x) JA
- J= F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 @A AI IE = @A L
@ GKA F=H= ?=@= x A (a , a + ) \ {a} JA
I GKA
$
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
1 16-5
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = L = 0, ,
@=@ K AH HA= = > 0 F EI L = 0 F @A I A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= > 0 J= GKA 2 IA x A I=JEIB= | L| 0 < |x a| < , JAHA I |f(x) L| = ,
2
. | L|
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
| L| | L| < f (x) L < , 2 2
K =E @= 5A L > 0 IACKA GKA |L| = L C
(2) | L| |L| (1) < f(x) < L + . 2 2 IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a | < ,
JAHA
I F H GKA
2 H KJH =@
L L L=|L| | L| =L < f(x). = L 2 2 2 IA L < 0 IACKA GKA |L| = L C IA x A I=JEIB= 0< 0 < |x a | < ,
JAHA
L |L| L=|L| L = L = < 0, 2 2 2 IJH= @ A = > I I ?=I I GKA F=H= x A (a , a + ) \ {a} JA AI IE = @A L ? F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@ f(x) < L +
I F H GKA
I GKA
K AH HA= f(x) JA
JAH=EI ,AEN=HA
+
=I
AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI >JE@=I FA AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A
JA HA = =?E = F=H= E EJAI = IJH = =I
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
I
? IAGKA ?E= JA
J= GKA
AR aR K f(x) 0 ,
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R BK ? = F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a}
HAIFA?JEL= A JA f(x) 0 F=H= x A \ {a} 5KF D= I GKA ANEIJ= E EJA E f(x) A

x a xa
E f(x) = L.
L0
- J= JAHA
HAIFA?JEL= A JA L 0
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
$
Demonstra c ao:
5KF D=
I GKA
f(x) 0
F=H=
x A \ {a}.
# !"
IJHA I GKA L 0 8= H IKF H F H =>IKH@ GKA L < 0 C @ 6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = EIJ A 6A HA = # " IACKA GKA F @A K K AH HA= > 0 J= GKA
f(x) < 0 ,
I A ? JH=H
F=H=
x A (a , a + ) \ {a}
GKA ? JH=HE= = DEF JAIA # !" C @ALAHA I JAH L 0 5AH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= JAH L 0 6A I J= > A =
AEJ H
IJH=H GKA IA f(x) 0 F=H= x A \{a} A J= @ALAHA
Teorema 5.4.2 6A HA = @= ? F=H= ?= 5A = A f, g : A \ {a} R BK ? AI GKA I=JEIB= A f(x) g(x),
AR aR K
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A
# !#
F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a}.

xa
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
I E EJAI E f(x) E g(x) A = A

xa xa
@EII
E f(x) = L
xa
E g(x) = M.
- J= EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
L M,
xa
E f(x) E g(x).
xa
5KF D=
I F H =>IKH@ GKA L > M EIJ A

xa
E f(x) > E g(x),

xa
K IA =
0< E
xa
f(x) E
xa
g (x)
+ H =HE # " !
x a
E [f(x) g(x)]. I A ? JH=H
C @ 6A HA = @= + LAHL= ?= @ 5E = EIJ A 6A HA = # " IACKA GKA F @A K AH HA= > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB=
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
I 0 < f (x) g (x),
EIJ A
g(x) < f(x),
GKA ? JH=HE= # !# 2 HJ= J L M K =E @= ? F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
xa
E f(x) E g(x),
xa
$
+)2 167
1 16-5
JAH=EI ,AEN=HA
=I
AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI >JE@=I FA AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A
JA HA = =?E = F=H= E EJAI = IJH = =I
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=

Teorema 5.4.3 6A HA = @ ? BH J K @ I= @KE?DA 5A = =?K K = ?= @A A A f, g, h : A \ {a} R BK ? AI GKA I=JEIB= A f(x) g(x) h(x),
(1) (2)
A R a R K
F J @A
F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a}.

xa
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
I E EJAI E f(x) E h(x) A = A

xa xa
@EII
E f(x) = E h(x) = L.
x a
- J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E g(x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E g(x) = L. I E EJAI E f(x) E h(x) A

xa x a x a
Demonstra c ao:
,=@ K
K AH HA= > 0 ?
ANEIJA
xa
E f(x) = E h(x) = L, @ GKA IA x A A K IA = K IA =

< f(x) L < , < h(x) L < .
(4) (3)
F @A
I A ? JH=H K AH I HA=EI 1 , 2 > 0 @A

0 < |x a | < 1 , 0 < |x a | < 2 ,
JAHA JAHA
I |f(x) L| < , I |h(x) L| < ,

. =
-I? D=
K AH HA=
E {1 , 2 } > 0.
C IA x A A JAHA I 0 < |x a| < 1 , ! A E F E?=H= 0 < |x a| < 2 , A " E F E?=H=
0 < |x a| < , < f(x) L g(x) L, g(x) L h(x) L < .
# !$ # !%
C # !$ A # !% E F E?=H= GKA IA x A A

0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
xa
< g(x) L < ,
K IA =
|g(x) L| < ,
IJH= @ GKA
ANEIJA
E EJA E g(x) A = A
xa
@EII
E g(x) = L,
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
$!
EJAI =JAH=EI ,AEN=HA I ?

2=H= FH NE
=I
AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI @=@=I >JE@=I FA AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A
JA HA = =?E = F=H= E
ANAH?
?E F=H=
IJH = =I
E ?=
HAIK J=@ A ? LA EA JA E JH @K EH
A R a R K
I = IACKE JA @A
BK ? = ,EHA
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R K =
I GKA = BK ?= f AK
innit esimo no ponto x = a IA

xa
E f(x) = 0. EJ AIE I F J x=a
) IACKEH JA
Exerc cio 5.4.1
I = CK I ANA F I @A BK ? AI GKA I= E
5A f : R R A = BK ? = @=@= F H
. f(x) = x + 1, xR
AK A J= = BK ?= f ,A B=J F EI
x1
EJ AIE
2H F # " # EJA
F J x = 1
=
f(x) = E
x1
(x + 1)
x1
x+ E
x1
+ H # " A # "
1 + 1 = 0.
5A f : R R A = BK ? = @=@= F H
. f(x) = x2 4, xR
AK A J= = BK ?= f ,A B=J F EI
x2
EJ AIE
F J x = 2 A
x2 E
F J x = 2
+ H # " # " " A # " 2 = 2 4 = 0.
E f(x) = E
x2
x2 4
) 2H F # " # EJA = = E
x 2
x 2
,A
@ IA A D= JA JA
I GKA E
x2
f(x) = 0

+ EIJ JA I=
AR aR K
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
BK ? AI 5KF D= I GKA = BK ?= f AK E EJ AIE F J x = a A = BK ? = g A E EJ=@= F J x=a - J= = BK ? = f.g IAH =K E EJ AIE F J x = a K IA =

xa
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f, g : A \ {a} R @K=I
E (f.g)(x) = 0.
$"
Demonstra c ao: xAA
+)2 167
1 16-5
= BK ?= g A E EJ=@=
F J x = a ANEIJEH= JAHA
K AH I HA=EI 1 K > 0 @A
@ GKA IA # !&
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
I |g(x)| K.
,=@ K AH HA= > 0 ? = BK ?= f AK E EJ AIE A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= 2 > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A A

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
F J x = a IACKA F @A
. K
JAHA
I |f(x) 0| <
# !'
+ IE@AHA JA JAHA I
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0.
I GKA IA x A A
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 , |(f.g)(x) 0| = |f(x)| |g(x)| |f(x)| K <
(5.38) (5.39)
K = , K
EIJ A IA x A A
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
I |(f.g)(x)| ,
IJH= @ GKA K IA = = BK ?= f.g AK

Observa c ao 5.4.11
xa
E (f.g)(x) = 0, GKAH
= I IJH=H
E E
EJ AIE
F J x=a ?
2 @AH
= I JAH KJE E =@ 6A HA = @ 5= @KE?DA F=H= >JAH HAIK J=@ =?E = ,A B=J ? = BK ? = g A E EJ=@= A x = a ANEIJEH= ? IJ= JAI , K > 0 J= GKA
|g(x)| K ,
F=H= ?=@=
x (a , a + ) \ {a}.
)IIE
JAHA
I
|(f.g)(x)| K|f(x)| ,
F=H= ?=@= I
x (a , a + ) \ {a},
K IA = F=H= x (a , a + ) \ {a} JAHA
K f(x) (f.g)(x) K f(x).
JA C
I GKA
xa
E [K f(x)] = E [K f(x)] = 0.
xa
@ 6A HA = @ 5= @KE?DA IACKA GKA

xa
E (f.g)(x)] = 0,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
$#
8= A =I AI =I FH FHEA@=@AI >JE@=I FA JA HA = =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A K ?E = =I A @A IJH = =I
HAIK J=@ = IACKEH IAH = ANE>E@ IA @A IJH= ?=
Proposi c ao 5.4.7 5A = nN AR aR K BK ? = J= GKA f(x) 0 F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a} 5KF D= I GKA ANEIJ= E EJA E f(x) A
xa xa
F J @A =?K K = ?= @A A A f : A \ {a} R
E f (x) = L
+ H =HE # " $ E F E?=H = GKA L 0 - J= ANEIJA E EJA E n f(x) A = A @EII

xa x a
f(x) =
n
n L,
EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
xa
f(x) =
x a
E f(x).
5K= @A
IJH= ?= IAH = BAEJ=
=EI =@E= JA
) IACKEH =F E?=HA
I =I FH FHEA@=@AI =?E = F=H= AIJK@ @A = CK I E EJAI @A BK ? AI ? DA?E@=I
Exemplo 5.4.1 += ?K =H IA ANEIJEH
IACKE JA E EJA
x1
) 2x2 4x + 3 .
Resolu c ao:
6A E
I GKA
( ) + H # " " EJA = ( ) + H # " " EJA > 2x2 4x + 3 = E 2.x2 E (4.x) + E 3 = x1 x1 x1 x1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + H # " A # " EJA > = E 2 . E x . E x E 4 . E x + E 3 =
x1 x1 x 1 x 1 x1 x1
C ANEIJA
= 2.1.1 4.1 + 3 = 1, ( ) E EJA E 2x2 4x + 3 A = A

x1 x1
@EII
( ) 2x2 4x + 3 = 1.
Observa c ao 5.4.12
ANA F A J=
=?E = IA @A I GKA
EH
I = BK ? = f : R R F H
. f(x) = 2x2 4x + 3, x R,
IJH=
x1
E f(x) = f(1).
$$
+)2 167
1 16-5
5A p : R R A K = BK ? = F E E EJA E p(x) A = A @EII

xa
E= A a R A J= IACKA @ + H =HE # " " GKA ANEIJA

xa
E p(x) = p(a).
,A B=J
I=>A
I GKA
p(x) = ao + a1 x + + an xn , xR
F=H= ao , a1 , , an R N=@ I )IIE ANEIJA

xa
E EJA E p(x) A = A
xa x a
@EII
) ( a2 x2 + + E (an xn ) xa xa ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a1 . E x + E a2 . E x2
E p(x) = E
( ) ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn =
= >
x a
+ H = HE # " " EJA + H = HE # " " EJA
E ao + E (a1 x) + E
(
xa
E ao + E xa x a xa xa ) ( ) n + + E an . E x xa xa ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2 + H = HE # " # = E ao + E a1 . E x + E a2 . E x xa xa xa xa x a ( ) ( )n + + E an . E x
= (
xa xa xa
+ H = HE I # " A # "
ao + a1 .a + a2 .a2 + an .an
= p(a),
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @= = H = ?=
! 5A f : Dom(f) R A K = BK ?= H=?E = A a Dom(f) A J= IACKA @ + H =HE # " " GKA

xa
E f(x) = f(a).
,A B=J
I=>A
I GKA
f(x) = p(x) , q(x) x Dom(f) = {x R ; q(x) = 0}
@A p, q : R R I= BK ? AI F E )IIE IA a Dom(f) JA EJA ! IACKA GKA ANEIJA

xa
E=EI @ EJA =?E = A @= 2H F IE ?= # " #
I GKA q(a) = 0 A =IIE E EJA E f(x) A

p (x) xa q(x)
q(a)=0 xa
xa
E f(x) = E
E p(x)
=
xa
E q (x)
p(a) = f(a). q(a)
IACKE JA E EJA
x 2
x3 + x2 . x+4
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
$%
Resolu c ao:
6A
I GKA

x2
x2
x3 + x2 2H F # " % = x+4
x3 + x2 x+4 (
2H F # " # EJA
?
x2
E x3 + E x2
x2
E x+ E 4
x2
x2
+ H # " " EJA
>
x 2
E x
)3 +
x2 x2
E x
)2
+ H # " A # "
x2
E x+ E 4
23 + 22 = 2, 2+4
C ANEIJA
E EJA E
x2
x3 + x2 A= A x+4
@EII
x2
x3 + x2 = 2. x+4
Observa c ao 5.4.13
ANA F
=?E = IA @A
. f(x) =
EH
I = BK ? = f : (0, ) R F H
x (0, ),
x3 + x2 , x+4
A J=
IJH=
I GKA
x2
E f(x) = f(2).
IACKE JA E EJA
x2 9 . x3 x 3
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
E EJA @ @A
E =@ H A AH EIJ A
x3
E (x 3) = 0 . ?
)IIE n ao F @A I =F E?=H = 2H F IE ?= # " # EJA 2=H= HAI LAH AIJA FH > A = J= I GKA E
x2 9 (x 3)(x + 3) x=3 2H F # " # EJA = = E = E (x + 3) = E x+ E 3 x3 x 3 x3 x 3 x3 x3 x3

+ H # " A # "
3 + 3 = 6,
C ANEIJA
E EJA E
x2 9 A= A x3 x 3
@EII
x2 9 = 6. x3 x 3
Observa c ao 5.4.14
$&
+)2 167
1 16-5
) FH FHEA@=@A GKA KJE E = I ANA F E EJA @A K = BK ? = A K ?AHJ F J FH FHE F J ANA F =?E = IA @A EH
=?E = A GKA GK= @ AIJ= I ?= ?K = @ K n ao E JAHAII= GKA ? HHA ? = BK ?=
I = BK ?= f : R R F H
x = 3 , xR
2 x 9 , F=H= ?=@= . f(x) = x 3 6 , F=H= x = 3
A J=
IJH=
I GKA E f(x) = f(3)

x3
! 5A a, b R = ANFHAII= (a + b) A @A
E =@= conjudada alg ebrica @= ANFHAII= (a b)

x1 E . x1 x 1
IACKE JA E EJA
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
E EJA @ @A
E =@ H A AH EIJ A
x1
E (x 1) = 0.
)IIE n ao F @A I =F E?=H = 2H F IE ?= # " # EJA ? ( ) 2=H= HAI LAH AIJA FH > A = KJE E =HA I ? KC=@ = C A>HE? @= ANFHAII= x 1 EIJ A = ) ( x+1 =EI FHA?EI= A JA ANFHAII=
x1 E x1 x 1 ( )2 ) ( x 12 x1 x+1 x1 ( )= E ( ) . = E = E x1 (x 1) x1 x1 (x 1) x1 x+1 x+1 x+1 E 1 E 1 1 2H F # " # EJA ? 2H F # " # EJA = x=1 x1 x1 ( ) = E = = x1 x+1 E x+1 E x+ E 1
x+1=0
2H
# " %
x1 x1
E 1
x 1
x 1
x1
x1
+ H # " A # "
E x+ E 1 @EII
1 1 = 2 1+1
C ANEIJA
x1 E EJA E A= A x 1 x 1
1 x1 = . E x1 x 1 2 Observa c ao 5.4.15 x1 , F=H= ?=@= x1 . f(x) = 1 , F=H= x = 1 2
ANA F
=?E = IA @A
EH
I = BK ?= f : [0, ) R F H
x = 1 , x [0, ),
A J=
IJH=
I GKA E f(x) = f(1)

x1
#"
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
$'
10.04.2013 - 13.a
Exemplo 5.4.5
IJHA GKA GKA ANEIJA

x2
E EJA E [(x 2) IA (x)] A = A

x0
@EII
E [(x 2) IA (x)] = 0.
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA >IAHLA
I =I BK ? AI f, g : R R @=@=I F H
. f(x) = x 2
A g(x) = IA (x) , E
x2
F=H= ?=@= x R.
I GKA = BK ?= f AK
EJ AIE
A
x2
x = 2 F EI
E f(x) = E (x 2) = 0.
R F EI
) A A A
@EII = BK ?= g A K = BK ?= E EJ=@= A
|g(x)| = | IA (x)| 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R, E EJ AIE F J x = 2 EIJ
F=HJE?K =H A = IAH = K = BK ?= E EJ=@= F J x=2 C FA = 2H F IE ?= # " $ IACKA GKA = BK ?= (f.g) IAH =K
x 2 x 2
E [(x 2) IA (x)] = E (f.g)(x) = 0.
Exemplo 5.4.6
IJHA GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E
x0
x0
IA (x) A = A
@EII
IA (x) = 0.
Resolu c ao: + x 0 F @A
I IKF H IA
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA

( ) x , . 2 2
>IAHLA
I GKA IA x ,
( ) A J= LA = CKH= =>=EN 2 2 | IA (x)| |x|.

6
# "
IA
x (x)
% C AI? D= )IIE @=@ K AH HA= > 0 F @A I K AH HA= IA x R I=JEIB=

0 < |x 0| < ,
=|x|
+)2 167
1 16-5
( ) 2
I IKF H IA
. = > 0.
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA 0,
JAHA
| IA (x) 0| = | IA (x)| |x| < = ,

=| IA (x)|
(5.40)
EIJ A IA x R I=JEIB= K IA = ANEIJA E EJA E

x0
0 < |x 0| < ,
JAHA
I | IA (x) 0| < ,
IA (x) A = A
@EII
x0
IA (x) = 0,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 5.4.16
>IAHLA
I GKA IA ? IE@AH=H
. f(x) = IA (x) ,
I = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R
A J=
-NA F
=?E = C=H= JA GKA

x0
E f(x) = f(0).
[ ] ]
? IAGKA ?E= JA
Exemplo 5.4.7
IJHA GKA GKA ANEIJA

E
E EJA E
[
x0
x0
IA 2 (x) A = A
@EII
IA 2 (x) = 0.
Resolu c ao:
*=IJ= >IAHL=H GKA

x0
IA (x) = E [ IA (x). IA (x)]

2 x0
2H F # " # EJA
>
x0
] [ IA (x) . E
x0
IA (x)
-NA F
# " $
0.0 = 0,
K IA = K IA = ANEIJA E EJA E
[ ]
x0
IA 2 (x) = 0,
x0
IA (x)2 A = A E
@EII
[
x0
IA 2 (x) = 0,
EIJ JA
Exemplo 5.4.8
IJHA GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E ? I(x) A = A
x0 x0
@EII
E ? I(x) = 1.
##
1 16- .7 ,) - 6)
( ) 2 2
%
Resolu c ao:
+ x 0 F @A LA = CKH= =>=EN
I IKF H IA
0 ? I(x),
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA x , K IA = ? I(x) =

6
GKA E F E?=H =A # "
1 IA 2 (x).
? I(x)
C E ? I(x) =
=
(5.41)
x0
x0 x0
1 IA
x0
2 (x)
2H F # " %
x0
[ ] 2H F # " # EJA = 1 IA 2 (x) =

x0
E 1 E
x0
IA 2 (x)
-NA F
# " %
E 1 0 = 1,
IJH= @ GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E ? I(x) A = A
x 0
@EII GKA
E ? I(x) = 1,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 5.4.17
>IAHLA
I GKA IA ? IE@AH=H
. f(x) = ? I(x) ,
I = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R
A J=
-NA F
=?E = C=H= JA GKA

x0
E f(x) = f(0).
5.5
1.o Limite Fundamental e exemplos

E EJA .K @= A J= -NEIJA
x0
Teorema 5.5.1
E EJA E
= 1.
IA (x)
x
x0
A = A
@EII
# "
IA (x)
x
%
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
( )
1 16-5
x 0 F @A
AIJA ?=I JA
I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA x , \ {0} 2 2 I = IACKE JA @AIECK= @=@A LA = CKH= =>=EN
| IA (x)| |x| | JC(x)| ,
F=H= ?=@= x ,
( ) \ {0}. 2 2
# "!
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
6
JC(x)
1
IA
( x)
JA
I GKA IA
( ) x , \ {0} , 2 2
IACKA GKA
| IA (x)| > 0.
C @ELE@E @ = ANFHAII= # "! F H | IA (x)| GKA A
=E H GKA AH >JAHA
| IA (x)| | x| | IA (x)| 1 , | IA (x)| | IA (x)| | ? I(x)| | IA (x)|
K IA =
1
|x| 1 , | IA (x)| | ? I(x)|
F=H= ?=@= x , A J= I
1 1 > . a b
( ) \ {0} . 2 2
# ""
A >HA
I GKA IA 0 < a JAHA

1 | IA (x)| | ? I(x)| , | x|
7JE E = @ AIJA B=J
F=H= ?=@=
( ) x , \ {0}. 2 2
# "#
JA
I J= > A
GKA IA
( ) IA (x) \ {0} , JAHA I > 0 A ? I(x) > 0, x , 2 2 x ( ) F EI IA x , \ {0} JAHA I GKA IA (x) A x JA AI IE = A ? I(x) > 0 2 2
##
1 16- .7 ,) - 6)
%!
C # "# J H =H IA =
( ) x , \ {0} . x 2 2 ( ) I GKA IA @A EH I =I BK ? AI f, h : , \ {0} R F H 2 2 ( ) . . f(x) = ? I(x), h(x) = 1 , F=H= ?=@= x , \ {0}, 2 2
? I(x)
IA (x)
1,
F=H= ?=@=
# "$
>IAHLA
A J= @A # "$ >JAHA
I IA (x)
x . =g(x) h(x) ,
f(x)
F=H= ?=@= x ,
( ) \ {0 } . 2 2
=I ?
LE
I = JAHE H A JA
x0
E h(x) = E 1 = 1 A
x0
x0
E f(x) = E ? I(x)
x0
-NA F
# " &
1.
= A EIJ A
C IACKA @ 6A HA = @ 5= @KE?DA EIJ A 6A HA = # " ! GKA ANEIJA @EII E g(x) = E f(x) = 1,
x0 x 0
E EJA E
IA (x)
x
x0
x0
IA (x)
x
= 1,
? ?
GKAH
=
IJH=H
) IACKEH =F E?=HA I AIJA B=J F=H= ?= ?K =H I = CK I E EJAI GKA n ao I= F II

LAEI @A ?= ?K =H =I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @AIA L LE@=I = IA ?= = JAHE H
IACKEJA E EJA
x0
JC(x)
x
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA n ao F @A I =F E?=H =I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @AIA L LE@=I = IA ?= = JAHE H F EI E EJA @ @A E =@ H A AH K IA = E x = 0 x0 2=H= JA J=H HAI LAH LA = I GKA
x 0
JC(x)
x
= E [ =
x0
x0
IA (x) 1 IA (x) 1 IA (x) 1 = E . = E . E = x0 x0 x0 ? I(x) ? I(x) x x ? I(x) x ] E 1 IA (x) E .K @ A -NA F # " &
x .
x 0
] [
E ? I(x) A
x0
x0
1.1 = 1.
2 HJ= J ANEIJA
E EJA E
JC(x)
x
x0
JC(x)
x
= 1.
2=H=
FH NE
ANA F FHA?EI=HA
I @ IACKE JA HAIK J=@
%"
Proposi c ao 5.5.1 5A = R BK ? AI
+)2 167
1 16-5
A, B E JAHL= I =>AHJ I @A R a A b B g : A \{a} B A f : B \{b}
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
I E EJAI E g(x) E f(y) A

xa yb xa
E g(x) = b B A
yb
f(y) = L.
- J= ANEIJA A = A EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
E EJA
xa
E (f g)(x)
@EII
xa
E (f g)(x) = L, E f[g(x)] = L.
xa
+ @=@
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(y) A
yb y b
f(y) = L,
K AH HA= > 0 IACKA GKA F @A
I A ? JH=H K JAHA
K AH > 0 @A
@ GKA # "%
IA 0 < |y b| < , 2 H KJH =@ ? ANEIJA E g(x) A

xa xa
I |f(y) L| < .
E g(x) = b, @ GKA I |g(x) b| < . # "&
F @AHA
I A ? JH=H K
KJH
K AH HA= > 0 @A JAHA
IA 0 < |x a| < , C IA 0 < |xa| < , EIJ A IJH= @ GKA ANEIJA F H # "& JAHA I
g(x) b < ,
=y
A F H # "% JAHA
f[g(x)] f(b) < ,

=y
IA 0 < |x a| < , E EJA E f[g(x)] A

xa
JAHA
I GKA |(f g)(x) L| < ,
xa
E f[g(x)] = L,
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
Observa c ao 5.5.1
5ACK @
@E=CH= = @A 8A
JAHA
I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?=
##
1 16- .7 ,) - 6)
y x
%#
6
b+ f[g(x)]
6
a
6
L+
x a g
g(x) b
a+ b
) 2H F IE ?= =?E = I @E ? JAI =EI FHA?EI= A JA

x a
K@=H @A L=HE =LAEI GK= @ AIJ=

IA @A EH
I ?= ?K = @ E E
E
f(y).
E (f g)(x) = E f[g(x)] =
xa
. g(x), GK= @ xa , JAHA I y= =
I y=g(x)b
y b
! 2 @A I A K ?E=H A @A IJH= K HAIK J=@ IA A D= JA = @= FH F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI ,AEN=HA I = ?=HC @ AEJ H = A => H= ?= A @A IJH= ?= @ I AI I
2 @A I =C H= KJE E =H HAIK J=@ =?E = F=H=
IACKE JA E EJA
x0
IA (3x) . IA (8x)
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA n ao F F EI E EJA @ @A E =@ ,AEN=HA I = LAHE ?= ?= 2=H= HAI LAH EIJ LA = E
@A I =F E?=H =I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @AIA L LE@=I = IA ?= = JAHE H H A AH F EI E IA (8x) = 0 x0 @AIJA B=J ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H I GKA IA (3x) IA (8x)
8x 3x 3x 3x . E IA (8x) x0 8x x0 8x IA (3x) 3x . IA (8x) 8x = [
x0
3x. IA (3x) IA (3x) x=0 3x 3x = E = E . 8x. IA ( 8x ) x0 x0 8x IA (8x) 8x IA (3x) [ ] 3 x=0 3x = E . E = x0 8 x0 IA (8x) 8x
IA (3x)
E 3 x0 . 8
x0
# "'
C FHA?EI=
IJH=H GKA ANEIJA

x0
A I=>AH ?= ?K =H I IACKEJAI E EJAI

3x
IA (3x)
x0
IA (8x)
8x
2=H= EIJ KJE E =HA
I = 2H F IE ?= =?E =
%$ + IE@AHA I =I BK ? AI f : R \ {0} R @=@= F H

. IA (y) f(x) = , y
+)2 167
1 16-5
F=H= ?=@= y R \ {0} F=H= ?=@= x R.
A g : R R @=@= F H
. g(x) = 3x ,
)F E?=HA I = 2H F IE ?= =?E = F=H= =I BK ? AI f A g 6A I GKA IA (y) E f(y) = E A

y0 y0
.K @
x 0
E g(x) = E 3x = 3.0 = 0
x0
K IA = a = 0 b = 0 A L = 1 = 2H F IE ?= =?E = C = 2H F IE ?= =?E = C=H= JA GKA

1= E
x0
f[g(x)] = E
IA [g(x)]
g(x)
x0
= E
IA (3x)
3x
x0
,A E
@ IA A D= JA JA IA (8x)
8x { =
I =EI @EHAJ= A JA KJE E = @ = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA

. } = E

E
x0
@A E @ IA y = 8x, GK= @ x 0 , JAHA
I y = 8x 0
IA (y)
y
y0
.K @
1.
C FA = 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA

x 0
IA (3x) # "' 3 1 3 = . = . IA (8x) 8 1 8
) IACKEH JA
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 5.5.1 += ?K =H IA ANEIJEH
IACKE JA E EJA
1 ? I(x) . x0 x2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA n ao F @A I =F E?=H =I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @AIA L LE@=I = IA ?= = JAHE H F EI E EJA @ @A E =@ H A AH AIJA ?=I ? x 0 F @A I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA
1 + ? I(x) = 0,
GKA A
KC=@ = C A>HE? @= ANFHAII= 1 ? I(x)

1+? I(x)=0
1 ? I(x) E x0 x2
] [ 2 ] 1 ? I2 (x) 1 1 ? I(x) 1 + ? I(x) . = E . = E x0 x0 x2 1 + ? I(x) x2 1 + ? I(x) [ ] [ ] [ ] IA 2 (x) 1 IA (x) 2 1 1? I2 (x)= IA 2 (x) = E . = E . E x0 x0 x0 1 + ? I(x) x2 1 + ? I(x) x ]2 [ E 1 1 IA (x) E .K @ A -NA F # " & 2 1 x0 . = 1 . = . = E x 0 x E [1 + ? I(x)] 1+1 2 [
x0
##
1 16- .7 ,) - 6)
%% @EII
2 HJ= J ANEIJA
E EJA E
1 ? I(x) A= A x0 x2
1 ? I(x) 1 = . 2 x0 x 2
%&
+)2 167
1 16-5
Cap tulo 6
Fun co es Cont nuas

6.1 Motiva c ao
I =I BK ? AI f, g : R R @=@=I F H
{ . f(x) = x2 , . g (x) = x2 , 1,
+ IE@AHA
F=H= ?=@= x = 0 F=H= x = 0
x R,
?K =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA
AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I I= @=@=I FA =I CKH=I =>=EN

y y
6
y = g(x)
6
y = f(x)
0 x
>IAHLA F H KJH =@
I GKA
x 0
E f(x) = E x2 = 0 = f(0)
x0 x=0
x0
E g(x) = E x2 = 0 = 1 = g(0).
x0
)IIE F @A I ? ? KEH GKA =I @K=I BK ? AI JA AI E EJA A x = 0 =I ?=I @= BK ?= f AIJA E EJA A ECK= = L= H @= BK ?= F J x = 0 A GK= J ?=I @= BK ?= g EIJ = ? HHA F EI L= H @= BK ?= g A x = 0 A 1 EIJ A g(0) = 1 = E g(x) x 0 AIJA ?=F
JK AIJ=HA I E JAHAII=@ I A AIJK@=H =I BK ? AI GKA JA ? F HJ= A J @= BK ?= f EIJ A E EJA @= BK ?= f K F J A ECK= = L= H @= AI = =GKA A F J %'
&
Observa c ao 6.1.1 >IAHLA BK ? = f IAH = K = ?KHL= ?
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
I GKA I ?=I I =?E = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= J

K= F @A I @AIA D = IA JEH=H =FEI @ F=FA A GK= J = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= g n ao A K = ?KHL= ? J
K= = ? IACKE HA I @AIA D = IA JEH=H =FEI @ F=FA ,ALE@ = AIJ= FH FHEA@=@A @EHA I GKA = BK ? = f A ? J
K= F J x = 0 A GKA = BK ? = A ? J
K= A x = 0 g = =EI FHA?EI= A JA JA I =
6.2
Deni c ao de fun c ao cont nua e exemplos

A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R I GKA = BK ?= f A cont nua em x = a IA
xa
,EHA
E f(x) = f(a).
Observa c ao 6.2.1 *=IA=@ = @A K = BK ?= f IA = ? J

K= A K
E ?= =?E = =I ? @E ? AI A?AII =HE=I A IK ?EA JAI F=H= GKA F J x = a I= E@= F J x = a EIJ A x = a @ALAH = FAHJA ?AH = @
E
= BK ? = f @ALAH = AIJ=H @A @= BK ?= f @ALAH = ANEIJEH ! A E f(x) = f(a)

xa xa
E EJA E f(x)
Deni c ao 6.2.2 = IEJK= ?= @= @A E ?= =?E = @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A cont nua no conjunto A IA = BK ?= f B H ? J

K= A ?=@= K @ I F J I @ ? K J A 12.04.2013 - 14.a
6A
I J= > A
=
a A A J=
@EHA
Deni c ao 6.2.3
= IEJK= ?= @= @A E ?= =?E = IA = BK ? = f = A ? J
K= A I GKA = BK ?= f A descont nua no ponto x = a
Exemplo 6.2.1 +
IE@AHA I f A g ? E
?E @ ?=F
JK - J= = BK ? = f IAH = ? J
K= A R A = BK ?= g IAH = ? J
K= A R \ {0} K IA = F J @A = BK ?= g A @AI? J
K= IAH = x = 0 ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
K E?
Observa c ao 6.2.2
= IEJK= ?= @= ,A E ?= $ KJE E = @ = @A E ?= @A E EJA JA I GKA K = BK ?= = ? J

K= A x = a IA A I A JA IA @=@ K K AH HA= > 0 F @A I A ? JH=H f IAH KJH K AH HA= > 0 @A @ GKA IA x A I=JEIB=
|x a| < ,
JAHA
I |f(x) f(a)| < .
,EBAHA JA A JA ? GKA ? HHA = @A E ?= @A E EJA LA = >IAHL= ?= # EJA F=H= = ? JE KE@=@A A E F HJ= JA AL=H I A ? J= L= H @= BK ?= F J A GKAIJ=
,-.1 1+ )
,- .7 + )
6 1 7)
x = a IA FA
&
! 7 = BK ? = f IAH = @AI? J
K= A
A I K = @=I IEJK= ? AI =>=EN
? HHA
= = BK ? = f = AIJ = @A E@= F J x=a > = ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) xa ? f AIJ = @A E@= A x = a ANEIJA E EJA E f(x)
xa xa
=I
E f(x) = f(a).
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA
I = CK I ANA F I
Exemplo 6.2.2 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H { . x , F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) f(x) = 2 x2 , F=H= ?=@= x (, 1)
- J= = BK ? = f IAH = ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J IA x (1, ) JA GKA A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A
I GKA
f(x) = x (1, ) F EI F=H= ?=@= a (1, ) JAHA
xa
E f(x) = f(a).
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ? J
K= A (1, ) ,A @ IA A D= JA IA x (, 1) JA I GKA
f(x) = 2 x2 ,
C K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
(, 1) F EI F=H= ?=@= a (, 1) JAHA

xa
E f(x) = f(a).
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = BK ?= f IAH = K = BK ?= ? J
K= A (, 1) C F=H= ? F AJ=H FHA?EI= I AIJK@=H = ? JE KE@=@A @= BK ?= f A x = 1 >IAHLA I GKA f(1) = 1 A
x1+ x1
f(x)
x>1 ,
C f(x)=x
x1+
-NAH?
?E
f(x)
x<1 ,
C f(x)=2x2
x1
2 x2
1; )
-NAH?
?E
1.
)IIE
@= 2H F IE ?= # ! ?
x1
f(x) = E
x1+
f(x) = 1,
IACKA GKA ANEIJEH =
E EJA E f(x) A
x1 x1
E f(x) = 1 = f(1),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A x = 1 A ? ? KE @ GKA = BK ?= f IAH =K = BK ?= ? J
K= A R ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
&
y
+)2 167
6
y = f(x) 2
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
1 x
) IACKEH JA
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 6.2.1 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H 1 , IA x = 0 . f (x) = x 0 , IA x = 0
. x=0
- J= = BK ?= f IAH = ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
R \ {0} A A @AI?
J
K= A
,A B=J IA x = 0 JA
I GKA
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
1 , x R \ {0} F EI F=H= ?=@= a R \ {0} JAHA f (x) =

xa
E f(x) = f(a) .

?E F=H= AEJ H 2 H KJH =@ = BK ?= f IAH = @AI? J
K= A x = 0 F EI n ao ANEIJA
x0
E f(x) = E
1 . x 0 x

?E F=H= AEJ H ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
y = f(x)
,-.1 1+ )
,- .7 + )
6 1 7)
&!
6A
I J= > A
Exemplo 6.2.3 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = IA (x),
F=H= ?=@= x R.
- J= = BK ? = f IAH = ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
x=0
,A B=J JA
I GKA
f(0) = IA (0) = 0
A @ -NA F # " $ IACKA GKA

x0
E f(x) = E
x 0
IA (x)
-NA F
# " $
0 = f(0),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
Observa c ao 6.2.3
x=0
BK ? = ? J
K= A R ,A B=J IJHA I GKA f A ? J
K= A ?=@= a R JA I GKA ? x a F @A I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA |x a| < 2 )IIE JAHA I GKA LA = CKH= =>=EN
|f(x) f(a)| = | IA (x) IA (a)| |x a|,
= LAH@=@A F @A
IJH=H GKA = BK ? = f @ -NA F
=?E = A K =
F=H= ?=@=| |x a| < .
$
x | IA (x)
IA
(a)|
6 ?IA
IA
(x)
|x a|
(a) a
&"
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
2
6 1 7)5
C @=@ > 0 F @A
I IKF H IA
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA 0 < < AI? D=

. = > 0.
I
$ $ !
)IIE JAHA I
IA x R I=JEIB=
|x a| < |f(x) f(a)| |x a| < = ,

(6.1) (6.3) (6.2)
IJH= @ GKA
xa
E f(x) = f(a),
R
EIJ A = BK ? = f A ? J
K= A a R + aR A =H>EJH =HE IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ? J
K= A
+ EIJ JA I
Exemplo 6.2.4 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = ? I(x),
F=H= ?=@= x R.
- J= = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
x=0
,A B=J JA A @ -NA F
I GKA # " & IACKA GKA

x0
f(0) = ? I(0) = 1
E f(x) = E ? I(x)
x0
-NA F
# " &
1 = f(0),
K= A + ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H JA I
x=0
Exerc cio 6.2.2 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H x , F=H= ?=@= x (, 2] . f(x) = 6 x2 , F=H= ?=@= x (2, 2) x , F=H= ?=@= x [2, )
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A R - ? JHA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
6.3
6A
Opera co es com fun c oes cont nuas e exemplos

I=
5KF D= - J=
A E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f, g : A R BK ? AI I GKA =I BK ? AI f A g I= ? J

K=I A x = a
$!
2-4)+ -5 +
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
x=a x=a x=a
&#
= BK ? = (f + g) IAH = ? J
K= A = BK ? = (f g) IAH = ? J
K= A ! = BK ? = (f.g) IAH = ? J
K= A " IA g(a) = 0 = BK ?=
Demonstra c ao: f IAH =? g
J
K= A
x=a
=I BK ? AI f A g I= ? J
K=I A
xa
x = a IACKA GKA
xa
E f(x) = f(a) A
E g(x) = g(a).
$ "
2=H= EJA ,= 2H F IE ?= # " # EJA

xa
= IACKA GKA

=
=
xa
E (f + g)(x)
2H F IE ?= # " # EJA
E f(x) + E g(x) = f(a) + g(a) = (f + g)(a),

x a
(6.4)
IJH= @ GKA = BK ? = (f + g ) A ? J
K= A 2=H= EJA , + H =HE # " ! IACKA GKA
x a
x=a
E (f g)(x)
+ H =HE # " !
xa
E f(x) E g(x) = f(a) g(a) = (f g)(a),

xa
(6.4)
IJH= @ GKA = BK ? = (f g ) A ? J
K= A x = a 2=H= EJA ! ,= 2H F IE ?= # " # EJA > IACKA GKA
xa
E (f.g)(x)
2H F IE ?= # " # EJA
>
xa
E f(x). E g(x) = f(a).g(a) = (f.g)(a),

xa
(6.4)
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= (f.g) A ? J

K= A x = a 2=H= EJA " + g(a) = 0 @= 2H F IE ?= # " # EJA ? IACKA GKA
( ) f(x) (6.4) f(a) ( f ) f 2H F IE ?= # " # EJA ? xE a E (x) = (a ), = = xa g E g(x) g(a) g
xa
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= +
f A? g
J
K= A
x=aA?
F AJ= @ = @A I
IJH= ?=
? IAGKA ?E= E A@E=J= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA
5KF D= - J=
A E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A f, g : A R BK ? AI I GKA =I BK ? AI f A g I= ? J

K=I A A A A A
= BK ? = (f + g) IAH = ? J
K= A = BK ? = (f g) IAH = ? J
K= A ! = BK ? = (f.g) IAH = ? J
K= A
&$
+)2 167
f IAH =? g
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
" IA g(x) = 0 F=H= x A = BK ? =

Demonstra c ao:
J
K= A
*=IJ= =F E?=H ) IACKEH ANE>EHA
I = 2H F IE ?= =?E = A
?=@= K
@ IF J I@ ?
K J A
I @K=I ? =IIAI E F HJ= JAI B H =@=I F H BK ? AI ? J

K=I = I=>AH
Proposi c ao 6.3.2 6 @= BK ?= F E Demonstra c ao: 5A p : R R A K = BK ?= F E
E= A ? J
K= A
E= A J= ANEIJA
n N A ao , , an R J=EI GKA x R.
p(x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn ,
5A = a R IJHA I GKA = BK ?= p A ? J
K= A 2=H= EIJ JA I GKA
xa
x=a
E p(x) = E
[ ] + H # " " EJA I = A > ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn = xa [ ]2 [ = E ao + E a1 . E x + E a2 E x + + E an . E

xa xa xa x a xa xa
]n x
xa
+ H # " A # "
ao + a1 .a + a2 a2 + + an .an = p(a),
IJH= @ GKA
xa
E p(x) = p(a),
aR ?
K IA = = BK ?= p A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
Proposi c ao 6.3.3 6 @= BK ?= H=?E
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
= A ? J
K= A
= A J=
IAK @
Demonstra c ao: 5A f : Dom(f) R A K = BK ?= H=?E . p(x) f(x) = , q(x)
. x Dom(f) = {x R ; q(x) = 0}
@A A p, q I= BK ? AI F E E=EI C @=I 2H F IE ? AI $ ! A $ ! EJA Dom(f) ? F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= 7 KJH HAIK J=@
" IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

K= A
KEJ E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA =

A, B E JAHL= I =>AHJ I @A R a A g : A B A f : B R E EJA E g(x)
x a xa
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
E g(x) = b B
A = BK ?= f IA = ? J
K= A
y=b
$!
2-4)+ -5 +
.7 + -5 +
xa
6 1 7)5
&%
- J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E (f g)(x) A = A
xa
@EII
E (f g)(x) = f(b),
(
EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
xa
E f[g(x)] = f
x a
E g(x) . IJH=H GKA @=@ K K AH HA= > 0
2=H= IJH=H GKA = = H = ?= A LAH@=@AEH= FHA?EI= I F @A I A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < |x a| < , 2=H= EIJ @=@ > 0 ? E JAHA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
yb
I |(f g)(x) f(b)| < .

b IACKA GKA
f(y) = f(b),
K IA = F @A 2 H KJH F @A C
I A ? JH=H K =@ ?
K AH HA= > 0 J= GKA JAHA I |f(y) f(b)| < . $ #
IA |y b| < ,
x a
E g(x) = b, JAHA I |g(x) b| < . A F H $ # JAHA $ $ I |f[g(x)] f(b)| < ,

=y
I A ? JH=H K
K AH HA= > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < |x a| <
IA 0 < |x a| < , IJH= @ GKA ? GKAH

= I @A
F H $ $ JAHA
I | g(x) b| < ,
=y
x a
E f[g(x)] = f(b),
IJH=H
Observa c ao 6.3.1
@E=CH= = @A 8A
x
=>=EN E KIJH= = IEJK= ?= @= FH F IE ?= =?E =

y
6
a
6
b+ f[g(x)]
6
f(b) +
x a g
g(x) b
f(b)
a+ b
f(b)
&&
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
2 @AH
= I JAH KJE E =@ = 2H F IE ?= # # F=H= >JAH HAIK J=@ =?E = ,A B=J JA I GKA . E g(x) = b A E f(y) = f(b) (= L)
x a yb
A =IIE
FA = 2H F IE ?= ?EJ=@= F @A
xa
I ? ? KEH GKA
E (f g)(x) = f(b).
! 5A =
n N A f : (0, ) R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = n x,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ). IJH=HA I GKA = BK ? = f A ? J

K= A
=EI =@E= JA -NAH?

?E $ # ! = IACKEH (0, ) EIJ A F=H= J @ a (0, ) JA I
xa
E f(x) = f(a), E
n x = n a.
K IA =
x a
" 5ACKA @= >IAHL= ?= =?E = @= 2H F IE ?= $ ! " A @ B=J GKA = BK ?= IA A R GKA = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = ? I(x),
A ? J
K=
F=H= ?=@= x R
IAH = ? J
K= A R A >HA I GKA ? I(x) = 1 IA 2 (x), F=H= ?=@= x R ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
+ IE@AHA I
IACKE JA E EJA
x0
E ? I
] x IA (x) . x
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA A DK = @=I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A E EJAI F @A IAH =F E?=@= LAHE GKA 2=H= HAI LAH AIJA FH > A = ? IE@AH=HA I = BK ?= g : R \ {0} R @=@= F H
. x IA (x) , g(x) = x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
>IAHLA
I GKA
[ ] x IA (x) x IA (x) E g (x) = E = E x0 x0 x0 x x x IA (x) E .K @ . = E 1 E = 1 1 = 0 ( = b) . x0 x0 x
LE
I = JAHE H A JA = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(y) = ? I(y) ,
F=H= ?=@= y R
$"
,14-16) - ) -537-4,) 61 71,),- )
&'
A ? J
K= A y = 0 (= b) )IIE @= 2H F IE ?= $ ! " IACKA GKA
[
] [ ] x IA (x) 2H F IE ?= $ ! " E ? I = E f[g(x)] = f E g(x) = f(0) = ? I(0) = 1, x0 x0 x0 x ] x IA (x) = 1. E ? I x0 x [
K IA = +
? IAGKA ?E= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA
I J= > A
y = g(a)
A, B E JAHL= I =>AHJ I @A R a A g : A B A f : B R 5KF D= I GKA = BK ?= g IA = ? J

K= A x = a A = BK ?= f IA = ? J
K= A - J= = BK ? = f g IAH = ? J
K= A x = a
Demonstra c ao:
+ ,A
= BK ?= g A ? J
K= A @ = = C ?
f A?
x = a JA
xa
I GKA
.
E g(x) = g(a) (= b).

y = g(a) JA
yb
J
K= A
I GKA
f(y) = f(b). [ ]
C @= 2H F IE ?= $ ! " IACKA GKA

xa
E f[g(x)] = f E g(x) = f[g(a)],

x a
K IA =
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f g IAH = ? J

K= A + ? IGKA ?E= JA I
x a
E (f g)(x) = (f g)(a),
x=aA?
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
Corol ario 6.3.3 ) ? Demonstra c ao:
F IJ= @A @K=I BK ? AI ? J
K=I IAH = K = BK ?= ? J
K=
? IAGKA ?E= @ ? H =HE =?E =
6.4
Fun co es cont nuas ` a direita e ` a esquerda de um ponto
)IIE ? ?=I @A E EJAI =JAH=EI F @A I A FHE ?

FE AIJK@=H = ? JE KE@=@A @A K = BK ?= = @EHAEJ= A K = AIGKAH@= @A K F J @A IAK @
E =EI AIFA?E ?= A JA JA I =
,EHA ,A
A E JAHL= @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ?= I GKA = BK ?= f A cont nua ` a direita de x = a IA

xa+
f(x) = f(a).
@ = = C
@EHA
I GKA = BK ?= f A cont nua ` a esquerda de x = a IA

xa
f(x) = f(a).
'
Observa c ao 6.4.1 = IEJK= ?= =?E = f IAH =? A x = a IA A I A JA IA
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
J
K= = @EHAEJ= HAIFA?JEL= A JA = AIGKAH@=
ANEIJA f(a) ANEIJA E EJA =JAH=

xa+
f(x) HAIFA?JEL= A JA
xa
f(x)
! L= A = ECK= @=@A
xa+
f(x) = f(a)
HAIFA?JEL= A JA
xa
f(x) = f(a).
EIJ JA
IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 6.4.1 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H { . x , IA x [0, ) f(x) = 1 , F=H= ?=@= x (, 0)
- J= = BK ?= f A ? J
K= = @EHAEJ= @A x = 0
Resolu c ao:
=I n ao A ? J
K= = AIGKAH@= @A x = 0
>IAHLA
I GKA
x0+
f(x)
x>0 ,
C f(x)=x
x0+
x = 0 = f(0),
K= = @EHAEJ= @A x = 0 2 H KJH =@ x<0 , C f(x)=1 E f(x) = E 1 = 1 = 0 = f(0),
x 0 x0
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f n ao A ? J
K= = AIGKAH@= @A x = 0 ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
y = f(x)
Observa c ao 6.4.2 >IAHLA n ao A ? J

K= A x = 0
I GKA
-NA F
=?E = = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
R \ {0}
=I
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
2=H= I = K@=H = AIJK@=H = ? JE KE@=@A @A BK ? AI ?K = AE @A =II ?E= ?= IA = @=@= F H F=HJAI @ JEF @ -NA F =?E = JA I IACKE JA HAIK J=@
$"
,14-16) - ) -537-4,) 61 71,),- )
'
Proposi c ao 6.4.1 5A = A E JAHL= =>AHJ a A A f : A R K = BK ?= - J= = BK ? = f A ? J

K= A x = a IA A I A JA IA = BK ? = f A? AIGKAH@= @A x = a Demonstra c ao:
J
K= = @EHAEJ= A =
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
x = a IA A I
A JA IA
xa
E f(x) = f(a),
GKA FA = 2H F IE ?= # ! A AGKEL= A JA =

xa+
f (x) = E
xa
f(x) = f(a),
K IA = = BK ?= f A ? J
K= = @EHAEJ= A = AIGKAH@= @A x = a
A ? JE KE@=@A = AIGKAH@= ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= @A JAI HAIK J=@ I
+ EIJ F @A I E JH @K EH
=I FH FEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A ? JE KE@=@A F=H= = ? JE KE@=@A = @EHAEJ= AEJ H = A => H= ?= A = @A IJH= ?= @AIJAI ? HHAIF
IACKE JA ? ?AEJ
Deni c ao 6.4.2 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A cont nua em [a, b] IA
= BK ? = f A ? J
K= A
(a, b)
= BK ? = f A ? J
K= = AIGKAH@= @ F J b ! = BK ? = f A ? J
K= = @EHAEJ= @ F J a
Observa c ao 6.4.4
,A
@ IA A D= JA F @A I @A EH GK= @ K = BK ? = f : [a, b) R HAIFA?JEL= A JA f : (a, b] R A cont nua em [a, b) HAIFA?JEL= A JA (a, b] I? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H A K ?E=@ @A J=EI @A E ? AI E@=I A E ? AI E JAHL= I @ I JEF I E JAHL= I @
,AEN=HA
2 @A I @A @ = = C @A EH ? JE KE@=@A @A BK ? AI @A JEF (, b] K E JAHL= I @ JEF [a, ) ,AEN=HA I? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A K ?E=@ @A J=EI @A ! 8= A =I FH FEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A ? JE KE@=@A F=H= ? JE KE@=@A A =?E = ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= @A JAI HAIK J=@ I
+ EIJ JA I IACKE JA ANA F
AEJ H = A => H= ?= A = @A
IJH= ?= @AIJAI ? HHAIF
'
Exerc cio 6.4.1 5A = f : [1, 1] R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f (x) = 1 x2 ,
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1].
- J= = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
[1, 1]
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ) A @EII
x1
(1, 1)
ANAH?
?E F=H=
(
AEJ H
)
-NAH?
?E
f(x) = +
x1+
x2
2H F # " %
x1+
1 x2
1 1 = 0 = f(1),
K= = @EHAEJ= @A x = 1 A
x1
f (x) = E
x1
x2
2H F # " %
x1
1 x2
-NAH?
?E
1 1 = 0 = f(1),
K= = AIGKAH@= @A x = 1 2 HJ= J = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A [1, 1] ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
f(x) y = f(x)
6.5
+
Propriedades de fun c oes a valores reais, cont nuas denidas no intervalo [a, b]
A ?=HA I FA
GKA
Teorema 6.5.1 6A HA = @ = K = A J 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? f(a).f(b) < 0.
J
K= A
[a, b] J=
- J= ANEIJEH = FA
A IK
c (a, b) ,
@A
@ GKA f(c) = 0.
$#
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5 -
1 6-48)
'! =FA @E?A @ +=FEJK !
Demonstra c ao:
) @A ,A =
IJH= ?= A F=H= I = K I GKA AIJK@=H= I
. A = {x [a, b] ; f(x) < 0} R.
>IAHLA I GKA A A K IK>? K J = L= E @A R ,A B=J F EI ? f(a).f(b) < 0 @ALAHA I JAH K f(a) < 0 A f(b) > 0 =IIE f(a) > 0 A f(b) < 0 A AIJA ?=I JAHA I b A ) A @EII A A E EJ=@ IKFAHE H A JA F H b F EI A [a, b] C @ALAH = ANEIJEH . c = IKF(A). ) H = 5KF D= + EIJ JA I GKA
f(c) = 0.
JAHA
IaA K
I F H =>IKH@ GKA I @K=I F IIE>E E@=@AI
f(c) = 0.
5A f(c) < 0 FA > 0 J= GKA C A =IIE =I GKA AK JAH

= I
6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = EIJ A 6A HA = # " IACKA GKA ANEIJA

f(x) < 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (c , c + ).
. xo = c + (c , c + ) 2 f(xo ) < 0,
K IA =
xo A.
=>IKH@
> c = IKF(A), 2 F EI xo A A xo > c = IKF(A) xo = c +
2 HJ= J @ALAHA
I JAH f(c) 0 6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = EIJ A 6A HA =
,A @ IA A D= JA IA f(c) > 0 FA # " IACKA GKA ANEIJA > 0 J= GKA

f(x) > 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (c , c + ).
C A =IIE JAHA I f(x1 ) > 0 EIJ A
. x1 = c (c , c + ) 2 < c = IKF(A) 2
x1 = c
f(x1 ) > 0,
GKA AK
=>IKH@ F EI c A
IKFHA
@A A IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
2 HJ= J @ I EJA I =?E = F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA f(c) = 0 ? ? KE @ = @A
'"
Observa c ao 6.5.1
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
) DEF JAIA f(a).f(b) < 0 A AGKEL= A JA = @E AH GKA I K AH I HA=EI f(a) A f(b) JA F IJ I , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f F @AHA IACKE JA IEJK= ?= F=H= HAIK J=@ =?E =
6
f(b)
IE =EI I JAH =
a c b
f(a)
f(c) = 0
15.04.2013 - 15.a
2 @A
I =F E?=H
6A HA = @ ) K = A J = IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 6.5.1 ) BK ?= F E
E= p : R R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x R F E E ? HHAIF @A JA
. p(x) = x3 2x2 + x 1 ,
JA JA
FA FA
A I K AH GKA FAHJA ?A = E JAHL= (0, 2) EIJ A A I K = H=E E JAHL= =>AHJ (0, 2)
I = BK ?= f : [0, 2] R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x3 2x2 + x 1,
Resolu c ao:
2=H= J= J ? IE@AHA >IAHLA A
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 2]. E=
K= A
[0, 2] F EI A K = BK ?= F E
f(0) = 03 2.02 + 0 1 = 1 f(2) = 23 2.22 + 2 1 = 1.
)IIE
f(0).f(2) = 1 < 0.
C @ 6A HA = @ ) K = A J EIJ A 6A HA = $ # IACKA GKA ANEIJA

c (0, 2) ,
@A
@ GKA
f(c) = 0,
K IA = K = H=E @ F E E @=@ 7 KJH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA A
E JAHL= (0, 2) ?
= H =
$#
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5 -
1 6-48)
'#
Teorema 6.5.2 6A HA = @A * = 9AEAHIJH=II K @ L= H E JAH A@E =HE 5A = g : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? J

K= A [a, b] 5A K R AIJ = A JHA g(a) A g(b) A J= ANEIJA c (a, b) , Demonstra c ao:
@A
@ GKA
g(c) = K.
5KF D=
I GKA
g(a) < K < g(b).
(1) (2)
$ %
) @A
IJH= ?= @ ?=I
g(b) < K < g(a)
A IA A D= JA A IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= ,A = I = BK ?= f : [a, b] R @=@= F H
AEJ H
x [a, b].
. f(x) = g(x) K,
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [a, b] F EI A @EBAHA ?= @=I BK ? AI g GKA F H DEF JAIA A ? J
K= A [a, b] A @= BK ?= ? IJ= JA ECK= = K GKA A ? J
K= A R A F=HJE?K =H A [a, b] ) A @EII @A $ % JA I GKA
f(a).f(b) = [g(a) K] . [g(b) K] < 0.
@A
< 0
@A
> 0
C IACKA @ 6A HA = @ = K = A J EIJ A 6A HA = $ # GKA ANEIJA

c (a, b) ,
@A
@ GKA
f(c) = 0,
K IA =
g(c) = K,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 6.5.2
HAIK J=@ =?E = I @E GKA K = BK ? = ? J

K= @A E@= A K E JAH L= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ =IIK A J @ I I L= HAI A JHA I L= HAI @= BK ? = I ANJHA I @ E JAHL= K IA = = E =CA @A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ F H K = BK ?= ? J
K= = L= HAI HA=EI ? J A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ = LAH@=@A F @A I IJH=H GKA = E =CA @A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ @A R F H AE @A K = BK ?= ? J
K= IAH = K E JAHL= BA?D=? A E EJ=@ ) @A IJH= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = EJE@= , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F @A I JAH = IACKE JA IEJK= ?=
'$
g(b)
+)2 167
6
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
K = g(c)
g(a)
KJH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA
Teorema 6.5.3 @A 9AEAHIJH=II 5A = f : [a, b] R ? - J= ANEIJA so , to [a, b] J=EI GKA f(so ) f(x) f(to ), Demonstra c ao:
J
K= A
x [a, b].
[a, b]
) @A
IJH= ?= IAH =
EJE@= A F @AH = IAH A ? JH=@=
ELH
FC &' 6A HA = " $
Observa c ao 6.5.3
HAIK J=@ =?E = I @E GKA J @= BK ?= = L= HAI HA=EI ? J

K= @A E@= A K E JAHL= H BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ =IIK A I L= HAI =NE A
E C >=EI E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f F @A I JAH = IACKE JA IEJK= ?=
6
f(to ) y = f(x)
f(x)
so a f(so ) x to b
2=H=
= E =H JA
I=
Proposi c ao 6.5.1 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? ?A JA A [a, b]
J
K= A
xo [a, b] A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI
$#
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5 -
1 6-48)
'%
- J= = BK ? = f J
=@= I >HA IAK ?
K J E =CA
=@ EJEH = BK ?= E LAHI=
f1 : [f(a), f(b)] [a, b],
AIJ= IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ? J

K= A
Demonstra c ao:
[f(a), f(b)] A = A
@EII = BK ? = f1 IAH = K = BK ?=
. yo = f(xo ) [f(a), f(b)].
>IAHLA I GKA ? = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA IACKA GKA f(a) < f(b) ) A @EII JA I GKA E ) BK ?= f : [a, b] [f(a), f(b)] A E AJ H= LAH >IAHL= ?= " ! A FA 6A HA = $ # A = IAH = I >HA AJ H= 2 HJ= J = BK ?= f : [a, b] [f(a), f(b)] A >E AJ H= =IIE BK ?= f EIJ A = BK ?=
f1 : [f(a), f(b)] [a, b].
ANEIJA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= =
EE ) BK ?= f1 : [f(a), f(b)] [a, b] A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ,A B=J IA y1 , y2 [f(a), f(b)] ?

y1 < y2
[f(a), f(b)]
$ &
A J= FA 6A HA = $ # ANEIJEH=
x1 , x2 [a, b] ,
@A
@ GKA A
f(x1 ) = y1
f(x2 ) = y2 ,
EIJ A
x1 = f1 (y1 )
x2 = f1 (y2 ).
5KF D= +
I F H =>IKH@ GKA x1 < x2 I JAH
= BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA @ALAH

=
y1 = f(x1 ) > f(x2 ) = y2 ,
? JH=HE= @ $ & 2 HJ= J @ALAHA 5KF D= + I JAH

f1 (y1 ) = x1 x2 = f1 (y2 ).
I F H =>IKH@ GKA x1 = x2 I y1 = f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) = y2 ? JH=HE= @ $ & I JAH

f1 (y1 ) = x1 < x2 = f1 (y2 ), [f(a), f(b)]
EIJ JAH
=
2 HJ= J @ALAHA
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f1 : [f(a), f(b)] [a, b] A A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A EEE ) BK ?= f1 : [f(a), f(b)] [a, b] A ? J
K= A 5KF D= I GKA
yo (f(a), f(b)) . yo = f(xo ) [f(a), f(b)]
$ '
'& A >IAHLA
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
I GKA AIJA ?=I @ALAHA I JAH xo (a, b) F EI = BK ?= f1 A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA [f(a), f(b)] =IIE @A $ ' IACKA GKA
f1 [f(a)] < f1 (yo ) < f1 [f(b)],
=a =xo =b
EIJ A a < xo 0 F @A I A ? JH=H K KJH K AH HA= > 0 @A IA |y yo | < , 2=H= J= J @=@ K AH HA= > 0 ? A ? JH=H K K AH HA= k 1 J= GKA
xo +
IJH=H GKA @=@ @ GKA
K AH HA=
JAHA
f1 (y) f1 (yo ) < .
xo (a, b) A (a, b) AK , xo (a, b). k k
E JAHL= =>AHJ F @A
< xo < xo + k k A = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A [a, b] IACKA GKA ( ( ) ) f xo < f (xo ) < f xo + . k k xo
=yo
$
+ IE@AHA C >IAHLA )IIE JAHA IA I
. =
{ ( } ) ( ) y o f xo , f xo + yo . k k
( ) f xo + yo k
[ ( )] yo f xo . k
$
I GKA $ E F E?= GKA > 0

|y yo | < , < y yo < .
C @A $ IACKA GKA

( [ ( ) )] < y y o < f xo + yo , yo f xo k k
K IA = +
( ( ) ) f xo < y < f xo + . k k [f(a), f(b)] IACKA GKA [ ( [ ( )] )] f1 f xo < f1 (y) < f1 f xo + , k k

=xo k =xo + k
= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A
$#
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5 -
1 6-48)
''
K IA = =I xo = f1 (yo ) =IIE JAHA
xo < x o
< k
k < < f 1 (y ) < x o + < xo + . k k
I EIJ A
f1 (y) f1 (yo ) < ,
f1 (yo ) < f1 (y) < f1 (yo ) + ,
IJH= @ GKA f1 A ? J
K= A 5KF D= AIJA ?=I >IAHLA ,=@ I GKA yo = f(a) IJH=HA
yo (f(a), f(b))
I GKA = BK ?= f1 A ? J
K= = @EHAEJ= @A yo = f(a)
[f(a), f(b)] a 0 ? I A ? JH= K

< b. k k
KJH
K AH HA= k 1 J= GKA
+
a<a+
A = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A
[a, b] IACKA GKA ( ) f(a) < f a + . k
$ $ !
+ IE@AHA >IAHLA 5A
( ) . =f a+ f(a) > 0. k
I GKA $ E F E?= GKA
K AH HA= > 0
0 < y f(a) < ,
@A $ ! JAHA K IA = +
( ) 0 < y f(a) < f a + f(a), k ) f(a) < y < f a + . k [f(a), f(b)] IACKA GKA [ ( )] , f1 [f(a)] < f1 (y) < f1 f a + k
=a
=a+ k
= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A
K IA =
a < f 1 (y ) < a +
k < < a + . k
=I a = f1 (f(a)) =IIE
IACKA GKA EIJ A

f1 (y) f1 [f(a)] < ,
f1 (f(a)) < f1 (y) < f1 (f(a)) + ,
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f1 A ? J
K= A ,A ?
yo = f(a)
@ = = C IJH= IA = ? JE KE@=@A = AIGKAH@= @= BK ?= f1 A f(b) GKA IAH = @AEN=@= ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A ? EIJ ? F AJ= I = @A IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@

+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
Observa c ao 6.5.4
6A
HAIK J=@ = = C = 2H F IE ?= =?E = JH ?= @ IA = f : [a, b] R IAH ? J

K= A [a, b] IAH AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ? J
K= A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A [a, b] AIJA ?=I = BK ? = E LAHI= f1 : [f(b), f(a)] [a, b] IAH = ? J
?A JA A [f(b), f(a)] ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H=
IK
DEF JAIA @= BK ?= [a, b] F H IAH K = BK ?= K= A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI AEJ H
6A I K HAIK J=@ IA A D= JA = 2H F IE ?= =?E = JH ?= @ IA E JAHL= [a, b] F H K E JAHL= E EJ=@ GK= GKAH @= HAJ= R EIJ A @ JEF (a, b) [a, b) K (a, b] K F H K E JAHL= = E EJ=@ @= HAJ= R EIJ A @ JEF (a, ) [a, ) (, b) K (, b] A K ?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI I= AIIA ?E= A JA I AI I @ 6A HA = =?E = A =IIE IAH= @AEN=@ I =IIE ? IK=I @A IJH= ? AI ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H ! ) 2H F IE ?= =?E = E F E?= GKA IA = BK ?= f : [a, b] R B H AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ? J
K= A [a, b] A J= = BK ? = E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = AI = EIJ A f1 : [f(a), f(b)] [a, b] IAH = ? J
K= A [f(a), f(b)] " 8= A AI F=H= ?=I @= BK ? = f IAH AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA K F=H= I KJH I JEF I @A E JAHL= I ?EJ=@ I I EJA =?E = ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
7 ANA F E F HJ= JA F=H= I GK=EI F @A I =F E?=H HAIK J=@ =?E = A
[ ] Exemplo 6.5.2 5A = f : , [1, 1] = BK ? = @=@= F H 2 2 [ ] . f(x) = IA (x), F=H= ?=@= x , , 2 2

y
6
1
(x,
IA
(x))
IA
(x)
2 x
$#
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5 -
1 6-48)
5
[ ]

IJHA GKA = BK ?= f =?E = =@ EJA BK ? = E LAHI= f1 : [1, 1] , A AIJ= IAH =K = 2 2 BK ? = ? J

K= A [1, 1]
Resolu c ao:
,= >IAHL= ?= $ ! JA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A , 2 2 ) A @EII = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA C E AJ H= A I >HA AJ H= C @= 2H F IE ?= $ # IACKA GKA ANEIJA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= f
[ ] f1 : [1, 1] , , 2 2
[ ]
A AIJ= IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ? J

K= A [1, 1] + LE I = IK>IA ?= % = BK ?= =?E = A = BK ?= =H? IA HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
x
E @E?=@= F H =H?IA
?K =
6
2
(y,
=H?IA
(y))
=H?IA
1
(y)
s y 1 y
2 @A
I =F E?=H = 2H F IE ?= =?E = =EI FHA?EI= A JA = >IAHL= ?= =?E = J= > A

[ 1 , 1 @=@= F H 2 ]
Exerc cio 6.5.1 ) BK ?= f : [2, 3] . f(x) =
=@ EJA BK ? = E LAHI= ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
1 , x1 [ ] 1 ,1 2
F=H= ?=@= x [2, 3] ,
K= A [2, 3] F EI A K = BK ?= H=?E = A IAK @A = IA = K = A [2, 3] ) A @EII A K = BK ?= AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A [2, 3] F EI IA x1 , x2 [2, 3] ?
x1 > x2 ,
E =@ H
JAHA
x1 1 > x 2 1 > 0
A F HJ= J
f(x1 ) =
1 1 < = f(x2 ). x1 1 x2 1
>IAHLA I J= > A GKA

f(2) = 1 =1 21
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
A =IIE
@=
>IAHL= ?= " ! JAHA
>E AJ H= C @= >IAHL= [ ]?= =?E = EJA = BK ?= f

1
1 1 = 31 2 [ ] 1 I GKA = BK ?= f : [2, 3] , 1 IAH = I >HA AJ H= A F HJ= J 2
A f(3) =
1 : , 1 [2, 3] A AIJ= BK ?= IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A ? 2
! IACKA GKA ANEIJA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f ] EIJ A [ 1 J

K= A ,1
2
Observa c ao 6.5.5 8= A >IAHL=H GKA
F E?EJ= A JA 2=H= EIJ >=IJ= HAI LAH
ANA F
=?E = F @A
I >JAH = BK ?= E LAHI= AN
I = AGK= ?=
f(x) = y
JAH
I @A x EIJ A IA A I
[
1 = f(x) = y x1
A JA IA
x1=
1 y
K AGKEL= A JA A JA x =
1 + 1, y
K =E @= = BK ? = f
] 1 : , 1 [2, 3] IAH = @=@= F H 2

1
GKA A K = BK ? = ?
[ 1 ]
[ ] 1 . 1 f (y) = + 1, F=H= ?=@= y ,1 , y 2 ] [ 1 , 1 F EI A K = BK ? = H=?E = A IAK @A J

K= A 2
E =@ H = IA
= K= A ,1 2 5AH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?

?E F=H= =II ?E=@= = BK ? = f @=@=
2 @A I =C H= @A = 2H F IE ?= # " % ?
Exemplo 6.5.3 5A =
AEJ H LAHE ?=H GKA = BK ?= =?E = A = BK ? = E LAHI=

! A? EIJ >JAH K = @A IJH= ?= F=H=
IJH=H = >IAHL= ?= $ ! EJA
n N A f : (0, ) R K = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = n x ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).

(0, )
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= g : (0, ) R @=@= F H

. g(y) = yn ,
F=H= ?=@= y (0, )
A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A (0, ) AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (0, ) A IK= E =CA A (0, ) C ? IE@AH=@= I >HA = IK= E =CA A = IAH = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= A @= 2H F IE ?= $ # IACKA GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= g1 : (0, ) (0, ) ANEIJA A IAH = K = BK ?= ? J
K= A (0, )
$#
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5 -
1 6-48)
n
! F=H= ?=@= y (0, ) F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,

(0, ) ?
=I A
(f g)(y) = f[g(y)] = (g f)(x) = g[f(x)] =
yn = y ,
y>0
[ ]n x>0 n x = x,
IJH= @ GKA f = g1 2 HJ= J F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A = H =@
Observa c ao 6.5.6
D=L
=
2 @A I IJH=H GKA = BK ? = f @ -NAH?

?E =?E = A ? J
K= A [0, ) EIJ A A ? J
K= A (0, ) ? IJH= -NAH?
?E =?E = A J= >A A ? J
K= = @EHAEJ= @A
x=0
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA K JE
B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
R EIJ A F @A
5A n N A
F=H = BK ?= f @ -NAH?
?E =?E = F @A IAH @A @A EH = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = n x ,
E@= A
F=H= ?=@= x R.
7JE E = @ =I AI =I E@ AE=I @ -NA F =?E = F @A I IJH=H GKA = BK ?= f A ? J

K= A R ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H ! A >H= @ K = LA 2H F IE ?= # " % =EI ? -NA F =?E = A = 2H F IE ?= $ ! " F @A IA FH L=H =
" 2 @A I =F E?=H = 2H F IE ?= $ # K = >IAHL= ?= $ # " F=H= IJH=H GKA ANEIJA A I= ? J

K=I J @=I =I BK ? AI E LAHI=I =II ?E=@= =I BK ? AI @A E@=I +=F
JK " LAH IA ?= % @A I= @A E@=I =I BK ? AI =H? ? IIA =H? J= CA JA =H? IA?= JA =H? ? IIA?= JA ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H # ) ? JE KE@=@A @= BK ?= C=H
J =JKH= A
(0, ) IAH =
IJH=@=
FH NE
?=F
JK
$ 3K= @ EIJ B H BAEJ KJE E = @ L= A JA = 2H F IE ?= $ # K = >IAHL= ?= $ # " F @AHA I IJH=H GKA =I BK ? AI ANF A?E= IA DEFAH> E? ? IIA DEFAH> E? J= CA JA DEFAH> E? ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E? IA?= JA DEFAH> E? ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E? =H? IA DEFAH> E? =H? ? IIA DEFAH> E? =H? J= CA JA DEFAH> E? =H? ? J= CA JA DEFAH> E? =H? IA?= JA DEFAH> E? A =H? ? IIA?= JA DEFAH> E? IAH= ? J
K=I I IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @
E I LAH =I IA ? AI A ! @ +=F
JK " @A I= @A E@=I =I BK ? AI ?EJ=@=I ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
"
+)2 167
.7 + -5 +
6 1 7)5
Cap tulo 7
Fun co es Diferenci aveis - A Derivada

17.04.2013 - 16.a
7.1
Motiva c ao
I @ EI FH > A =I GKA I AL=H= = K AI ? ?AEJ =JA =JE?
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA
7.1.1
Velocidade instant anea
+ IE@AHA I K = F=HJ
?K = LA @ IA = C @A K = HAJ= @A K F J A =J A K F J B ?K = F IE ?= A @=@= ? K = BK ?= @ JA F EIJ A x = x(t) @A x(t) A = F IE ?= @= F=HJ
?K = E IJ= JA t [to , t1 ] ? x(to ) = A A x(t1 ) = B = CKH= =>=EN JA I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= x = x(t)
x
B = x(t1 )
x(t)
(t, x(t))
A = x(to )
to
t1
5A t2 , t3 [to , t1 ] A J= = velocidade m edia @= F=HJ

?K = A JHA I E IJ= JAI t = t2 A t = t3 GKA E @E?=HA I F H v[t2 ,t3 ] IAH = @=@= F H
v[t2 ,t3 ] = x x (t3 ) x(t2 ) = , t3 t2 t
@A @A J=HA
IF H
. x = x(t3 ) x(t2 )
A #
. t = t3 t2 .
$
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
/A AJHE?= A JA JA I GKA = LA ?E@=@A A@E= v[t2 ,t3 ] IAH = ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= GKA ? J A I F J I (t2 , x(t2 )) A (t3 , x(t3 )) @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= x = x(t) K IA = JC() = v[t2 ,t3 ] LA = CKH= =>=EN
x
x(t3 ) x(t2 )
x 6 ?
to
t2
t3 t 1
/ IJ=H
= I @A A ? JH=H = LA ?E@=@A E IJ= JA t = t2 @A E =@= velocidade instant anea @= F=HJ
?K = A t = t2 2=H= EIJ E JKEJEL= A JA @AI ?=HA I F J (t3 , x(t3 )) I >HA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A x = x(t) A @EHA ?= = F J (t2 , x(t2 )) K IA = B=HA I t3 =FH NE =H IA @A t2 ,AIJA @ =I LA ?E@=@AI A@E=I A ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I [t2 , t3 ] @ALAH = F IIELA A JA =FH NE =H IA @= LA ?E@=@A E IJ= JA A= @= F=HJ
?K =H E IJ= JA t = t2 GKA E @E?=HA I F H v(t2 ) EIJ A
v(t2 ) = E
t3 t2
v[t2 , t3 ] = E
t3 t2
x(t3 ) x(t2 ) , t3 t2
%
?=I E EJA ANEIJ= )F EGKA I =I E@ AE=I =?E = =

Exemplo 7.1.1 5KF D= I GKA K = F=HJ
?K = LE A JA IA A K = HAJ= @A =? H@ ? = AGK= ?= @= F IE ?= x @=@= A AJH I A HA = ?= = JA F t @=@ A IACK @ I @=@= F H . x(t) = 2t2 3t, t [0, ).
%
,AJAH E =H = LA ?E@=@A @= F=HJ

?K =
Resolu c ao: 1.o Modo:
E IJ= JA t = 2 s
) AGK= ?= @A K
LE A J 4AJE
A 7 EB H A A JA 8=HE=@ A @=@= F H
x(t) = xo + vo t + ao 2 t , 2 t [0, ) ,
@A xo A = F IE ?= E E?E= @= F=HJ

?K = A AJH I vo A = LA ?E@=@A E E?E= @= F=HJ
?K = A F H IACK @ A ao A =?A AH= ?= @= F=HJ
?K = A AJH I F H IACK @ = GK=@H=@ + F=H= @ AIJ= AGK= ?= ? = AGK= ?= % >JAHA I
xo = 0 m , vo = 3 m/s
AJH I
ao = 4 m/s2 .
%
618)+ )
% AIJA ?=I GKA = LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A=

v(t) = vo + ao t = 3 + 4t,
=I I=>A
E IJ= JA t IAH = @=@= F H

t [0, ) .
)IIE
= LA ?E@=@A A
t = 2 s IAH = @=@= F H v(2) = 3 + 4.2 = 5 m/s,
EIJ A = LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A=

2.o Modo:
E IJ= JA t = 2 s IAH = v = 5 m/s

( ) ( ) 2t2 3t 2.22 3.2
)F E?= @ % JAHA
v(2) = E
x(t) x(2) = E t2 t2 t2 t2 2 (2t + 1)(t 2) t=2 2t 3t 2 = E = E (2t + 1) = 5, = E t2 t2 t2 t2 t2
IJH= @ F H @A K
KJH
@ GKA = LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A=
E IJ= JA t = 2 s IAH = v = 5 m/s
Observa c ao 7.1.1 8= A >IAHL=H GKA
K 47 A GK= J E EJA A GKAIJ=
-NA F =?E = @ I IA =F E?= F=H= 478 ? AI @AI@A GKA ANEIJ= @ EIJ A % =F E?= IA = J @=I =I IEJK=
7.1.2
Coeciente angular da reta tangente
+ IE@AHA I K = BK ?= f : A R @A A A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R A a A II FH > A = A A ? JH=H = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F J P = (a, f(a)) ?=I ANEIJ= >IAHLA I GKA = AGK= ?= @= J= HAJ= IAH = @ JEF
y f(a) = mP (x a),
@A mP E @E?=H = ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA FH ?KH=@= C >=IJ= A ? JH=H I ? A ?EA JA = CK =H mP @= J= HAJ= J= CA JA . 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA IA Q = (x, f(x)) x A A K F J @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @EBAHA JA @ F J P A J= F @A I >JAH = HAJ= IA?= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F=II= @ FA I F J I P A Q LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
y = f(x)

Q
4AJ= IA?= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A f
f(x)
6
f
f(a)

x
&
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
5=>A I GKA ? A ?EA JA = CK =H GKA E @E?=HA I F H mPQ @= HAJ= IA?= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA F=II= FA I F J I P A Q A @=@ F H
mPQ = f(x) f(a) f = , xa x
% !
@A E @E?=HA A >HA I GKA
IF H
. x = x a
. f = f(x) f(a).
mPQ = JC(),

@A A = CK A JHA =I IA EHAJ=I PR A PQ LA = CKH= =?E = 5A F J Q =FH NE =H IA @ F J P I >HA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f EIJ A IA x =FH NE =H IA @A a JAHA I GKA ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= IA?= JA mPQ FH L=LA A JA =FH NE =H IA = @ ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA FH ?KH=@= EIJ A @A mP K IA =
mP = E
xa
mPQ ,
K =E @= F H % ! JAHA IA
I
mP = E
xa
f(x) f(a) , xa
E EJA ANEIJEH 2 @A I =F E?=H AIJ=I E@ AE=I =
Exemplo 7.1.2 - ?
@=@= F H
JHA IA ANEIJEH = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = CH = ? @= BK ? = f : R R

. f(x) = x2 4x + 3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
F J (1, 0)
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
F J (1, 0) AK
F J @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F EI
f(1) = 12 4.1 + 3 = 0 .
F=H= A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H mP @= HAJ= J= CA JA = CH = ? @= BK ?= f P = (1, 0) >=IJ= A ? JH=H I IACKE JA E EJA

mP = E f(x) f(1) x2 4x + 3 0 f(x) f(a) a=1 = E = E x a x1 x1 xa x1 x1 (x 1)(x 3) x=1 = E = E (x 3) = 2. x 1 x1 x1
F J
C = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA P = (1, 0) IAH = @=@= F H

y f(a) = mP (x a ),
=0 =2 =1
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
y = 2(x 1).
F J
K IA =
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @= HAJ= J= CA JA FH ?KH=@= I= @=@=I = CKH=
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )
y
'
6
y = f(x)
(1, 0)
y = 2(x 1)
7.2
A derivada de uma fun c ao real de uma vari avel real
Observa c ao 7.2.1
2=H= A ? JH=H = LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A= E IJ= JA t = to @A K = F=HJ

?K = LE A J= @ IA K = HAJ= @A IK= F IE ?= A @=@= FA = BK ?= x = x(t) FHA?EI= I AIJK@=H E EJA
t3 t2
x(t3 ) x(t2 ) . t3 t2
2=H= A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA = CH = ? @A K = BK ?= y = f(x) F J (a, f(a)) FHA?EI= I AIJK@=H E EJA
f(x) f(a) . xa xa
>IAHLA I GKA I @ EI E EJAI =?E = I= @ AI JEF = I=>AH E EJA @A K GK ?EA JA @A K AH=@ H JA I = L=HE= ?= @= BK ?= A @A E =@ H = L=HE= ?= @= L=HE =LA E @AFA @A JA C F @A I ? ? = I @A JH @A K AI ? ?AEJ = I=>AH
A A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ?= I GKA = BK ?= f A diferenci avel em x = a IA ANEIJEH E EJA
x a
,EHA
f(x) f(a) . xa
AIJA ?=I E EJA =?E = IAH = @A F H f (a) K IA =
E =@ derivada da fun c ao f em x = a A @A J=@=

f(x) f(a) . xa xa
f (a ) = E Observa c ao 7.2.2
5A = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A y = f(x) A x = a F H

df (a), dx
a A J= > A
F @AHA
I E @E?=H = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= K Dx y(a),
K f(1) (a),
dy (a), dx
K y (a),

+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
K =E @= 5A E @E?=H A J= IF H
dy dx
) ,
|x=a
K Dx y|x=a .
. x = x a
. f = f(x) f(a),
% "
@= 2H F IE ?= # # K =
f(x) f(a) xa xa
>IAHL= ?= # # EJA
=
x0
IACKA GKA
E
f(a + x) f(a) . x
x=xa,xax0
f = x
x0
! "
I -NA F I =?E = GKA GK ?EA JA
JEL=H=
= ,A
E ?= % JA A mP = f (a).
I GKA
v (t 2 ) = x (t 2 )
f(x) f(xo ) % " f = x xo x IAH = @A E =@ raz ao incremental @= BK ?= f K taxa de varia c ao m edia @= BK ? = f E JAHL= [x, xo ] IA x < xo K A [xo , x] IA x > xo
AIJA ?=I = @AHEL=@= f (xo ) IA ANEIJEH IAH = @A A HA = ?= = x @= BK ?= f A x = xo
E =@= taxa de varia c ao instant anea
@A
Deni c ao 7.2.2 5A = BK ?= f : A R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ?=@= K @ I F J I @A A A J= @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A diferenci avel no conjunto A AIJA ?=I F @A I ? IE@AH=H = BK ?= derivada da fun c ao f GKA IAH = E @E?=@= F H f
E@= F H
f: AR . x f (x)
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA
Exemplo 7.2.1 5A =
I = CK I ANA F I
f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = 2x , F=H=
xR
A a=1 IJHA GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A EIJ A f (1)

Resolu c ao:
x=1AA ?
JHA = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= f A
x=1
>IAHLA ANEIJA ?E= @ 2=H= EIJ
f(x) f(1) E EJA E xa x1
I GKA F=H= I=>AH JA I GKA E
I IA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA
F J x = 1 >=IJ= LAHE ?=H
I=
xa
f(x) f(1) 2x 2.1 2(x 1) x=1 = E = E = E 2 = 2, x1 x 1 x1 x 1 x1 x1
% #
K IA = = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = 1 C = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= f A x = 1 IAH = @=@= F H

f (1) = E f(x) f(1) (7.5) = 2. xa x1
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )

Observa c ao 7.2.3 A RA
>IAHLA
I GKA
= LAH@=@A = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A @EBAHA ?E =LA F=H= ?=@=

x R.
f (x) = 2 ,
,A B=J IA a R AIJ = N=@ IJHA f(x) f(a) IA = ANEIJA @ E EJA E xa xa 2=H= EIJ JA I GKA
E
I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA
F J x=a
2x 2.a 2(x a) x=a f(x) f(a) = E = E = E 2 = 2, xa x a xa x a x a xa xa
IJH= @ GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a F=H= ?=@= a R ) A @EII = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f A x = a IAH = @=@= F H
f (a) = 2,
F=H= ?=@= a R.
)IIE F @A @=@= F H
I >JAH = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= f EIJ A = BK ?= f : R R GKA IAH =

f (x) = 2,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
)I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA
y
AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A f I= @=@=I FA =I CKH=I =>=EN

y = f(x) y
y = f (x)
KJH ANA F A
Exemplo 7.2.2 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = |x|,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
) H = I GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0} ) A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f IAH = = BK ? = f : R \ {0} R @=@= F H

{ f (x) = Resolu c ao:
1,
F=H= x (0, ) 1 , F=H= x (, 0)

(0, ) A GKA
IJHA
I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

f (a) = 1,
F=H= ?=@= a (0, ) .
,A B=J IA a > 0 JAHA I

x a
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
f(x) f(a) |x| |a| a>0 | x| a = E = E . xa x a xa x a xa
+ x a A a > 0 F @A EIJ A x > 0 =IIE
I IKF H IA E
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA x JA
AI
IE = @A a
|x| a x>0 x a x=a = E = E 1 = 1, xa x a xa x a x a x = a IA a > 0 A = A
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

f (a) = 1,
@EII
F=H= ?=@=
a (0, ).
IJHA

f (a) = 1,
(, 0) A GKA
F=H= ?=@= a (, 0) .
,A B=J IA a < 0 JAHA

xa
f(x) f(a) |x| |a| a<0 |x| (a) | x| + a = E = E = E . xa x a xa x a x a xa xa
+ x a A a < 0 F @A EIJ A x < 0 =IIE E
I IKF H IA
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA x JA
AI
IE = @A a
|x| + a x<0 x + a (x a) [x=a] = E = E = E 1 = 1, xa x a xa x a xa x a xa
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

f (a) = 1,
x = a IA a < 0 A = A a (, 0).
@EII
F=H= ?=@=
)I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA
y
AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A f I= @=@=I FA =I CKH=I =>=EN

6
y = f(x) 1 y = f (x) y
Observa c ao 7.2.4
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f =?E = n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ) H = I GKA n ao ANEIJA E EJA

x0
x=0
f(x) f(0) . x0
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )
!
x 0+
,A B=J F @AHA
IA JA J=H I ?= ?K =H E EJA =?E = FA = @EHAEJ= @A x = 0 EIJ A ? I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA x > 0 =IIE JAHA I GKA
x0+
|x| x>0 x x=0 f(x) f(0) = E + = E + = E + 1 = 1. x0 x 0 x x0 x x 0
2 H KJH =@ IA JA J=H I ?= ?K =H E EJA =?E = FA = AIGKAH@= @A x = 0 EIJ A ? x 0 F @AHA I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA x < 0
x0
x x=0 f(x) f(0) |x| x<0 = E = E = E 1 = 1. x0 x x0 x0 x x0
FA = 2H F IE ?= # ! n ao ANEIJEH =
E
E EJA
f(x) f(0) , x0 x0
K IA = = BK ? = f n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x=0
,EHA
f : A R R A R K E JAHL= =>AHJ A xo A I GKA = BK ? = f A diferenci avel ` a direita em xo IA ANEIJEH E EJA =JAH= = @EHAEJ=
xx+ o
f(x) f(xo ) . x xo
AIJA ?=I @A J=HA

direita de xo
(x ) GKA IAH E EJA =?E = F H f + = @EJ derivada da fun c ao f ` a o
,A @ IA A D= JA @EHA E EJA =JAH= = AIGKAH@= AIJA ?=I @A J=HA I
I GKA = BK ?= f A diferenci avel ` a esquerda em xo IA ANEIJEH

xx o
f(x) f(xo ) . x xo
(x ) GKA IAH E EJA =?E = F H f a = @EJ derivada da fun c ao f ` o
esquerda de xo
EIJ JA
I=
Propriedades 7.2.1 5A = A R K E JAHL= =>AHJ xo A A f : A R R ) BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo IA A I A JA IA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= A = AIGKAH@= A xo A = A @EII =I @AHEL=@=I = @EHAEJ= A = AIGKAH@= A xo B HA ECK=EI EIJ A
f+ (xo ) = f (xo ).
AIJA ?=I JAHA

Demonstra c ao:
f (xo ) = f + (xo ) = f (xo ).
5ACKA ? + IE@AHA
? IAGKA ?E= @= 2H F IE ?= # ! I
"
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
Exemplo 7.2.3 5A = = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H { . f(x) = x2 + x , x,
F=H= x [0, )
F=H= x (, 0)
. xo = 0 A ?
) BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo = 0 +=I IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA A @= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f A xo = 0 EIJ A f (0)

Resolu c ao:
JHA
L= H
2=H= AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ?= f A >IAHLA I GKA

x0
x = 0 KJE E =HA
I = 2H F IE ?= =?E =
f(x) f(0) x<0 x 0 x=0 = E = E 1 = 1. x0 x0 x 0 x0
C = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = AIGKAH@= @A xo = 0 A

f (0) = 1.
2 H KJH =@ JA
x0+
I GKA
( 2 ) x +x 0 f(x) f(0) x>0 x(x + 1) x=0 = E + = E + = E + (x + 1) = 1. x0 x0 x x0 x 0 x 0
C = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= @A xo = 0 A

f+ (0) = 1.
f (0) = 1 = f + (0),
FA = 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

f (0) = f + (0) = f (0) = 1.
xo = 0 A = A
@EII
Observa c ao 7.2.5
8= A >IAHL=H GKA = BK ? = f @ -NA F =?E = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A = A A = BK ? = f : R R IAH = @=@= F H BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f EIJ
{ . f (x) = 2x + 1 , 1,
@EII
F=H= x [0, ) ANAH?

?E F=H=
F=H= x (, 0)
,AEN=HA JA ,AEN=HA
I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ? I GKA = BK ?= f A ? J

K= A I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ?
R
AEJ H AEJ H =?E = I=
ANAH?
?E F=H=
! )I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A f @ -NA F @=@=I FA =I CKH=I =>=EN
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )
#
6
y=1
y = 2x + 1
y = x2 + x
?
1
y=x
6A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 7.2.1 5A = = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H x + 2 , F=H= x (, 1) . f(x) = x2 , F=H= x [1, 1] 2 x , F=H= x (1, )
) BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
Resolu c ao:
xo = 1
KIJE GKA IK= HAIF IJ=

I = 2H F IE ?= %
2=H= AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ?= f KJE E =HA >IAHLA I GKA IA xo = 1 JA I

x1
f(x) f(1) x1
1<x<1
x1
x2 1 (x + 1)(x 1) x=1 = E = = E (x + 1) = 2. x1 x1 x1 x1

f (1) = 2.
6A
I J= > A
x1+
GKA
f(x) f(1) x>1 (2 x) 1 (x 1) x=1 = E + = E + = = E + 1 = 1. x1 x1 x1 x1 x1 x1

f+ (1) = 1.
f (1) = f + (1),
FA = 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA = BK ?= f n ao IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A ,A @ IA A D= JA JA I F=H= xo = 1 GKA

x1
xo = 1
x + 1 x=1 f(x) f(1) x<1 (x + 2) 1 = E = E 1 = 1. = E x (1) x+1 x1 x + 1 x1 x1
$
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15

f (1) = 1.
6A E
I J= > A
GKA
1<x<1
x1+
f(x) f(1) x (1)
x1+
x2 1 (x + 1)(x 1) x=1 = E + = = E (x 1) = 2. x+1 x+1 x1 x1+

f+ (1) = 2.
f (1) = f + (1),
FA = 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA = BK ?= f n ao IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

Observa c ao 7.2.6
xo = 1
) BK ?= f @ -NAH?
?E =?E = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ,AEN=HA I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ? ) A @EII JA IAH = @=@= F H
R \ {1, 1}
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
I GKA = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f EIJ A = BK ?= f : R \ {1, 1} R

1 , F=H= x (, 1) . f (x) = 2x , F=H= x (1, 1) 1 , F=H= x (1, )
x R \ {1, 1}
= CKH= =>=EN JA
y
I =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA
6
AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A f
6
y=1 1
y=x+2
y=2x
U 6
1 1
/ 1 x
y=x
y = x2 y = 1 1
! ) BK ?= f =?E = A ? J
K= A AIIAI F J I ,AEN=HA
R A
F=HJE?K= H A ANAH?
?E F=H=
xo = 1
=I n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA
AEJ H
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )
%
"
>IAHLA I GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA >E? I I F J I (1, f(1)) = (1, 1) A (1, f(1)) = (1, 1) A =IIE n ao ANEIJEH= =I HAJ=I J= CA JAI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ?=@= K @AIIAI F J I
? ?AEJ @A @AHEL=@= = @EHAEJ= A = AIGKAH@= F @A I E JH @K EH =
Deni c ao 7.2.4 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A diferenci avel em [a, b] IA
E = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(a, b)
EE = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = AIGKAH@= @A x = b EEE = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= @A x = a AIJA ?=I @A E I = fun c ao derivada de f GKA IAH = E @E?=@= F H f : [a, b] R ? IA @ f + (a) , F=H= x = a, . f (x) = f (x) , F=H= x (a, b) , x [a, b]. f (b) , F=H= x = b
Observa c ao 7.2.7 ,A
E@=
@ IA A D= JA F @A I IACKE JA E JAHL= I
(a, b], [a, b),
I @A
[a, )
EH @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A K = BK ? = @A A (, b]. ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
) A => H= ?= @AII=I @A

) IACKEH JA I
E ? AI IAH = @AEN=@= ?
ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 7.2.2 +
IA@AHA
I = BK ? = f : [1, 5] R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x2 ,
F=H= x [1, 5].

[1, 5] A GKA = BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= f f :
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A [1, 5] R IAH = @=@= F H

Resolu c ao:
f (x) = 2x ,
F=H= x [1, 5].
,A B=J E = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

xxo
(1, 5) F EI IA xo (1, 5) JA
1<xo <5
I GKA
f(x) f(xo ) x xo
xxo xxo
x2 x2 (x xo )(x + xo ) o = E xxo x xo x xo
x=xo
(x + xo ) = 2xo , xo A = A

f (xo ) = 2xo ,
@EII
F=H= xo (1, 5) .
& EE f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= @A xo = 1 F EI

x1+
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
f(x) f(1) x1
1<x<5
x1+ x1+
x2 12 (x 1)(x + 1) = E + x1 x1 x1
x=1
(x + 1) = 2, xo = 1 A = A
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= A

f+ (1) = 2;
@EII
EEE = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = AIGKAH@= @A xo = 5 F EI

x5
f(x) f(5) x5
1<x<5
x5 x5
x2 52 (x 5)(x + 5) = E x5 x5 x5
x=5
(x + 5) = 10, xo = 5 A = A
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = AIGKAH@= A

f (5) = 10.
@EII
2 HJ= J = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
[1, 5] A = A
@EII = BK ?= f : [1, 5] R IAH = @=@= F H
f (x) = 2x ,
F=H= x [1, 5].
Observa c ao 7.2.8 -NA F % JA I GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo R \ {0} A A ? J

K= A ?=@= K @AIIAI F J I JA I J= > A GKA A xo = BK ? = f A ? J
K= =I n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA AIIA F J *=IA=@ EIJ FAHCK J= I IAH = GKA ANEIJA = CK HA = ?= A JHA @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A A ? JE KE@=@A @A K = BK ? = A K @AJAH E =@ F J ) HAIF IJ= = AIJ= GKAIJ= A @=@ IACKE JA HAIK J=@ Proposi c ao 7.2.1 5A K = BK ?= A @EBAHA ?E =LA A K F J A J= A = IAH = ? J
K= AIIA F J =EI AIFA?E ?= A JA IA = A R K E JAHL= =>AHJ xo A A = BK ? = f : A R R GKA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A - J= = BK ?= f IAH = ? J
K= A xo Demonstra c ao:
= BK ?= f @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A JA f (xo ) = E
I GKA ANEIJA
f(x) f(xo ) . x xo
E EJA
xxo
+= ?K A
] f(x) f(xo ) E [f(x) f(xo )] = E (x xo ). xxo xxo x xo ] [ ][ f(x) f(xo ) = 0.f (xo ) = 0. = E (x xo ) E xxo xxo x xo
x=xo
C @= 2H F IE ?= # " ! IACKA GKA

xxo
f(x) = f(xo ),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ? J

K= A
xo ?
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )
'
Observa c ao 7.2.9
N ao L= A = HA?
FH ?= @ HAIK J=@ =?E = EIJ A ANEIJA BK ? AI GKA I= ? J
K=I A K F J =I n ao I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI AIIA F J ? ANA F = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = |x|, F=H= ?=@= x R. ) BK ?= f A ? J
K= A xo = 0 @AEN=HA I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H =I ? LE I = >IAHL= ?= % " EJA n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo = 0 >IAHLA I GKA -NA F ? IE@AH=@ =?E = n ao ANEIJA GK= @ xo = 0 =I ANEIJA I E EJAI =JAH=EI
x0+
E EJA E
xxo
f(x) f(xo ) x xo
f(x) f(0) =1 x0
x0
f(x) f(0) = 1 x0
A JA
L= HAI @EIJE J I LAH
>IAHL= ?= %
" EJA
F J xo = 0
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= A = AIGKAH@= K =EI CAH= A JA JA I =
) IACKEH @=HA = I=>AH IK HAIK J=@ HA =?E =@ ? =I FAH= ? AI > =IE?=I ?
19.04.2013 - 17.a
BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI
Proposi c ao 7.2.2 5A = xo A
f, g : A R @K=I BK ? AI
@A A R AK
xo
E JAHL=
=>AHJ @A R A
5KF D= - J=
I GKA =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A

xo A
E = BK ? = (f + g) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(f + g ) (xo ) = f (xo ) + g (xo ) ,
EE = BK ? = (f g) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A
(f g ) (xo ) = f (xo ) g (xo ) ,
EEE = BK ? = (f.g) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A
(f.g) (xo ) = f (xo ).g(xo ) + f(xo ).g (xo ) ,
EL IA g(xo ) = 0 = BK ? =
f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A g
xo A
( ) f f (xo ).g(xo ) f(xo ).g (xo ) (xo ) = . g [g(xo )]2

Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
, EJA E + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A

xxo
xo JA
I GKA
(f + g)(x) (f + g)(xo ) [f(x) f(xo )] + [g(x) g(xo )] = E xxo x xo x xo [ ] f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E + xxo x xo x xo f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E + E = f (xo ) + g (xo ), xxo x x x xo x xo o
=f (xo ) =g (xo )
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= (f + g) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A A = A
@EII
(f + g ) (xo ) = f (xo ) + g (xo ).
, EJA EE + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A

xxo
xo JA
I GKA
[f(x) f(xo )] [g(x) g(xo )] (f g)(x) (f g)(xo ) = E x x x xo x xo o ] [ f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E xxo x xo x xo f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E E = f (xo ) g (xo ), xxo xxo x xo x xo
=f (xo ) =g (xo )
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= (f g) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A A = A
@EII
(f g ) (xo ) = f (xo ) g (xo ).
, EJA EEE + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A

xxo
xo JA
I GKA
(f.g)(x) (f.g)(xo ) f(x).g(x) f(xo ).g(x) + f(xo ).g(x) f(xo )g(xo ) = E xxo x xo x xo [f(x) f(xo )] .g(x) + f(xo ). [g(x) g(xo )] E xxo x xo [ ] f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E .g(x) + f(xo ) xxo x xo x xo [ ][ ] [ ][ ] f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E E g(x) + E f(xo ) E . xxo xxo xxo xxo x xo x xo xo A IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= %
xxo
% $
+ = BK ?= g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ? J
K= A xo K IA = ) A @EII JA I GKA
GKA = BK ?= g IAH =
g(x) = g(xo ). f(xo ) = f(xo ).
xxo
,-418),) ,- 7 ) .7 + )
)F E?= @ IA AIJ=I E B H = ? AI K J= A JA ? B=J GKA =I BK ?= f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A xo A =I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A E EJAI IACKA @A % $ GKA
xxo
(f.g)(x) (f.g)(xo ) f(x) f(xo ) g(x) g(xo ) = E . E g(x) + E f(xo ) . E xxo xxo xxo xxo x xo x xo x xo
=f (xo ) =g(xo ) =f(xo ) =g (xo )
= f (xo ).g(xo ) + f(xo ).g (xo ),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= (f.g) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A A = A
@EII
(f.g) (xo ) = f (xo ).g(xo ) + f(xo ).g (xo ).
, EJA EL + = BK ?= g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A +

xo g(xo ) = 0 @ 6A HA = @= + g(x) = 0 ,
xo IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= %
GKA = BK ?= g IAH = ? J
K=
> 0 J= GKA
IAHL= ?= @ 5E = EIJ A 6A HA = # " IACKA GKA ANEIJA F=H= ?=@= x (xo , xo + ) .
xo A g(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x (xo , xo + ) IACKA
GKA
=I BK ? AI f g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A
( ) ( ) f f f(x) f(xo ) g(xo ).f(x) f(xo ).g(x) (x) (xo ) g g g(x) g(xo ) g(xo ).g(x) E = E = E xxo xxo xxo x xo x xo x xo g(xo ).f(x) g(xo ).f(xo ) + g(xo ).f(xo ) f(xo ).g(x) = E xxo [g(xo ).g(x)].(x xo ) [f(x) f(xo )].g(xo ) + f(xo ).[g(x) g(xo )] = E xxo [g(xo ).g(x)].(x xo ) ] [ g(x) g(xo ) 1 f(x) f(xo ) .g(xo ) + f(xo ). . = E xxo x xo x xo g(x).g(xo ) {[ ] [ ] f(x) f(xo ) = E . E g(xo ) xxo xxo x xo [ ] ]} [ ] [ E 1 xxo g(x) g(xo ) ] [ ]. + E f(xo ) . E .[ xxo xxo x xo E g(x) . E g(xo )
xxo xxo
% %
+ = BK ?= g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ? J
K= A xo K IA = ) A @EII ?
xo A IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= %
xxo
GKA = BK ?= g IAH =
g(x) = g(xo ).
g(xo ) = 0 IACKA GKA

xxo
1 = g(x).g(xo ) E
xxo
1 g (x). E
xxo
g(xo )
1 g2 (x
o)
>IAHLA
I J= > A
GKA
xxo
f(xo ) = f(xo )
xxo
g(xo ) = g(xo ).
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
xo = % %
)F E?= @ IA AIJ=I E B H = ? AI A = @EBAHA ?E>E E@=@A @=I BK ? AI f A g A E

( ) ( ) f f (x) (xo ) f(x) f(xo ) g g . E g ( x ) = E o x x x x x xo x x o o o
=f (xo ) =g(xo )
>JAHA
xxo
+ E f(xo ) . E xxo xxo

=f(xo )
=1 E 1 xxo g(x) g(xo ) . x xo ) =g (xo ) E g(x) . E g(xo ) xxo xxo

=g(xo ) =g(xo )
(x
o ).g(xo )
f(xo ).g [g(xo )]2
(x
o)
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?=
f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A A = A @EII g ( ) f f (xo ).g(xo ) f(xo ).g (xo ) , (xo ) = g [g(xo )]2
F AJ= @ = @A ) IACKEH ANE>EHA
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@ I K = I AHEA @A BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IK=I HAIFA?JEL=I @AHEL=@=I
7.3
+
Diferenciabilidade e a derivada de algumas fun c oes importantes

A ?=HA I FA =
Proposi c ao 7.3.1 +
IE@AHA
I = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = C,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
R A = A
@A C R AIJ = N=@ - J= = BK ? = f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A @=@= F H

Demonstra c ao: ,A B=J IA xo R JA
@EII
= BK ?= @AHEL=@= f : R R IAH =
f (x) = 0,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
I GKA
xxo
f(x) f(xo ) C C x=xo = E = = E 0 = 0, xxo x xo xxo x xo xo R A = A

f (xo ) = 0,
@EII JA
I GKA
F=H= ?=@= xo R,
F AJ= @ = @A ) IACKEH JA I
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@ IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
%!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
Exerc cio 7.3.1 -IJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ? = f : R R A @=@= F H . f(x) = , Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R.
R A = A
,= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A f : R R IAH = @=@= F H f (x) = 0 , F=H= x R.
@EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@=
? IAGKA ?E= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = A @= 2H F IE ?= %
JA
Corol ario 7.3.1 5A = g : A R K BK ? = A R K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R A xo A 5KF D= I GKA = BK ?= g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A GKA g(xo ) = 0 ( ) 1 1 - J= = BK ? = IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A A = A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= A g g IAH = @=@= F H ( ) 1 g (xo ) (xo ) = . g [g(xo )]2 Demonstra c ao:
xo
5A ? IE@AH=H
I f : A R @=@= F H
. f(x) = 1,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
xo A A = A
IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

f (xo ) = 0.
@EII
= BK ?= g A @ABAHA ?E =LA A xo A g(xo ) = 0 IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= % EJA EL GKA = f 1 = IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A A BK ?= g g ( ) ( ) 1 f f (xo ).g(xo ) f(xo ).g (xo ) 0.g(xo ) 1.g (xo ) g (xo ) , (xo ) = (xo ) = = = 2 2 g g [g(xo )] [g(xo )] [g(xo )]2 ? GKAH
= I IJH=H E= FHA?EI=HA I @=
2=H= = AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A K = BK ?= F E

Proposi c ao 7.3.2 6A HA = @ *E
- J=
E @A AMJ 5A =
a, b R A n N
) n ( n ( a + b) = anj bj , j
n j =0
@A
n j
. =
n! . (n j)! j!
Demonstra c ao:
) @A AEJ H
IJH= ?= A BAEJ= F H E @K ?= I >HA n N A IK= A => H= ?= IAH = @AEN=@= ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
"
Proposi c ao 7.3.3 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = xn ,
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
F=H= ?=@= x R, @EII = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f : R R IAH = @=@=
@A n N n 2 AIJ = N=@ - J= = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A F H

Demonstra c ao: ,A B=J IA xo R JA
xxo
R A = A
f (x) = nxn1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
I GKA
= f(xo + x) f(xo ) x0 x ) n ( n
f(x) f(xo ) x xo
x=xxo , xxo E F E?=H = GKA x0
x0 x x { } n ( n 1 ) n n1 n 2 2 n1 n xo + nxo x + xo [x] + + nxo [x] + [x] xn o 2 = E x0 x n ( n 1 ) 2 2 n1 1 xn + [x]n nxn o [x] + + nxo [x] o x + 2 = E x0 x { } n(n 1) n2 x=0 n1 n 2 n 1 = E nxo + xo x + + nxo [x] + [x] x0 2
= E
(xo +
x)n
xn o *E
E @A AMJ
x0
j=0
j j n xn o [x] xo
-NAH?
?E
1 nxn o
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo R ) A @EII @= E@A JE@=@A =?E = IACKA GKA
1 f (xo ) = n x n , o
F=H= ?=@= xo R,
GKAH
= ) IACKEH JA
I I
IJH=H IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 7.3.2 -IJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R AI =
RA= A
A A ? JH=H = BK ? = @AHEL=@= =II ?E=@= =

Resolu c ao:
,= 2H F IE ?= =?E = ? IE@AH= @ IA n = 3 IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H
f (x) = 3x31 = 3x2 , Observa c ao 7.3.1
F=H= ?=@= x R.
%!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
7JE E = @ = 2H F IE ?= % A = 2H F IE ?= =?E = F @A I AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A F=H= BK ? AI F E E=EI A A ? JH=H ANF E?EJ= A JA =I ANFHAII AI @A IK=I HAIFA?JEL=I @AHEL=@=I =EI AIFA?E ?= A JA IA = BK ?= F E E= f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an1 xn1 + an xn ,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
@A n N A ao , a1 , , an R AIJ= N=@ I A J= FA = 2H F IE ?= % EJA I E EE A EEE IACKA GKA = BK ? = f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A = I = @A FH @KJ I @A BK ? AI @ I JEF I @ I ANE>E@ I = 2H F IE ? AI =?E = GKA I= BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R ) A @EII JA I
f (x) =
] d [ ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an1 xn1 + an xn dx ] ] d d d [ d [ d 2 n1 [an xn ] = [a o ] + [a1 x] + a2 x + + an1 x + dx { dx dx } { dx dx } d d d d =0+ [a1 ].x + a1 . [x] + [a2 ].x2 + a2 . [x2 ] dx dx dx dx } { } { [ ] d d n d d n 1 n n1 [an1 ].x + an1 . [an ].x + an . [x ] + + x + dx dx dx dx { } { } { } = {0.x + a1 .1} + 0.x2 + a2 .2x + + 0. xn1 + an1 .(n 1)xn2 + 0.xn + an .nxn1 = a1 + 2a2 x + + (n 1)an1 xn2 + nan xn1 ,
% &
K IA = = BK ?= f J= > A IAH = K = BK ?= F E F E E= IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R
E= A
F=HJE?K =H J @= BK ? =
2A = ANFHAII= % & =?E = LA I GKA IA = BK ?= F E E= f JA F H IK= ANFHAII= K F E E @A CH=K n EIJ A an = 0 A J= = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f J= > A IAH =K = BK ? = F E E= A JAH = F H IK= ANFHAII= K F E E @A CH=K ECK= = n 1 F EI AIJA ?=I JA I GKA an = 0 A LA I = ANFHAII= % & GKA CH=K @ F E E GKA @A A = BK ? = f IAH = (n 1) ! ) 2H F IE ?= % A = >IAHL= ?= =?E = C=H= JA GKA K = BK ?= H=?E = A @EBA HA ?E =LA IAK @
E =EI AIFA?E ?= A JA IA = BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H
. p(x) f(x) = , q(x)
F=H= ?=@= x R,
@A p, q : R R I= BK ? AI F E E=EI A J= FA = 2H F IE ?= % EJA I EL A = >IAHL= ?= =?E = IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA IAK @
E K IA = A
. Dom(f) = {x R ; q(x) = 0}.
1IJ @A? HHA @ALE@ = B=J GKA = BK ? = f A IK= LA I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R ) A @EII JA I
GK ?EA JA @A BK ? AI F E
E=EI GKA F H
( ) p p (x).q(x) p(x).q (x) f (x) = (x) = , q [q(x)]2
F=H= ?=@= x Dom(f),
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
A F=HJE?K =H = BK ? = f J= > A BK ? = f
) IACKEH JA
IAH = K = BK ?= H=?E = ?
AI

E @=
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 7.3.3 -IJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @=I IACKE JAI BK ? AI A A ?
=I IK=I HAIFA?JEL=I BK ? AI @AHEL=@=I f : R R @=@= F H 5A = f : R R @=@= F H
JH=H
@A ANEIJEH
. f(x) = 4x3 2x + 1,
F=H= ?=@= x R;
( ) ( ) . f(x) = 4x5 + 3x3 1 . 2x2 4x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R;
! 5A = f : R R @=@= F H
. 3x2 x f(x) = 2 , x +1 Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R.
, EJA 6A I GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= F E E= C FA = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII F=H= x R JA I FA = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA GKA
f (x) = ] [ ] [ ] d [ 3 4x 2x + 1 = 4. 3x31 2 x11 + 0 = 12x2 2. dx
IAH =K =
GKA
, EJA 6A I GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= F E E= F EI A FH @KJ @A @K=I BK ? AI F E E=EI C FA = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA IAH = K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A J @ R ) A @EII F=H= x R JA I FA = HACH= @A @AHEL= ?= @ FH @KJ A = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA
f (x) = ) ( )] d [( 5 4x + 3x3 1 . 2x2 4x dx ] ( ) ( ) d [ ] d [ 5 = 4x + 3x3 1 . 2x2 4x + 4x5 + 3x3 1 . 2x2 4x dx( dx [ ) ( ) ] ( ) ( ) [ (
) ( )] = 4 5.x51 + 3. 3x31 0 . 2x2 4x + 4x5 + 3x3 1 . 2 x21 x 4 x11 [ ] ( ) ( ) = 20x4 + 9x2 . 2x2 4x + 4x5 + 3x3 1 . [4x 4] .
, EJA ! 6A I GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= H=?E = C FA = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA @EBAHA ?E =LA A J @ IAK @

E >IAHLA I GKA ? x2 + 1 = 0 F=H= J @ x R JAHA I GKA Dom(f) = R
IAH = K = BK ?=
%!
-:- 2
5 1 2 46) 6-5
%
GKA
) A @EII F=H= x R JA
I FA = HACH= @A @AHEL= ?= @ GK ?EA JA A = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA
] ( ) ( ) d [ ] d [ 2 3x x . x2 + 1 3x2 x . x2 + 1 dx f (x) = dx [ ]2 2 x +1 [ ( 21 ) ] ( ) ( ) [( ) ] 3 2x 1.x11 . x2 + 1 3x2 x . 2.x21 + 0 = [ ]2 x2 + 1 ( ) ( ) (6x 1) . x2 + 1 3x2 x .2x . = ]2 [ 2 x +1
6A
I = IACKE JA =F E?= ?= @=I J A? E?=I =?E =
Exerc cio 7.3.4 5KF D= I GKA K = F=HJ

?K = CKE JA AE x : [0, ) R @=@= F H . x(t) = 3t3 + 4t2 t + 1,
LA IA =
C @A K = HAJ= IACK @ = IA
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ).
2A@A IA A ? JH=H = LA ?E@=@A @= F=HJ

?K = B= ?= K AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA = CK E IJ= JA t = 2 s AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= LA ?E@=@A JA F GKA E IJ= JA
! = F=HJ
?K = F=H= A
Resolu c ao:
E IJ= JA t 0 A
5=>A I GKA = BK ?= x = x(t) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A [0, ) F EI A K = BK ?= F E E= C @EBAHA ?E =LA C = LA ?E@=@A A K E IJ= JA t [0, ) IAH = @=@= FA = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= x = x(t) A HA = ?= =t ,= >IAHL= ?= % ! IACKA GKA
] d [ 3 d [ 3] d [ 2] d d v (t ) = x (t ) = 3t + 4t2 t + 1 = 3. t + 4. t [t] + [1] dt dt dt dt [ ] dt 2 2 = 3. 3t + 4.(2t) 1 + 0 = 9t + 8t 1, F=H= ?=@= t R.
, EJA C = LA ?E@=@A EI J= J= A= @= F=HJ

?K =
E IJ= JA t = 2 s IAH = @=@= F H
v(2) = x (2) = 9.22 + 8.2 1 = 51 m/s.
, EJA ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
v(t) = 9t2 + 8t 1,
F=H= ?=@= t R ,
A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
&
v
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
v(t) = 9t2 + 8t 1
1 9
, EJA
!
1 E IJ= JA t = s F EI JAHA 9
) F=HJ
?K = F=H=
( ) ( )2 ( ) 1 1 1 I GKA v =9 + 8. 1=0 9 9 9
7.4
Diferenciabilidade e derivadas das fun c oes trigonom etricas

I @= GKAIJ= @= @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A J @=I =I BK ? AI JHEC AJHE?=I
AIJ= IA ?= JH=J=HA

7.4.1
Fun c ao seno
Proposi c ao 7.4.1 ) BK ?= IA
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R EIJ A = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R A = A
@EII = BK ? = f : R R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R, F=H= ?=@= x R.
K IA =
d IA (x) = ? I(x) , dx Demonstra c ao:
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= xo R JA E
I GKA
. xx , xx x0 f(x) f(xo ) x= f(xo + x) f(xo ) IA (xo + x) IA (xo ) o = o E = E xxo x0 x0 x xo x x [ IA (xo ). ? I(x) + IA (x). ? I(xo )] IA (xo ) = E x0 x ( ) [? I(x) 1] IA (x) = E . IA (xo ) + . ? I(xo ) x0 x x { } { } { } { } ? I(x) 1 IA (x) = E . E IA (xo ) + E . E ? I(xo ) . % ' x0 x0 x0 x0 x x
%"
,-418),) ,)5 641/
-641+)5
'
>IAHLA
x0
I GKA ? I(x) 1
x
? I(x)+1=0
) 1 = E . x0 x ? I(x) + 1 ( ) IA 2 (x) 1 ? I2 (x)1= IA 2 (x) . = E x0 x ? I(x) + 1 ( ) IA (x) 1 = E . IA (x). x0 x ? I(x) + 1
x0
? I(x) 1 ? I(x) + 1 . x ? I(x) + 1
? I2 (x) 1
2H F # " #
= E =
IA (x)
x
x0
. E
x0
IA (x).
x0
? I(x) + E
x0
1
x0
6A H # " -NA F I # " $ # " &
1.0.
1 =0 1+1
%
) A
@EII JA
I GKA
x0 x0
IA (xo ) = IA (xo ) ? I(xo ) = ? I(xo ). % ' >JAHA I
% %
C IK>IJEJKE @ % % A % A

xxo
f(x) f(xo ) = 0. IA (xo ) + 1. ? I(xo ) = ? I(xo ), x xo xo R A GKA
f (xo ) = ? I(xo ),
F=H= ?=@= xo R,
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 7.4.1 ) 2H F IE ?= =?E =
= I=>AH F=H=
I IJH= = E F HJ= ?E= @ AIJK@ @= @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ? = IA
E EJA .K @= A J=
7.4.2
Fun c ao cosseno
Proposi c ao 7.4.2 ) BK ? = ? IIA
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R EIJ A = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = ? I(x),
F=H= ?=@= x R
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R A = A
@EII = BK ?= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) = IA (x),
F=H= ?=@= x R, F=H= ?=@= x R.
K IA =
d ? I(x) = IA (x), dx
!
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= xo R JA E
I GKA
. xx , xx x0 f(x) f(xo ) x= f(xo + x) f(xo ) ? I(xo + x) ? I(xo ) o = o E = E xxo x0 x0 x xo x x [? I(xo ) ? I(x) IA (xo ) IA (x)] ? I(xo ) = E x0 x ( ) [? I(x) 1] IA (x) = E ? I(xo ) IA (xo ) x0 x x { }{ } { } }{ ? I(x) 1 IA (x) = E ? I(xo ) E % ! E IA (xo ) E . x0 x0 x0 x0 x x
8E
I = @A
IJH= ?= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = GKA

[? I(x) 1] (7.10) = 0, x0 x E ? I(xo ) = ? I(xo ),
% " % # % $ I
x0
x0
IA (xo ) = IA (xo ). % ! >JAHA
C IK>IJEJKE @ % " % # A % $ A

xxo
f(x) f(xo ) = ? I(xo ).0 IA (xo ).1 = IA (xo ), x xo xo R A GKA
f (xo ) = IA (xo ),
F=H= ?=@= xo R ,
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
7.4.3
Fun c ao tangente
Proposi c ao 7.4.3 ) BK ?= J= CA JA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IAK @ { } (2k + 1) f:R\ ;kZ R 2
EIJ A = BK ?=
A @=@= F H
. f(x) = JC(x),
F=H= ?=@= x R \
{
} (2k + 1) ;kZ A K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ 2 { } (2k + 1) ) A @EII = BK ? = f : R \ ; k Z R IAH = @=@= F H 2 { } (2k + 1) 2 f (x) = IA? (x), F=H= ?=@= x R \ ;kZ , 2
(2k + 1) ;kZ 2
K IA =
d JC(x) = IA?2 (x), dx
F=H= ?=@= x R \
} (2k + 1) ;kZ . 2
%"
,-418),) ,)5 641/
-641+)5
!
RA
Demonstra c ao:
=I BK ? AI ? IIA
A IA
I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A F=H=

xR\
? I(x) = 0 , IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= % ) A EJA

{
} (2k + 1) ;kZ 2 R\
EL GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

}
} (2k + 1) ;kZ 2
@EII F=H= ?=@= x R \
(2k + 1) ; k Z JAHA I 2 [ ] [ ] d d [ ] IA (x) . ? I(x) IA (x). ? I(x) d IA (x) dx dx = f (x) = dx ? I(x) [? I(x)]2 ? I2 (x) + IA 2 (x) 2H F % " A % " ? I(x). ? I(x) IA (x).[ IA (x)] = = [? I(x)]2 [? I(x)]2 1 = = IA?2 (x), [? I(x)]2
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
7.4.4
Fun c ao cotangente
Proposi c ao 7.4.4 ) BK ? = ? J= CA JA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A f : R \ {k ; k Z} R
IAK @
EIJ A = BK ?=
@=@= F H
. f(x) = ? JC(x),
x R \ {k ; k Z}
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {k ; k Z} ) A @EII = BK ?= f : R \ {k ; k Z} R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) = ? IIA?2 (x), x R \ {k ; k Z}, x R \ {k ; k Z}. RA R \ {k ; k Z}
K IA =
Demonstra c ao:
d ? JC(x) = ? IIA?2 (x), dx
=I =I BK ? AI IA
A ? IIA ? I(x) = 0
[
I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A F=H= ?=@=
x R \ {k ; k Z},
IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= % EJA EL GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A ) A @EII IA x R \ {k ; k Z} JAHA I
] [ ] d d [ ] ? I(x) . IA (x) ? I(x). IA (x) d ? I(x) dx dx = f (x) = dx IA (x) [ IA (x)]2 [ ] IA 2 (x) + ? I2 (x) [2H F % " A % " ] IA (x). IA (x) ? I(x). ? I(x) = = [ IA (x)]2 [ IA (x)]2 1 = ? IIA?2 (x), = [ IA (x)]2
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
!
7.4.5 Fun c ao secante
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
Proposi c ao 7.4.5 ) BK ?= IA?= JA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IAK @

E { } (2k + 1) f:R\ ;kZ R 2
EIJ A = BK ?=
{ } (2k + 1) . f(x) = IA?(x), F=H= ?=@= x R \ ;kZ 2 { } (2k + 1) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ ;kZ 2 { } (2k + 1) ) A @EII = BK ? = f : R \ ; k Z R IAH = @=@= F H 2 { } (2k + 1) f (x) = IA?(x). JC(x), F=H= ?=@= x R \ ;kZ , 2
@=@= F H
K IA =
d IA?(x) = IA?(x). JC(x), dx
F=H= ?=@= x R \
RA
} (2k + 1) ;kZ . 2
Demonstra c ao: } (2k + 1) ? I(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x R \ ;kZ , 2 } { (2k + 1) ;kZ IACKA @ + H =HE % ! GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ 2 { } (2k + 1) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= x R \ ; k Z JAHA I 2 d [ ] [? I(x)] d 1 IA (x) [ IA (x)] 1 f (x) = = dx . = = 2 2 dx ? I(x) [? I(x)] [? I(x)] ? I(x) ? I(x) = IA?(x). JC(x),
= BK ?= ? IIA
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
7.4.6
Fun c ao cossecante
Proposi c ao 7.4.6 ) BK ?= ? IIA?= JA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A f : R \ {k ; k Z} R
IAK @
EIJ A = BK ? =
@=@= F H
. f(x) = ? IIA?(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {k ; k Z}
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {k ; k Z} ) A @EII = BK ? = f : R \ {k ; k Z} R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) = ? IIA?(x). ? JC(x),
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {k ; k Z}, F=H= ?=@= x R \ {k ; k Z}.
K IA =
d ? IIA?(x) = ? IIA?(x). ? JC(x), dx
%#
,1.-4- +1)*1 1,),- ,) .7 + )
1 8-45)
!!
Demonstra c ao:
= BK ?= IA
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IA (x) = 0
RA
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {k ; k Z}
R \ {k ; k Z}
IACKA @ + H =HE % ! GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= x R \ {k; k Z} JAHA I
d f (x) = dx
d ] [ IA (x)] 1 [? I(x)] 1 ? I(x) dx = = = . IA (x) IA 2 (x) IA 2 (x) IA (x) IA (x)
= ? IIA?(x). ? JC(x),
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@

22.04.2013 - 18.a
7.5
Diferenciabilidade e derivada da fun c ao inversa

I K = ANFHAII=
HAIK J=@ = IACKEH IAH = KEJ K JE F=H= AIJK@=H I = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A A A ? JH=H @= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= E LAHI= GK= @ B H F II
LA =F E? =
A = A
Teorema 7.5.1 @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= 5A = A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R A xo A 5KF D= I GKA = BK ? = f : A R IA = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA K AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A f (xo ) = 0. . - J= = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= f f1 : f(A) A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A yo = f(xo )
@EII
1 d f1 (y o ) = . df dy (xo ) dx
% %
Demonstra c ao:
, B=J GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA K AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA IACKA GKA A = IAH = K = BK ?= E AJ H= A A C = BK ?= f : A f(A) IAH = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= F HJ= J =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : f(A)
A
IJHA I GKA = BK ?= f1 A @EBAHA ?E =LA A yo = f(xo ) f(A) 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA ? = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo A JA
f (xo ) = E
xxo
I GKA % &
xo A EIJ A
f(x) f(xo ) . x xo
F=HJE?K =H @= 2H F IE ?= %
IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ? J

K= A
f(xo ) = E
xxo
f(x). yo = f(xo )
% '
) 2H F IE ?= $ # C=H= JA GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= f1 IAH = ? J

K= A >IAHLA I J= > A GKA
y = f(x)
IA A I
A JA IA
x = f1 (y).
%
!"
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
C @= ? JE KE@=@A @= BK ?= f1 A @A % IACKA GKA IA y yo , A J=

x = f1 (y) f1 (yo ) = xo .
2 HJ= J @= 2H F IE ?= # # K @= >IAHL= ?= # # EJA

yyo
IACKA GKA
xxo
f1 (y) f1 (yo ) y yo
x=f1 (y), xo =f1 (yo ), y=f(x), yo =f(yo )
x xo f(x) f(xo )
x=xo
xxo
1 1 7.18 = , df f(x) f(xo ) (xo ) dx x xo yo = f(xo ) A = A
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f1 A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
@EII
d f1 1 (y o ) = , df dy (xo ) dx
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
HAIK IA =I DEF JAIAI @ HAIK J=@ =?E = AIJ= I=JEIBAEJ=I JA I GKA = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = E LAHI= A E LAHI @= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= =F E?=@=I I ? HHAIF @A JAI F J I
) IACKEH =F E?=HA I E LAHI=I @=I BK ? AI JHEC + A ?=HA I FA = HAIK J=@ =?E = F=H= AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A J @=I =I BK ? AI AJHE?=I
( ) (1, 1) @=@= F H 2 2 ( ) . f(x) = IA (x) , F=H= ?=@= x , . 2 2 ( ) - J= = BK ? = f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (1, 1) , , GKA IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2 2 (1, 1) ( ) d f 1 : (1, 1) , IAH = @=@= F H ) A @EII = BK ? = dy 2 2 Proposi c ao 7.5.1 +
7.5.1
Fun c ao arco-seno
IE@AHA
I = BK ? = f : ,
d f 1 1 (y ) = , dy 1 y2
F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1), F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1).

( )
K IA =
d 1 =H?IA (y) = , dy 1 y2
%
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A , A I >HA AJ H= 2 2 C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= GKA ? LE I = JAHE H A JA A @A E =@= BK ?= =H? IA E @E?=@= F H =H?IA K IA 1
%#
,1.-4- +1)*1 1,),- ,) .7 + )
1 8-45)
!#
)I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA CKH=I =>=EN
AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= f A @A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 I= @=@=I FA =I

y x
6
1
(x,
IA
6
(x))
2
(y,
=H?IA
(y))
IA
(x)

=H?IA
(y)
s y 1 y
2 x
= BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
( ) , A 2 2
f (x) = ? I(x) = 0,
F=H= ?=@= x ,
( ) , 2 2
IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= f1 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) ( ) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1) ANEIJA K K E? x , @A @ GKA y = f(x) = IA (x) 2 2 A =IIE JAHA I
1 1 d f 1 1 % % = = (y ) = df d dy ? I(x) (x) [ IA (x)] dx dx IA x( , , JAHA I ? I(x)>0, C ? I(x)= 1 IA 2 2) =
IA (x)=y
2 (x)
1 1 IA 2 (x)
1 1 y2
? ? KE @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
HAIK
= BK ?= =H?IA : (1, 1)
( ) , A @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2 2
(1, 1) A
d 1 =H?IA (y) = , dy 1 y2
F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1).
%
7.5.2
Fun c ao arco-coseno
IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : (0, ) (1, 1) @=@= F H

. f(x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).
!$
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
- J= = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : (1, 1) (0, ) GKA IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

(1, 1)
) A
@EII
= BK ? =
d f 1 : (1, 1) (0, ) IAH = @=@= F H dy d f 1 1 (y ) = , dy 1 y2
F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1), F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1).

% !
K IA =
d 1 =H?? I(y) = , dy 1 y2
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (0, ) A I >HA AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= GKA ? LE I = JAHE H A JA A @A E =@= BK ?= =H? ? IA A 1 E @E?=@= F H =H?? I K ? I )I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= f A @A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 I= @=@II FA =I CKH=I =>=EN
x y
6
(x, ?
6
I(x))
1
? I(x)
(y, =H??
I(y))
=H?? I(y)
1 1
(0, ) A
f (x) = IA (x) = 0,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, )
IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= f1 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1) ANEIJA K K E? x (, ) @A @ GKA y = f(x) = ? I(x) A =IIE JAHA I
1 1 d f 1 1 % % (y ) = = = d f d dy IA (x) (x) [? I(x)] dx dx IA x(0,), JAHA I IA (x)>0, C IA (x)= 1? I2 (x) =
? I(x)=y
1 1 ? I2 (x)
1 1 y2
% "
? ? KE @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
%#
,1.-4- +1)*1 1,),- ,) .7 + )
1 8-45)
(1, 1) A
!%
HAIK
= BK ?= =H?? I : (1, 1) (0, ) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
1 d =H?? I(y) = , dy 1 y2
F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1).
% #
7.5.3
Fun c ao arco-tangente
IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : ,
( ) R @=@= F H 2 2 ( ) . 2 2
. f(x) = JC(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x ,
- J= = BK ? = f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R , ) A @EII = BK ?=
( ) GKA IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2 2
( ) d f1 :R , IAH = @=@= F H dy 2 2
d f1 1 (y ) = , dy 1 + y2
F=H= ?=@= y R,
K IA =
d 1 =H?JC(y) = , dy 1 + y2
F=H= ?=@= y R.
% $
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A , A I >HA AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= 2 2 E LAHI= GKA ? LE I = JAHE H A JA A @A E =@= BK ?= =H? J= CA JA A E @E?=@= F H =H?JC K 1 JC )I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA CKH=I =>=EN AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= f A @A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 I= @=@=I FA =I
( )
!&
y
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
(x,
JC(x)) =H?JC(y)
JC(x)
y
(y,
=H?JC(y))
2 x
x y
f (x)
2H F % " !
( ) , A 2 2
IA?2 (x) = 0,
F=H= ?=@= x ,
( ) , 2 2
1 IAH IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= GKA = BK ?= f( = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) ) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y R IACKA GKA ANEIJA K K E? x , @A @ GKA y = f(x) = 2 2 JC(x) A =IIE JAHA I
1 1 d f1 1 % % (y) = = = df d dy IA?2 (x) (x) [ JC(x)] dx dx 1 IA?2 (x)= JC2 (x)+1 = 1 + JC2 (x) 1 JC(x)=y = , 1 + y2
? ? KE @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
HAIK
= BK ? = =H?JC : R ,
( ) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2 2
RA
d 1 =H?JC(y) = , dy 1 + y2
F=H= ?=@= y R.
% %
%#
,1.-4- +1)*1 1,),- ,) .7 + )
1 8-45)
!'
7.5.4
Fun c ao arco-cotangente
IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).

R
. f(x) = ? JC(x) ,
- J= = BK ? = f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R (0, ) GKA IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A ) A @EII = BK ?=

d f 1 : R (0, ) IAH = @=@= F H dy 1 d f1 (y ) = , dy 1 + y2
F=H= ?=@= y R, F=H= ?=@= y R.

% &
K IA =
Demonstra c ao:
d 1 , =H?? JC(y) = dy 1 + y2
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (0, ) A I >HA AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= GKA ? LE I = JAHE H A JA A @A E =@= BK ?= =H? ? J= CA JA A E @E?=@= F H =H?? JC K ? JC1 )I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= f A @A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 I= @=@=I FA =I CKH=I =>=EN
y
? JC(x)
(y,
=H?? JC(y))
=H?? JC(y)
f (x)
2H F % " "
(0, ) A ? IIA?2 (x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ),
IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= GKA = BK ?= f1 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) ) A @EII F=H= y R ANEIJA K K E? x (0, ) @A @ GKA y = f(x) = ? JC(x) A =IIE JAHA I
1 1 d f1 1 % % (y ) = = = df d dy ? IIA?2 (x) (x) [ ? JC(x)] dx dx 1 ? IIA?2 (x)= ? JC2 (x)+1 = 1 + ? JC2 (x) ? JC(x)=y 1 = , 1 + y2
" ? ? KE @ = @A IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
HAIK
= BK ? = =H?? JC : R (0, ) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A F=H= ?=@= y R.
RA
d 1 =H?? JC(y) = , dy 1 + y2
% '
7.5.5
Fun c ao arco-secante
IE@AHA
I = BK ? = f : 0,
) ( ) , R \ [1, 1] @=@= F H 2 2 ( ) ( ) , . 2 2
. f(x) = IA?(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x 0,
- J= = BK ?= f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI=
( ) ( ) , f1 : R \ [1, 1] 0, 2 2
GKA IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A ) A @EII = BK ? =
( ) ( ) d f 1 : R \ [1, 1] 0, , IAH = @=@= F H dy 2 2
R \ [1, 1]
d f1 1 (y) = , dy | y| y2 1
F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1],
K IA =
d 1 =H?IA?(y) = , dy |y| y2 1
F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1].
% !
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I 0, , A 2 2 I >HA AJ H= C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= GKA ? LE I = JAHE H A JA A @A E =@= BK ?= =H? 1 IA?= JA A E @E?=@= F H =H?IA? K IA? )I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA CKH=I =>=EN AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= f A @A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 I= @=@=I FA =I
) (
%#
y
,1.-4- +1)*1 1,),- ,) .7 + )
1 8-45)
"
6
(x,
IA?(x))
IA?(x)
1
2
x
2
=H?IA?(y)
i
(y,
=H?IA?(y))
f (x)
2H F % " #
( ) ( ) 0, , A 2 2
IA?(x) JC(x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x 0,
) ( ) , , 2 2
IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= GKA = BK ?= f1 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ [1, 1] ( ) ( ) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1] ANEIJA K K E? x 0, 2 2 , @A @ GKA y = f(x) = IA?(x) A =IIE JAHA I
d f1 1 1 1 % % (y ) = = = . df d dy IA?(x) JC(x) (x) [ IA?(x)] dx dx
% !
>IAHLA
I GKA IA ? I(x) > 0 , JAHA
? I(x) =
? I2 (x).
C GK= @ ? I(x) > 0 JAHA
? I(x). ? I(x) = ? I(x) ? 2 H KJH =@ IA ? I(x) < 0 C ? I(x) < 0 JAHA I JAHA
I2 (x) I
| ? I(x)|=? I(x)
| ? I(x)|
? I2 (x).
% !
? I(x) = ? I2 (x).
| ? I(x)|= ? I(x)
? I(x). ? I(x) = ? I(x) ?
I2 (x)
| ? I(x)|
? I2 (x). I
% !!
C @A % ! A % !! IACKA GKA E @AFA @A JA @ IE = @A ? I(x) M JAHA

? I(x). ? I(x) = | ? I(x)| ? I2 (x). ( ) ( ) , JAHA 2 2
% !"
2 H KJH
=@
JA
I GKA x 0,
I GKA IA (x) > 0
" C IA (x) = )IIE

(
+)2 167
(
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
1 ? I2 (x) , 2 )
F=H= ?=@= x 0, I
) ( ) , . 2 2
% !#
F=H= ?=@= x 0, ) ( , JAHA
1 IA (x) (7.34) A (7.35) 1 ? I2 (x) IA?(x). JC(x) = . = ? I(x) ? I(x) | ? I(x)| ? I2 (x) 1 1 = 1 = | IA? ( x ) | IA?2 (x) 1. | ? I(x)| ? I2 (x)
2=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1] IK>IJEJKE @ AIJ= ANFHAII= A
% ! >JAHA
d f 1 1 1 IA?(x)=y (y ) = = ,, dy | IA?(x)| IA?2 (x) 1 |y| y2 1
? ? KE @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
R \ [1, 1] A
HAIK
= BK ?= =H?IA? : R \ [1, 1] 0,
) ( ) , A @EBAHA ?E =LA 2 2
1 d =H?IA?(y) = , dy |y| y2 1
F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1].
% !$
) R \ [1, 1] @=@= F H 2 ( ) ( ) . . f(x) = ? IIA?(x) , F=H= ?=@= x , 0 0, 2 2 ( ) ( ) - J= = BK ? = f =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= f1 : R \ [1, 1] , 0 0, GKA IAH = 2 2 @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ [1, 1] ( ) ( ) d f 1 : R \ [1, 1] , 0 0, ) A @EII = BK ? = IAH = @=@= F H dy 2 2 Proposi c ao 7.5.6 +
7.5.6
Fun c ao arco-cossecante
IE@AHA
I = BK ? = f : , 0 0,
( 2
1 d f1 (y) = , dy | y| y2 1
F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1],
K IA =
1 d =H?? IIA?(y) = , dy |y| y2 1
F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1].

(
% !%
) ( )
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA A I >HA AJ H= ? IIA?= JA A E )I HAFHAIA CKH=I =>=EN
I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A ?=@= K @ I E JAHL= I , 0 0, 2 2 C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= GKA ? LE I = JAHE H A JA A @A E =@= BK ?= =H? @E?=@= F H =H?? IIA? K ? IIA?1 J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @= BK ?= f A @A IK= BK ?= E LAHI= f1 I= @=@=I FA =I
%#
,1.-4- +1)*1 1,),- ,) .7 + )

y
1 8-45)
"!
6
(x,
? IIA?(x))
? IIA?(x)
6
=H?? IIA?(y))
(y,

2 x
2
=H?? IIA?(y)
x 1 1 y y
BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
f (x)
2H F % " $
( ) ( ) , 0 0, A 2 2
? IIA?(x) ? JC(x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x , 0 0,
( 2
) , 2
IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= GKA = BK ?= f1 A ?E =LA A R \ [1, 1] ( @EBAHA ) ( ) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1] ANEIJA K K E? x , 0 0, @A @ GKA 2 2 y = f(x) = ? IIA?(x) A =IIE JAHA I
1 1 d f1 1 % % = = (y ) = . d f d dy ? IIA?(x) ? JC(x) (x) [ ? IIA?(x)] dx dx
% !&
>IAHLA C
I GKA IA IA (x) > 0 , IA (x). IA (x) = IA (x) JAHA
IA (x) =
=
IA 2 (x). % !'
IA 2 (x) I
| IA (x)|= IA (x)
| IA (x)| IA 2 (x).
2 H KJH C
=@ IA IA (x) < 0 , IA (x). IA (x) = IA (x) JAHA
IA (x) =
=
IA 2 (x).
IA 2 (x)
| IA (x)|= IA (x)
| IA (x)|
IA 2 (x).
% "
C @A % !' A % " IACKA GKA IA (x). IA (x) = | IA (x)| 2 H KJH =@ JA I GKA x , 0 0,

( 2 ) (
IA 2 (x).
% "
) IACKA GKA ? I(x) > 0 2
"" C ? I(x) = )IIE
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
1 IA 2 (x) , F=H= ?=@= ( ) ( ) F=H= ?=@= x , 0 0, JAHA I 2 2
( ) ( ) . x , 0 0, 2 2
% "
1 ? I(x) (7.41) A (7.42) 1 IA 2 (x) ? IIA?(x). ? JC(x) = . = IA (x) IA (x) | IA (x)| IA 2 (x) 1 1 = 1 = | ? IIA?(x)| ? IIA?2 (x) 1. | IA (x)| IA 2 (x)
2 HJ= J F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1] IK>IJEJKE @ = ANFHAII= =?E = A
% !& >JAHA
d f 1 1 1 ? IIA?(x)=y = , (y ) = 2 dy | ? IIA?(x)| ? IIA? (x) 1 |y| y2 1
? ? KE @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 7.5.7 R \ [1, 1] A
HAIK
= BK ? = =H?? IIA? : R \ [1, 1] , 0 0, F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1].
( 2
) (
) A @EBAHA ?E =LA 2
d 1 =H?? IIA?(y) = , dy |y| y2 1
% "!
) IACKEH JA
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 7.5.1 += ?K =H IA ANEIJEH = @AHEL=@= f (0) . f(x) = 3 =H?IA (x) 2 =H?JC(x) , Resolu c ao:
@A f : (1, 1) R A = BK ? = @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x (1, 1).
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) F EI = BK ?= =H?IA A @EBAHA ?E =LA (1, 1) A = BK ?= =H?JC A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= x (1, 1) @=I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A @AHEL= ?= IACKA GKA
f (x) = d d d [3 =H?IA (x) 2 =H?JC(x)] = 3. [ =H?IA (x)] 2 [ =H?JC(x)] dx dx dx 1 1 = 3 2. . 1 + x2 1 x2
F=HJE?K =H JAHA
1 1 f (0) = 3 = 1. 2 2 1 + 02 10
Exerc cio 7.5.2 - ?
JHA IA ANEIJEH = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA .

?E =?E = F J Po = (0, 0) @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @ -NAH?
>IAHLA I GKA F J (0, 0) AK F J @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F EI
AJHE?=
Resolu c ao: f(0) = 3 =H?IA (0) 2 =H?JC(0) = 3.0 2.0 = 0.
%$
.7 + )
/)4 16
)674)
"#
, -NAH?
?E =?E = JA
x=0
I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) A F=HJE?K =H IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @=
BK ?= f
? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F J (0, 0) IAH = @=@ F H

mPo = f (0)
-NAH?
?E =?E =
1.
(0, 0) IAH = @=@= F H
2 HJ= J = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y f(xo ) = mPo (x xo )
=0 =1 =0
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
y = x.
F J
EIJ A
7.6
Fun c ao logar tmo (natural)

C=H
J =JKH= @A x 5A ?= & @ E EJ=@= @A E EJ=@= FA I CH = ? I @=
Observa c ao 7.6.1 2=H= ?=@= x (0, ) @A
E I +=F
JK " F =CE = '' ? IA @ = =HA= @= HACE= BK ? = f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. 1 f(x) = , t
t (0, ),
FA =I HAJ=I t = 1 t = x A FA AEN Ox IA x (1, ) IA x = 1 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
A I
y
L= H @= =HA= IA x (0, 1) A AH
6 6
(x) (x1 ) = Ax1 (x, (x))
(x2 ) = Ax2
Rx1
t = x1 t=1
Rx2
t = x2
) BK ?=
+ EIJ JA
C=H
J
I=
=JKH= A @A J=@= F H
: (0, ) R A @A
E@= ?
=?E =
Proposi c ao 7.6.1 ) BK ? =
) A
@EII = IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H

d dx (x) = 1 , x
: (0, ) R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(0, )
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).

(x) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo
% ""
Demonstra c ao: 5A = xo (0, ) A
IJHA
I GKA = BK ?= y =
"$ A >HA E
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
I GKA @= 2H F IE ?= # # K = >IAHL= ?= # # EJA

(x) (xo ) x xo
x=xxo , ?
IACKA
(xo + x) x (xo ) .
xxo , E F E?=H =A
xxo
x0
x0
IJH=HA
I = ANEIJA ?E= @ I E EJAI

x0+
(xo + x) x (xo + x) x
(xo )
x0
(xo + x) x (xo + x) x
(xo )
A = ECK= @=@A
x0+
(xo )
x0
(xo )
A? EII = BK ?= C=H
J L= H @= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= >IAHLA I GKA 5A x > 0 JAHA
=JKH= IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A C=H

J A xo
xo A =ECK= @=@A =?E =
I B H A?AH =
I LA = CKH= =>=EN

x 1 xo + x
6
(xo + x)
(xo ) x
1 . xo
(xo + x)
(xo )
1 xo 1 xo +x

1 xo

x
xo + x
x > 0 @ELE@E @ IA = @AIECK= @=@A =?E = F H x 1 xo + x (xo + x) x
>JAHA
1 . xo
I % "#
(xo )
JA
I GKA
x0+
1 1 1 = E + = . xo + x x0 xo xo
C @= @AIECK= @=@A % "# A @ 6A HA = @ + BH J K 5= @KE?DA IACKA GKA

x0+
(xo + x) x
(xo )
1 . xo
% "$
5A x < 0 JAHA
I LA = CKH= =>=EN

(x) 1 xo (xo ) (xo + x) (x) 1 . xo + x
%$
.7 + )
/)4 16
)674)
6
"%
(xo )
(xo + x)
1 xo +x 1 xo
N
t=1 xo + x xo
x
x < 0 @ELE@E @ IA IA = @AIECK= @=@A =?E = F H x IACKA GKA 1 xo (xo ) (xo + x) 1 , x xo + x (xo + x) x (xo ) 1 . xo + x
K IA = JA I GKA
1 xo
% "%
x0
1 1 1 = = E . xo xo x0 xo + x (xo + x) x (xo + x) x d dx (xo ) 1 . xo 1 , xo xo (0, ) A = A
C @= @AIECK= @=@A % "% A @ 6A HA = @ + BH J K 5= @KE?DA IACKA GKA

x0
% "&
C @A % "$ A % "& IACKA GKA

x0
(xo )
IJH= @ GKA BK ?=
C=H
J
=JKH= A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

(xo ) = 1 , xo
@EII
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 7.6.2
+ = BK ?= y = (x) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

K= A (0, ) JA I GKA IA a > 0 = BK ?= F =CE =
C a (x) =
.
(0, ) IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= %
GKA A = "
Ca : (0, ) R @=@= F H LAH IA ?= ' @ +=F

JK
(x) , (a) 1 , x (a )
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) IACKA GKA

% "'
IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(0, ) A @=I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A @AHEL= ?= d dx
C a (x) =
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ). ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH = @AEN=@= ?
"&
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
7.7
6A
Fun c ao exponencial
I= ANF : R (0, ) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A = IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H
d ANF(y) = ANF(y) , dy
Proposi c ao 7.7.1 ) BK ?=
) A
@EII
F=H= ?=@= y R.
" F =C " = BK ?= C=H
J
% # =JKH=
Demonstra c ao: : (0, ) R A >E AJ H=
LE
I = JAHE H A JA LA = IA ?=
@ +=F
JK
C =@ EJA BK ?= E LAHI= GKA B E @A
E =@= BK ?= ANF A ?E= A @A J=@= F H
ANF : R (0, ). + = BK ?= y =
(x) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A d dx (x) = 1 = 0 , x (0, ) A
F=H= ?=@= x (0, )
IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= x = ANF(y) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y R JAHA I
d ANF(y)= ANF(y) = dy
1
(y)
d [ dy
(y )
] % "" =
1 1 x= ANF(y) = =x = ANF(y) . d 1 [ (x)] dx x
2 HJ= J ? F AJ= @ = @A
d ANF(y) = ANF(y) , dy
F=H= ?=@= y R,
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 7.7.1
A >HA =IIE
I GKA
ey = ANF(y), . g(y) = ey ,
yR g : R R @=@= F H
@= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA = BK ?=

R A = A
F=H= ?=@= y R,
@EII F=H= ?=@= y R.
d y % # y e = e , dy
EIJ F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H

. f(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , = IACKE JA FH FHEA@=@A F=H= ?=@= x R.

% #
A K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R GKA JA
f (x) = f(x) ,
%&
.7 + )
2 6- +1)+ )
"'
! 2 @A IA IJH=H ? LAHA I =EI = BHA JA GKA K = BK ?= GKA IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A GKA I=JEIB= = AGK= ?= % # @A E =@= -GK= ?= ,EBAHA ?E= H@E =HE= IAH = AIJK@=@= = @EI?EF E = @A -GK= ? AI ,EBAHA ?E=EI H@E =HE=I @ALAH = IAH @= IACKE JA B H =
f(x) = c ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
R IACKA @= 2H F IE ?=
F=H= = CK = ? IJ= JA c R N=@= " + = BK ?= ANF A ?E= A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

K= A R % GKA A =
7.8
6A
Fun c ao potencia c ao
I=
Proposi c ao 7.8.1 5A = a (0, ) a = 1 - J= = BK ? = g : R R @=@= F H . g(y) = ay ,
F=H= ?=@= y R
IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII = IK= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H

d y a = dy Demonstra c ao: (a) ay ,
F=H= ?=@= y R.
% #
5=>A I GKA ? a (0, ) a = 1 = BK ?= C=H

J = >=IA a Ca : (0, ) R IAH = >E AJ H= A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, ) ) A @EII 1 d C a (x) = = 0 , F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).
dx x (a)
5K= BK ?= E LAHI= IAH =
f1
: R (0, ) @=@= F H . f1 (y) = ay , F=H= ?=@=
y R.
) A
C IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= f1 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA @EII JAHA I
f(x)= Ca (x)
d y d f1 1 % "" a = (y ) = df dy dy (x) dx =x (a) =

x=ay
1 1 % "' = d 1 [ Ca (x)] dx x (a) RA= A
(a) ay ,
y R ),
K IA = = BK ?= F JA ?E= ?= ?
>=IA a A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

(a) ay ,
@EII
d y a = dy
F=H= ?=@= y R ,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
Observa c ao 7.8.1 - F=HJE?K =H IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= % GKA = BK ?= F JA ?E= ?= ? >=IA a A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A R F=H= ?=@= a (0, ) A a = 1 24.04.2013 - 19.a At e aqui para a 2.a prova
#
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
7.9
Regra da cadeia
> AJEL @AIJ= IA ?= IAH = IJH=H GKA = ? F IJ= @A @K=I BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A ANE>EH K = ANFHAII= F=H= = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= ? F IJ= =EI FHA?EI= A JA
Teorema 7.9.1 @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= 5A = A, B R E JAHL= I =>AHJ I f : A B A g : B R . BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A xo A A yo = f(xo ) B HAIFA?JEL= A JA - J= = BK ?= ? F IJ= g f : A R IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo
) A
@EII JA
I GKA
d (g f) dg df (xo ) = [f(xo )] (xo ), dx dy dx [g f] (xo ) = g (yo ) f (xo ) .
% #! % #"
K @A
@ =>HALE=@
Demonstra c ao:
,A B=J ? IE@AHA
I = BK ?= h : B R @=@= F H
g(y) g(yo ) g (y ) , o . y yo h (y ) = 0 , IA y = yo
IA y = yo ,
>IAHLA
I GKA
] g (y ) g (y o ) E h (y ) = E g (y o ) yyo yyo y yo g (y ) g (y o ) E g (y o ) = E yyo yyo y yo
y=yo =g (yo ) =g (yo )
= g (yo ) g (yo ) = 0 = h(yo ),
% ##
K IA = = BK ?= h A ? J
K= A y = yo ) A @EII IA y = yo JA I GKA
h(y)(y yo ) =
y=yo
] g (y ) g (y o ) g (yo ) (y yo ) = g(y) g(yo ) g (yo )(y yo ), y yo
=IIE -
[ ] g(y) g(yo ) = h(y) + g (yo ) (y yo ) ,
IA y = yo . I
% #$
F=HJE?K =H IA ? IE@AH=H
I y = f (x) A y o = f (xo ) A
% #$ JAHA
{ } g(f(x)) g(f(xo )) = h[f(x)] + g (yo ) (f(x) f(xo )).
,ELE@E @ = ANFHAII= =?E = F H x xo AIJ=
I IKF @ GKA x = xo >JAHA
I % #%
xo =IIE
} f(x) f(xo ) g[f(x)] g[f(xo )] { = h[f(x)] + g (yo ) . x xo x xo
xo IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH =?

xxo
J
K= A
f(x) = f(xo ),
%'
4-/4) ,) +),-1)
# IACKA GKA y = f(x) f(xo ) = yo . >JAHA

(7.55)
K IA = IA
x xo
)IIE E
=F E?= @ = 2H F IE ?= # # K = >IAHL= ?= # # EJA

xxo
I % #&
h[f(x)]
y=f(x) , IA xxo , JAHA
I y=f(x)f(xo )=yo
yyo
h(y) = h(yo ) = 0.
C B= A @ x xo A
xxo
% #% >JAHA
(g f)(x) (g f)(xo ) g[f(x)] g[f(xo )] = E xxo x xo x xo } { [ ] f(x) f(xo ) (7.57) = E h[f(x)] + g (yo ) xxo x xo f ( x ) f ( x ) o = E h[f(x)] + E g (yo ) E xxo x xo xxo xxo % #& =g (yo ) =f (xo )
= 0
= [0 + g (yo )]f (xo ) = g (yo ) f (xo ),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= g f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
xo A GKA
[g f] (xo ) = g (yo ) f (xo ),
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 7.9.1
(g f) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
6A HA = =?E = IA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

A
A A = BK ? = g A
B A J= = BK ? =
) A
@EII
= IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H LA = @E=CH= = @A 8A

[g f] (x) = g [f(x)] f (x) , F=H= ?=@=
x y
=>=EN
x A.
f x
f (x)
d (gf) (x) dx
= g [f(x)] f (x)
g f
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
) 4ACH= @= +=@AE= F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H = IA =I BK ? AI

y = y (x)
z = z (y )
I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A
xo A yo = y(xo ) HAIFA?JEL= A JA A J= = BK ?= Z(x) = (z y)(x)
xo A = A
@EII
dZ dz dy (xo ) = (yo ) (xo ), dx dy dx
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
Dx Z(xo ) = Dy z(yo ) Dx y(xo ).
HAIK J=@ =?E = F @A IAH AIJA @E@ F=H= K @EBAHA ?E =LAEI
K AH
EJ @A ?
F IJ=I @A BK ? AI
2 H ANA F F=H= ?=I @A ? IE@AH=H I = ? F IJ= @A JHAI BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI JAHA I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?= IA f : A B g : B C A h : C R I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A
xo A , . yo = f(xo ) B . A zo = g(yo ) C, xo A
HAIFA?JEL= A JA A J= = BK ?= h g f : A R IAH = K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A = A @EII

d (h g f) dh dg df (xo ) = (zo ) (y o ) (xo ), dx dz dy dx
K @A
@ =>HALE=@
[h g f] (xo ) = h (zo ) g (yo ) f (xo ) .
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
" 7JE E = @ IA = 4ACH= @= +=@AE= F @A I HA >JAH = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= E LAHI= @A K = BK ? = GKA I=JEIB= =I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= @= IACKE JA B H = 5KF D= I GKA =I BK ? AI f : A B A f1 : B A I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A HAIFA?JEL= A JA >IAHLA I GKA
( ) f f1 (y) = y , xo A yo = f(xo )
F=H= ?=@= y B . HA = ?= = y F J y = yo
,EBAHA ?E= @ IA = > I I A >H I @= ECK= @=@A =?E = ? >JAHA I
( ) ( ) df1 d f f1 dy 4ACH= @= +=@AE= d f 1 (y o ) = (y o ) = f (yo ) (y o ) 1= dy dy dx dy df1 xo =f1 (yo ) d f = (xo ) (y o ) . dx dy
%'
4-/4) ,) +),-1)
#!
=I FA = DEF JAIA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= JA IACKA @= E@A JE@=@A =?E = GKA

d f 1 1 (y o ) = , df dy (xo ) dx
I GKA
df (xo ) = 0 dx
?
6A
IJH=
6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI=
I I IACKE JAI HAIK J=@ I E F HJ= JAI GKA I= ? IAGKA ?E= @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE=
Proposi c ao 7.9.1 5KF D= I GKA = BK ? = f : (a, a) R IA = K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA E JAHL= =>AHJ (a, a) A A K = BK ?= F=H EIJ A f(x) = f(x) F=H= x (a, a) - J= = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f : (a, a) R IAH = K = BK ? =
F=H A (a, a) EIJ A f (x) = f (x) , Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@=
x (a, a) .
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= x (a, a) @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= JA
I GKA % #' % $
d d [f(x)] = f (x) [x] = f (x) . dx dx
2 H KJH
=@
C @A % #' A % $ IACKA GKA
d f(x)=f(x) d [f(x)] = [f(x)] = f (x) . dx dx
f (x) = f (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, a) , GKAH

= I @A IJH=H
K IA = = BK ?= f A K = BK ?=
F=H A ,A @ IA A D= JA JA I=
(a, a) ?
Proposi c ao 7.9.2 5KF D= I GKA f : (a, a) R IA = K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA E JAHL= =>AHJ (a, a) A A K = BK ?=
F=H EIJ A f(x) = f(x) F=H= x (a, a) - J= = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f : (a, a) R IAH = K BK ? = F=H A (a, a) K IA = f (x) = f (x) , F=H= ?=@= Resolu c ao: x (a, a) .
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= x (a, a) @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= JA
I GKA % $ % $
2 H KJH
=@
d d [f(x)] = f (x) [x] = f (x) . dx dx d f(x)=f(x) d [f(x)] = [f(x)] = f (x) . dx dx
C @A % $ A % $ IACKA GKA K AGKEL= A JA A JA
f (x) = f (x) , f (x) = f (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, a), F=H= ?=@= x (a, a) , GKAH

= I @A IJH=H
K IA = = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= F=H A 2=H= = E =H JA I=
(a, a) ?
#"
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
Proposi c ao 7.9.3 5KF D= I GKA f : R R IA = K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A T FAHE @E?= EIJ A f(x + T ) = f(x) F=H= x R - J= = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f : R R IAH = K BK ? = T FAHE @E?= A R EIJ A f (x + T ) = f (x) , Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R .
I GKA % $! % $"
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= x R @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= JA
d d [f(x + T )] = f (x + T ) [x + T ] = f (x + T ) .1 = f (x + T ) . dx dx
2 H KJH =@
C @A % $! A % $" IACKA GKA
d f(x+T )=f(x) d [f(x + T )] = [f(x)] = f (x) . dx dx f (x + T ) = f (x) , x R,
K IA = = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= T FAHE @E?= A ) IACKEH =F E?=HA

Exemplo 7.9.1 - ?
R ?
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
I I HAIK J=@ I =?E = = L =HE I ANA F I
JH=H
( )2 . h(x) = 3x2 5x + 1 ,
=E H IK>?
K J @A R
@A = BK ? = h : R R @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R @A ANEIJEH A @A h (xo ) F=H=
IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA ) A @EII A ? JH=H = ANFHAII= @= BK ? = @AHEL=@= h

xo = 1 Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = 3x2 5x + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R
A = BK ?= g : R R @=@= F H
. g (y ) = y 2 ,
F=H= ?=@= y R. I
>IAHLA
I GKA F=H= ?=@= x R JAHA
( )2 (g f)(x) = g[f(x)] = [f(x)]2 = 3x2 5x + 1 = h(x) , h = g f.
EIJ A
+ =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R I= BK ? AI F E GKA = BK ?= h = g f J= > A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= h : R R IAH = @=@= F H
% #"
E=EI IACKA @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE=
h (x) = [g f] (x) = g [f(x)] f (x) = [2 f(x)] [6x 5] ( ) = 2 3x2 5x + 1 (6x 5) , F=H= ?=@= x R.
g (y)=2y A f (x)=6x5
F=HJE?K =H
( ) h (1) = 2 3.12 5.1 + 1 (6.1 5) = 2.1 = 2.
) IACKEH JA
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
%'
4-/4) ,) +),-1)
##
( ) ( ) , @A = BK ?= h : , Exerc cio 7.9.1 - ? JH=H =E H IK>? K J @A 2 2 2 2 R @=@= F H ( ) ( ) . 2 2 h(x) = 3 IA (x) + 4 JC x , F=H= ?=@= x , 2 2
IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA ) A @EII A ? JH=H = ANFHAII= @= BK ? = @AHEL=@= h

Resolu c ao:
@A ANEIJEH A h (xo ) F=H= xo = 0
+ IE@AHA
( ) I =I BK ? AI h1 : R R A h2 : , R @=@=I F H 2 2
. h1 (x) = 3 IA 2 (x) , F=H= ?=@= x R
( ) ( ) . 2 h2 (x) = 4 JC x , F=H= ?=@= x , . 2 2 ( ) x , . 2 2
EIJ JA
I GKA
h(x) = h1 (x) + h2 (x)
F=H= ?=@=
C >=IJ= AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @=I BK ? AI h1 A h2 + IE@AHA I =I BK ? AI f1 : R R @=@= F H

. f1 (x) = IA (x) ,
I IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @

E I
F=H= ?=@= x R F=H= ?=@= y R. F=H= ?=@= x R,
A g1 : R R @=@= F H >IAHLA I GKA
. g1 (y) = 3y2 ,
(g1 f1 ) (x) = g1 [f1 (x)] = 3[f1 (x)]2 = 3 [ IA (x)]2 = h1 (x) ,
EIJ A
h1 (x) = (g1 f1 ) (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
+ =I BK ? AI f1 A g1 I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R IACKA @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= GKA = BK ?= h1 = g1 f1 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII
h1 (x) = [g1 f1 ] (x) = g1 [f1 (x)] f1 (x) = 6 IA (x) ? I(x) ,
% #"
g1 (y)=6y A f1 (x)=? I(x)
[6 f1 (x)] [? I(x)]
F=H= ?=@= x R.
+ IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI f2 : R R @=@= F H
. f2 (x) = x2 ,
( ) A g2 : , R @=@= F H 2 2
F=H= ?=@= x R
( ) . 2 2
. g2 (y) = 4 JC(y) ,
F=H= ?=@= y , I
>IAHLA
( ) I GKA F=H= ?=@= x , JAHA 2 2
( ) (g2 f2 )(x) = g2 [f2 (x)] = 4 JC[f2 (x)] = 4 JC x2 = h2 (x) ,
#$ EIJ A
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
( ) h2 (x) = (g2 f2 ) (x) F=H= ?=@= x , . 2 2 ( ) + =I BK ? AI f2 A g2 I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R A A , HAIFA?JEL= A JA IACKA @= 4ACH= 2 ) (2 @= +=@AE= GKA = BK ?= h2 = g2 f2 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A , 2 2
) A
@EII
= 4 IA?2 [f1 (x)] [2x] ( ) x , . 2 2 ( ) C = BK ?= h = h1 + h2 IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A , 2 2 ( ) ) A @EII = IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= h : , R IAH = @=@= F H 2 2 [ ( )]2 ( ) . h (x) = h1 (x) + h2 (x) = 6 IA (x) ? I(x) + 8x IA? x2 , F=H= ?=@= x , 2 2
h2 (x) = [g2 f2 ] (x) = g2 [f2 (x)] f2 (x) ( ) [ ( )]2 = 4 IA?2 x2 2x = 8x IA? x2 ,
g2 (y)=4 IA?2 (y) A f2 (x)=2x
6A
F=HJE?K =H I J= > A
[ ( )]2 h (0) = 6 IA (0) ? I(0) + 8.0. IA? 02 = 0.
Exerc cio 7.9.2 += ?K =H F=H= ?=@= K A h (xo ) F=H= L= H @A xo @=@ . h(x) = IA {
@ I EJA I =>=EN
= BK ?= @AHEL=@= h
@A ANEIJEH
? I2 JC x2 4x
[
)]}
A xo = 4
. h(x) = =H?IA Resolu c ao:
I2
( )] 3 x A xo = 3 2
, EJA + IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI a, c, d, e : R R b : ,
. . a(x) = x2 4x, b(y) = JC(y), ( ) @A x, z, t, s R A y , 2 2
( ) R @=@=I F H 2 2 . . . c(z) = ? I(z), d(t) = t2 , A e(s) = IA (s),
>IAHLA
I GKA
(e d c b a)(x) = e[(d c b a)(x)] = IA {d[(c b a)(x)]} { } { } = IA [c(b a)(x))]2 = IA [? I(b(a(x))]2 = { } { [ ( )]} = IA ? I2 [ JC(a(x))] = IA ? I2 JC x2 4x = h(x),
EIJ A
h = e d c b a.
%'
4-/4) ,) +),-1)
#%
+ =I BK ? AI a, b, c, d A e I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI I IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @

E I IACKA @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= GKA = BK ?= h = e d c b a J= > A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA IAK @
E ) A @EII IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H
h (x) = [e d c b a] (x) = e [(d c b a)(x)].[d c b a] (x)
e (s)=? I(s)
? I{(d c b a)(x)}.d [(c b a)(x)].[c b a] (x)

{ [ ( )]}
d (t)=2t
2[(c b a)(x)] c [(b a)(x)] [b a] (x) { [ ( )]} [ ( ( ))] [ ( ( ))] c (z)= IA (z) = ? I ? I2 JC x2 4x 2 ? I JC x2 4x IA JC x2 4x b [a(x)]a (x) { [ ( )]} [ ( ( ))] [ ( )] b (y)= IA?2 (y) = ? I ? I2 JC x2 4x 2 ? I JC x2 4x IA JC x2 4x IA?2 [a(x)] a (x) { )]} [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]2 [ ( a (x)=2x4 = 2 ? I ? I2 JC x2 4x ? I JC(x2 4x IA JC x2 4x IA? x2 4x . =
? I ? I2 JC x2 4x
.[2x 4] .
EIJ JA
I GKA
h (xo ) = h (4)
{ [ ( )]} [ ( ( ))] [ ( )] [ ( )]2 = 2 ? I ? I2 JC 42 4.4.4 ? I JC 42 4.4 IA JC 42 4.4 IA? 42 4.4 . { . [2.4 4]
} = 2 ? I ? I2 [ JC(0)] [? I( JC(0))] . IA [ JC(0)].[ IA?(0)]2 .4 { } = 2 ? I ? I2 [0] [? I(0)] IA [0] .[1]2 .4

=0
= 0.
, EJA + IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI a, b, c : R R A d : (1, 1) R @=@=I F H
. a(x) = x3 , . b(y) = ? I(y), . c(z) = z2
A d(t) = =H?IA (t),
@A x, y, z R A t (1, 1) >IAHLA I GKA IA x Dom(h) IACKA GKA

(d c b a)(x) = d[(c b a)(x)] = =H?IA {c[b a)(x)]} = =H?IA {[b(a(x))]2 } = {[ { } ( )]2 } 2 = =H?IA [? I(a(x))] = =H?IA ? I x3 = h(x),
EIJ A
h = d c b a.
+ =I BK ? AI a, b, c A d I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI I IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @ +=@AE= GKA = BK ?= h = d c b a IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA IAK @
E

E I IACKA @= 4ACH= @=
#& ) A @EII IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
h (x) = [d c b a] (x) = d [(c b a)(x)] [c b a] (x) c [(b a)(x)][b a] (x) 1 [(c b a)(x)]2 1 c (z)=2z = [ ( )]4 2(b a)(x)b (a(x))a (x) 1 ? I x3 ( ) 1 b (y)= IA (y) 3 = ( ) 2 ? I x [ IA (a(x))] a (x) 1 [ ? I x3 ] 4 =
1 t 2
d (t)=
( )[ ( )] 3 2 ? I x IA x3 3x2 [ ( )]4 1 ? I x3 ( ) ( ) 6x2 ? I x3 IA x3 = [ ( )]4 . 1 ? I x3

a (x)=3x2
C
( ) 3 h (xo ) = h 2 ( [ ]3 ) ([ ]3 ) [ ]2 3 3 IA ? I 6 3 2 2 2 = [ ([ ]3 )]4 3 1 ? I 2

[ ]2 () () 6 3 ? I IA 2 2 2 = = 0. [ ( )]4 1 ? I 2
=1
=0
2 @A
I =F E?=H = 4ACH= @= +=@AE= = IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 7.9.2 - ?
JH=H IA ANEIJEH = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @ CH = ? @= BK ?= h : R R @=@= F H

. h(x) = IA . F J Po = (0, 1) Resolu c ao: ( x3 + 2x2 + x + ) , 2
AJHE?=
F=H= ?=@= x R,
JA
I GKA
F J (0, 1) AK
h(0) = IA
F J @ CH = ? @= BK ?= h F EI
( 03 + 2.02 + 0 + () ) = IA = 1. 2 2
%'
4-/4) ,) +),-1)
#'
>IAHLA I GKA IA = BK ?= h B H @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = 0 A J= = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= h F J (xo , yo ) = (0, 1) @A yo = h(xo )) IAH = @=@= F H
y 1 = mPo (x 0),
@A + IE@AHA >IAHLA EIJ A
mPo = h (xo ) = h (0).
I =I BK ? AI f, g : R R @=@=I F H F=H= ?=@= x R A g(y) = IA (y) ,

( ) = h(x) , x3 + 2x2 + x + 2 h = g f. .
. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x + , 2
F=H= ?=@= y R . F=H= ?=@= x R ,
I GKA
(g f)(x) = g(f(x)) = IA [f(x)] = IA
+ =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R IACKA @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= GKA = BK ?= h = g f J= > A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H
h (x) = [g f] (x) = g [f(x)] g (x) = ) ( ) ( 3x2 + 4x + 1 , F=H= ?=@= = ? I x3 + 2x2 + x + 2
% #"
g (y)=? I(y) A f (x)=3x2 +4x+1
? I[f(x)] 3x2 + 4x + 1
x R.
)IIE
( ) () ) ( 2 mPo = h (0) = ? I 03 + 2.02 + 0 + 3.0 + 4.0 + 1 = ? I .1 = 0. 2 2
2 HJ= J = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA (0, 1) IAH =

y 1 = 0.(x 0) = 0,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= h
F J
EIJ A
y=1
K IA = K = HAJ= A D HE
Observa c ao 7.9.2
J=
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= h : R \ {0} R @=@= F H

. h (x) = (|x|) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} ,
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0} ) A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= h : R \ {0} R IAH = @=@= F H ,A B=J IA

. 1 h (x) = , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
d 1 d [ (|x|)] = [ (x)] = ; dx dx x d d 1 4ACH= @= +=@AE= 1 x (, 0), IACKA GKA |x| = x , C [ (|x|)] = [ (x)] = .(1) = . dx dx x x 2 HJ= J = BK ? = h IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0} A x (0, ) ,
IACKA GKA |x| = x ,
d 1 [ (|x|)] = , dx x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
% $#
$ 2=H= = E =H AIJ= IA ?= JA I
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
=EI @ EI ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 7.9.3 +
IE@AHA
I = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
2 . f(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII LAHE GKA = BK ?= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H
f (x) = 2xex ,
2
F=H= ?=@= x R.
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y
( ) 2 x, ex
5A =
f1 , f2 : R R @=@=I F H . f1 (x) = x2
A f2 (y) = ey ,
@A x, y R - J= JA I GKA
(f2 f1 )(x) = ef1 (x) = ex = f(x) ,
2
F=H= ?=@= x R,
EIJ A
f = f2 f1 .
)I BK ? AI f1 A f2 I= BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R C @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= = BK ?= f = f2 f1 J= > A ) A @EII IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H
f (x) = [f2 f1 ] (x) = f2 [f1 (x)] f1 (x) =

2xex ,
2
f2 (y)=ey A f1 (x)=2x
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
= H =
I =?E =
Exerc cio 7.9.4 +
IE@AHA
I f : R \ {0} R \ {0} @=@= F H

. 1 f(x) = e x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x = 0.
R \ {0} A = A
- J= = BK ? = f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A f : R \ {0} R IAH = @=@= F H
@EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= f
f (x) =
2 12 e x , x3
F=H= ?=@= x = 0.
%'
4-/4) ,) +),-1)
$
Resolu c ao: 5A = f1 : R \ {0} R A f2 : R R @=@=I F H 1 . f1 (x) = 2 x
A f2 (y) = ey ,
@A x R \ {0} A y R - J= JA I GKA
(f2 f1 )(x) = ef1 (x) = e
1 x2
= f(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0},
EIJ A
f = f2 f1 .
)I BK ? AI f1 A f2 I= BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R \ {0} A A R HAIFA?JEL= A JA C @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= = BK ?= f = f2 f1 J= > A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0}. ) A @EII IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H
f (x) = [f2 f1 ] (x) = f2 [f1 (x)] f1 (x)
f2 (y)=ey A f1 (x)=
2 x3
2 12 e x , x3
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0},
= H= I =?E = ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y
(x, e
1 x2
Observa c ao 7.9.3
-NAH?
?E =?E = IA @A
EH
. f(0) = 0
A J= F @A IA IJH=H GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = 0 A GKA = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H

2 e x12 , F=H= f (x) = x3 0 , F=H= x = 0
R K IA = IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x = 0
1IJ IAH =
IJH=@
=EI =@E= JA
F AJ=H AIJK@ @= @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A J @=I =I BK ? AI > =IE?=I =FHAIA J=@=I
2 @A I =C H= ? +=F
JK "
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
7.10
Fun c ao potencia c ao utilizando a regra da cadeia
) IACKEH =F E?=HA I = 4ACH= @= +=@AE= F=H= HA >JAH = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= F JA ?E= ?= LEIJ= = 2H F IE ?= % & A JHA KJH=I
Observa c ao 7.10.1
5A = a > 0 a = 1 7 KJH @ @A AIJK@=H A A >H=H
I = @EBAHA?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ? = h : R R @=@= F H

. h(x) = ax ,
F=H= ?=@= x R A @A >=IA a E@= F H F=H= ?=@= x R .
I GKA = BK ?= F JA ?E= ?= ?
. ax = ex
(a)
)IIE JAHA
IA ? IE@AH=H
. f(x) = x (a) ,
I =I BK ? AI f, g : R R @=@=I F H F=H= ?=@= x R

(a)
. g(y) = ey ,
F=H= ?=@= y R ,
I GKA
(g f)(x) = ef(x) = ex
= h(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
K IA = +
h = g f. R IACKA @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= GKA = BK ?=
=I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A h = g f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII F=H= x R JAHA I
d x % #" g (y)=ey A f (x)= [a ] = [g f] (x) = g [f(x)] f (x) = dx = ex (a) (a) = (a) ax ,
(a)
ef(x) .
(a )
K IA = = BK ?= @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H

d x a = dx (a)ax ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , @
B E >JE@ = JAHE H A JA = 2H F IE ?= % & KJE E = @ IA KJH
5A = c R A >HA I GKA = BK ?= F JA ?E= ?= ?

. xc = ec
(x)
ANF A JA c A = BK ?= h : (0, ) R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).
)IIE
IA ? IE@AH=H
(x) ,
I =I BK ? AI f : (0, ) R A g : R R @=@=I F H F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) A

. g(y) = ey ,
. f(x) = c
F=H= ?=@= y R ,
IACKA GKA
(g f)(x) = g[f(x)] = ef(x) = ec
(x)
= h(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ),
%
.7 + )
2 6- +1)+ )
761 1 ) ,
) 4-/4) ,) +),-1)
$!
K IA =
h = g f.
+ =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @ @= +=@AE= GKA = BK ? = h = g f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, ) ) A @EII IA x (0, ) JA I

E I IACKA FA = 4ACH=
1 g (y)=ey A f (x)=c x d c 1 % #" [x ] = [g f] (x) = g [f(x)] f (x) = ef(x) .c. = c ec dx x
(x)
.x1 = c xc1 ,
=xc
K IA = = BK ? = @AHEL=@= IAH = @=@= F H

d c x = c xc1 , dx Conclus ao: L= A =
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
% $$
AI = HACH= GKA L= E= GK= @ c {2, 3, 4, }

IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
x+
2 @A
I?
EIJ ? IE@AH=H
Exerc cio 7.10.1
IJHA GKA = BK ? = h : [0, ) R @=@= F H

. h(x) = x + 1,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, )
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
Resolu c ao:
[0, ) A A ?
JHA = IK= BK ? = @AHEL=@= h : [0, ) R
+ IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI f, g : [0, ) R @=@=I F H F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) A

1 . g(y) = y = y 2 ,
. f(x) = x + x + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= y [0, ).
) A
@EII ? IE@AHA
. t (x) = x ,
I =I BK ? AI t, s : R R @=@=I F H F=H= ?=@= x R A

. s(z) = z + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= z R.
+ =I BK ? AI g t A s I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @

E I IACKA @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= A @=I FAH= ? AI A A A J=HAI @A @EBAHA ?E= ?= GKA = BK ?= t + (g s) J= > A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
[0, )
=I
[t + (g s)](x) = t(x) + g[s(x)] = x + x + 1 = f(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, ),
K IA = = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ) A @EII
[0, )
t (x)=1 A % #"
1 2 1 g (y)= 2 y A s (x)=1 1
f (x) = [t + (g s)] (x) = t (x) + (g s) (x) = 1 1 1 =1+ 1=1+ , F=H= ?=@= 2 x+1 2 x+1
1 + g [s(x)] s (x)
x [0, ) .
% $%
E I FA = 4ACH= @=
+ =I BK ? AI BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @ +=@AE= IACKA GKA = BK ?= (g f) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A [0, )
$" =I
(g f)(x) = x+
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
x + 1,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, ),
K IA = = BK ?= h IAH = @E@AHA ?E =LA A ) A @EII

% #"
[0, )
g (y)= 1 y 2 A % $%
1
2 = h (x) = (g f) (x) = g [f(x)] f (x) ] ] [ [ 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1+ = 1+ , 2 f(x) 2 x+ x+1 2 x+1 2 x+1
K IA = = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= h h : [0, ) R IAH = @=@= F H

[ ] 1 1 1 1+ h (x) = , 2 x+ x+1 2 x+1
F=H= ?=@= x [0, ).
7.11
Fun co es hiperb olicas
AIJ= IA ?= AIJK@=HA I = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @=I BK ? AI DEFAH> E?=I ) JAI JA I = IACKE JA >IAHL= ?= GKA IAH =K JE AIJK@ @=I AI =I
Observa c ao 7.11.1
A >HA
I GKA IA f : R R A = BK ?= @=@= F H
. f(x) = x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R. @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= f EIJ A
A J= = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A f : R R IAH = @=@= F H
R A = A
f (x) = 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
7.11.1
Fun c ao seno-hiperb olico

R A = A
Proposi c ao 7.11.1 ) BK ?= IA D : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= IA D : R R IAH = @=@= F H
@EII = IK= BK ?=
% $&
IA D (x) = ? ID(x) ,
Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= ,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
,A B=J @= >IAHL= ?= % IACKA GKA IA D(x) =

] 1[ x e ef(x) , 2 x R. R
C @= >IAHL= ?= % A @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= IACKA GKA = BK ?= IA D A @EBAHA ?E =LA A A= A @EII

{ } { ]} ] f(x)=x d 1 [ x d 1[ x x f(x) e e = e e IA D (x) = dx 2 dx 2 { } d x x [ ] e =e A = 4ACH= @= +=@AE= 1 d x d [ f(x) ] dx 1 x f(x) df = [e ] e = = e e (x) 2 dx dx 2 dx [ ] f(x)=x 1 [ ] >I (7.11.1) 1 x = e ef(x) .(1) = ex + ex = ? ID(x) , F=H= ?=@= x R , 2 2
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
%
.7 + -5 012-4* 1+)5
$#
7.11.2
Fun c ao cosseno-hiperb olico

R A = A
Proposi c ao 7.11.2 ) BK ?= ? ID : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = ? ID : R R IAH = @=@= F H
@EII = IK= BK ? =
% $'
? ID (x) = IA D(x) ,
Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R.
,A B=J @= >IAHL= ?= % IACKA GKA ? ID(x) =

] 1[ x e + ef(x) , 2
F=H= ?=@= x R.
R
C @= >IAHL= ?= % A @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= IACKA GKA = BK ?= ? ID A @EBAHA ?E =LA A A= A @EII ? ID (x) =

{ } { ]} ] f(x)=x d 1 [ x d 1[ x e + ex = e + ef(x) dx 2 dx 2 { } d x x [ ] [ ] e =e A = 4ACH= @= +=@AE= 1 1 d x d dx f(x) x f(x) df = [e ] + e = e +e (x) 2 dx dx 2 dx [ ] f(x)=x 1 [ ] >I (7.11.1) 1 x e + ef(x) .(1) = ex ex = IA D(x) , F=H= ?=@= = 2 2
x R,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.11.3
Fun c ao tangente-hiperb olica

R A = A
Proposi c ao 7.11.3 ) BK ?= JCD : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = JCD : R R IAH = @=@= F H
@EII = IK= BK ?=
% %
JCD (x) = IA?D2 (x) ,

Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R.
,=I 2H F IE ? AI % % IACKA GKA = BK ?= JCD IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A GK ?EA JA @A @K=I BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A ? ID(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x R A = A @EII
d JCD (x) = dx
2H F
IA D(x) IA D (x). ? ID(x) IA D(x). ? ID (x). = ? ID(x) ? ID2 (x) % A % ? ID(x). ? ID(x) IA D(x). IA D(x) = ? ID2 (x)
=
=
2H F " ! $ EJA
? ID2 (x)
= IA?D2 (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.11.4
Fun c ao cotangente-hiperb olica
BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? =
? JCD : R \ {0} R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ? JCD : R \ {0} R IAH = @=@= F H
R \ {0} A = A
@EII = IK=
% %
? JCD (x) = ? IIA?D2 (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
$$
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
,=I 2H F IE ? AI % % IACKA GKA = BK ?= ? JCD IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0} F EI A GK ?EA JA @A @K=I BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IA D(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x = 0 A = A @EII
d ? JCD (x) = dx
2H F
? ID(x) ? ID (x). IA D(x). ? ID(x). IA D (x) = IA D(x) IA D2 (x) % A % IA D(x). IA D(x). ? ID(x). ? ID(x) = IA D2 (x)
=
=
2H F " ! $ EJA
1 = ? IIA?D2 (x) , IA D2 (x)
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} ,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.11.5
Fun c ao secante-hiperb olica

R A = A
Proposi c ao 7.11.5 ) BK ?= IA?D : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= IA?D : R R IAH = @=@= F H
@EII = IK= BK ?=
% %
IA?D (x) = IA?D(x). JCD(x) ,

Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R.
,=I 2H F IE ? AI % % IACKA GKA = BK ?= IA?D IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A GK ?EA JA @A @K=I BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A ? ID(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x R A = A @EII
[ ] d 1 1 . ? ID(x) 1. ? ID (x). IA?D (x) = = dx ? ID(x) ? ID2 (x) 2H F % A % IA D(x) = ? ID2 (x) 1 IA D(x) = . = IA?D(x). JCD(x) , F=H= ?=@= ? ID(x) ? ID(x)
x R,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.11.6
Fun c ao cossecante-hiperb olica

R \ {0} A = A
Proposi c ao 7.11.6 ) BK ?= ? IIA?D : R \ {0} R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= ? IIA?D : R \ {0} R IAH = @=@= F H
@EII = IK=
% %!
? IIA?D (x) = ? IIA?D(x). ? JCD(x) ,

Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
,=I 2H F IE ? AI % % IACKA GKA = BK ?= ? IIA?D IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0} F EI A GK ?EA JA @A @K=I BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IA D(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x = 0 A = A @EII
d ? IIA?D (x) = dx
1 . IA D(x). 1. IA D (x) IA D(x) IA D2 (x) 2H F % A % ? ID(x) = IA D2 (x) 1 ? ID(x) = . = ? IIA?D(x). ? JCD(x) , IA D(x) IA D(x) 1 =
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} ,
%
.7 + -5 012-4* 1+)5 1 8-45)5
$%
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
26.04.2013 - 20.a
7.12
Fun co es hiperb olicas inversas

I 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@=
2=H= AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @=I BK ? AI DEFAH> E?=I E LAHI=I KJE E =HA .K ? = 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % #
7.13
Fun c ao arco-cosseno-hiperb olico

=H?? ID : (0, ) (1, ) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A =H?? ID : (1, ) R IAH = @=@= F H
1 y2 1 , (0, ) A = A
IK= BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?=
@EII =
% %"
=H?? ID (y) =
Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= y (1, ).
LE
! @ +=F
JK " F =CE = $ = BK ?= ? IIA
DEFAH> E?
? ID : (0, ) (1, ) A >E AJ H= ) A @EII @= 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA A = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ? ID (x) = IA D(x) = 0,
(0, ) A
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).
)IIE IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= EIJ A @ 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= ? ID EIJ A = BK ?= =H?? ID : (1, ) (0, ) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, ) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= y (1, ) I=>A I GKA ANEIJA K K E? x (0, ) J= GKA y = ? ID(x) A =IIE JAHA I
IA D(x)>0 IA x>0, C IA D(x)= ? ID2 (x)1 1 d 1 1 y=? ID(x) =H?? ID(y) = = = d dy IA D(x) ? ID2 (x) 1 [? ID(x)] dx 1 ? ID(x)=y = , y2 1
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.14
Fun c ao arco-seno-hiperb olico

=H?IA D : R R IAH = @=@= F H
@AHEL=@= @= BK ? =
=H?IA D : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

1 1 + y2
R A = A
@EII = IK= BK ? =
% %#
=H?IA D (y) =
F=H= ?=@= y R.
$&
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
LE
I = JAHE H A JA LA = = IA ?=
@ +=F
JK " F =C % = BK ?= IA
DEFAH> E?
IA D : R R A >E AJ H= ) A @EII @= 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA A = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IA D (x) = ? ID(x) = 0 ,

RA
F=H= ?=@= x R.
)IIE IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= IA D EIJ A = BK ?= =H?IA D : R R IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII IA y R I=>A I GKA ANEIJA K K E? x R J= GKA y = IA D(x) A =IIE JAHA I
? ID(x)1>0, C ? ID(x)= 1+ IA D2 (x) 1 d 1 1 y= IA D(x) [ =H?IA D(y)] = = = d dy ? ID(x) 1 + IA D2 (x) [ IA D(x)] dx 1 IA D(x)=y = , 1 + y2
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.15
Fun c ao arco-tangente-hiperb olico

=H?JCD : (1, 1) R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A =H?JCD : (1, 1) R IAH = @=@= F H
1 , 1 y2 (1, 1) A = A
BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?=
@EII = IK=
% %$
=H?JCD (y) =
Demonstra c ao:
F=H= ?=@= y (1, 1).

! ! @ +=F
JK
+ LE DEFAH> E?
I = JAHE H A JA LA = = IA ?=
" F =CE = & = BK ?= J= CA JA
JCD : R (1, 1)
RA
A >E AJ H= ) A @EII @= 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA A = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A JCD (x) = IA?D2 (x) = 0, F=H= ?=@=
x R.
)IIE IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= JCD EIJ A = BK ?= =H?JCD : (1, 1) R IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 1) ) A @EII IA y (1, 1) I=>A I GKA ANEIJA K K E? x R @A @ GKA y = JCD(x) A =IIE JAHA I
1 1 d 1 1 y= JCD(x) = = [ =H?JCD(y)] = = 2 2 d 1 dy IA?D (x) ? ID (x) IA D2 (x) [ JCD(x)] dx ? ID2 (x) ? ID2 (x) 1 1 JCD(x)=y = = , 2 1 y2 1 JCD (x)
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
% $
.7 + )
)4+
+ 6) /- 6- 012-4* 1+
$'
7.16
Fun c ao arco-cotangente-hiperb olico
=H?? JCD : R \ [1, 1] R \ {0} A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ [1, 1] A = A @EII = IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = =H?? JCD : R \ [1, 1] R IAH = @=@= F H =H?? JCD (y) =
Demonstra c ao: 1 , 1 y2
F=H= ?=@= y R \ [1, 1].

! " @ +=F
JK " F =CE = = BK ?= ? J= CA JA
+ LE DEFAH> E?
I = JAHE H A JA LA = = 5A ?=
? JCD : R \ {0} R \ [1, 1]

R \ {0} A
A >E AJ H= ) A @EII @= 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA A = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ? JCD (x) = ? IIA?2 h(x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
)IIE IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ? = 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= ? JCD EIJ A = BK ?= =H?? JCD : R \ [1, 1] R \ {0} IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ [1, 1] ) A @EII IA y R \ {0} I=>A I GKA ANEIJA K K E? x R \ [1, 1] @A @ GKA y = ? JCD(x) A =IIE JAHA I
1 d 1 1 1 y= ? JCD(x) = [ =H?? JCD(y)] = = = 2 2 d 1 dy ? IIA?D (x) ? ID (x) IA D2 (x) [ ? JCD(x)] dx IA D2 (x) IA D2 (x) 1 1 1 ? JCD(x)=y = = = 2 , 2 y 1 1 y2 ? JCD (x) 1
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
ANFHAII=
Observa c ao 7.16.1
= I=>AH
>IAHLA
I GKA = @AHEL=@= @=I BK ? AI =H?JCD A =H?? JCD JAA

1 . 1 y2
AI =
GKA =I @EBAHA ?E=
I= IAKI @

E I = I=>AH (1, 1) A R \ [1, 1] HAIFA?JEL= A JA
7.17
Fun c ao arco-secante-hiperb olico

(0, 1) A = A
=H?IA?D : (0, 1) (0, ) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IK= BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= =H?IA?D : (0, 1) R IAH = @=@= F H =H?IA?D (y) =
Demonstra c ao: 1 y 1 y2 ,
@EII =
F=H= ?=@=
"
y (0, 1).
+ LE DEFAH> E?
! # @ +=F
JK
= F =C
= BK ?= IA?= JA
IA?D : (0, ) (0, 1)
%
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
A >E AJ H= ) A @EII @= 2H F IE ?= % IACKA GKA A = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A IA?D (x) = IA?D(x). JCD(x) = 0,
(0, ) A
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ).
)IIE IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= IA?D EIJ A = BK ?= =H?IA?D : (0, 1) (0, ) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, 1) ) A @EII IA y (0, 1) I=>A I GKA ANEIJA K K E? x (0, ) @A @ GKA y = IA?D(x) A =IIE JAHA I
d 1 1 1 y= IA?D(x) = [ =H?IA?D(y)] = = d 1 IA D(x) dy IA?D(x). JCD(x) [ IA?D(x)] dx ? ID(x) ? ID(x) 1 x>0 A J= IA D(x)>0 = ? ID2 (x) 1 1
? ID(x)
? ID(x)1>0
? ID(x)
= 1 1 1 1
1 1
? ID(x)
=
? ID2 (x) 1 ? ID (x)

2
? ID(x)
? ID2 (x)
1 1 IA?D(x)=y = , y 1 y2 IA?D(x) 1 IA?D2 (x)
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.18
Fun c ao arco-cossecante-hiperb olico

R \ {0} A = A
=H?? IIA?D : R \ {0} R \ {0} A @EBAHA ?E =LA A = IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= =H?? IIA?D : R \ {0} R IAH = @=@= F H =H?? IIA?D (y) =
Demonstra c ao: 1 , | y| y2 + 1
@EII
F=H= ?=@= y R \ {0}.
+ LE DEFAH> E?
I = JAHE H A JA LAH = IA ?=
! $ @ +=F
JK
= F =CE = ! = BK ?= ? IIA?= JA
? IIA?D : R \ {0} R \ {0} A >E AJ H= ) A @EII @= 2H F IE ?= % JA I GKA A = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

R \ {0} A
? IIA?D (x) = ? IIA?D(x). ? JCD(x) = 0,
F=H= x R \ {0}.
)IIE IACKA @ 6A HA = @= ,AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= EIJ A 6A HA = % # GKA = BK ?= E LAHI= =II ?E=@= = BK ?= ? IIA?D EIJ A = BK ?= =H?? IIA?D : R \ {0} R \ {0} IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0}
% '
,-418)+ )
1 2 1+16)
% I GKA ANEIJA K K E? x R \ {0} @A @ GKA y = ? IIA?D(x)
) A @EII IA y R \ {0} I=>A A =IIE JAHA I
d 1 1 1 y= ? IIA?D(x) [ =H?? IIA?D(y)] = = = d 1 ? ID(x) dy ? IIA?D(x). ? JCD(x) [ ? IIA?D(x)] dx IA D(x) IA D(x) 1 ? ID(x)1>0 = 1 + IA D2 (x) 1 IA D(x) IA D(x) 2 2 IA D (x)=| IA D(x)| IA D (x) 1 1 = = 1 1 1 + IA D2 (x) 1 +1 | IA D ( x ) | IA D2 (x) | IA D(x)| 2 IA D (x) = 1 1 ? IIA?D(x)=y = , |y| y2 + 1 | ? IIA?D(x)| ? IIA?D2 (x) + 1
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
7.19
Deriva c ao impl cita
Observa c ao 7.19.1
)I BK ? AI ? IE@AH=@=I =J A =C H= B H= @=@=I ANF E?EJ= A JA K IA = ? DA?A I = AE GKA I B H A?A L= H @= BK ?= A ?=@= F J @ IAK @

E ANF E?EJ= A JA - JHAJ= @ A KEJ=I IEJK= ? AI F @AHA I JAH BK ? AI F=H= =I GK=EI n ao ? DA?A I IAK L= H ANF E?EJ= A JA F H AE @A K = AE IE F AI GKA =II ?E= = ?=@= L= H @= L=HE =LA E @AFA @A JA K K E? L= H @= L=HE =LA @AFA @A JA K IA = @= BK ?= 2 H ANA F IKF D= I GKA K = BK ? = f : A R A @=@= FA = IACKE JA HA = ?= 2=H= ?=@= x A JA I GKA L= H f(x) @ALA I=JEIB= AH = IACKEJA AGK= ?=
[f(x)]2 4[f(x)] = x3 x.
% %%
AIJA ?=I F @A I n ao JAH @A IK>? K J @A R
@ ANF
?EJ
y = f(x) F=H= x A
@A A A K
! + IAH = LEIJ ?KHI @A + = ?K 11 F @A I E F H ? @E ? AI I >HA = AGK= ?= @=@= @A @ GKA F II= I C=H= JEH GKA = AGK= ?= @A = K = BK ?= y = f(x) F=H= x A ) A @EII ? IAH = LEIJ ?KHI @A + = ?K 11 F @AHA I I > ?AHJ=I ? @E ? AI C=H= JEH GKA = BK ?= f IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A IA GKA A?AII=HE= A JA ? DA ?= I IK= AE @A =II ?E= ?= ANF E?EJ= A JA " II FH > A = =GKE IAH = F x A y @A = K = BK F=H= ?=@= x A GKA IA = = IK= @AHEL=@= A K F IKF @ GKA K = AGK= ?= A L LA @ @K=I L =HE =LAEI F H ANA ? = @A K = L=HE =LA A HA = ?= = KJH= F H ANA F y = f(x) @EBAHA ?E =LA A = CK IK>? K J @A A R ? A ? JH=H J @A A EIJ A f (x) F=H= x A
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
2=H= E KIJH=H KJE E =HA I -NA F % %% =?E = 5KF D= I GKA = AGK= ?= % %% @A = K = BK ? = f : A R GKA IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA ? K J A F=H= = CK A R 7JE E =HA I = 4ACH= @= +=@AE= F=H= A ? JH=H f (xo ) @A xo A 2=H= EIJ @AHEL= @ IA = AGK= ?= % %% A HA = ?= = x >JAHA I
} } d { d { 3 [f(x)]2 4[f(x)] = x x . dx dx
=3x2 x
% %&
7JE E = @ = 4ACH= @= +=@AE=
=@ AIGKAH@ @= E@A JE@=@A =?E =
>JAHA
} } d { d { d [f(x)]2 4[f(x)] = [f(x)]2 4 [f(x)] dx dx dx

4ACH= @= +=@AE=
2f(x) f (x) 4f (x)
= [2f(x) 4]f (x) .
5K>IJEJKE @ A
% %&
>JAHA I
I
[2f(x) 4]f (x) = 3x2 x,
K IA = IA f(x) = 2 JAHA
f (x) =
3x2 x , 2f(x) 4
K =E @= IA yo = f(xo ) IACKA GKA

f (xo ) = 3x2 o xo . 2yo 4
JA
I GKA yo = f(xo ) @ALAH = IAH @EBAHA JA @A 2 F=H= GKA = ANFHAII= =?E = B= ?= IA JE@
y = f(x) F=H= x A F=H= = CK
$ 8= A IA = A y? +
>IAHL=H GKA AIJ=
I IKF @ GKA = AGK= ?= =?E = @A

AR
Ay?
BK ?= @A x A
IA FHA EII A LAH@=@A K IA = ANEIJA AGK= ? AI =I L=HE =LAEI x y GKA n ao @A BK ?= @A x A x ? BK ? = @A y F H ANA F = AGK= ?=
x2 + y2 + 1 = 0. (x, y) R2 I=JEIB= A @ = AGK= ?=
= AGK= ?= n ao ANEIJA
) IACKEH =F E?=HA
Exemplo 7.19.1 5KF
I =I E@ AE=I =?E = = IACKE JA ANA F
@ GKA = AGK= ?=
x4 y + y 2 = 0
% %'
@A A ?
Ay?
BK ?= @A x K IA = y = y(x) F=H= x A R @A dy dy JH=H (x) A (1) I=>A @ GKA y(1) = 1 dx dx
@ @EBAHA ?E =LA A
% '
,-418)+ )
1 2 1+16)
%!
Resolu c ao:
JA
I GKA @A B=J
y(1) = 1,
K IA = (x, y) = (1, 1) I=JEIB= = AGK= ?= % %' F EI

14 .(1) + (1)2 = 0 .
+ AIJ= I IKF @ GKA = BK ? = y = y (x) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A A HA = ?= = x >JAHA I
A @AHEL= @ IA = AGK= ?= % %'
] ] d d [ 4 d [ 4 d [ 2 ] x y (x) + y 2 (x) = x y (x) + y (x) 0= dx dx dx dx

=0
} d [ 4] d [ 2 ] 4 d = x .y(x) + x . [y(x)] + y (x) dx dx dx { } dy dy 4ACH= @= +=@AE= = 4x3 .y(x) + x4 . (x) + 2y(x). (x) dx dx [ ] dy = 4x3 y(x) + x4 + 2y(x) (x) , dx
K IA =
dy 4x3 y(x) (x) = 4 . dx x + 2y(x)
2 HJ= J
dy 4.13 .y(1) (1) = 4 dx 1 + 2.y(1)
y(1)=1
4.(1) = 4. 1 + 2.(1)
6A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 7.19.1 - ?
@= AGK= ?=
JHA = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

x2 + y 2 = 9
AJHE?= @ CH = ?
% &
( ) 3 2 3 2 J , 2 2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA ?A JH
I GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA A H=E 3 A GKA
= HECA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? ) @= AGK= ?= =?E = A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ( 3 2 3 2 , A K F J @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= LA = F J P=

2 2
CKH= =>=EN F EI
( )2 ( )2 3 2 3 2 9 9 + = + = 9. 2 2 2 2
%"
y
+)2 167
6
x2 + y2 = 9
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
3 4
(
3 2
2,3
>IAHLA
.
I GKA = AGK= ?= =?E = @A
Ay?
BK ?= @A x
F=H= x A = (3, 3) A AIJ= IAH = K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2=H= IJH=H EIJ >=IJ= @A EH = BK ?= y : (3, 3) R @=@= F H
. y (x) = 9 x2 ,
3 2 xo = 2
K IA = F @A
I >JAH y = y(x)
F=H= ?=@= x (3, 3)
A AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E>E E@=@A @= AI = E JAHL= (3, 3) ,AEN=HA I AIJ= LAHE ?= ?= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H C = AGK= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= % & )?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA (
3 2 3 2 , 2 2
F J
IAH = @=@= F H
y yo = y (xo )(x xo ),
@A
3 2 y o = y (xo ) = 2
3 2 xo = . 2
2=H= ?= ?K =H y (xo ) @AHEL=HA
I E F E?EJ= A JA = AGK= ?= % & A
HA = ?= = x EIJ A
] d d [ 2] d [ 2 ] 4ACH= @= +=@AE= dy d [ 2 9= x + y2 = x + y (x) = 2x + 2 y(x). (x) , dx dx dx dx dx

=0
=IIE 2 HJ= J
2x x dy (x) = = , dx 2y(x) y(x)
F=H= ?=@= x (3, 3) .

( y )
3 2 ( ) dy dy 3 2 (xo ) = = ( 2 ) dx dx 2 3 2 y 2
= 3 2 2
3 2 = 1, 2 3 2 2 ? 4
K IA = CA
AJHE?= A JA JA
I GKA = HAJ= J= CA JA B H = = CK @A
AEN Ox
% '
,-418)+ )
1 2 1+16)
%# AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= % &
)IIE = AGK= ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA ( ) F J

3 2 3 2 , 2 2
IAH = @=@= F H
( y ( ) ) 3 2 3 2 = 1. x , 2 2 y = x + 3 2.
K IA = /A AJHE?= A JA JA I
y
x2 + y 2 = 9
3 4

4
y=x3
(
3 2
2,3
) IACKEH JA
IACKE JA ANA F =F E?=@
K = F=HA@A LAHJE?= 5A = >=IA @= AI?=@= A @AI ?=@= @= F=HA@A = @EHA ?= D HE J= = LA ?E@=@A @A 4m/s FAHCK J= IA = GKA LA ?E@=@A @AI E =H = = F=HJA IKFAHE H @= AI?=@= = C @= F=HA@A LAHJE?= GK= @ = >=IA @= AI?=@= IA A ? JH= = 3m @= F=HA@A
Resolu c ao:
Exemplo 7.19.2 7 = AI?=@= @A 5m @A = JKH= AIJ = =F E=@= A
+ IE@AHA I IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I xOy @A J= @ GKA AEN Ox IAH = = HAJ= D HE J= GKA ? J A = >=IA AI?=@= AEN Oy = HAJ= LAHJE?= GKA @AI?HALA = F=HA@A @A = AI?=@= AIJ = =F E=@= LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
AI?=@=
O x
%$ + IE@AHA
t x y
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
I =E @= A ?=@ = E IJ= JA t seg E IJ= JA t seg LAH IA AJH I @= >=IA @= AI?=@= =J A = F=HA@A AJH I @ J F @= AI?=@= =J A I
6
B
@A IACK @ I JH= I? HHE@ I =F I = AI?=@= JAH ? @A @A ?D=
/A
AJHE?= A JA JAHA
I
5
4 m/s
? O
R
x A -
,A JA I F H A F J @= >=IA @= AI?=@= GKA AIJ = =F E=@ ?D= E IJ= JA t seg A F H B F J @ J F @= AI?=@= GKA AIJ = =F E=@ = F=HA@A E IJ= JA t seg LA = = CKH= =?E = 6A I GKA = @EIJ= ?E= @= >=IA @= AI?=@= = F=HA@A A K = BK ?= @A t EIJ A x = x(t) =IIE ? = @EIJ= ?E= @ J F @= AI?=@= = ?D= J= > A A K = BK ?= @A t K IA = y = y(t) )F E?= @ 6A HA = @= 2EJ =C H=I = JHE= CK HAJ= CK OAB >JA I
x2 + y2 = 52 = 25,
% &
K IA = =I BK ? AI x = x(t) A y = y(t) I= @=@=I E F E?EJ= A JA FA = AGK= ?= % & K IA =

x2 (t) + y2 (t) = 25 ,
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) .
% & BK ? AI
5KF D= I GKA = AGK= ?= % & I B H A ?= E F E?EJ= A JA x = x(t) A y = y(t) ? @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A HA = ?= = t F=H= t (0, ) ,AHEL= @ = AGK= ?= % & A HA = ?= = t F=H= t (0, ) >JAHA I
] 4ACH= @= +=@AE= dx d d [ 2 dy [25] = x (t ) + y 2 (t ) = 2.x(t). (t) + 2.y(t). (t ) dt dt dt dt
=0
= 2 x(t) x (t) + 2 y(t) y (t),
K IA =
y (t ) =
x(t) x (t) , y(t)
F=H= ?=@= t (0, ) .
% &!
5=>A
I GKA = AI?=@= A =HH=IJ=@= @= F=HA@A = K = LA ?E@=@A @A 4 m/s K IA =

x (t) = 4 m/s ,
F=H= ?=@= t (0, ).
) A
@EII F=H= = CK
to (0, ) JA
I GKA
x(to ) = 3,
% '
,-418)+ )
1 2 1+16)
%%
A @A % & EIJ A x2 (to ) + y2 (to ) = 25 IACKA GKA

y (t o ) = 4 .
)IIE
EIJ A AI?=@= @AI E = IA JE@ @ ?D= 2=H= = E =H AIJA ?=F

JK @AEN=HA
3.4 = 3 m/s, 4 J F @= AI?=@= @AI E = = LA ?E@=@A @A 3 m/s IE = y (t o ) =
@A % &! >JAHA
AC=JEL E @E?=@= GKA =
J F @=
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 7.19.2 7 J= GKA A B H = @A K ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ= E LAHJE@ ? = JKH= 5m A H=E @= >=IA 1m A A ?DE@ @A =CK= = K = LA ?E@=@A @A 2 m3 /mim 2AHCK J= IA ? GKA LA ?E@=@A I >A
LA @= =CK= GK= @ JA I K = ?= =@= @A =CK= @A 3m @A FH BK @E@=@A Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
t h r V
I J= GKA ? A ?=H = A ?DAH AJH I @= ?= =@= @A =CK= JH= I? HHE@ t min AJH I @ H=E @= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @= IKFAHB
?EA @= ?= =@= @A =CK= JH= I? HHE@ t min AJH I ? K>E? I @A =CK= I
2 m3 /min
@A IACK @ I JH= I? HHE@ I =F I @A @A @A
J= GKA
E IJ= JA t min
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
6
h
>IAHLA I GKA = = JKH= @= ?= =@= @A =CK= IAH = K = BK ?= @ JA F t EIJ A h = h(t) F=H= t [0, ) A @A @ IA A D= JA H=E @= IKFAHB
?EA @= ?= =@= @A =CK= J= > A IAH = K = BK ?= A r = r(t) F=H= t [0, ) A =IIE L K A @= ?= =@= @A =CK= J= GKA J= > A @ JA F t EIJ IAH = K = BK ?= @ JA F t = I=>AH V = V (t) F=H= t [0, ) 5=>A I GKA L K A @A K ?E E @H ?EH?K =H HAJ ?K H=E @= >=IA A r A = JKH= Ah A K JAH ? @= =HA= @= >=IA FA = IK= = JKH= EIJ A
1 V = r2 h , 3
%& K IA = = CKH= =>=EN JA
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
1 V (t) = r2 (t) h(t) , F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) . 3 I GKA I JHE= CK I ABE A ACD I= IA A D= JAI ?=I )))
% &"
C IACKA GKA
AB AC = . BE CD
% &# A
CD = 1 .
=I
AB = h, BE = r, AC = 5
)IIE
= HA = ?= % &# J H =H IA =
5 h = , r 1
K IA =
1 r = h. 5
5K>IJEJKE @ IA = ANFHAII= =?E = A
% &" >JAHA
I % &$
[ ]2 1 1 1 h(t) h(t) = h3 (t) . V (t ) = 3 5 75
5KF @ GKA = AGK= ?= % &$ I B H A?A L K A A = = JKH= @= ?= =@= @A =CK= A BK ?= @ JA F t ? BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A HA = ?= = t F=H= t (0, ) @AHEL= @ = AGK= ?= % &# A HA = ?= = t >JAHA I
[ ] [ ] dV d 1 dh 4ACH= @= +=@AE= 1 3 2 (t ) = h (t) = 3h (t) (t) dt dt 75 75 dt 1 = h2 (t) h (t) . 25
% &%
8= A >IAHL=H GKA GKAHA F @A AII= = JKH= h(t) 5=>A I GKA C IACKA @A % &% GKA
I A ? JH=H h (t) GK= @ h = 3 m = I=>A

V (t) = 2 m3 /min, .
I GKA E IJ= JA t ? HHAI
h (t ) =
25 V (t)=2 50 V (t ) = . 2 h (t) h2
% '
,-418)+ )
1 2 1+16)
%'
h (t)|h=3 = 50 , 9
.= A @ h = 3 >JAHA
K IA = = LA ?E@=@A ? GKA = IKFAHB

?EA @= ?= =@= @A =CK= I >A GK= @ = = JKH= @= ?= =@= @A 50 =CK= A 3m IAH = @A m/s
9
&
+)2 167
.7 + -5 ,1.-4- +1)8-15
Cap tulo 8
M aximos ou M nimos de Fun c oes Reais de Uma Vari avel Real

29.04.2013 - 21.a - 2.a Prova 3.04.2013 - 22.a
8.1
Motiva c ao
,=@= K = BK ?= f : A R @A A A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R @A J= @ GKA = BK ?= f IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A J= = E JAHFHAJ= ?= CA AJHE?= @= BK ?= @AHEL=@= F @A IAH LEIJ= ? =E ? E = ?= @= HAJ= J= CA JA =EI AIFA?E ?= A JA ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A f A K F J @= HAFHAIA J= -IJA B=J I = K@=H = = A ? JH=H K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f = LAH@=@A A = BK ?= @A =J H= GKA @A ?AHJ @ ? J= ? F HJ= A J @= BK ?= f = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f ? LAHA I AIJA ?=F
JK
8.2
M aximos ou m nimos locais (ou relativos) de uma fun c ao real de uma vari avel real
A ?=HA I FA =
A AK
E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R f : A R A a A ,EHA I GK= = BK ? = f JA K ponto de m aximo local (ou relativo) em x = a IA F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA
f(x) f(a) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a + ) A.
x=a
AIJA ?=I f(a) IAH = @EJ valor do m aximo local da fun c ao f A

&
&
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
f(a) f(x)
a xa +
,EHA I GK= = BK ?= f JA I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA
ponto de m nimo local (ou relativo) em x = a IA F @A
f(a) f(x) ,
F=H= ?=@=
x (b , a + ) A. x=a
AIJA ?=I f(a) IAH = @EJ valor do m nimo local (ou relativo) da fun c ao f A
f(x) f(a)
a x a+
5A = BK ?= f JA K F J @A =NE K
E ?= K HA =JEL A x = a @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f JA K ponto de extremo local (ou relativo) em x = a A f(a) IAH = @EJ valor do extremo local (ou relativo) da fun c ao f A x = a A
Observa c ao 8.2.1 5A = BK ?= f JA K F J @A =NE ?=
E ?= HAIFA?JEL= A JA ao =IIK A L= HAI x = a IEC E ?= A FEHE?= A JA GKA FAHJ @ F J x = a = BK ?= f n =E HAI A HAI HAIFA?JEL= A JA GKA L= H f(a)
+ IE@AHA
Exemplo 8.2.1 ) BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H ( ) , ? I ( x ) , IA x , 2 2 . f(x) = ( ( ) ) x , IA x , K x 0, 2 2
&
):1
1 1
+)15
x=0 A K
&!
JA
F J @A
=NE
?= A
F J @A
E
?= A
x=
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

6
y=
y = x
? I(x)
R -
1 y=x
>IAHLA
I GKA IA J
=H
I F H ANA F
. = > 0, 2
JA
I GKA IA
IACKA GKA IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f JA K
( ) x (0 , 0 + ) = , 2 2 f(x) = ? I(x) 1 = ? I(0) = f(0) ,
x = 0 IAH =
F J @A
=NE
?= A
x = 0 ?K
L= H @A
=NE
?= A
f(0) = ? I(0) = 1 .
2 H KJH
=@ IA J
=H
I F H ANA F
. = > 0, 2
JA
I GKA IA
x
( 2
IACKA GKA IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f JA

x= IAH = 2
) + = (0, ), 2 () 2 =f () 2 , 2
f(x) 0 = ? I
F J @A
E
f () 2 =? I
?= A
() 2 = 0.
x=
?K
L= H @A
E
?= A
6A
I J= > A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E ?K = HAI K ?= IAH = @AEN=@= = ?=HC @
AEJ H
&"
Exerc cio 8.2.1 +
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
IE@AHA
I f : R R @=@= F H
x + 2 , F=H= x (, 1] . f(x) = x2 , F=H= x (1, 1) 1 , F=H= x [1, ) .
) H = I GKA = BK ? = f JA K F J @A
E ?= A x = 1 A A J @ F J @A x [1, )
Resolu c ao:
?= A
x=0 K
F J @A
=NE
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

6
y=1
y=x+2
6 W
1 1
y = x2
Observa c ao 8.2.2 >IAHLA I GKA HA =JEL A x = 0 A A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
-NAH?
?E =?E = = BK ?= f JA
x=0
F J @A
) A
@EII JA
I GKA
f (0) = E
f(x) f(0) x0 x0
<x< 2 2
x2 0 x=0 = E x = 0, x0 x0 x 0
K IA =
f (0) = 0
K =E @= = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA A @= B H = EIJ A
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
F J (0, f(0))
y f(0) = 0.(x 0),
y=0
C K = HAJ= D HE J= 1IJ ? HHA A CAH= ?

Teorema 8.2.1 5A =
C=H= JA
IACKE JA HAIK J=@ K
A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ? = GKA JA F J @A ANJHA ?= A x = a 5A = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a A J= @ALAHA I JAH f (a) = 0.
&
):1
1 1
+)15
&#
Demonstra c ao:
5KF D= I GKA = BK ?= f JA D= K F J @A =NE ?= A ) @A IJH= ?= @ ?=I A = BK ?= f JA K F J @A

E GKA =FHAIA J=HA I A IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H 5=>A I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a C ANEIJA
f (a ) = E f(x) f(a) . xa xa
x=a
?= A
x=a A IA A D= JA =
+ = BK ?= f JA K F J @A =NE ?= A x = a @ALAH = ANEIJEH > 0 GKA F @A IKF H IAH IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA F=H= GKA (a , a + ) A J= GKA
f(x) f(a) ,
F=H= ?=?= x (a , a + ),
GKA A AGKEL= A JA = AI?HALAH

f(x) f(a) 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a + ).
)IIE
IA x (a , a) IACKA GKA
f(x) f(a) xa
f(x)f(a)0 A xa0
0.
C @ + H =HE # " $ IACKA GKA

xa
f(x) f(a) 0. xa
&
2 H KJH
=@ IA x (a, a + ) IACKA GKA

f(x) f(a) xa
f(x)f(a)0 A xa0
0.
C @ + H =HE # " $ IACKA GKA

xa+
f(x) f(a) 0. xa
&
0
(8.1) xa
x = a JA
I GKA
f(x) f(a) f(x) f(a) (8.2) = f (a ) = E + 0, xa xa xa f (a) = 0
K IA = ? GKAH
= I IJH=H
Observa c ao 8.2.3
N ao L= A = HA?
FH ?= @ HAIK J=@ =?E = EIJ A ANEIJA BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A x = a A F J @A =NE A F J @A
E GKA I=JEIB= A f (a) = 0 =I GKA n ao JA ?= A x = a
&$
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
2 H ANA F
IA ? IE@AH=H
I = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x3 ,
F=H= x R ,
R A
JAHA
f (0)
I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = 0 = LAH@=@A A @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2 = 0 F EI f (x) = 3x F=H= ?=@= x R F J @A =NE K F J @A
E ?= A
x = 0 F EI
=I = BK ? = f n ao JA
0 f(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) A f(x) 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, 0].
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
y = x3 0
Conclus ao: IA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A JA D= K ANJHA ?= F J xo A GKA
xo K = ?
@E ?= necess aria F=H= GKA A =
f (xo ) = 0 .
2 @A ? HHAH @= BK ?= f JAH K @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a K IA = 5A = f : R R @=@= F H
F J @A ANJHA ?= A x = a =I = BK ?= n ao IAH = ANEIJEH f (a) ? IJH= IACKE JA ANA F F=H= ?=@= x R . ?= A

x = 0 F EI F=H= GK= GAH > 0
. f(x) = |x| ,
6A I GKA = BK ?= f JA JA I GKA
F J @A
E
f (x) 0
F=H= ?=@= x (, ) .
x=0
2 H A
LE
I = JAHE H A JA = BK ?= f n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
&
):1
1 1
+)15
y
&%
6
y = | x|
! Conclus ao: IA K = BK ?= f JA K F J @A ANJHA ?= A K F J x = a A J= K = BK ? = f = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a K = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a A AIJA ?=I @ALAH I JAH f (a) = 0 " ,AIJA ?= A @ =I condi c oes necess arias F=H= GKA K = BK ?= f JA D= K K F J x = a I=
f = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a,
F J @A ANJHA
K f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x = a A f (a) = 0.
,ALE@ = AIJ= K JE = >IAHL= ?= L=

I E JH @K EH =
,EHA
A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ?= I GKA = BK ?= f JA K ponto cr tico em x = a IA K = @=I IEJK= ? AI ? HHAH x = a K IA =
E = BK ? = f = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A EE = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

Observa c ao 8.2.4
= ANEIJA f (a)
x = a A f (a) = 0
5A = BK ?= f JA K F J @A ANJHA ?= A x = a A B H @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a A J= IACKA @ 6A HA = & GKA f (a) = 0 K IA = = BK ?= f JAH = K F J ?H

JE? A
x=a
I F J I ?H
JE? I @A K = BK ? = I= I candidatos = F J I ANJHA I ?=EI @= BK ? = 2 @A ? HHAH @A K = BK ? = n ao JAH K ANJHA ?= A K F J @ IAK @
E AI AIJA F J IA @ K F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= ? F H ANA F = BK ?= f(x) = x3 F=H= x R F J a = 0
)F EGKA I EIJ =
Exemplo 8.2.2 - ?
JHA J @ I I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
1 . 4 f(x) = x 3 + 4x 3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
@A = BK ?= f = A
Resolu c ao:
I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= ? HHAH= @EBAHA ?E =LA IAK @
E GKA ?=I A
@A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= IA = K = A
&& +
f (x) =
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
] 1 d [ 4 d [ 4] d [ 1 ] 4 4 1 1 1 4 1 4 2 x 3 + 4x 3 = x 3 + 4. x 3 = x 3 + 4. x 3 1 = x 3 + x 3 dx dx dx 3 3 3 3 4 2 4(x + 1) = x 3 (x + 1) = , F=H= x R \ {0} , 2 3 3x 3
JAHA
I GKA I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ? HHAH= GK= @ F J x=0 AK F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f
E = ANEIJA f (x) K IA = EE 0 = f (x) = 2 HJ= J

4(x + 1) 3x 3
2
K IA =
F J x = 1 IF J I
x = 1.
IK E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f I=
x=0
Conclus ao: ?=I = BK ?= f JA D= F x = 1
J I ANJHA
I ?=EI A AI I F @AH=
? HHAH A
x=0 KA
8.3
M aximos ou m nimos globais (ou absolutos) de fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real
L =HE I FH > A =I GKA JH=J=HA I = IACKEH n ao AIJ=HA I E JAHAII=@ I E E?E= A JA A A ? JH=H I ANJHA I ?=EI K HA =JEL I @A K = BK ?= =I IE =E H K A H L= H @= BK ?= A J @ IAK @
E ?=I ANEIJ= 2=H= EIJ E JH @K EHA I =
x = a
Deni c ao 8.3.1 5A = f : Dom(f) R R K = BK ?= ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f JA K ponto de m aximo global (ou absoluto) A Dom(f) IA f(x) f(a) , F=H= J @ x Dom(f).
AIJA ?=I f(a) IAH = @EJ valor m aximo global (ou absoluto) da fun c ao f em Dom(f) ,A @ IA A D= JA @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f JA K ponto de m nimo global (ou absoluto) A x = a Dom(f) IA f(a) f(x) , F=H= J @ x Dom(f). AIJA ?=I f(a) IAH = @EJ valor m nimo global (ou absoluto) da fun c ao f em Dom(f) 5A = BK ? = f JA K F J @A =NE C >= K
E C >= A x = a Dom(f) @EHA I GKA BK ?= f JA K ponto de extremo global (ou absoluto) A x = a
6A I IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 8.3.1 +
IE@AHA
I = BK ? = f : [1, 1] R @=@= F H
. f(x) = 4x 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1]. F J x = 1 ?K L= H @ [1, 1] F J x = 1 ?K
- J= = BK ?= f JA F J @A =NE C >= A [1, 1] =NE C >= A [1, 1] A 3 A JA F J @A

E C >= A L= H @
E C >= A [1, 1] IAH = 5
&!
):1
1 1
5/
*)15
&'
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1] JAHA
I
1x1
f(x) = 4x 1
4.1 1 = 3 = f(1),
K IA = = BK ?= f JA K F J @A =NE C >= A [1, 1] C >= A [1, 1] A3 ,A @ IA A D= JA =H= ?=@= x [1, 1] JAHA I

f(x) = 4x 1
1x1
F J x = 1 ?K
L= H @
=NE
4.(1) 1 = 5 = f(1),
K IA = = BK ?= f JA K F J @A
E C >= A [1, 1] F J x = 1 ?K L= H @ C >= A [1, 1] A 5 ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
y=x 3
?
1 1
6A
I J= > A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 8.3.1 +
IE@AHA
I f : (4, 1) R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (4, 1).

E C >= K IA = IAH =
- J= = BK ?= f n ao JA F J @A =NE C >= A (4, 1) =I JA F J A (4, 1) ?K L= H @

E C >= A (4, 1) ? HHAH = F J x = 0
f(0) = 0 Resolu c ao:
,A B=J =H= ?=@= x (4, 1) JA
I GKA
f(x) = x2
4<x<1
0 = f(0),
K IA = = BK ?= f JA K F J
E C >= A (4, 1) F J x = 0 ?K C >= A (4, 1) IAH = f(0) = 0 ) BK ?= f n ao JA F J =NE C >= A (4, 1) ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
L= H @
'
y
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
y = x2
4 0 1
ANA F = IACKEH I JEL=H = F=H= A ? JH=H K = HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA F=H= A ? JH=H F J I @A =NE A
E I C >=EI @A K = BK ?= >A ? F HJ=@= = I=>AH
Exemplo 8.3.2 +
I I
IE@AHA
I f : [1, 2] R @=@= F H
. f(x) = 2x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 2]. A

E C >=EI A
[1, 2]
- J= = BK ?= f JA
Resolu c ao:
F J I @A
=NE
) BK ?= f JA F J @A
E C >= A [1, 2] GKA ? HHA ,A B=J F EI F=H= ?=@= x [1, 2] JAHA I
f(x) = 2x2
1x2
F J x=0
0 = f(0), [1, 2]
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f JA K
E C >= A [1, 2] IAH =
F J @A
E
C >= A
F J x = 0 ?K
L= H @
f(0) = 0.
) BK ?= f JA F J @A =NE C >= A [1, 2] GKA ? HHA ,A B=J F EI F=H= ?=@= x [1, 2] JAHA I
f(x) = 2x2
1x2
F J x=2
2.22 = 8 = f(2),
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f JA K
E C >= A [1, 2] IAH = ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
F J
=NE
C >= A
[1, 2]
F J x = 2 ?K
L= H @
f(2) = 8.

y 8

1
y = 2x2
2 x
&!
):1
1 1
5/
*)15
'
Observa c ao 8.3.2
IAK @
E >IAHLA I J= > A GKA AIJA -NA F = BK ? = f A ? J
K= IAK @
E A GKA IAK @
E A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ @= HAJ= 1IJ A ? IAGKA ?E= @ 6A HA = @A 9AEAHIJH=II EIJ A 6A HA = $ # ! =EI FHA?EI= A JA
>IAHLA
I GKA
-NA F =?E = = BK ? = f JA
=NE
A
E
C >=EI
Teorema 8.3.1 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? J

K= A [a, b] - J= = BK ?= f JA F J I @A =NE A
E C >=EI A [a, b] EIJ A ANEIJA [a, b] J=EI GKA f(so ) f(x) f(to ), F=H= J @ x [a, b]. Observa c ao 8.3.3 5=>A I GKA K = condi c ao necess aria F=H= GKA K = BK ? = L= H ANJHA ?= A x = a A GKA AIJA F J IA = K F J ?H
JE? @= BK ? = f
so , to
f JA D= K
+ EIJ F @A I @AJAH E =H I F J I @A ANJHA I C >=EI @A K = BK ?= ? J

K= f @A E@= A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ [a, b] @AJAH E = @ I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f GKA FAHJA ?A = E JAHL= =>AHJ (a, b) A =IIE ? F=H= @ IA ? I L= HAI @= BK ? = AIIAI F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ? = f A (a, b) ? I L= HAI @= BK ?= I ANJHA I @ E JAHL= [a, b] EIJ A A x = a A x = b =E H @AIIAI L= HAI IAH = L= H =NE C >= @= BK ? = f E JAHL= [a, b] A A H @AIIAI L= HAI IAH = L= H
E C >= @= BK ? = f E JAHL= [a, b] 1IJ A LAH@=@A F EI K =NE C >= HAIFA?JEL= A JA
E C >= @= BK ?= f A [a, b] ? HHAH = I ANJHA I @ E JAHL= [a, b] EIJ A x = a K x = b K ? HHAH =A K F J @A (a, b) AIJA K JE ?=I AIJAI F J I @ALAH= IAH F J I ANJHA I ?=EI @= BK ? = f A F HJ= J K F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f A (a, b) Conclus ao: F=H= A ? JH=H I F J I @A ANJHA I C >=EI @A K = BK ? = ? J
K= f @A E@= E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ [a, b] =CE I @= IACKE JA B H = E A ? JHA
(a, b)
I J @ I I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f A (a, b) GKA @A J=HA I I L= HAI f(a) A f(b) =NE C >= @= BK ? = f A C >= @= BK ?= f A
[a, b] IAH =
I F H x1 , x 2 , , x n
EE A ? JHA EEE A L= H
=N {f(x1 ), f(x2 ), , f(xn ), f(a), f(b)}
L= H
E
[a, b] IAH =
E {f(x1 ), f(x2 ), , f(xn ), f(a), f(b)}. )F EGKA I =I E@ AE=I =?E = = IACKE JA ANA F
[ ] 1 Exemplo 8.3.3 5A = f : 2, R @=@= F H 2 . f(x) = x3 + x2 x + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@=
] 1 x 2, . 2
- ? JH=H IA ANEIJEHA
I F J I @A ANJHA
I C >=EI @= BK ? = f
E JAHL=
1 2, 2
'
Resolu c ao: [
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
>IAHLA = E JAHL=

2, 1 2 ]
] 1 2, F EI A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E 2 [
E=
] 1 - F=HJE?K =H A = IAH = K = BK ?= ? J
K= A 2, 2 C FA 6A HA = & ! IACKA GKA = BK ? = f JA F J @A =NE A
E C >=EI A [ ] 1 2, 2 2=H= A ? JH = I =CEHA I ? = >IAHL= ?= =?E) = ( 1 2, >IAHLA I GKA I F J I ?H
JE? I @= f A ? HHAH= @A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= IA = K = 2 ) ( 1 EIJ A F EI = BK ?= A @EBAHA ?E =LA A 2, 2 ) d ( 3 -NAH?
?E 0 = f (x) = x + x2 x + 1 = 3x2 + 2x 1 = (3x 1)(x + 1), dx ( ) 1 K IA = I K E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f A 2, I= 2 x1 = 1 3
A x2 = 1. A
f(1)
-NAH?
?E
EIJ JA
I GKA
f (x1 )
-NAH?
?E 22
2 H KJH =@ JA
( ) 1 -NAH?
?E 7 f(a) = f(2) = 1 A f(b) = f = . 2 8 ] [ 1 IAH = C L= H @A =NE C >= @= BK ?= f A 2, 2 { ( ) ( )} { } 1 1 22 7 -NAH?
?E =N{f(x1 ), f(x2 ), f(a), f(b)} = =N f , f(1), f(2), f = =N , 2, 1, 3 2 27 8
-NAH?
?E
I GKA
27
2.
= 2 = f(1) [ ] 1 L= H @A
E C >= @= BK ?= f A 2, IAH = 2 { ( ) ( )} 1 1 -NAH?
?E E {f(x1 ), f(x2 ), f(a), f(b)} = =N f , f(1), f(2), f = 3 2 = 1 = f(2). [ 2, ]
22 7 , 2, 1, 27 8
C = BK ?= f JA
F J @A
[ 2,
=NE
]
C >= A
f(1) = 2
1 2
F J x = 1 ?K
L= H A
AK
F J @A
E
C >= A
1 2
F J x = 2 ?K
f(2) = 1 .
L= H A
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
&!
):1
1 1
5/
=NE
*)15
=>I KJ
y
'!
6
2
7 8
22 27
2 1
1 3 1 2
=>I KJ
) IACKEH =F E?=HA
Exemplo 8.3.4 7
I = J A? E?= =?E = F=H= HAI LAH
IACKE JA FH > A =
B=>HE?= JA @A ?=EN=I @A F=FA = @AIA = ? IJHKEH ?=EN=I IA J= F= ? K = B D= GK=@H=@= @A F=FA = @A 12 cm @A =@ ? HJ= @ GK=@H=@ I ECK=EI @ I GK=JH ?= J I @= B D= A @ >H= @ I I F=H= B H =H K F=H= A AF
FA@ HAJ ? >=IA HAJ= CK =H 2A@A IA A ? JH=H ? FHE A J @ =@ @ I GK=@H=@ I GKA @ALA IA ? HJ=H F=H= GKA L K A @= ?=EN= >JE@= IA = =E H F II
LA
Resolu c ao:
5A =
x V
@A ?A J
AJH I ? FHE A J @ =@ @ GK=@H=@ = IAH ? HJ=@ @A ?=@= K ?= J I @= B D= @A F=FA = L K A A ?A J
AJH I ? K>E? I @= ?=EN= >JE@= GK= @ ? HJ= =@ x cm @ I ?= J I @= B D= @A F=FA = 6A I = IACKE JA ?
6
x cm x cm
@ I GK=JH
I I GK=JH GK=@H=@ I @A
CKH= ?= CA
x cm
AJHE?=
6
x cm
x cm
6 ?
12 2x cm
x cm
6 ? x cm
6 x cm
x cm
)I @E A I AI @= ?=EN= ? IJHK
@= GK= @ ? HJ= I K GK=@H=@ I @A ?=@= K =@ @A ? FHE A J x cm @= ?=EN= IAH= LAH CKH= =>=EN
(12 2x) (12 2x) x (L C A ).
@ I ?= J I ?
'"
6
x cm x cm 12 cm
+)2 167
6
x cm x cm
&
):1
1 1
12 cm 12 2x cm
12 2x cm x cm
6 ? x cm
6 ?
x cm
x cm
+ EIJ JA I GKA = BK ?= GKA @AI?HALAH = L K A @= ?=EN= >JE@= GK= @ ? HJ= I GK=@H=@ I @ I ?= J I @= B D= @A F=FA = ? ? FHE A J @ I =@ I ECK= = x cm IAH = @=@= F H
V = V (x) = (12 2x)2 .x
-NAH?
?E
4x3 48x2 + 144x ,
= A
@EII F=H= FH > A = @ALAHA I JAH x [0, 6] C II FH > A = A A ? JH=H L= H =NE C >= @= BK ?= V : [0, 6] R @=@= F H
. V (x) = 4x3 48x2 + 144x ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 6].
= BK ?= V A ? J
K= A [0, 6] F EI A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E= = E JAHL= 6A HA = & ! GKA = BK ?= V JA F J @A =NE C >= A [0, 6] J= > A JAH = F J @A
E C >= A [0, 6] =I AIJA = E JAHAII= F=H= FH > A = 2=H= A ? JH=H L= H =NE C >= @= BK ?= V A [0, 6] =CEHA I ? IKCAHE@ = >IAHL= ?= & ! !
[0, 6] IACKA FA
E - ? JHA
I I F J I ?H
JE? I @A V A
(0, 6)
2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= V A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, 6) F EI A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E= = E JAHL= (0, 6) C IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I ? HHAH= @A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= = K =H IA EIJ A
0 = V (x) =
-NAH?
?E
) ( ) d ( 3 4x 48x2 + 144x = 12x2 96x + 144 = 12 x2 8x + 12 dx
12(x 6)(x 2) ,
K IA =
x1 = 2 A x2 = 6.
K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= V A
= (0, 6) IAH
x1 = 2.
) A
@EII JA
I
V (x1 ) = V (2)
-NAH?
?E
128.
&!
):1
1 1
5/
*)15
'#
EE 6A
I J= > A
GKA
V (a) = V (0) = 0
A V (b) = V (6) = 0.
[0, 6] IAH = @=@= F H
EEE
L= H
=NE
C >= @= BK ?= V A
=N{V (x1 ), V (a), V (b)} = =N{V (2), V (0), V (6)} = =N{128, 2, 0} = 128, K IA = = BK ?= V A [0, 6] JA ?K L= H IAH = V (2) = 128
Conclus ao: = ?=EN= @A L K A

12 cm
F J @A
=NE
C >= A
[0, 6] GKA ? HHAH =A
x=2A
=NE IAH = >JE@= ? HJ= @ IA K GK=@H=@ @A =@ 2 cm @A ?=@= ?= J @= B D= @A F=FA = A ? EIJ >JAHA I K = ?=EN= @A L K A 128 cm3
6
2 cm 2 cm
6
2 cm
2 cm
12 cm
2 cm
6 ?
6
2 cm
6
2 cm

8 cm
? 2, cm
2 cm
)I @E A I AI @= ?=EN= @A L K A =NE IAH= 8 8 2 7 = KJH= =F E?= ?= A @=@= FA IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 8.3.2 - ?
IAH E I?HEJ A
Resolu c ao:
JH=H =I @E A I AI @A K ?E E @H ?EH?K =H HAJ @A =E H L K A GKA F @A ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ GKA JA ? H=E @= >=IA 5 cm A = JKH= @A 12 cm
5A =
r h V
@A ?A J
AJH I @ H=E @ ?E E @H E I?HEJ @A ?A J
AJH I @= = JKH= @ ?E E @H E I?HEJ @A ?A J
AJH I ? K>E? I @ L K A @ ?E E @H E I?HEJ /A AJHE?= A JA JA I
'$
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
6
h cm
r cm -
12 cm
?
5 cm
? -
)I @E A I AI @ ?E E @H E I?HEJ
? A ?EH?K =H HAJ I= >=IA = JKH=),
r h (H=E @ ?
H?K
A =IIE GKA AI
IAK L K A IAH = @=@ F H

V = V (r, h) = r2 h,
I @ =
L K A @ ?E E @H E I?HEJ A
JAH
I @ H=E @ ?E E @H @= IK= >=IA A @= = JKH= @
=I >IAHLA
I GKA I JHE= CK ABC A ADE I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) LA = CKH= =>=EN
A
12 D
6
h
?
B C
?
5
C IACKA GKA
AD DE = . AB BC
=I
AD = 12 h, AB = 12, DE = r
BC = 5,
=IIE
JAHA
r 12 h = , 12 5 V = V (r) = r .h = r .
2 2
ouseja, h = ( 60 12r 5 )
60 12r . 5 = (5 r)r2 .
& ! & "
)IIE
-NAH?
?E 12
15
&!
):1
1 1
5/
*)15
'%
8= A >IAHL=H GKA F=H= FH > A = @ALA I JAH r [0, 5] C II FH > A = IAH = A ? JH=H =NE C >= K =>I KJ @= BK ?= V : [0, 5] R @=@= F H & " E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ [0, 5] + = BK ?= V A ? J
K= A [0, 5] F EI A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E E= = E JAHL= [0, 5] IACKA FA 6A HA = & ! GKA A = JA F J @A =NE A
E C >= A [0, 5] 2=H= A ? JH = =CEHA I ? = JAHE H A JA E - ? JHA I I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= V A
(0, 5)
+ = BK ?= V A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, 5) F EI A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E E= = E JAHL= (0, 5) IACKA GKA I IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I ? HHAH= @A = IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= B H AH EIJ A
0 = V (r) = [ )] 12 ( ) 12 d 12 ( 2 5r r3 = 10r 3r2 = r(10 3r) , dr 15 15 15 10 . 3
K IA =
r=0
K r=
)IIE
K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= V A
(0, 5) IAH = r1 = 10 . 3
>IAHLA
I GKA
V
10 3
-NAH?
?E 400
EE 6A
I GKA
V (a) = V (0) = 0
A V (5) = 0.
EEE
L= H
=NE
C >= @= BK ?= V A
[0, 5] IAH = { 400 , 0, 0 9 } = 400 . 9
=N{V (r1 ), V (a), V (b)} = =N
2 HJ= J ?E E @H ?EH?K =H HAJ E I?HEJ ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ @=@ GKA JAH = 400 3 GKA JA cm @A L K A A IK=I @E A I AI IAH=
9 r1 h1 ,
=E H L K A IAH =
@A
r1 = 10 3
A F H & ! JAHA
h1 =
60 12r -NAH?
?E = 4. 5
2 HJ= J ? >=IA K
?E E @H ?EH?K =H HAJ E I?HEJ ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ @=@ GKA JAH = =E H L K A JAH = 10 400 ?
H?K @A H=E cm A = JKH= 4 cm A IAK L K A IAH = @A cm3
3 9
'&
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
8.4
Os Teoremas de Rolle e do Valor M edio

L =HE=I IEJK= ? AI GKA IAH= AIJK@=@=I
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK I HAIK J=@ I GKA IAH= E F HJ= JAI A =EI =@E= JA + A ?=HA I FA
Teorema 8.4.1 @A 4 (a, b) J= GKA
A 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
f(a) = f(b) = 0.
[a, b] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
- J= ANEIJA FA
A I K
c (a, b) J= GKA f (c) = 0.
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA A J= I=>A A =IIE J =
I GKA IA
f(x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] I
I GKA
f (x) = 0
I c GK= GKAH F J @ E JAHL= [a, b] A JAHA

f (c) = 0 .
C F @A
I IKF H IA
FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA

f(xo ) = 0 ,
F=H= = CK
xo (a, b).
5ACKA @ 6A HA = & ! GKA = BK ?= f JA +
F J I @A
=NE
A
E
C >=EI A
[a, b]
f(xo ) = 0 = f(a) = f(b)
IACKA GKA L= H =NE C >= @= BK ?= f K L= H

E C >= @= BK ?= f A @EBAHA JA @A AH K IA = K @AIIA L= HAI A @EBAHA JA @ L= H @= BK ?= I ANJHA I @ E JAHL= [a, b] EIJ A EIJ A @EBAHA JA @A AH 5KF D= I GKA = BK ?= f JA D= K L= H @A =NE C >= =E H GKA AH A c (a, b) ?=I A GKA = BK ?= f JA D= K L= H @A
E C >= A H GKA AH A c (a, b) IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H C f JAH = K F J @A =NE C >= A c (a, b) C AIJA F J @ALAH = IAH K =NE GKAH
= I IJH=H ?= @= BK ?= A =IIE FA 6A HA = & IACKA GKA f (c) = 0 ? + ? IAGKA ?E= @ 6A HA = =?E = JA I
Teorema 8.4.2 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ?
GKA
J
K= A
(a, b) J=
f(a) = f(b).
& #
- J= ANEIJA c (a, b) @A
@ GKA f (c) = 0
&"
4-57 6), 5 1 2 46) 6-5
''
Demonstra c ao:
5A @A
EH
I = BK ?= h : [a, b] R F H
. h(x) = f(x) f(a) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] AII= FH FHEA@=@A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA
IACKA GKA = BK ?= h IAH = ? J

K= A [a, b] F EI = BK ?= f JA A (a, b) F EI = BK ?= f JA AII= FH FHEA@=@A ) A @EII JAHA I
h(a) = f(a) f(a) = 0
h(b) = f(b) f(a) = 0.
(8.5)
C =F E?= @ IA
6A HA = @A 4 A = BK ?= h F @A
h (c) = 0.
I C=H= JEH GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA
=I
h (x) = f (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) .

f (c) = 0,
C ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA ? GKAH

= I IJH=H
Observa c ao 8.4.1
6A HA = @A 4 A K IAK + H =HE CA AJHE?= A JA I @ =? A IK ?EA JAI F=H= GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA D= FA HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ IAK CH = ? GKA IA = K = HAJ= D HE J= = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f GKA F=II= FA F J LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
@E ? AI I K = = I=>AH
(c, f(c))
6
= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f F J (c, f(c)) A D HE
y = f(x) f(c)
J=
?
b a c
)F E?=HA
HAIK J=@ =?E = = IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 8.4.1 5A = f : [0, 3] R @=@= F H . f(x) = 3x3 9x ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 3].
8AHE GKA IA = BK ?= f I=JEIB= =I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = @A 4 A A IA F II

LA A ? JHA K = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA IA = K = HAJ= D HE J=
!
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
K= A [0, 3] F EI A = A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E E= = E JAHL= [0, 3] @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, 3) F EI A = A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E E= = E JAHL= [0, 3] A = A @EII f(0) = 0 A f(3) = 0. C FA 6A HA = @A 4 A ANEIJA c (0, 3) J= GKA
f (c) = 0,
K IA = = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f HAJ= D HE J= = I=>AH y = f(c) ? = H = I
F J (c, f(c)) IAH =K =
GKA
Observa c ao 8.4.2
-NA F =?E = F @A
I A ? JH=H ANF E?EJ= A JA
F J c (0, 3) J=
f (c) = 0 . ) d ( 3 3x 9x = 9x2 9 = 9(x 1)(x + 1) , dx
2=H= EIJ >=IJ= F=H= ?=@= x (0, 3) ?= ?K =H = BK ?= @AHEL=@=

f (x) =
A =IIE
0 = f (c) = 9(c 1)(c + 1) ,
F=H= = CK
c (0, 3) ,
GKA I B H A?AH = c = 1 >IAHLA @A 4 A IAH = F J c=1

7
I GKA c = 1 (0, 3)
K IA =
F J @=@ FA 6A HA =
6.05.2013 - 23.a
KJH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA
Teorema 8.4.3 6A HA = @ 8= H @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) - J= ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA
A@E 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
f (c ) = f(b) f(a) . ba
[a, b] A
Demonstra c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?= F : [a, b] R @=@= F H
f(b) f(a) . (x a) f(a) , F(x) = f(x) ba
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b].

(a, b)
K= A [a, b] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ,A B=J F EI = BK ?= f A = BK ?= h : (a, b) R @=@= F H
. f(b) f(a) h(x) = (x a) f(a) , ba
F=H= ?=@= x (a, b)
JA
AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI ) A @EII JA I GKA

F(a) = f(a) f(b) f(a) (a a) f(a) = 0 ba f(b) f(a) F(b) = f(b) (b a) f(a) = 0. ba
&"
4-57 6), 5 1 2 46) 6-5
!
C F @A
I =F E?=H
6A HA = @A 4 A = BK ?= F A ? ? KEH GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA

F (c) = 0.
=I =IIE
[ ] d f(b) f(a) f(b) f(a) F (x) = f(x) (x a) f(a) = f (x) , dx ba ba
0 = F (c) = f (c)
f(b) f(a) , ba
K IA =
f (c) = f(b) f(a) , ba
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 8.4.3 >IAHLA A (b, f(b)) A @=@ F H
I GKA ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= GKA F=II= FA I F J I (a, f(a))

f(b) f(a) . ba
C CA AJHE?= A JA 6A HA = @= 8= H A@E I @ = condi c oes sucientes F=H= GKA ANEIJ= K = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A K F J (c, f(c)) GKA JA D= AI ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= GKA F=II= FA I F J I (a, f(a)) A (b, f(b)) LA = CKH= =>=EN EIJ A
f (c) =
y f(b)
f(b) f(a) . ba
6
f (c) =
JC()
f(c)
f(a)
c b x
)F E?=HA
I AIJA HAIK J=@ = IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 8.4.2 +
IE@AHA
I f : [1, 3] R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x [1, 3].
. f(x) = x3 5x2 3x ,
8AHE GKA GKA F @A I =F E?=H 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E A =IIE C=H= JEH = ANEIJA ?E= @A c (1, 3) J= GKA = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A f F J (c, f(c)) f(3) f(1) . JA D= ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @=@ F H
31
!
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [1, 3] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E E= = E JAHL= [1, 3] C FA 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E IACKA GKA ANEIJA c (1, 3) J= GKA
f (c) = f(3) f(1) , 31
(1, 3) F EI A=
K IA = = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA ?

f(3) f(1) ? A ?EA JA = CK =H ? 31
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA B E FA@E@
F J (c, f(c)) JA
Observa c ao 8.4.4
-NAH?
?E =?E = F @A I A ? JH=H ANF E?EJ= A JA L= H c (1, 3) 2=H= EIJ >=IJ= >IAHL=H GKA F=H= ?=@= x (1, 3) = BK ?= @AHEL=@= A @=@= F H
f (x) = ) d ( 3 x 5x2 3x = 3x2 10x 3 . dx f(3) f(1) -NAH?
?E = 10 31 10 =
+ IACKA GKA
f(3) f(1) = f (c) = 3c2 10c 3 , F=H= = CK c (1, 3) , 31 7 GKA I B H A?A c = D = K = KJH= H=E @ F E E =?E = = I=>AH c = 1 3 FAHJA ?A = E JAHL= (1, 3) ? = H = I
=I AIJ= =
7 = ? IAGKA ?E= E F HJ= JA @ 6A HA = @ 8= H
A@E A @=@ FA
(a, b) J= GKA
Corol ario 8.4.1 5A = f : (a, b) R K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A f (x) = 0
F=H= ?=@= x (a, b). @ GKA F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) E JAHL=

(a, b)
- J= F @A
I A ? JH=H d R @A
f(x) = d ,
K IA = = BK ? = @ALAH = IAH ? IJ= JA

Demonstra c ao: 5A = x1 , x2 (a, b) J=EI GKA x1 < x2
IJH=HA
I GKA
f(x1 ) = f(x2 ),
GKA E F E?=H = GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ? IJ= JA A (a, b) A ? EIJ J = I d = f(xo ) F=H= = CK xo (a, b) + = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) A [x1 , x2 ] (a, b) IACKA GKA A = IAH = ? J
K= A [x1 , x2 ] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (x1 , x2 ) C @ 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E IACKA GKA ANEIJA c (x1 , x2 ) J= GKA
f (c) = f(x2 ) f(x1 ) . x2 x1
& $
&"
4-57 6), 5 1 2 46) 6-5
!!
=I F H DEF JAIA JA I GKA f (c) = 0 C @A & $ A @ B=J GKA x2 x1 = 0 IACKA GKA

f(x2 ) f(x1 ) = 0,
K IA =
f(x1 ) = f(x2 ),
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 8.4.5
HAIK J=@ =?E = I @E GKA IA K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A K E JAHL= A JA @AHEL=@= ECK= = AH AIIA E JAHL= A J= A = @ALAH = IAH ? IJ= JA AIIA E JAL= ) DEF JAIA @ @ B H K E JAHL= + IE@AHA
E @= BK ?= f IAH K E JAHL= A ?HK?E= K IA = IA @ HAIK J=@ F @A IAH B= I ? IJH= IACKE JA ANA F
{ . f(x) =

E n ao
I = BK ? = f : (1, 0) (0, 1) R @=@= F H

1 , 1,
F=H= x (1, 0) F=H= x (0, 1)
- J= JA I GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (1, 0) (0, 1) = A @EII f (x) = 0 F=H= ao A K = BK ? = ? IJ= JA A (1, 0) (0, 1) ?=@= x (1, 0) (0, 1) A = BK ?= f n ! 2 @A 5A = I AIJA @AH HAIK J=@ =?E = @= IACKE JA B H =
A J= GKA f (x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x A A A R = L= E A f : A R @EBAHA ?E =LA A
- J= = BK ? = f IAH = ? IJ= JA A LA = CKH= =>=EN
?=@= K
@ I IK>E JAHL= I @EI K J I ? JE@ I A
6
A = (a1 , a2 ) (a3 , a4 ) (a5 , a6 ) (a6 , a7 )
a1
a2 a3 a4 a5 a6
a7
6=EI BK ? AI IAH= @A
E =@=I constante por partes (ou simples)
!"
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
8.5
Fun co es crescentes, estritamente crescentes, decrescentes ou estritamente decrescentes
+=F
JK " LA = =I IA ? AI ! A " =I F =CE =I %! A %" E JH @K E I I ? ?AEJ I @A BK ? AI ?HAI?A JAI AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JAI @A?HAI?A JAI K AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JAI K A CAH= BK ? AI J =I 8A = I GKA =? JA?A IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 8.5.1 5A = f : (, ) R @=@= F H . f(x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, ).
-IJK@A =
Resolu c ao:
J E?E@=@A @= BK ? = f
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ IAK CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (, 0) A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (0, ) LAHE GKA ) A @EII JA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (, ) A
f (x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, ). AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
IA
EIJ JA I GKA = CKH= =>=EN E JAHL= (, )
I B H A?A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
IA x (, 0) , IACKA GKA f (x) = IA (x) > 0; IA x (0, ) , IACKA GKA f (x) = IA (x) < 0.
&#
.7 + -5 +4-5+- 6-
7 ,-+4-5+- 6-5
y
!#
2 1
2
K IA =
f (x) > 0 ,
F=H= x (, 0) , A = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (, 0) ; f (x) < 0 , F=H= x (0, ) , A = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (0, ) . IE = @= BK ?= @AHEL=@= A K E JAHL= A
C AIJA -NA F JA I K = HA = ?= A JHA F HJ= A JA J @= BK ?= AIIA E JAHL= + LAHA I = IACKEH EIJ ? HHA A CAH=
Teorema 8.5.1 5A = f : (a, b) R K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A
5A
(a, b)
E 5A f (x) 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) A J= = BK ? = f IAH = ?HAI?A JA A EEE 5A f (x) 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) A J= = BK ? = f IAH = @A?HAI?A JA A
(a, b) Demonstra c ao:
(a, b) (a, b)
EE 5A f (x) > 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) A J= = BK ? = f IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A

(a, b)
EL 5A f (x) < 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) A J= = BK ?= f IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A
.=HA I = @A IJH= ?= F=H= EJA E )I @A IJH= ? AI @=I KJH=I IEJK= ? AI I= IA A D= JAI A IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H 5A = x1 , x2 (a, b) J=EI GKA x1 < x2 + = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) IACKA GKA A = IAH = ? J
K= A (a, b) C JAHA I GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ? J
K= A [x1 , x2 ] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (x1 , x2 ) C @ 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E IACKA GKA ANEIJA c (x1 , x2 ) J= GKA
f (c) = f(x2 ) f(x1 ) . x2 x1
F H DEF JAIA JA
I GKA f (c) 0 IACKA GKA

0 f(x2 ) f(x1 ) x2 x1
!$ GKA K J= A JA ?
x2 > x1 E F E?=H= GKA
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
f(x2 ) f(x1 ) 0,
IJH= @ GKA
f(x2 ) f(x1 ),
K IA = = BK ?= f A ?HAI?A JA A
(a, b) ?
D=L
=
I = H =@
8.6
Teste da 1.a derivada para classicar extremos locais
+ HAIK J=@ =?E = F @A I >JAH K FHE AEH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA F=H= A ? JH=H I F J I @A ANJHA I ?=EI @A K = BK ?= @=@= = I=>AH
Teorema 8.6.1 6AIJA @= = @AHEL=@= F=H= ANJA I ?=EI 5A = f : (a, b) R K = BK ? = ? J
K= A (a, b) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) AN?AJ ALA JK= A JA F J c (a, b) 5A ANEIJEH > 0 J= GKA
E f (x) 0 F=H= x (c , c) A f (x) 0 F=H= x (c, c + ) A J= = BK ?= f JA =NE ?= A x = c EE f (x) 0 F=H= x (c , c) A f (x) 0 F=H= x (c, c + ) A J= = BK ? = f JA ?= A x = c
Demonstra c ao:
K
E
.=HA ) @A +
I = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA E IJH= ?= @ EJA EE A IA A D= JA = @ EJA

f (x) 0 ,
E A IAH = @AEN=@= ?

x (c , c) ,
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
F=H= ?=@=
IACKA @ 6A HA = = JAHE H EJA
E GKA = BK ?= f IAH = ?HAI?A JA A F=H= ?=@=
(c , c)
K IA = & %
f(x) f(c) ,
x (c , c) .
,A
@ = = C ?
f (x) 0 ,
F=H= ?=@=
x (c, c + ) (c, c + )
IACKA @ 6A HA = = JAHE H EJA
EEE GKA = BK ?= f A @A?HAI?A JA A F=H= ?=@=
K IA = & &
f(x) f(c) ,
x (c, c + ) .
@A
C @A & % A & & IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JAH = K IJH=H
=NE
?= A
x = c ?
GKAH
=
Observa c ao 8.6.1
4AIK E @
HAIK J=@ =?E =
I @E GKA
&$
6-56- ,) ) ,-418),)
5E = @A f (x)
!%
+
c
= BK ?= f JA
F J @A
=NE
?= A
x=c
= BK ?= f JA
F J @A
E
?= A
x=c
/A
AJHE?= A JA JAHA
= BK ?= f JA
y
I
=NE ?= A
x=c y
F J @A
= BK ?= f JA
F J @A
E
?= A
x=c
f (x) 0 f (x) 0 f (x) 0
f (x) 0
) IACKEH KJE E = @ I HAIK J=@ I @AIA L LE@ I =?E = @=HA E =H I I F J I @A ANJHA I ?=EI @A K = BK ?= @=@= )CEHA I @= IACKE JA B H =
IK
AJ @ F=H= @AJAH
A ? JH=H J @ I I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ? = f @ IAK @
E EIJ A IF J I@ @
E @= BK ?= @A A = = A @EBAHA ?E =LA A F J I @A = @AHEL=@= A AH =F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= A ?=@= K @ I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f F=H= ? =IIE ? = I @ F J @A LEIJ= @A F J I @A ANJHA I ?=EI
.=HA I KI @AIJA AJ @ ANA F = IACKEH
Exemplo 8.6.1 - ?
JH=H J @ I I F J I @A ANJHA
. f(x) = x3 6x2 + 9x + 1 ,
I ?=EI @= BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
x R.
F=H= ?=@=
*=IA=@
Resolu c ao:
EIJ
>JAH K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
E= A = A @EII JA
x R.
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E

f (x) = ] d [ 3 x 6x2 + 9x + 1 = 3x2 12x + 9 , dx
F=H= ?=@=
!& C I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f IA ANEIJEHA
f (x) = 0 ,
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
? HHAH=
@A
F=H= ?=@=
x R,
K IA = )IIE
( ) -NAH?
?E 0 = f (x) = 3x2 12x + 9 = 3 x2 4x + 3 = 3(x 1)(x 3).
IK E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f I=
x1 = 1
A x2 = 3. @AIIAI F J I ?H
JE? I @ F J @A
)F EGKA I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= F=H= ? =IIE ?=H ?=@= K LEIJ= @A ANJHA I ?=EI 2=H= x1 = 1 >IAHLA I GKA F=H= x < 1 JAHA I
f (x) = 3 (x 1) (x 3)
<0 <0 x<1<3
C x1, x3<0
>
0.
2 H KJH =@ F=H= 1 < x < 3 JAHA
I
1<x<3
f (x) = 3 (x 1) (x 3)
>0 <0
C x1>0 A x3<0
<
0.
) CKH= =>=EN ?=H=?JAHE =
IE = @= BK ?= f FAHJ @ F J x = 1
5E = @A f (x)
+
x=1
x=3
)IIE @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA 2=H= x2 = 3 >IAHLA I GKA F=H= 1 < x < 3 JAHA I
f (x) = 3 (x 1) (x 3)
>0 <0 1<x<3
F J @A
=NE
?= A
x=1
C x1>0 A x3<0
<
0.
2 H KJH =@ F=H= 3 < x JAHA
I
1<3<x
f (x) = 3 (x 1) (x 3)
>0 >0
C x1, x3>0
>
0.
) CKH= =>=EN ?=H=?JAHE =
IE = @= BK ?= f FAHJ @ F J x = 3
5E = @A f (x)
x=1 x=3
)IIE @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA K F J @A

E ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
?= A
x=3
&%
,-418),)5 ,-
4,y
572-41 4
6
!'
f(1) = 5
y = f(x)
f(3) = 1
1 3 x
8.7
Derivadas de ordem superior para fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real
IE@AHA I = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
R A = A
5=>A I GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A @=@= F H

f (x) =
@EII = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f : R R A
R.
d ? I(x) = IA (x) , dx
F=H= ?=@=
( ) d f (x) = [ IA (x)] = ? I(x) , F=H= ?=@= R . dx AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA = BK ? = f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A = BK ? = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f IAH = @EJ= @AHEL=@= IACK @= @= BK ? = f A E @E?=@= F H f EIJ A f : R R IAH =
>IAHLA @=@= F H
I GKA = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R A IK= BK ?= @AHEL=@= (f ) : R R IAH =
@=@= F H
. f (x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . >JAH = @AHEL=@= @A
2 @A I J= > A AIJK@=H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @= BK ?= f A =IIE JAH?AEH= H@A @= BK ?= f E @E?=@= F H f A =IIE F H @E= JA - CAH= JA I =
Deni c ao 8.7.1 5A = A K E JAHL= @A R f : A R K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A a A 5A = BK ? = f : A R B H @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A duas-vezes diferenci avel em x = a AIJA ?=I = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f A x = a IAH = @A E =@= derivada segunda da fun c ao f em x = a A E @E?=@= F H f (a),
K f(2) (a),
d2 f (a), dx2
K D2 x f(a),
d2 y (a), dx2
K D2 x y(a),
!
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
@A =I @K=I K JE =I J= ? AI AIJ= I IKF @ GKA y = f(x) 5A = BK ? = f : A R B H @EBAHA ?E =LA A A @EHA I GKA = BK ? = f A duas vezes diferenci avel em A A ? EIJ JAHA I @A E@= = BK ?= derivada segunda da fun c ao f E @E?=@= F H f : A R GKA =II ?E= = ?=@= x A = @AHEL=@= IACK @= @= BK ?= f A x EIJ A
x f (x)
6A
IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 8.7.1 ) BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 + IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R
A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII = BK ? = @AHEL=@= IACK @= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) = 2 IA (x) , Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R .
= @A BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A
R A = A
,A B=J = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A f : R R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) =
R F EI AI
@EII
] d [ 2 d [ 2] d [ IA (x)] = 2x + ? I(x) , x + IA (x) = x + dx dx dx
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
GKA J= > A A K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A I = @A BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R C = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A = A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= IACK @= @= BK ?= f EIJ A f : R R IAH = @=@= F H
[ ] d d d d df (x) = [2x + ? I(x)] = [2x] + [? I(x)] = 2 IA (x) , f (x) = dx dx dx dx dx
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
F AJ= @ = LAHE ?= ?= @= = H = ?= ) IACKEH JA I IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 8.7.1
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f : (0, 2) R @=@= F H

. f(x) = =H?IA ( ) x2 1 , x (0, 2)
A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, 2) ) A @EII = BK ? = @AHEL=@= IACK @= f : (0, 2) R IAH = @=@= F H
2 f (x) = ( )2 1 x2 1 4x2 [ ( ( ) x2 1 ( )2 ]3 2 1 x 1 ,
)2 1 x2 1 (0, 2) F EI A?
F=H= ?=@= x (0, 2) .
Resolu c ao:
) BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A F @A JAI @

E I LAHE GKA
F IJ= @A BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI
I IAKI ? HHAI
&%
,-418),)5 ,-
4,-
572-41 4
!
) A
@EII f : (0, 2) R A @=@= F H
f (x) =
( )] 4ACH= @= +=@AE= A % d [ =H?IA x2 1 = dx
2x ( )2 , 2 1 x 1
F=H= ?=@= x (0, 2) .
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f J= > A A K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, 2) F EI A? BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI I IAKI ? HHAIF @A JAI @
E I LAHE GKA C = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =?A A (0, 2) ) A @EII = BK ?= @AHEL=@= IACK @= @= BK ?= f f : (0, 2) R IAH = @=@= F H
f (x) = 2x ( )2 1 x2 1 ] [ ( )2 ( )2 d d 2 2 [2x] 1 x 1 2x 1 x 1 dx dx = [ ] ( )2 2 1 x2 1 ) 1 ( 2 2 x 1 2x 2 1 [x2 1]2 2x 2 [ ( )2 ]3 2 1 x 1 = )2 1 x2 1 ( , [ ] d d df (x) = dx dx dx
F IJ= @A
F=H= ?=@= x (0, 2) ,
= H = I 2 @A I AIJA @AH = @A
E ?= =?E = = I=>AH
f : A R K = BK ? = A a A x = a A J= @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A ( (n1) ) x = a EIJ A f (a) IAH = @A E da fun c ao f em x = a A E @E?=@= F H
Deni c ao 8.7.2 5A = n N A K E JAHL= @A R 5A = BK ? = f(n1) : A R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A n-vezes diferenci avel em x = a A = IK= @AHEL=@= A =@= derivada de ordem n (ou derivada n- esima) f(n) (a),
dn f (a ), dxn
Dn x f(a),
dn y (a ), dxn
Dn x y(a),
@A =I @K=I K JE =I AIJ=
Observa c ao 8.7.2
I IKF @ GKA y = f(x)
5A = BK ?= f B H n LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A ?=@= F J @A A @EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A c ao derivada n- esima da n-vezes diferenci avel em A A AIJA ?=I F @A I @A EH = fun fun c ao f GKA IAH = f(n) : A R GKA =II ?E= = ?=@= x A = @AHEL=@= n AIE = @= BK ? = f ( n ) F J x EIJ A x f (x) 2 @A I A ? JH=H = EJAH=JKH= KJH=I F H ANA BK ? = f A x = a ?
( dn y dxn ) ,
|x=a
J= ? AI F=H= = @AHEL=@= @A H@A K

Dn x y|x=a ,
n @A K =
@A y = f(x)
!
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
! ,A J=HA
I F H f(0) : A R = FH FHE= BK ?=
. f(0) (x) = f(x) ,
EIJ A
F=H= ?=@= x A .
" ,A J=HA
I F H f(1) : A R = BK ?= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f EIJ A

. f(1) (x) = f (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
IA = BK ? = f B H @EBAHA ?E =LA A
# 5A x = x(t) @A?HALA = F IE ?= @A K = F=HJ

?K = GKA LA IA = C @A K = HAJ= E IJ= JA t A AIJ= BK ?= x = x(t) B H @EBAHA ?E =LA A t = to = IK= LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A= E IJ= JA t = to IAH = ? LE I = JAHE A JA = J=N= @A L=HE= ?= E IJ= J= A= @ AIF= ? A HA = ?= = JA F E IJ= JA t = to K IA =
v(to ) = E
tto
x(t) x(to ) = x (to ) t to t = to EIJ A
EIJ A IAH = @=@= FA = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = x = x(t) A

v(to ) = x (to ).
+ = =?A AH= ?= E IJ= J= A= LA ?E@=@A A HA = ?= = JA F
E IJ= JA t = to A = J=N= @A L=HE= ?= E IJ= J= A= @= E IJ= JA t = to K IA =

tto
a(to ) = E
v(t) v(to ) = v (t o ), t to
IACKA GKA IA = BK ?= LA ?E@=@A v = v(t) A K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA A t = to A J= = =?A AH= ?= E IJ= J= A= @= F=HJ
?K =H E IJ= JA t = to IAH = @=@= FA = FA = @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = v = v(t) A t = to EIJ A
a(to ) = v (to ) = x (to ),
=IIE = =?A AH= ?= E IJ= J= A= @= F=HJ

?K = A t = to A @=@= FA = IACK @= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = x = x(t) E IJ= JA t = to IA = BK ? = x = x(t) B H @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A
t = to
=I @A
E ? AI =?E = F @A
I E JH @K EH =
k {0, 1, 2, } A A K E JAHL= @A R A f : A R K = BK ? = k ( k ) ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f e de classe C em A IA =I BK ? AI f, f , , f : A R I= J

K=I A A
AIJA ?=I AI?HALAH
f C k (A ; R ).
,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f e de classe C em A IA F=H= ?=@= k {0, 1, , } JA BK ? = f(k) : A R A ? J

K= A A AIJA ?=I AI?HALAH I
f C (A ; R ).
I GKA =
+ IE@AHA
IACKE JA ANA F
&%
,-418),)5 ,-
4,-
572-41 4
!!
Exemplo 8.7.2 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = x4 3x3 + 5x2 x 5 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
IJHA GKA F=H= ?=@= n N = BK ? = f A n LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R EIJ A f C (R ; R) ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= n N A ? JHA = ANFHAII= @= BK ? = @AHEL=@= @A H@A n @= BK ?= f A K F J GK= GKAH @A R
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E ) A @EII = BK ?= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H

f (x) = ) d ( 4 x 3x3 + 5x2 x 5 = 4x3 9x2 + 10x 1 , dx
E=
F=H= ?=@= x R . E=
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E C = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII JA I GKA = BK ?= f : R R IAH = @=@= F H
[ ] ) d ( 3 d df 2 (x) = 4x 9x + 10x 1 = 12x2 18x + 10 , f (x) = dx dx dx
F=H= ?=@= x R . E=
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E C = BK ?= f A JHAI LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII = BK ?= f(3) : R R IAH = @=@= F H
[ ] ) d d2 f d ( 2 f (x) = ( x ) = 12x 18x + 10 = 24x 18 , dx dx2 dx
(3)
F=H= ?=@= x R . E=
,A @ IA A D= JA = BK ?= f(3) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E C = BK ?= f A GK=JH LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII IACKA GKA = BK ?= f(4) : R R IAH = @=@= F H
[ ] d d3 f d f (x) = (x) = (24x 18) = 24, 3 dx dx dx
(4)
x R.
C = BK ?= f(4) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E C = BK ?= f A ?E ? LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R ) A @EII IACKA GKA = BK ?= f(5) : R R IAH = @=@= F H
[ ] d d4 f d f (x) = (x) = [24] = 0, 4 dx dx dx
(5)
E=
x R.
2 HJ= J IA n 5 JA I GKA = BK ?= f(n) IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F EI A = BK ?= E@A JE?= A JA K = C = BK ?= f A n LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F=H= J @ n {0, 1, } A F=HJE?K =H =I @AHEL=@=I @A GK= GKAH H@A IAH= BK ? AI ? J
K=I A R ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= n N I=JEIB= A @ n 5 JAHA I GKA = BK ?= f(n+1) : R R IAH = @=@= F H f(n+1) (x) = 0 , F=H= ?=@= x R .
Observa c ao 8.7.3
!"
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
+ LE I = JAHE H A JA IA p : R R A K = BK ?= F E E= A BAHA ?E =LA A R A = A @EII = BK ? = IK= BK ? = @AHEL=@= p : R K = BK ? = F E E= ?K F E E GKA = @A A JAH = CH=K K = A F E E GKA @A A = BK ?= p K IA = IA CH=K @ F E E GKA @A n EIJ A CH=K(p) = n A J=
CH=K(p ) = n 1,
( )
J= A = IAH = @E R J= > A IAH = I GKA CH=K @ A = BK ? = p A
K =E @= +
CH=K p = CH=K(p) 1.
EJA =?E = JA I GKA -NA F =?E = F @A IAH CA AH= E =@ = I=>AH IA p : R R A K = BK ? = F E E= A J= = BK ? = p JAH = @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R K IA = p C (R ; R) ) A @EII IA CH=K @ F E E GKA @A A = BK ? = F E E= p B H n IACKA GKA
p(m) (x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
F=H= m n + 1
) IACKEH JA I K ANAH?
?E HAI LE@ HA =?E =@ ? IKFAHE H = LE A J @A K = F=HJ
?K = K = =F E?= ?= @A @AHEL=@=I @A H@A
Exerc cio 8.7.2 5KF D= I GKA K = F=HJ

?K = LA IA = CKE JA AE x = x(t) @=@= A AJH I A t @=@ A IACK @ I F H 1 . x(t) = 4 3t + t2 , 2
C @A K = HAJ= IACK @ = IA
& '
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ). E IJ= JA t = 2 s
- ? JH=H = LA ?E@=@A A = =?A AH= ?= E IJ= J= A=I @= F=HJ

?K =
Resolu c ao:
.EIE?= A JA ) AGK= ?= =?E = @AI?HALA K @= B H = A ?K = LA ?E@=@A
LE A J HAJ
E A K EB H A A JA =?A AH=@ ?K = AGK= ?= CAH= A
t [0, )
1 x(t) = xo + vo t + t2 , F=H= ?=@= 2 E IJ= JA t A @=@= FA = AGK= ?= v = vo + at ,
&
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) .
&
F=H= @ & ' ?
& >JAHA

xo = 4 m,
I
vo = 3 m/s
A a = 1 m/s2 .
5K>IJEJKE @ A
& >JA
I GKA F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) .
v(t) = 3 + t ,
)IIE
v(2) = 3 + 2 = 1 m/s,
A
a(t) = 1 m/s2 ,
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) ,
&%
,-418),)5 ,-
4,-
572-41 4
!#
F=HJE?K =H a(2) = 1 m/s2 =JA =JE?= A JA ) BK ?= x = x(t) JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E JA I GKA = LA ?E@=@A E IJ= J= A= @= F=HJ
?K = E IJ= JA t IAH = @=@= F H
[ ] d 1 2 v (t ) = x (t ) = 4 3t + t = 3 + t , dt 2
E= =IIE
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ).
F=HJE?K =H JAHA
I
v(2) = 3 + 2 = 1 m/s.
) =?A AH= ?= E IJ= J= A= @= F=HJ

?K =
a(t) = v (t) = x (t) =
E IJ= JA t IAH = @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= t [0, ),
d [3 + t] = 1 , dt
=IIE
a(t) = 1 m/s2 ,
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ),
F=HJE?K =H a(2) = 1 m/s2
-NA F =?E = I IJH= GKA F=H= K LE A J 4AJE

A 7 EB H A A JA )?A AH=@ J= J B= KJE E =H =I AGK= ? AI @= .
IE?= K KJE E =H = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A H@A IKFAHE H @= BK ?= x = x(t) =EI FHA?EI= A JA = @AHEL=@= @A IACK @= H@A @A x = x(t) 2 H A ANEIJA FH > A =I .
IE? I ?K = = =?A AH= ?= n ao A ? IJ= JA AIJAI ?=I I K E? FH ?AII FA GK= F @A I A ? JH=H = LA ?E@=@A K = =?A = ?= E I J= J= A=I @= F=HJ
?K = A K ?AHJ E IJ= JA IAH = KJE E = @ = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A H@A IKFAHE H @= BK ?= x = x(t)
Observa c ao 8.7.4
FH NE ANA F I IJH=H =? @=@= E F E?EJ= A JA F H K = AGK= ?=

Exemplo 8.7.3 5KF
A ? JH=H @AHEL=@=I @A H@A
IKFAHE H @A K = BK ?=
D=
I GKA = AGK= ?=
4x2 + 9y2 = 36
&
@A R d2 y d2 y - ? JHA 2 (x) F=H= x A A 2 (0) IKF @ GKA y(x) > 0 F=H= ?=@= x A
dx dx Resolu c ao:
I B H A ?= y = f(x)
@A = BK ?= f IA = @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A
E JAHL=
=>AHJ A
2=H= >JAH (x) F=H= ?=@= x A >=IJ= @AHEL=H dx = x EIJ A
dy
I E F E?EJ= A JA = AGK= ?= & A HA = ?=
] d [ 2 d [ 2] d [ 2 ] d [36] = 4x + 9 y2 = 4x + 9 y (x) dx dx dx dx
=0
4ACH= @= +=@AE=
8x + 9.2.y(x).y (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
K IA = ?
y(x) > 0 F=H= ?=@= x A IACKA GKA y (x) = 8x 4x = , 18y 9 y (x)
F=H= ?=@= x A .
!$ 2=H= >JAH (x) F=H= x A >=IJ= @AHEL=H dx2 x = I=>AH
+)2 167
d2 y
&
):1
1 1
I E F E?EJ= A JA = AGK= ?= =?E = A
HA = ?= =
d d [ ] [4x].[9y(x)] [4x]. [9 y(x)] d 4x 4.9 y(x) 4x.9 y (x) dx dx y (x) = = = 2 dx 9.y(x) [9 y(x)] 81 y2 (x) 4 y(x) x y (x) = , F=H= ?=@= x A. 9 y 2 (x)
F=HJE?K =H JAHA
I
y (0) = 4 y(0) 0.y (0) 4 1 = . 2 9 y (0) 9 y(0)
& !
.= A @ x = 0 A
& >JAHA K IA =
I
9 y2 (0) = 36 ,
4.02 + 9.y2 (0) = 36 ,
EIJ A
y2 (0) = 4 ,
K =E @=
y(0)>0
y(0) = 2,
5K>IJEJKE @ AIJA L= H A
& >JAHA
I
2 y (0) = . 9
-NA F =?E = F @AH

= I >JAH ANF E?EJ= A JA y = y(x) . 2=H= EIJ >=IJ= >IAHL=H GKA IA y(x) > 0 A J= @A & JAHA I y : A = (3, 3) R IAH = @=@= F H 36 4x2 2 . y (x) = = 9 x2 , F=H= ?=@= x A.
Observa c ao 8.7.5 9 3
+ EIJ F @A I LAHE ?=H GKA = BK ?= y = y(x) A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A LAH@=@A y C (A ; R) ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I
A =
8.05.2013 - 24.a
8.8
+
Teste da segunda derivada para fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real
JEL= ?= F=H= FH NE HAIK J=@ ? IE@AHA I IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 8.8.1 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 12x + 6 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
- ? JH=H J @ I I ANJHA
Resolu c ao:
I ?=EI @= BK ?= f
)F E?=HA I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= = BK ?= f 2=H= EIJ FHA?EI= I E E?E= A JA A ? JH=H J @ I I F J I ?H

JE? I @= BK ?= f >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R C I IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I ? HHAH= BK ?= @AHEL=@= B H K = EIJ A f (x) = 0 , F=H= x R,
@A IK=
&&
6-56- ,) 5-/7 ,) ,-418),)

) ( ) d ( 3 x 12x + 6 = 3x2 12 = 3 x2 4 = 3(x 2)(x + 2). dx
!%
K IA =
0 = f (x) =
IK E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f I=
x1 = 2
A x2 = 2. @ I F J I ?H
JE? I >JE@ I
)F EGKA I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= = ?=@= K 2=H= x1 = 2 >IAHLA I GKA F=H= x < 2 JAHA I
f (x) = 3 (x 2) (x + 2)
<0 <0
x<2<2 A J= x+2, x2<0
>
0;
F=H= 2 < x < 2 JAHA
I
f (x) = 3 (x 2) (x + 2)
>0 <0 2<x<2 A J= x+2>0 A x2<0
<
0.
= CKH= =>=EN JA
IE = @= BK ?= f FAHJ @ F J x = 2
5E = @A f (x)
+
x = 2
x=2
C FA 6AIJA @= ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA 2=H= x1 = 2 >IAHLA I GKA F=H= 2 < x < 2 JAHA I
f (x) = 3 (x 2) (x + 2)
>0 <0
F J @A
=NE
?= A
x = 2
2<x<2 A J= x+2>0 A x2<0
<
0;
F=H= 2 < x JAHA
I
f (x) = 3 (x 2) (x + 2)
>0 >0 2<2<x A J= x+2,x2>0
>
0.
= CKH= =>=EN JA
IE = @= BK ?= f FAHJ @ F J x = 2
!&
5E = @A f (x)
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
x = 2 x=2
C FA 6AIJA @= ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA 4AIK E @ F @A I ? IJHKEH I IACKE JA J=>A =
F J
?= A
x=2
IE = @A f (x) FH FHEA@=@A @= BK ?= f x < 2 + ?HAI?A JA x = 2 0 =NE ?= 2 < x < 2 @A?HAI?A JA x=2 0

E ?= 2<x + ?HA?A JA >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R = LAH@=@A JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R ) A @EII [ ] ) d df d ( 2 f (x) = (x) = 3x 12 = 6x , F=H= x R .
dx dx dx
F=HJE?K =H JA
I GKA
f (2) = 6.(2) = 12 < 0
f (2) = 6.2 = 12 > 0 .
Conclus ao:

F J ?H
JE? x = 2 = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= IACK @= A = BK ?= JA K F J @A =NE ?= A x = 2 F J ?H
JE? x = 2 = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= IACK @= BK ?= JA K F J @A
E ?= A x = 2 I = IACKEH GKA EIJ ? HHA A CAH=
A H GKA AH EIJ A f (2) < 0 =E H GKA AH EIJ A f (2) > 0 A = I
8AHA
=EI FHA?EI= A JA JA
Teorema 8.8.1 6AIJA @= IACK @= @AHEL=@= F=H= ANJHA I ?=EI 5A = A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R f : A R K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A a A K F J ?H
JE? @= BK ? = f K IA = f (a) = 0 J= GKA ANEIJA f (a) K IA = = BK ? = f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a
- J=
E IA f (a) < 0 A J= = BK ?= f JA EE IA f (a) > 0 A J= = BK ?= f JA

Demonstra c ao:
K K
F J @A
=NE
?= A ?= A
x=a x=a
F J @A
E
.=HA ) @A
I = @A IJH= ?= @A E IJH= ?= @ EJA EE A IA A D= JA = @ EJA
E A IAH = @AEN=@= ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
&&
6-56- ,) 5-/7 ,) ,-418),)
!'
f (a) < 0.
2 H DEF JAIA JA C IACKA @= @A
I GKA
E ?= @= IACK @= @AHEL=@= GKA

f (x) f (a ) = f (a) < 0. xa xa
=I f (a) = 0 F EI x = a A F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA f =IIE
f (x) < 0. x a x a
, 6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = F=H= E EJAI EIJ A 6A HA = # " IACKA GKA F @A A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA C IA
f (x) < 0, xa
F=H= x (a , a + ) \ {a}.
= a < x < a IACKA GKA

f (x) <0 xa
GKA E F E?=H =A
x<a xa<0
f (x) > 0 ;
> a < x < a + IACKA GKA

f (x) <0 xa
GKA E F E?=H =A
x>a xa>0
f (x) < 0.
= CKH= =>=EN JA
IE = @= BK ?= f FAHJ @ F J x = a
5E = @A f (x)
+
a x=a
a+
C @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA GKAH

= I @A IJH=H
F J @A
=NE
?= A
x=a
Observa c ao 8.8.1 + n ao F @A
=I DEF JAIAI @ 6A HA = =?E = I=JEIBAEJ=I IA

f (a) = 0
ANJHA
I ? ? KEH =@= = HAIFAEJ @ F J ?H

JE? x = a @= BK ? = f @ F J @A LEIJ= @A I ?=EI ? IJH= I IACKEJAI ANA F I
. f(x) = x3 ,
5A = BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x R. - J= x = 0 A K E? F J ?H

JE? @= BK ? = f F EI = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A A F J @A =NE K @A
E f (x) = 0 IA A I A JA IA x = 0 A F J x = 0 n ao ?=EI @= BK ?= f LA = CKH= =>=EN >IAHLA I GKA AIJA ?=I JA I
f (0) = 0 .
!
y
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
y = x3 0
+ ? KI= x=0
f (0) = 0
=I = BK ?= f n ao JA
F J @A
=NE
?=EI A
2 H KJH =@
IA = BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = x4 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- J= x = 0 A K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f F EI = BK ? = f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A f (x) = 0 IA A I A JA IA x = 0 A F J x = 0 A F J @A
E ?= @= BK ?= f LA = = CKH= =>=EN >IAHLA I GKA AIJA ?=I J= > A JA I
f (0) = 0 .
6
y = x4
Conclus ao: f (0) = 0 A = BK ?= f JA
F J @A
E
?= A
x=0
)F EGKA
6A HA = =?E = = IACKE JA ANA F
&&
6-56- ,) 5-/7 ,) ,-418),)
!
Exemplo 8.8.2 5A = f : R R @=@= F H 4 . f(x) = x4 + x3 4x2 , 3
F=H= ?=@= x R . AJHE?= @
- ? JHA J @ I I ANJHA CH = ? @= AI =
Resolu c ao:
I ?=EI @= BK ? = f A >JA D= K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E E= A =IIE F @A I =F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= = ?=@= K = @ I IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I F=H= JA J=H ? =IIE ? = I @ F J @A LEIJ= @A ANJHA I ?=EI + = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I I ? HHAH= @A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= B H K = EIJ A
d 0 = f (x) = dx
( ) ( ) 4 3 4 4 2 x + x 4x = 4x3 + .3x2 4.2.x = 4x3 + 4x2 8x = 4x x2 + x 2 3 3
-NAH?
?E
4x(x 1)(x + 2) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
K IA = I K E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f I=
x1 = 2, x2 = 0
A x3 = 1.
)F EGKA I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= A ?=@= K @ I F J I ?H

JE? I @= BK ?= f 2=H= EIJ L= A >IAHL=H GKA F=H= ?=@= x R JAHA I
[ ] ) d ( 3 d df (x) = 4x + 4x2 8x = 4.3x2 + 4.2x 8 = 12x2 + 8x 8 . f (x) = dx dx dx
2=H= x1 = 2 +
f (2) = 12.(2)2 + 8.(2) 8 = 24 > 0,
IACKA @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= GKA = BK ?= f JA IAH = 2=H= x2 = 0 +
F J @A
E
32 . 3
?= A
x = 2 ?K
L= H
f(2) =
f (0) = 12.02 + 8.0 8 = 8 < 0,
IACKA @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= GKA = BK ?= f JAH =K IAH =

f(0) = 0 .
F J @A
=NE
?= A
x = 0 ?K
L= H
2=H= x3 = 1 + IACKA @ 6AIJA @= IAH =
f (1) = 12.(1)2 + 8.(1) 8 = 12 > 0,
= ,AHEL=@= GKA = BK ?= f JA
F J @A K
?= A
x = 1 ?K
L= H
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
5 f(1) = . 3 AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
!
y
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
0 = f(0)
Y
y = f(x)
f(1) = 5 3
32 = f(2) 3
6A
I J= > A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 8.8.1 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . AJHE?= @
- ? JHA J @ I I ANJHA CH = ? @= AI =
Resolu c ao:
I ?=EI @= BK ? = f A >JA D= K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH HA@ A R A =IIE F @A I =F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= = ?=@= K = @ I IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I F=H= JA J=H ? =IIE ? = I @ F J @A LEIJ= @A ANJHA I ?=EI + = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I I ? HHAH= @A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= B H K = EIJ A
d [ IA (x)] = ? I(x) , F=H= ?=@= dx J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f I= . xk = + k , F=H= ?=@= k Z. 2 0 = f (x) = x R,
K IA = I K E? I F
)F EGKA I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= A 2=H= EIJ L= A >IAHL=H GKA
?=@= K
@ I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f F=H= x R.
[ ] d df d f (x) = (x) = [? I(x)] = IA (x) , dx dx dx f (xk ) = f ( 2 ) + k = { 1 , 1,
IA k A F=H K AH , IA k A
F=H F J @A =NE
IACKA @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= GKA = BK ?= f JA

x=
?= A
+ 2k 2
A = BK ?= f JA
F J @A
E
?= A
x= + (2k + 1) , 2
F=H= k Z ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
&&
6-56- ,) 5-/7 ,) ,-418),)

6
! !
3 2
3 2
= BK ?= f A 2 FAHE @E?= >=IJ=HE= JAH =F E?=@ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= I F J I ?H

JE? I GKA FAHJA ?A = E JAHL= [, ] A KJE E =H = FAHE @E?E@=@A @= AI =
,A @ IA A D= JA JA I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E ?K = HAI K ?= IAH = @AEN=@= F=H= AEJ H
Exerc cio 8.8.2 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= x R .
IJHA I F J I @A =NE ?=EI @= BK ?= f ? HHAH= I F J I x = 2k k Z A I F J I @A

E ?=EI @= BK ?= f ? HHAH= I F J I x = (2k + 1) F=H= ?=@= k Z
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA
Exemplo 8.8.3 7
IACKE JA FH > A = =F E?=@
J= GKA A B H = @A K F=H= A AF
FA@ HAJ ? >=IA GK=@H=@= IA J= F= 3 @ALA ? JAH K L K A @A 125 m ?KIJ F H m2 F=H= ? IJHKEH = >=IA @ J= GKA A @A R 80, 00 A F=H= ? IJHKEH =I =JAH=EI @ J= GKA IAH = @A R 40, 00 - ? JHA =I @E A I AI @ J= GKA F=H= GKA ?KIJ @= ? IJHK ?= @ AI IA = A H F II
LA
Resolu c ao:
1 @EGKA
x y = Cb Cl CT V
IF H FHE A J A AJH I @ =@ @= >=IA @ J= GKA GKA AK GK=@H=@
A@E@= A
AJH I @= = JKH= @ J= GKA
?KIJ F=H= ? IJHKEH = >=IA @ J= GKA ?KIJ F=H= ? IJHKEH =I =JAHE=I @ J= GKA ?KIJ J J= F=H= ? IJHKEH L K A A J= GKA
AJH I ? K>E? I @ J= GKA
! "
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
6
AJH I

AJH I

x
AJH I
F H
L K A @ J= GKA EIJ A @ F=H= A AF

FA@ ?
V = x2 y
>=IA GK=@H=@= @A =@ x A = JKH= y IAH = @=@
5=>A
I GKA
V = 125 ,
EIJ A
x2 y = 125,
K IA =
y=
125 . x2
& "
= =HA= @= >=IA A @=@= F H x2 m2 IACKA GKA

. Cb = Cb (x) = 80 x2 ,
F=H ?=@= x (0, ).
) A
@EII = =HA= =JAH= @ J= GKA IAH = 4x.y m2 =IIE

. Cl = Cl (x) = 40.4xy = 160 xy ,
F=H= ?=@= x, y (0, ). F=H= ?=@= x, y (0, ).
2 HJ= J
CT = Cb + Cl = 80x2 + 160xy ,
)IIE
& " E F E?=H =

CT = 80 x2 + 160 x
125 20000 = 80x2 + , F=H= ?=@= x (0, ). 2 x x 2HA?EI= I A ? JH=H

E C >= @= BK ?= CT = CT (x) F=H= x (0, ) 2=H= EIJ A ? JHA I FHE AEH= A JA I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= CT = CT (x) E JAHL= x (0, ) + = BK ?= CT JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A (0, ) F EI A I = @A K = BK ?= F E E= ? K = BK ?= H=?E = GKA I IA = K = A x = 0 JA I GKA I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= CT
I ? HHAH=
@A = IK= @AHEL=@= B H AH EIJ A

d 0 = C T (x) = dx
( ) ) 20000 20000 160 ( 3 2 80x + = 160x = x 125 . x x2 x2
x (0, ) = AGK= ?= =?E = IAH = AGKEL= A JA = ) 160 ( 3 x 125 = 0 EIJ A x3 125 = 0 , K IA = x2

>0
x3 = 125 ,
x = 5.
&&
6-56- ,) 5-/7 ,) ,-418),)
! # F J ?H
JE? x = 5 @= BK ?= CT
)F EGKA I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= F=H= ? =IIE ?=H JA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) JAHA I
CT (x) =
[ ] ( ) d dCT d 20000 (40000) 40000 (x) = 160x = 160 = 160 + , dx dx dx x2 x3 x3 40000 = 480 > 0. 53 = ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= CT JA K ponto de m nimo LOCAL A CT (5) = 160 +
K IA = C @ 6AIJA @=
x=5
2=H= ?
(0, )
F AJ=H FHA?EI= I GKA
IJH= GKA
F J x=5 A
F J @A
E
C >= @= BK ?= CT
2=H= EIJ LA =
CT (x) = 160x
( ) 20000 -NAH?
?E 160 3 = x 125 . x2 x2 ) 160 ( 3 < 0, x 125 x2
>0 <0
C F=H=
0 < x < 5,
JAHA
I C T (x) =
K
5 < x,
JAHA IA ?
I C T (x) = F HJ=
) 160 ( 3 > 0, x 125 x2

>0 >0
) CKH= =>=EN
I @E ?
IE = @= BK ?= @AHEL=@= CT A
(0,
5E = @A CT (x)
0 5 +
2 HJ= J F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = BK ?= CT A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (0, 5) A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (5, ) K IA = = BK ?= CT JA K K E?

E C >= A x = 5 C B= A @ x = 5 A & " IACKA GKA
y= Conclus ao: =I @E A I AI @ J= GKA F=H= 125 = 5. 52
?KIJ @A IK= ? IJHK ?= IA =

5 5 5,
A H F II
LA IAH=
K IA = K ?K> @A =HAIJ= 5 m AIJA ?=I ?KIJ F=H= = ? IJHK ?= @
AI
IAH =
20000 = 6000 , 5
CT (5) = 80.52 +
K IA = IAH= C=IJ I R 6000, 00 F=H= = ? IJHK ?= @
AI
! $
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
8.9
Concavidade do gr aco de fun co es reais de uma vari avel real

E ?= = IACKEH ? IE@AHA AJHE?= @ CH = ? A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
Observa c ao 8.9.1 2=H= E KIJH=H = @A
I = BK ?= f : R R ?K =
y = f(x)
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
5KF D=
I GKA
[ x1 , x 5 ] (x1 , x 5 ) (x1 , x 5 )
E = BK ?= f IA = ? J
K= A
EE = BK ?= f IA = @EBAHA ?E =LA A EEE ANEIJA = >IAHLA
= @AHEL=@= @= BK ? = f EIJ A f A I GKA = IEJK= ?= =?E =
IA K F J P = (x, f(x)) LA IA I >HA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A f @ F J A = (x1 , f(x1 )) =J A F J B = (x2 , f(x2 )) K IA = GK= @ x L=HE= @A x = x1 =J A x = x2 = @A? ELE@=@A @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= F J P L=HE= @A =E H GKA AH F=H= AH K IA = = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f IAH = @A?HAI?A JA E JAHL= (x1 , x2 ) LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
x1 x2 x
&'
+)81,),
! %
>IAHLA I GKA A ?=@= F J P = (x, f(x)) @ JHA?D AB @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CH = ? @= BK ?= f = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? =?E = @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= FH FHE= BK ?= F=H= F @ F J P GKA FAHJA ?A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = =>=EN
y
CA AJHE?= @ @= BK ?= ?= J I FH NE I f LA = CKH=
}
A y = f(x)
x1 x2 x
,A @ IA A D= JA IA K F J P = (x, f(x)) LA IA I >HA @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f @ F J B = (x2 , f(x2 )) =J A F J C = (x3 , f(x3 )) K IA = GK= @ x L=HE= @A x = x2 =J A x = x3 = @A? ELE@=@A @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= F J P L=HE= @A AH F=H= K K AH A H GKA AH K IA = = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f IAH = @A?HAI?A JA E JAHL= (x2 , x3 ) LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
B P
x1
x2
x3
>IAHLA I GKA A IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= CH = ? @= FH FHE= BK CA AJHE?= @ CH = ?
?=@= F J P = (x, f(x)) @ JHA?D BC = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHA @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f ?= =?E = @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ ?= F=H= F J I FH NE I @ F J P GKA FAHJA ?A = HAFHAIA J= ?= @= BK ?= f LA = CKH= =>=EN
! &
y
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
B P = (x, f(x))
1
y = f(x) C
x1
x2
x3
! , I EJA I A =?E = F @A I ? KEH GKA A ?=@= F J P = (x, f(x)) @ JHA?D AC @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ?= =?E = @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= FH FHE= F=H= F J I FH NE I @ F J P GKA FAHJA ?A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f LA = CKH= =>=EN
y = f(x) P = (x, f(x))
R
C A
x1 x3
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA AC @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
CH = ? @= BK ? = f A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
I F J I @ JHA?D
" 2 H KJH =@ IA K F J P = (x, f(x)) LA IA I >HA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA A F J D = (x4 , f(x4 )) K IA = CH = ? @= BK ?= f @ F J C = (x3 , f(x3 )) =J L=HE= @A x = x3 =J A x = x4 = @A? ELE@=@A @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA CH = ? @= BK ? = F J P L=HE= @A K K AH A H GKA AH F=H= AH BK ? = @AHEL=@= f IAH = ?HAI?A JA E JAHL= (x3 , x4 ) LA = CKH= =>=EN
AJHE?= @ GK= @ x AJHE?= @ K IA = =
&'
+)81,),y
! '
6
y = f(x)
R
C
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
>IAHLA I GKA A ?=@= F J P = (x, f(x)) @ JHA?D CD = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f ?= =>=EN @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= FH FHE= BK ? = F=H= F J I FH NE I @ F J P GKA FAHJA ?A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f LA = CKH= =>=EN
C P = (x, f(x)) D
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
# ,A @ IA A D= JA IA K F J P = (x, f(x)) LA IA I >HA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A F J E = (x5 , f(x5 )) K IA = GK= @ @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f @ F J D = (x4 , f(x4 )) =J x L=HE= @A x = x4 =J A x = x5 = @A? ELE@=@A @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = F J P L=HE= @A AH F=H= K K AH =E H GKA AH K IA = = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f IAH = ?HAI?A JA E JAHL= (x4 , x5 ) LA = CKH= =>=EN
!!
y
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
y = f(x)
R
E P D
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
>IAHLA I GKA A ?=@= F J P = (x, f(x)) @ JHA?D DE @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f = HAJ= J= CA JA @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = ?= =>=EN = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= FH FHE= BK ?= F=H= F J I FH NE I @ F J P FAHJA?A JAI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f LA = CKH= =>=EN
P D
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
$ , I EJA I " A # =?E = F @A I ? KEH GKA A ?D CE @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = ?= =>=EN CH = ? @= FH FHE= BK ? = F=H= F J I FH NE I @ F J CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f LA = CKH= =>=EN
?=@= F J P = (x, f(x)) @ JHA ?= f = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHA @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ P GKA FAHJA ?A = HAFHAIA J= ?=
&'
+)81,),y
!!
6
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA CE @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E = AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA K F J @A E
I F J I @ JHA?D
F J C
CH = ? @= BK ? = f F=II= @A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN F=H= ? ?=L F=H= ?E = I GKA AN= F J C=
(x3 , f(x3 )) LA = CKH= =>=EN
AIJA ?=I @EHA
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
*=IA@=@
>IAHL= ?= =?E = F @A
AK
I E JH @K EH = IACKE JA @A
E ?=
,EHA I GKA CH = ? @= BK ?= f A c oncavo para cima no ponto (a, f(a)) IA F @A I A A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA I F J I @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f EIJ (x, f(x)) F=H=
x (a , a + ) \ {a} ,
Deni c ao 8.9.1 5A = A x=a
E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA
?= =?E = @ I ? HHAIF @A JAI F J I @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @= BK ? = F J (a, f(a)) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
AJHE?= @ CH = ?
!!
y
+)2 167
6
f(x) f(a)
&
):1
1 1
4AJ= J= CA JA
F J (a, f(a))
a x a+
@ IA A D= JA @EHA I GKA CH = ? @= BK ? = f A c oncavo para baixo no ponto (a, f(a)) IA F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA I F J I @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f EIJ A (x, f(x)) F=H=
x (a , a + ) \ {a} ,
,A
?= =>=EN @ I ? HHAIF @A JAI F J I HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @= BK ?= F J (a, f(a)) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
4AJ= J= CA JA
y
AJHE?= @ CH = ?
F J (a, f(a))
f(x) f(a)
y = f(x)
a x
a+
,EHA I GKA CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA K ponto de inex ao em (a, f(a)) IA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f JELAH K = HAJ= J= CA JA F J (a, f(a)) A IA F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA E F=H= ?=@= x (a , a) = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) A F=H= ?=@= x (a, a + ) = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? A ? ?=L F=H= ?E = I F J I (x, f(x)) @= BK ?= f EE K F=H= ?=@= x (a , a) = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E = I F J I (x, f(x)) A F=H= ?=@= x (a, a + ) = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x))
&'
+)81,),/H = ? ? ?=L F=H= >=EN /H = ? ? ?=L F=H= >=EN
!!!
6
y = f(x)
^
y = f(x)
f(a)
/H = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
f(a)
1
/H = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
a+
x a a a+
Observa c ao 8.9.2 ) CH II @ K F J (a, f(a)) @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH =K F J @A E AN= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AI = IA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f K@= @A ? ?=LE@=@A GK= @ F=II= FA F J (a, f(a)) =I CKH=I =?E = E KIJH= AIJ=I IEJK= ? AI
EIJ JA
Exemplo 8.9.1 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
-IJK@=H = ? ?=LE@=@A @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
Resolu c ao:
) BK ?= f JA JA I GKA
@AHEL=@=I @A J @=I =I H@A I A

f (x) = 3x2 ,
R F EI A K = BK ?= F E
E=
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
IACKA GKA = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f IAH = @A?HAI?A JA F=H= AH E JAHL= (, 0) GKA E F E?=H = GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x (, 0) ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ,A @ IA A D= JA = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f IAH = ?HAI?A JA = F=HJEH @ L= H AH E JAHL= (0, ) GKA E F E?=H = GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E = I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J )IIE F @A I ? ? KEH GKA CH = ? @= BK ?= f JAH = K F J @A E AN= F J (0, f(0)) = = @A ? ?=LE@=@A GK= @ F=II= FA F J (0, 0) F EI CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA K = K@= ? (0, f(0)) = (0, 0) ) CKH= =>=EN I @ = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
!!"
6
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
y = x3

(0, f(0)
/H = ? @= BK ?=
? ?=L F=H= ?E =
I 6
2 J @A E AN= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
f
/H = ? @= BK ?=
? ?=L F=H= >=EN
Observa c ao 8.9.3
,= ,A E ?= @A F J @A E AN= JA I GKA CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA K F J @A E AN= A (a, f(a)) IA A I A JA IA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JELAH K = K@= ?= @A ? ?=LE@=@A GK= @ F=II= FA F J (a, f(a)) LAH CKH= =?E = >IAHLA
x=a
I GKA IA = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A K E JAHL= ? JA @
F J
- J= = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN F J (a, f(a)) IA A I A JA IA F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f B H AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A (a , a + ) =I EIJ FA 6A HA = & # EJA @ A AGKEL= A JA = @E AH GKA = BK ?= = @AHEL=@= f A A H GKA AH E JAHL= (a , a + ) K IA =
f (x) < 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a + ).
> @A @ IA A D= JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E = F J (a, f(a)) IA A I A JA IA F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA = BK ? = @AHEL=@= f B H AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (a , a + ) =I EIJ FA 6A HA = & # EJA > A AGKEL= A JA = @E AH GKA = BK ? = = @AHEL=@= f A =E H GKA AH E JAHL= (a , a + ) K IA =
f (x) > 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a + ).
! + ? IAGKA ?E= @ I EJA I =?E = JA I GKA IA = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA K F J @A E AN= A (a, f(a)) A A J= @ALAHA I JAH
f (a) = 0,
K IA =
F J x = a @ALAH = IAH K
F J ?H
JE? @= BK ? = @AHEL=@= f
" 2 @A ? HHAH @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = f JAH K F J @A ao IAH @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA F J x=a ? E AN= A (a, f(a)) A = BK ? = f n IJH= IACKE JA ANA F
&'
+)81,),-
!!#
. f(x) = 3 x ,
5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R.
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ? = f n ao A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = 0 ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H 2 HJ= J = BK ?= f = IAH = @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = 0 2 H A F J (0, f(0)) A K F J @A E AN= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f ,A B=J >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R \ {0} ) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H ) A @EII JA I GKA
1 1 1 2 f (x) = x 3 1 = x 3 , 3 3
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}, I GKA F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}.
A?
EIJ JAHA
2 2 2 5 f (x) = x 3 1 = x 3 , 9 9
2 HJ= J E IA IACKA GKA f (x) > 0 , CH = ? @= BK ? = f IAH = ? ?=L F=H= ?E =

x < 0,
E F E?= @ GKA F=H= ?=@= x (, 0) EE F H KJH =@ IA E F E?= @ GKA F=H= ?=@= x (0, )
I F J I (x, f(x))
IACKA GKA f (x) < 0 , CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = ? ?=L F=H= >=EN

x > 0,
I F J I (x, f(x))
C @ I EJA I E A EE F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= F J (0, f(0)) BK ? = f JA K F J @A E AN= ) CKH= =>=EN I @ = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f
y
6
y = f(x)
/H = ? @= BK ?= f ? ?=L F=H= >=EN
(0, f(0))
]
/H = ? @= BK ?= f ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
!!$
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
2 @A I HAIK EH =I >IAHL= ? AI =?E = I IACKE JAI HAIK J=@ I ?K =I @A IJH= ? AI IACKA @ I ? HHAIF @A JAI EJA I @= >IAHL= ?= =?E = EIJ A F=H= AIJK@ @= ? ?=LE@=@A @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= JA I
Teorema 8.9.1 5A = A K E JAHL= =>AHJ HA ?E =LA A A A a A 5A F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA
@A R f : A R K = BK ? = @K=I LA AI @EBA
E F=H=
x (a , a + ) ,
JA
I f (x) < 0 , IF J I
A J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = ? ?=L F=H= >=EN (x, f(x)) F=H= x (a , a + ) EE F=H=
x (a , a + ) ,
JA
I f (x) > 0 , I
A J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = ? ?=L F=H= ?E = F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x (a , a + )

Demonstra c ao:
8AH 2=H=
EJA
@= >IAHL= ?= =?E = AN= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= JA I
AIJK@ @ I F J I @A E
Teorema 8.9.2 5A = A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ? = @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A A AN?AJ ALA JK= A JA A x = a 5A F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA
E f (x) < 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a , a) K EE f (x) > 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a , a) A J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
(a, f(a)) Demonstra c ao:
f (x) > 0
F=H= x (a, a + )
A f (x) < 0 F=H= ?=@= x (a, a + ) K F J @A E AN= F J
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f JA
8AH
EJA
@= >IAHL= ?= =?E = I IACKE JA HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA F=H= AIJK@
+ ? IAGKA ?E= @=I >IAHL= ? AI =?E = JA @= ? ?=LE@=@A @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?=

Teorema 8.9.3 5A = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A K
E JAHL= K
=>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ? = @K=I LA AI F J @A E AN= F J (a, f(a)) A J= @ALAHA I JAH
5A
CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
f (a) = 0. Observa c ao 8.9.4
&'
+)81,),-
!!%
5ACKA @= >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA I ! A " GKA K F J @A E AN= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= f I A JA F @AH = ? HHAH I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ? = = @AHEL=@= EIJ A @A = BK ?= = @AHEL=@= f A AH K @A = BK ?= = @AHEL=@= = B H @EBAHA ?E =LA @
E @= AI = EIJ A @A = BK ? = f = ANEIJA *=IA=@ EJA =?E = F=H= A ? JH=H I I F J I @A E AN= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = @=@= FH ?KH=HA I I F J I @A = = @AHEL=@= A AH A @A = = @AHEL=@= = ANEIJA K IA = I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= @AHEL=@= f ) IACKEH =F E?=HA ? =IIE ?=H I AI I A ?=@= @AIIAI F J I I 6A HA =I & ' A & ' F=H= JA J=H I @ F J @A LEIJ= @ AIJK@ @= ? ?=LE@=@A A @A F J @A E AN=
10.05.2013 - 25.a
)F E?=HA
I AII=I J A? E?=I = IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 8.9.2 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
& #
- ? JHA ?=LE@=@A AL *=IA=@ CH = ? @= BK

Resolu c ao:
I ANJHA I ?=EI I F J I @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A = ? J=@= F=H= ?E = F=H= >=EN A I F J I @A E AN= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f =I E B H = ? AI =?E = >JE@=I B= ?= K AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ ?= f
@AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A F EI A K = BK ?= F E E= & $
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA JA I J= > A GKA
. f (x) = 3x2 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
+ A ?=HA I A ? JH= @ I ANJHA I ?=EI @= BK ?= f 2=H= EIJ A ? JHA I I F J I ?H

JE? I @= BK ?= f + = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R IACKA GKA IAKI F J I ?H
JE? I ? HHAH= @AHEL=@= B H AH K IA = x R J=EI GKA f (x) = 0. =I
@A = BK ?=
0 = f (x) = 3x 1 ,
& $
GKA E F E?=H =A
3 x1 = 3
1 x = 3
2
K IA =
3 x= , 3
EIJ A IK E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f IAH= A
3 x2 = . 3
+ = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R A F=HJE?K =H A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F @A I JA J=H =F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= F=H= ? =IIE ?=H I F J I ?H
JE? I =?E = @ F J @A LEIJ= @A ANJHA I ?=EI 6A I GKA f (x) = 6x , F=H= ?=@= x R . & %
!!& E +
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
( ) 3 & % 3 f (x1 ) = f = 6 > 0, 3 3

FA 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= A 6A HA = & & EJA EIJ @A

E EE + ?= A
3 x= 3
EE IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA
F J
( ) 3 & % 3 f (x2 ) = f = 6 < 0, 3 3

FA 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= EIJ A 6A HA = & & EJA @A A? =NE ?= A

3 x= 3
E IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA
F J
EIJ A ? JH= I J @ I I F J I @A ANJHA I ?=EI @= BK ?= f - ? JHA I I F J I @A E AN= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f 2=H= EIJ A ? JHA I I F J I ?H

JE? I @= BK ?= = @AHEL=@= EIJ A @= BK ?= f + = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R A F=HJE?K =H A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R IACKA GKA I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= = @AHEL=@= EIJ A @= BK ?= f I ? HHAH= @A = BK ?= = @AHEL=@= EIJ A = BK ?= f B H AH K IA =
0 = f (x) = 6x ,
& %
K IA =
x = 0.
C I ANEIJA K f = I=>AH F J >IAHLA E F=H= I GKA
?= @E@=J = F J @A E
AN= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
(0, f(0)) = (0, 0).
x < 0,
JAHA
I f (x) = 6x < 0 .
f JA
C FA 6A HA = & ' EJA E IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= ? ?=LE@=@A L J=@= F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x < 0 I f (x) = 6x > 0 .
EE F=H=
x > 0,
JAHA
C FA 6A HA = & ' EJA EE IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA ? ?=LE@=@A L J=@= F=H= ?E = I F J I (x, f(x)) IA x > 0 K 2 HJ= J FA 6A HA = & ' IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F J @A E AN= F J (0, f(0)) = (0, 0) + AIJ=I E B H = ? AI F @A I ? IJHKEH = IACKE JA J=>A = AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
&'
+)81,),-
!!' IE = @A f IE = @A f
f(x)
3 x< 3 3 x= 3 3 <x<0 3
?HAI?A JA A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= >=EN
=NE
?= A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= >=EN
@A?HAI?A JA A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= =>=EN
x=0 3 0<x< 3 3 x= 3 3 <x 3
@A?HAI?A JA A F J @A E
AN=
@A?HAI?A JA A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
?= A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
?HAI?A JA A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
*=IA=@ = J=>A = =?E = F @A I B= AH K BK ?= f GKA A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @=
!"
=NE ?=
y
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
6
( ) 3 f 3
/H = ? ? ?=L F=H= >=EN
U
3 3
3 3
>
2 J @A E AN=
Y
( ) f
3 3
/H = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
?=
) IACKEH JA
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 8.9.1 5A = f : R R K = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . ? ?=L F=H= ?E = A
- ? JHA I F J I I F J I @A E AN= @
Resolu c ao:
@A CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN AI
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R C I F J I @A E AN= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f I F @AH= ? HHAH AH EIJ A f (x) = 0 , F=H= ?=@= x R . JA I GKA
f (x) = IA (x) ,
@A = BK ?=
= @AHEL=@= A
F=H= ?=@= x R , F=H= ?=@= x R .
=IIE C
IACKA GKA
f (x) = ? I(x) ,
0 = f (x) = ? I(x)
IA A I
2
A JA IA
x=
+ k , 2
F=H= ?=@= k Z .
-
3 2
3 2
&'
+)81,),-
!"
)IIE
I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f IAH=
x= + k , 2
F=H= ?=@= k Z . @ I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?=
-IJK@A I IE = @= BK ?= = @AHEL=@= f >IAHLA I GKA E F=H= x ,

( ) JAHA 2 2
= @AHEL=@= f = F=II=H F H ?=@= K
I
f (x) = ? I(x)
<x< ? I(x)>0 2 2
<
0.
C @ 6A HA = & ' IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = ( ) ? ?=L F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= ?=@= x , EE F=H= x
( 3 , 2 2 ) 2 2
JAHA
I
f (x) = ? I(x)
<x< 3 2 2
>
? I(x)<0
0.
F=H= ?E = EEE F=H= x
C @ 6A HA = & ' IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA ( J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L ) I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= ?=@= x
) 3 , 2 2 (
3 , 2 2
JAHA
I
f (x) = ? I(x)
5E = @= BK ?=
+
2 3 2
3 <x<2 ? 2
<
I(x)>0
0.
C @ 6A HA = & ' IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA ?=) CA ( J= 3 , 2 F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x
2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L
2 HJ= J @ 6A HA = & ' A @ I EJA I =?E = F @A IF J I @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA F J I @A E AN=

( 2 ,f ( )) 2 = ( 2 ) ,0
I ? ? KEH GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

( 3 2 )) = ( ) 3 ,0 . 2
AJHE?=
3 ,f 2
7JE E = @ B=J GKA = BK ?= f A 2 FAHE @E?= F @A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H=
( ) x + 2k , + 2k , 2 2
I ? ? KEH GKA
CH = ? @= BK ?= f A
F=H= ?=@= k Z ,
!" A CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E =

( x )
+)2 167
&
):1
1 1
I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H=

,
3 + 2k , + 2k 2 2 ( 2
F=H= ?=@= k Z .
)
)IIE
CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
( 2 + k , f
F J I @A E
)) + k =
( 2
AN=
IF J I F=H= ?=@= k Z .
+ k, 0 ,
)IIE ? =I E B H = ? AI =?E = A KJE E = @ -NAH?

?E & & GKA I B H A?A I F J I @A =NE A
E ?=EI @= BK ?= f F @A I >JAH = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
6
(, ? 1
I())
/
2 3 2
3 2
,A
@ = = C F @A
I =F E?=H =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I AIJA +=F

JK F=H=
. f(x) = (1 2x)3 ,
JH=J=H
Exerc cio 8.9.2 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R . ? ?=
,AJAH E =H I F J I @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f GKA JAA LE@=@A F=H= ?E = F=H= >=EN A I F J I @A E AN= @ AI
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A F EI A = A ? F IJ= @A BK ? AI GKA JA AII= FH FHEA@=@A LAHE GKA C I F J I @A E AN= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @ALAH= ? HHAH @A = BK ?= = @AHEL=@= EIJ A @= BK ?= f B H AH K IA =
x R,
J= GKA f (x) = 0 .
=I
f (x)
4ACH= @= +=@AE=
3(1 2x)2 .(2) = 6(1 2x)2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , F=H= ?=@= x R .

1 x= , 2
=IIE C
IACKA GKA
f (x)
4ACH= @= +=@AE=
6.2.(1 2x).(2) = 24(1 2x) , ( 1 x 2 ) ,
0 = f (x) = 24(1 2x) = 12
K IA =
&'
+)81,),-
!"! F J x1 =
1 2
K IA = K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= = @AHEL=@= EIJ A @= BK ?= f A >IAHLA I GKA E F=H= x <
1 A J= 2 f (x) = 12 ( ) > 0.
1 x 2
x< 1 2
> 0
F=H= ?E =
C @ 6A HA = & ' IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?) = CA ( I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x

1 JAHA 2 1 , 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L
EE F H KJH =@ F=H= x >
I
f (x) = 12
1 x 2
x> 1 2
) < 0.
< 0
F=H= >=EN
C @ 6A HA = & ' IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA ?= CA ) ( J= I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x

1 , 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L
2 HJ= J FA 6A HA = & ' A @ I EJA I E A EE =?E = F @A BK ?= f JA K F J @A E AN= F J

( 1 ,f 2
2
I ? ? KEH GKA
CH = ? @=
( )) ( ) 1 1 = ,0 . 2 2
+
f (x) = 6 (1 2x) < 0 ,
<0 >0
F=H= ?=@=
{ } 1 xR\ , 2 R =IIE
IACKA FA 6A HA = & # GKA = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A = IACKE JA J=>A = IE = @A f (x) IE = @A f

x< 1 2 1 2 + f(x)
F @A
J=H
AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= ?E =
x=
CH = ? JA
F J @A E
AN=
1 <x 2
AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A CH = ? ? ?=L F=H= =>=EN AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
f @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
*=IA=@
AIJAI @=@ I F @A
I B= AH K
!""
y
+)2 167
6
&
):1
1 1
y = (1 2x)3
-x
1 2
Observa c ao 8.9.5
+ =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I = JA HE= @A ANJHA I ?=EI EIJ A 6AIJAI @= = A @= = ,AHEL=@= A @ AIJK@ @= ? ?=LE@=@A @ CH = ? @A BK ? AI F @A I >JAH = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A BK ? AI F E =EI A =EI CAH= A JA @= BK ?= IA ? IIA =H? IA =H? ? IIA ? IIA DEFAH> E? IA DEFAH> E? =H? ? IIA DEFAH> E? =H? IA DEFAH> E? A BK ? AI ? F IJ=I A L LA @ =I AI =I ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H AIJK@ A = >JA ? = @=I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI =?E = KJE E = @ =I BAHH= A J=I @AIA L LE@=I AIJA ?=F
JK 2=H= >JAH I =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I KJH=I BK ? AI > =IE?=I GKA =F=HA?AH= +=F
JK ! FHA?EI=HA I @=I J A? E?=I GKA IAH= @AIA L LE@=I FH NE ?=F
JK = I=>AH = E JH @K ?= @=I HAJ=I =II
J J=I D HE J=EI A LAHJE?E=EI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?=
Cap tulo 9
Limites no Innito ou Innito de fun c oes reais de uma var avel real
+ A ?=HA I JH= J= @ I @A E =@ I limites no innito
9.1
Motiva c ao e deni c oes de limites no innito

IE@AHA I = BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = 1 , 1 + x2
F=H= ?=@= x R .
>IAHLA I GKA B= A @ = L=HE =LA x =IIK EH L= HAI F IEJEL I ?=@= LA =E HAI JA I GKA I HAIFA?JEL I L= HAI @= BK ? = AIJAI F J I EIJ A f(x) EH= =FH NE =H IA @A AH 2=H= E KIJH=H EIJ LA = I = IACKE JA J=>A = =>=EN
x f (x)
1 =1 1 + 02 1 1 = 2 1+1 2 1 1 = 1 + 22 5 1 1 = 2 1 + 10 101 1 1 = 1 + 1002 100001 0
10
100
!"#
!"$
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA f(x) JA @A = AH GK= @ x JA @A = ,A @ IA A D= JA B= A @ = L=HE =LA x =IIK EH L= HAI AC=JEL I ?=@= LA A HAI JA I GKA I HAIFA?JEL I L= HAI @= BK ? = AIJAI F J I EIJ A f(x) EH= =FH NE =H IA @A AH 2=H= E KIJH=H EIJ LA = I = IACKE JA J=>A = =>=EN
x f(x)
1 =1 1 + 02 1 1 = 2 1 + (1) 2 1 1 = 1 + (2)2 5 1 1 = 1 + (10)2 101 1 1 = 2 1 + (100) 100001 0
10
100
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA f(x) JA @A = AH GK= @ x JA @A = ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y=
1 1+x2
??
,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f =?E =
,A @ =EI FHA?EI JA I=
AEJ H ? =IIE?=H I F J I ?H
JE? I A AIJK@=H = ? ?=LE@=@A
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
!"%
Deni c ao 9.1.1 5A = f : (a, ) R A L R ,EHA I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a e L @A

x
J= @ F H
f(x) = L K > a @A
IA @=@ > 0 F @AH
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? IA x > K , JAHA
@ GKA
I |f(x) L| < .
Observa c ao 9.1.2
) ,A
E ?= =?E =
I @E GKA
f(x) = L,
IA A I A JA IA f(x) ?= J= FAHJ @A L GK= J IA GKAEH= @AI@A GKA x IA = IK ?EA JA A JA CH= @A = IEJK= ?= @= ,A E ?= =?E = @EHA I GKA f(x) tende a L, quando x tende a AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA I = IACKE JA ! , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA CKH=
y
6
L+ f(x) L L
y = f(x)
,A
@ IA A D= JA JA
I=
Deni c ao 9.1.2 5A = f : (, b) R A M R ,EHA I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a e M @A

x
J= @ F H
f(x) = M, K 0 F @AH
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? IA x < K , JAHA
I |f(x) M| < .
Observa c ao 9.1.3
) ,A
E ?= =?E =
I @E GKA
f(x) = M,
IA A I A JA IA f(x) ?= J= FAHJ @A M GK= J IA GKAEH= @AI@A GKA x IA = AC=JEL A A @K IK ?EA JA A JA CH= @A
!"&
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
= IEJK= ?= @= ,A
E ?= =?E = @EHA
I GKA f(x) tende a M, quando x tende a AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f JA

y y = f(x)
! , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA CKH=
I = IACKE JA
6
M+ f(x) M M
K b
"
I E EJAI =?E = IAH= @A

I = IACKEH
E =@ I limites no innito @= BK ? = f @=@=
+ IE@AH=HA
IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 9.1.1 5A = f : R \ {0} R = BK ?= @=@= F H . 1 f(x) = , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} . A

E
f(x) = 0 ,
IJHA GKA K IA =
f(x) = 0
1 1 = E = 0. x x x
Resolu c ao:
IJHA
I GKA
x
1 = 0. x
2=H= EIJ @=@ > 0 AI? D=
I K R @A
K>
@ GKA
1 > 0. .
'
C IA x > K , K IA = IJHA I
x
IACKA GKA
|f(x) L|
1 f(x)= x , L= 0
1 x>0 1 0 = x x
x>K>0
<
1 (9.1) < , K
1 = 0. x x
1 = 0. x
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
!"'
2=H= EIJ @=@ > 0 AI? D=
I K R @A
K>
@ GKA
1 > 0. 1 x<0 1 0 = x x
x>K>0
'
1 (9.2) < , K
C IA x < K , K IA = , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

1 y= x
IACKA GKA
|f(x) L| =
<
1 = 0. x x
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
y
I = IACKE JA CKH=
6 j

? 6
9.2
8= A
Propriedades de limites no innito

=I FH FHEA@=@AI KIK=EI @A E EJAI F=H= E EJAI A
K
=EI FHA?EI= JA JA
I=
Proposi c ao 9.2.1 7 E?E@=@A @
E EJA A
KA
E 5A = f : (a, ) R K = BK ? = 5A ANEIJEH E EJA E f(x) A

x x
f (x) = L ,
A J= L R IAH =
K E?
K AH HA= ?
AII= FH FHEA@=@A
EE 5A = g : (, b) R K = BK ?= 5A ANEIJEH E EJA E g(x) A

x x
g(x) = M ,
A J= M R IAH =
Demonstra c ao:
K E?
K AH HA= ?
AII= FH FHEA@=@A
.=HA I = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA E ) @A IJH= ?= @ EJA EE IAH = @AEN=@= ? 5KF D= I GKA
ANAH?
?E F=H=
x
AEJ H
L = E
f(x).
!# IJHA I GKA
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
L = L .
2=H= EIJ @=@ > 0 ?

x
f(x) = L,
@ALAH = ANEIJEH K1 > 0 ?
K1 > a J= GKA
IA x > K1 , ,A @ IA A D= JA ? E
JAHA
I |f(x) L| < .
' !
f(x) = L ,
@ALAH = ANEIJEH K2 > 0 ?
K2 > a J= GKA
IA x > K2 JAHA C
I |f(x) L | < .
' "
|L L | = |L + [f(x) + f(x)] L | = |[L f(x)] + [f(x) L ]| |L f(x)| + |f(x) L | ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, ) - F=HJE?K =H IA JAHA I GKA
. x>K=
=N{K1 , K2 }
' #,(9.3),(9.4)
' #
= , 2
|L L | |L f(x)| + |f(x) L |
<
F=H= J @ > 0
GKA E F E?=H =A
L = L ?
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
KJH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA =

Proposi c ao 9.2.2
E 5A = f : (a, ) R K = BK ?= 5A ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A J= F @A I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? K > a J= GKA = HAIJHE ?= x @= BK ?= f = E JAHL= (K, ) IAH = K = BK ? = A E EJ=@= A (K, ) EIJ A F @A I A ? JH=H M > 0 J= GKA
|f(x)| M ,
F=H= ?=@= x (K, ) .
EE 5A = g : (, b) R K = BK ?= 5A ANEIJA E EJA E g(x) A J= F @A I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? K 0 J= GKA
|g(x)| M ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, K) .
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
!#
Demonstra c ao:
.=HA I = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA E ) @A IJH= ?= @ EJA EE IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= + ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A x E f(x) = L ,
x
AEJ H
@=@ = 1 F @A
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? IA x > K ,
K > a J= GKA
JAHA
I |f(x) L| < = 1 .
' $
C IA x > K JAHA
I
(9.6)
|f(x)| |L| |f(x) L| < 1,
E F E?= @ A
|f(x)| < |L| + 1 ,
K IA = = HAIJHE ?= @= BK ?= f = E JAHL= |L| + 1 ? GKAH

= I @A IJH=H 6A I J= > A =
(K, ) IAH = K = BK ?= A E EJ=@= >=IJ= @A
EH M =
Proposi c ao 9.2.3
E 5A = f : (a, ) R K = BK ? = -NEIJA E EJA E f(x) A

x x
f(x) = L
IA A I
A JA IA ANEIJA
E [f(x) L] A
x
E [f(x) L] = 0.
EE 5A = g : (, b) R K = BK ?= -NEIJA E EJA E g(x) A

x x
g (x) = M
IA A I
A JA IA ANEIJA
E EJA
[g(x) M] A [g(x) M] = 0.
Demonstra c ao:
.=HA I = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA E ) @A IJH= ?= @ EJA EE IAH = @AEN=@= ? 6A I GKA ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A
x x
ANAH?
?E F=H=
f(x) = L
AEJ H
IA A I
A JA IA @=@ > 0 F @A
A A ? JH=H K > 0 ? JAHA
K > a J= GKA
IA x > K , K AGKEL= A JA A JA
I |f(x) L| <
|[f(x) L] 0| < ,
!# K =E @= ANEIJA
x
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
E [f(x) L] A
x
E [f(x) L] = 0 ,
IJH= @ AGKEL= A ?E= 6A I IACKE JA ANA F

C R A f : R R BK ? = @=@= F H . f (x) = C ,
Exemplo 9.2.1 5A =
F=H= ?=@= x R .
f(x) A = A
x
- J=
ANEIJA
I E EJA E
f(x)
@EII
f(x) =
f(x) = C .
Resolu c ao:
.=HA I = @A IJH= ?= @ ?=I x ) @A IJH= ?= @ ?=I x IAH = @AEN=@= ? >IAHLA I GKA @=@ > 0 ? IE@AHA I
. K = 1.
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
EIJ
IA x > K = 1
IACKA GKA |f(x) C| = |C C| = 0 < ,

x
IJH= @ GKA ? = H = I
f(x) = C ,
HAIK J=@ = IACKEH IAH = @A

KEJ= KJE E@=@A
? = ?K @A E EJAI
EJ
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
f, g : (a, ) R @K=I BK ? AI I E EJAI E f(x) E g(x) A = A

x x x
@EII
f(x) = L
g (x) = M .
- J= = ANEIJEH = E EJA E [f + g](x) A = A

x x
@EII
E [f + g](x) = L + M ,
f(x) + E g(x) .
EIJ A > ANEIJEH =
x x
E [f + g](x) = E
@EII
x
E [f.g](x) = L.M ,
f(x). E g(x) .
EIJ A
E [f.g](x) = E
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
!#!
? IA M = 0 ANEIJEH =
( ) f E EJA E (x) A = A x g
x
@EII
L , M
E [ ](x) =
f g
EIJ A
( ) E f(x) f (x) = x . E x g E g (x)

x
Demonstra c ao:
, EJA = ,=@ > 0 ?
ANEIJA
I E EJAI E
x
f(x)
g (x) A = A g(x) = M ,
@EII
f(x) = L
F @A
I A ? JH=H K1 , K2 > 0 ?
K1 , K2 > a J=EI GKA
IA x > K1 , A C IA ? IE@AH=H JAHA I IA x > K2 ,

. K=
JAHA JAHA
I |f(x) L| 0
I GKA F=H= x > K A J=

x > K K1 , x > K K2 , , 2 @A ' & IACKA GKA |g(x) M| < , 2
@A ' % IACKA GKA |f(x) L| <
' ' '
=IIE
IA x > K IACKA GKA

|[f + g](x) (L + M)| = |(f(x) L) + (g(x) M)| |f(x) L| + |g(x) M|
(9.9), (9.10)
<
+ = , 2 2
EIJ A ANEIJA
E EJA E [f + g](x) A = A
x x
@EII
E [f + g](x) = L + M ,
F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA = , EJA > ,=@ > 0 ? ANEIJA E EJA E g(x) FA = 2H F IE ?= ' x K1 > 0 ? K1 > a A C > 0 J= GKA IA x > K1 , ) A @EII ? ANEIJA A K1 , K2 > a J=EI GKA I E EJAI E
x
EJA
E F @A
I A ? JH=H '
JAHA
I | g (x)| C .
x
f(x) = L A E
g(x) = M F @A , 2C
I A ? JH=H K2 , K3 > 0 '
IA x > K2 JAHA
I |f(x) L| <
!#" A 5A = 5A x > K JAHA I

x > K K1 , x > K K2 , x > K K3 ,
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
. 2[|L| + 1]
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
IA x > K3 ,
. K=
JAHA
I |g(x) M| <
' !
=N{K1 , K2 , K3 , a} > 0 . I I
|g(x)| C ; . 2[|L| + 1
@A ' JAHA @A ' JAHA @A ' ! JAHA
' " ' # ' $
I |f(x) L| < ; 2C |g(x) M| <
C IA x > K A J= x > K1 x > K2 A x > K3 =IIE
JAHA
I
.C + |L| 2C 2[|L| + 1]
|[f.g](x) L.M| = |f(x).g(x) L.g(x) + L.g(x) LM| |f(x).g(x) L.g(x)| + |L.g(x) LM| = |f(x) L||g(x)| + |L||g(x) M|
|L| <1 |L|+1
(9.14),(9.15),(9.16)
<
<
+ = , 2 2
IJH= @ GKA ? F AJ= @ = @A , EJA ? 5A IJH=H IJH= ?= @ EJA >
E [f.g](x) = L.M ,
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E
( ) 1 (x) A = A @EII x g ( ) 1 1 (x) = , E x g M
KJE E = @ IA
EJA
> JAHA
( ) ( ) f 1 1 L [EJA >] E (x) = E f. (x) = L. = , x g x g M M
I GKA
F AJ= @ = @A IJHA
IJH= ?= @ EJA E EJA E
I GKA ANEIJA
? ( )
1 g
(x) A = A
@EII
( ) 1 1 E (x) = , x g M
2=H= EIJ @=@ > 0 ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E
x
g(x) A
g(x) = M ,
IACKA GKA F @A
I A ? JH=H K1 , K2 > 0 ?
K1 , K2 > a J=EI GKA |M| , 2 |M|2 I |g(x) M| 2
IA x > K1 , JAHA IA x > K2 , JAHA
I |g(x) M|
' % ' &
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
. |M| = 2
(9.17)
!##
F=H= >JAH ' % J = C IA x > K1 JAHA

|M| |g(x)|
I I
= ,A
E ?= @A E EJA A
|a||b||ab|
|M g(x)| = |g(x) M| <
|M| , 2
K IA =
|M| |g(x)| <
|M| . 2
C ?
M = 0 JAHA
I GKA
|g(x)| > 2 , |M|
F=H= x > K1 ,
K IA = IA x > K1 JAHA I
1 2 < , |g(x)| |M|
' ' I
8= A >IAHL=H GKA IAH = IJH=@ =EI =@E= JA LA = 6A HA = ' GKA IA M = 0 A J= JAHA g(x) = 0 F=H= x IK ?EA JA A JA CH= @A + IE@AHA I . K = =N{K1 , K2 , a} > 0 . C IA x > K JAHA I x > K1 A x > K2 =IIE
' & |M|2
<
2
( ) 1 2 |g(x) M| 1 1 |g(x) M| M g (x) (x) < = = g M g(x).M |g(x)| |M| |M| |M|
' '
<
2 M
<
2 |M|2 = , |M|2 2 ( ) 1 1 E (x) = x g M
IJH= @ GKA
A? +
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @= 2H F IE ?= I
A = A
Corol ario 9.2.1 +
@EII
=I DEF JAIA @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA

x
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E [f g](x)
x
E [f g](x) = L M ,
f(x) E g(x) .
K IA =
x
E [f g](x) = E
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
[f g](x) = {f + [(1).g]}(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, ) .
!#$
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
C @ I EJA I = > @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = A @ -NA F

x
' =?E = IACKA GKA

=
x
E [f g](x) = E {f + [(1).g]}(x)
x
2H F =?E = EJA
f(x) + E
[(1).g](x)
2H F =?E = EJA
>
x x
f(x) + E
(1). E g(x)
g(x)
-NA F
'
f(x) + (1). E g (x) ,
= E
f(x) E
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
Observa c ao 9.2.1
8= A I HAIK J=@ I = = C I = 2H F IE ?= ' " A = + H =HE ' F=H= E EJA A EIJ A F=H= ?=I x ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H I HAIFA?JEL I A K?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI 2 @A I AIJA @AH I HAIK J=@ I =?E = F=H= K K AH EJ @A BK ? AI GKA JA D= E EJA A K A ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H I HAIFA?JEL I A K?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI ! + ? IAGKA ?E= @ EJA =?E = JA GKA ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A
x
I GKA IA n N f : (a, ) R A K = BK ? = J=
x
f(x) = L
A J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E [f(x)]n A = A
x x
@EII
E [f(x)]n = Ln ,
[
EIJ A
[fn (x)] =
]n f (x) .
" 8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C = ?EJ=@ EJA =?E = F=H= E EJAI A EIJ A F=H= ?=I x ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H I HAIFA?JEL I A K?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI
) IACKEH ANE>EHA J= JAI I = CK I HAIK J=@ I CAH=EI HA =?E =@ I ? E EJAI E EJ GKA IAH= E F H
Teorema 9.2.1 6A HA = @= ?
BK ? = 5KF D=
IAHL= ?= @ IE = F=H= E EJAI

x
EJ 5A = f : (a, ) R
I GKA ANEIJ=
E EJA E
f(x) A
f(x) = L = 0.
- J= F @A I A ? JH=H K > 0 @A @ GKA F=H= J @ x > K JAHA I GKA f(x) JAH = AI IE = @A L =EI FHA?EI= A JA IA L > 0 JAHA I f(x) > 0 F=H= x > K A IA L < 0 JAHA I f(x) < 0 F=H= x > K
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
!#%
Demonstra c ao:
,A B=J ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E
f(x) A
x
f(x) = L = 0, K > a J= GKA | L| , 2
@=@ =
. |L| > 0 F EI L = 0 F @AHA 2
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ?
IA x > K , K AGKEL= A JA A JA
IACKA GKA |f(x) L| =

| L| |L| < f(x) L < , 2 2
(2) |L| (1) | L| < f (x) < L + . 2 2
K =E @=
L
JA I GKA IA L > 0 A J= |L| = L AIJA ?=I F=H= x > K JAHA I @= @AIECK= @=@A GKA
f(x) > L |L| L L = L = > 0. 2 2 2
2 H KJH =@ IA L < 0 A J= |L| = L AIJA ?=I F=H= x > K JAHA I @=@ AIECK= @=@A GKA
f(x) < L + L L |L| = L = < 0, 2 2 2
IJH= @ A GKAH
= I @A
= > I I ?=I I GKA F=H= x > K JA IJH=H
I GKA f(x) JA
AI
IE = @A L ?
Observa c ao 9.2.2 8= A K HAIK J=@ EIJ A F=H= ?=I x
= = C @ ?EJ=@ AEJ H
EJA
=?E = F=H= E EJAI A IJH= ?=
,AEN=HA
+
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
I
HAIFA?JEL A K?E=@ A @A
? IAGKA ?E= JA
Corol ario 9.2.2 5A = f : (a, ) R BK ? =
5KF D=
I GKA
f(x) 0 ,
F=H=
E
x (a, ),
A GKA ANEIJA - J=
E EJA E
f(x) A
x
f (x) = L .
L 0.
!#&
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
5KF D=
I GKA
f(x) 0 ,
F=H=
E
x (a, ),
A GKA ANEIJA - J=
E EJA E
f(x) A
x
f(x) = L .
L 0. Demonstra c ao:
.=HA I = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA ) @A IJH= ?= @ EJA A IA A D= JA A IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= 5KF D= I GKA f(x) 0 , F=H= x (a, ). IJHA I GKA
L 0.
AEJ H '
8= H IKF H F H =>IKH@ GKA L < 0 C @ 6A HA = =?E = F @A I A ? JH=H K > 0 ?

f(x) < 0 ,
K > a @A
@ GKA
F=H=
x > K.
GKA ? JH=HE= = DEF JAIA ' ?
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
= = C @ ?EJ=@ AEJ H
EJA
,AEN=HA
6A
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
HAIFA?JEL A K?E=@ A @A
I J= > A
Teorema 9.2.2 6A HA = @= ?
BK ? AI GKA I=JEIB= A 5KF D=
F=H= ?= F=H= E EJAI
EJ 5A =
f, g : (a, ) R
f(x) g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, ).

f(x)
x
'
I GKA ANEIJA
I E EJAI E
x
g (x) A = A g (x) = M .
@EII
f(x) = L
- J=
L M,
EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
f(x) E
g (x).
5KF D=
I F H =>IKH@ GKA L > M EIJ A

x
f(x) > E
g(x),
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
!#'
K IA =
0< E
x
f(x) E
g(x)
+ H =HE '
E [f(x) g(x)]. 1 EJ EIJ A 6A HA = '
F @A
@ 6A HA = @= + LAHL= ?= @ 5E = F=H= E EJAI I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? K > a @A @ GKA IA x > K , JAHA
I 0 < f(x) g(x),
GKA ? JH=HE= ' 2 HJ= J L M K =E @=

x
f(x) E
g(x),
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
Observa c ao 9.2.4 8= A K F=H= ?=I x
HAIK J=@ = = C = 6A HA = =?E = F=H= E EJAI A AEJ H HAIFA?JEL A K?E=@ A = @A
EIJ A
,AEN=HA
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
IJH= ?=

Teorema 9.2.3 6A HA = @ ? BH (a, ) R BK ? AI GKA I=JEIB= A
(1)
J
(2)
K I= @KE?DA F=H= E EJAI F=H= ?=@= x (a, ).

x
EJ 5A =
f, g, h :
f(x) g(x) h(x) ,
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJA
I E JAI E
x
f(x)
h(x) A GKA
f(x) = E
h(x) = L.
- J= ANEIJA
E EJA E
g(x) A = A
@EII
x
g(x) = L.
Demonstra c ao: ,=@ > 0 ?
ANEIJA
I E EJAI E
x
f(x)
h(x) A
f(x) = E
h(x) = L,
F @A
I A ? JH=H K1 , K2 > 0 ? IA x > K1 , IA x > K2 , JAHA JAHA
K1 , K2 > a J=EI GKA
I |f(x) L| < , I |h(x) L| < ,

. K=
K IA = K IA =
< f(x) L < , < h(x) L < .

(4)
(3)
5A =
=N {K1 , K2 } > 0.
!$ C IA x > K JAHA

x > K K1 , x > K K2 ,
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
I C ! A E F E?=H= C A " E F E?=H=

< f(x) L g(x) L, g(x) L h(x) L < .
@A @A " @A ! @A
'
' !
C '
A ' ! E F E?=H= GKA F=H= x > K , JAHA

x
< g(x) L < ,
K IA =
|g(x) L| < ,
IJH= @ GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E
g(x) A = A
@EII
g(x) = L,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
13.05.2013 - 26.a
= = C @ ?EJ=@ AEJ H
EJA
,AEN=HA
2=H=
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
HAIFA?JEL A K?E=@ A = @A
I = IACKE JA @A E ?=
FH NE
HAIK J=@ IAH = ? LA EA JA E JH @K EH
Deni c ao 9.2.1 5A = f : (a, ) R BK ? = ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A K innit esimo em IA

x
f(x) = 0.
innit esimo em IA
,A
@ IA A D= JA IA g : (, b) R A K = BK ? =
x
@EHA
I GKA = BK ? = g A K
g(x) = 0.
ANA F @A K = BK ?= ?
=I FH FHEA@=@AI =?E = A @=@ FA
Exemplo 9.2.2 5A = f : R \ {0} R @=@= F H . 1 f(x) = , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}. A

A J= > A
- J= = BK ?= f AK
Resolu c ao:
EJ AIE
AK
EJ AIE
,A B=J F EI A + = @A E ?= =?E = JA I
x
f(x) = E f(x) =
1 -NA F ' = 0 x x
1 -NA F ' = 0. x
IACKE JA HAIK J=@
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
!$
Proposi c ao 9.2.5 5A = (a, )
5KF D=
f, g : (a, ) R BK ? AI I GKA = BK ? = f A K E EJ AIE
F J A = BK ? = g A E EJ=@= A K IA =
- J= = BK ? = f.g AK
EJ AIE
A
x
E (f.g)(x) = 0. I A ? JH=H C > 0 J= GKA JAHA A I |g(x)| C.

F @A
Demonstra c ao:
= BK ?= g A E EJ=@= A
(a, ) F @A
IA x (a, ) , GKA ,=@ > 0 ? = BK ?= f AK E EJ AIE JAHA
' "
K > a J=
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ?
. C
IA x > K , C F=H= x > K JAHA I
I |f(x) 0| <
' #
|(f g)(x) 0| = |f(x) g(x)| = |f(x)| |g(x)| |f(x)| C <
(9.24)
(9.25)
C = , C
IJH= @ GKA K IA = = BK ?= f.g AK

Observa c ao 9.2.6
E (f g)(x) = 0 ,
?
E E
EJ AIE
GKAH
=
IJH=H
2 @AH
= I JAH KJE E =@ 6A HA = @ 5= @KE?DA F=H= E EJAI E EJ F=H= >JAH HAIK J=@ =?E = ,A B=J ? = BK ?= g A E EJ=@= A (a, ) F @A I A ? JH=H C > 0 J= GKA
|g(x)| C ,
F=H= x (a, ) . F=H= ?=@= x (a, ) ,

' $
|(f.g)(x)| C|f(x)| ,
K IA = F=H= ?=@= x (a, ) JAHA
C |f(x)| (f.g)(x) C |f(x)| .
f(x) = 0 JAHA
I
x
E [C |f(x)|] = E [C |f(x)|] = 0 .
x
' %
@A ' $ ' % A @ 6A HA = @ 5= @KE?DA F=H= E EJAI

x
EJ
IACKA GKA
E (f.g)(x)] = 0,
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
!$
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C @ ?EJ=@ ?=I x ,AEN=HA I? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
Exemplo 9.2.3 -
EJA
=?E = F=H= E EJAI A
EIJ A F=H=
HAIFA?JEL A K?E=@ A @A ?= ?K =H I E EJAI E
IJH= ?= EJ IA ANEIJEHA
?=@= K KIJE ?= @ = HAIF IJ=

4x 3 x 2x 5
@ I EJA I =>=EN
E E
IA (x)
x
IA (x)
x
Resolu c ao:
, EJA >IAHLA I GKA

4x 3 4x 3 3 4 4x 3 x=0 x x x = E x = E E = E 5 5 x 2x 5 x 2x 5 x 2x x 2 x x [ x ] [x ] 1 1 E 43 E [4] E [3] E x x x x x x [ ]= [ ] = 1 1 E 25 E [2] E [5] E x x x x x x -NA F ' 4 3.0 = 2. = 2 5.0
, EJA A! + = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R F=H= ?=@= x R ,
A E EJ=@= A
R F EI
|f(x)| = | IA (x)| 1 ,
A = BK ?= g : R \ {0} R @=@= F H
. 1 g (x) = , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} EJ AIE A A E

F EI LA =
AK
EJ AIE
A J= > A
AK E
-NA F '
1 =0 x x
1 = 0. x x f(x) IAH =K g (x)
C @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA = BK ?= E IA (x)

x =
E
= 0.
EJ AIE
AA
EIJ A
IA (x)
x
KJH HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA =
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
BK
!$!
Proposi c ao 9.2.6 K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A E EJAI E EJ 5A = @A R b B f : B \ {b} R A g : (a, ) B BK ? AI J=EI GKA
E JAHL=
=>AHJ
E ANEIJA EE ANEIJA
E EJA E f(y) A
yb yb
f(y) = L ;
E EJA E
g(x) A
x
g(x) = b.
- J= ANEIJA
x x
@EII
yb
E (f g)(x) = E
f(y) = L.
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y
6 6
x
? 6
? 6
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(y) A
yb yb
f(y) = L ,
F @A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < |y b| < ,

y B \ { b} ,
x
JAHA
I |f(y) L| < .
' &
2 H KJH
=@ ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E
g (x) A g(x) = b,
F @A C
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ?
K > a @A
@ GKA JAHA I |g(x) b| < . F H ' & JA I |f[g(x)] L| < ,

=y
IA x > K , IA x > K , IJH= @ GKA ? F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= @E=CH= = =>=EN E KIJH= = IEJK= ?= F H ' ' JA
' '
I | g(x) b| < ,
=y
f[g(x)] = L,
!$"
x
+)2 167
y
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
6
b+ f[g(x)]
6
L+
x g
g(x) b
K b
Observa c ao 9.2.7
E EJAI
HAIK J=@ =?E = I @E ? B= AH K = EJ ? IJH= = IEJK= ?= = IACKEH

. y = g(x) x y = g(x) b = E
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A
f[g(x)]
yb
f(y) = L. EIJ A F=H=
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C @ ?EJ=@ EJA =?E = F=H= E EJAI A ?=I x ,AEN=HA I = ?=HC @ AEJ H A K?E=@ A = @A IJH= ?= @ AI
+ ? IAGKA ?E= JA I
Corol ario 9.2.3 5A = b A A K E JAHL= b A g : (a, ) B K = BK ?= J= GKA ANEIJA

x
=>AHJ @A R f : A R K = BK ? = ? J
K= A E EJA E g(x) A
x
g(x) = b.
- J= ANEIJA
E EJA E (f g)(x) A
x x
E (f g)(x) = f(b).
Demonstra c ao:
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
x = b IACKA GKA
yb
f(y) = f(b).
C @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA ANEIJA

x
x yb
@EII
E (f g)(x) = E
f(y) = f(b),
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
Observa c ao 9.2.8
'
24 241-,),-5 ,- 1 16-5
1 .1 16
b= E
x
!$#
g(x) A J=
HAIK J=@ =?E =
I @E GKA IA = BK ? = f B H ? J
K= A
x
[ f [g(x)] = f
] g(x) . EIJ A F=H=
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C @ ?EJ=@ EJA =?E = F=H= E EJAI A ?=I x ,AEN=HA I = ?=HC @ AEJ H A K?E=@ A = @A IJH= ?= @ AI
+ ? IAGKA ?E= @ HAIK J=@ =?E = JA I
5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJ=
x
n N A g : (a, ) [0, ) BK ? = E EJA E g(x) A

x
g (x) = L
x
GKA FA
n g(x) A = A
+ H =HE ' @EII

n n g(x) = L,
n
IACKA GKA L 0.
- J= ANEIJA
E EJA E
EIJ A
Demonstra c ao:
g(x) =
g (x).
5=>A
I GKA = BK ?= f : [0, ) R @=@= F H

. f(x) = n x ,
F=H= ?=@= x 0 ,
A ? J
K= A [0, ) C @ + H =HE =?E = IACKA
x
g (x) = E
(f g)(x) = E
f[g(x)]
n
+ H =HE ' !
[ f
] n g(x) = L,
K =E @= ? GKAH
= I @A IJH=H
g(x) =
g (x),
= = C @ ?EJ=@
EJA
=?E = F=H= E EJAI A AI
,AEN=HA
I = ?=HC @
AEJ H
A K?E=@ A = @A
IJH= ?= @
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA
Exemplo 9.2.4 -
I = CK I ANA F I
?=@= K KIJE ?= @ = HAIF IJ=

3x 2 x 4x2 + 1
@ I EJA I =>=EN
?= ?K =H I E EJAI
EJ
IA ANEIJEHA
!$$
x
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
? I
x+5 2 x + 2x 5
) .
Resolu c ao:
, EJA
3x 2 3x 2 1 3 2. 2 =|x|=x 3x 2 x=0 x<0 x x x x E 2 = E = = E = E x x x x 2 4x + 1 4x2 + 1 4x2 + 1 4x + 1 2 x x2 [ x ] [ ] 1 1 E 32 E [3] E [2] E x x x x x x = = [ ] 1 1 E 4+ 2 E [ 4 ] + E x x x x x2

-NA F
'
3 2.0 3 3 = = . 2 4 4 + 02
, EJA 5A =
2 24 2 + 24 R BK ? AI @=@=I F H f:RR A g:R\ , 2 2

=1 6 =1+ 6
. f(y) = ? I(y) , F=H= y R
. g(x) =
{ } x+5 , F=H= x R \ 1 6, 1 + 6 . x2 + 2x 5
>IAHLA
I GKA
1 x+5 5 + 2 x+5 x=0 x x x2 = E E g(x) = E = E 2 2 2 5 x x x x + 2x 5 x x + 2x 5 1+ 2 2 x x x [ ] [ ] [ ] 5 1 1 1 E + 2 E + E [5] E x x x2 x x x x x [ [ ] [ ] ]= = 2 5 1 1 E 1+ 2 E [1] + E [2] E E [5] E x x x x x x x x2 x x 0 + 5.0 -NA F ' . = = 0 ( = b) 1 + 2.0 5.0
y0
E f(y) = E ? I(y) = 1 (= L).

y0
C @ + H =HE ' ! IACKA GKA

x
? I
x+5 2 x + 2x 5
= E
(f g)(x)
+ H =HE ' !
y0
E f(y) = E ? I(y) = 1 .
y0
Observa c ao 9.2.10
2 @A I B= AH -NA F =?E = EJA =EI @EHAJ= A JA KJE E = @ = >IAHL= ?= ' EJA K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A E EJAI E EJ
%
'!
)55 1 6 6) 0 41
6)
!$%
LE
I =?E =
x x2
x+5 =0 + 2x 5
x +5 x2 +2x5
=IIE
( x+5 2 x + 2x 5 )
? I
. x+5 y = x2 + 2x5 xy= =
y0
E ? I(y) = ? I(0) = 1.
5KF D=
I GKA p, q : R R I= BK ? AI F E
E=EI J=EI GKA
CH=K(p) CH=K(q).
. p 2=H= ?= ?K =H I E EJA E EJ @= BK ?= H=?E = f = K AH=@ H JA CH=K q A H K ECK= = CH=K @ @A E =@ H >=IJ= @ELE@EH I K AH=@ H A @A E =@ H CH=K ( q ) F Hx EIJ A p (x) CH=K (q) p(x) E = E x x q(x) x q(x) x CH=K(q)
A KJE E =H
)F EGKA
I =I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A E EJAI
EJ A
B=J GKA E
1 =0 x x
I = >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA
= IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exemplo 9.2.5 += ?K =H
E EJA
E
E
EJ
I ANEIJEH KIJE ?= @ = HAIF IJ=
3x2 2x + 5 . x 5x4 + 3x3 + x Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA CH=K @ F E E @ @A E =@ H @= BK ?= H=?E = @A A 4 A AIJA A =E H GKA CH=K @ F E E @ K AH=@ H GKA A 2 C

3x2 2x + 5 2x + 5 x4 = E E 4 4 3 x 5x + 3x3 + x x 5x + 3x + x x4 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 +5 4 -NAH?
?E x x x = E = 0. 1 1 x 5+3 + 3 x x 3x2
E@= FA
E EJA =?E =
9.3
Ass ntota horizontal da representa c ao geom etrica do gr aco de uma fun c ao real de uma vari avel real
E EJ F @A I E JH @K EH = IACKE JA ?=
5=>A @ AIJK@=H E EJAI
!$&
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
f:RR A LR ,EHA I GKA = HAJ= y = L A K = reta ass ntota horizontal ` a representa c ao geom etrica do gr aco da fun c ao f IA K = @=I IEJK= ? AI ? HHAH
E K EE
Observa c ao 9.3.1 - FEHE?= A JA JHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = fA BK ? = EIJ A (x, f(x)) =FH NE = K GK= @ x JA @A = @AFA
f(x) = L,
f(x) = L.
=I CKH=I =>=EN E KIJH=

y
IA y = L A K = =II
J J= D HE J= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA A J= CA AJHE?= A JA IEC E ?= GKA I F J I @ CH = ? @= IA @ I F J I (x, L) K = HAJ= D HE J= GK= @ x JA @A = @A @ IA ? HHAH EJA E K EJA EE HAIFA?JEL= A JA =I IEJK= ? AI =?E =
y
6
y = f(x) (x, f(x)) (x, L) y=L (x, f(x)) (x, L) y = f(x)
y=L
x x
EIJ F @A
I HAI LAH
Exemplo 9.3.1 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = 1 , 1 + x2
F=H= ?=@= x R . J=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ?
- ? JHA IA ANEIJEHA @= BK ?= f
Resolu c ao:
=I HAJ=I =II
J J=I D HE
2=H= EIJ >=IJ= ?= ?K =H
I IA ANEIJEHA
x
I E EJAI
f(x)
f(x).
>IAHLA
I GKA IA x 0 IACKA GKA

. h(x) = 0 f(x) = 1 . 1 2 = g (x). 1 + x2 x ( )( ) = 0.0 = 0
+
x
h(x) = E
0=0
1 E g (x) = E = x x x2
1 E x x
1 E x x
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!$' 1
x
IACKA @ 6A HA = @ + BH J F=H= E EJAI

x
EJ GKA
1 = 0. 1 + x2
f(x) = E
C = HAJ=
y=0
IAH = K = HAJ= =II

J J= D HE J= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GK= @ x ,A @ IA A D= JA IJH= IA GKA
x
f(x) =
1 = 0. 1 + x2
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? C = HAJ=
ANAH?
?E F=H=
y=0
AEJ H
IAH = K = HAJ= =II

J J= D HE J= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GK= @ x + EIJ A ? =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I ?=F
JK = JAHE H F @A I JH= ?=H CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA A E KIJH=@ = CKH= =>=EN 5AH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H =F E?=H =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I = JAHE H A JA F=H= >JAH I F J I ANJHA I ?=EI A AIJK@ @= ? ?=LE@=@A @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
2 J @A
y
=NE
?= GKA IAH = C >=
6 /
2 J @A E AN= 2 J @A E AN=
3 3
3 3
9.4
Motiva c ao e deni c oes de limites innitos
AIJ= IA ?= JH=J=HA I @ I @A E =@ I limites innitos 2=H= JEL=H ? IE@AHA I f : R \ {0} R @=@= F H
. 1 f(x) = 2 , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} .
>IAHLA I GKA GK= @ = L=HE =LA x =FH NE = IA @A x = 0 I L= HAI @= BK ?= f EIJ A f (x) ?HAI?A E E EJ= A JA ) J=>A = =>=EN ANA F E ?= AII= IEJK= ?=
!%
x 1 f(x) 1 =1 12 1 ( 1 )2 = 4
2
+)2 167
x 1
'
1 16-5
f(x) 1 =1 (1)2
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
1 2
1 2
1 1 2
)2 = 4
1 3
1 ( 1 )2 = 9
3
1 3
1 1 3
)2 = 9
1 10
1 ( 1 )2 = 100
10
1 10
1
1 10
)2 = 100
1 100
) 1 2 100
= 10000
1 100
1
1 100
)2 = 10000
0+
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA f(x) JA @A = GK= @ x JA @A = AH , F J @A LEIJ= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
y
66
y= 1 2
x
=EI AIFA?E ?= A JA JA
I=
Deni c ao 9.4.1 5A = A A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A \ {a} R K = BK ? = ,EHA I GKA limite de f(x), quando x tende a a, e @A J= @ F H
xa
E f(x) = ,
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!%
IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < |x a| < , x A , JAHA I f(x) > C.
F H
,A
@ IA A D= JA @EHA
I GKA limite de f(x), quando x tende a a, e @A J= @

xa
E f(x) = ,
IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < |x a| < , x A , JAHA I f(x) < C.
Observa c ao 9.4.1
) @A
E ?= =?E =
I @E GKA
xa
E f(x) = ,
IA A I A JA IA f(x) ?= J= CH= @A GK= J IA GKAEH= @AI@A GKA x AIJA = IK ?EA JA A JA FH NE @A a ,A @ = = C JA I K = ?=H=?JAHE = ?= F=H=
xa
E f(x) = .
= @A
aa
E ?= =?E = @EHA
I GKA f(x) tende a (respectivamente, ), quando x tende
=I IEJK= ? AI =?E = =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI A L LE@=I FAHJ @ F J x = a F @AH = I B H A?AH =I IACKEJAI CKH=I
xa
f(x) =
y
xa
f(x) =
x=a y = f(x)
y f(x)
6
x a a+
x -
y = f(x) C a x a+
f(x) x=a
!%
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
" 2 @A = E
I JAH KJH I ?=I I @A E EJAI E

f(x) = L A
xa+
EJ I ? K
xa
E KIJH=
f(x) = L A
=I CKH=I =>=EN
xa+
xa
f(x) =
f(x) =
xa
f(x) = L
xa+
f(x) =

xa
f(x) = L
xa+
f(x) =

x=a y = f(x)
x y = f(x)
x=a
> E
xa+
f(x) = L A
xa
f(x) = !
xa+
f(x) = L A
f(x) = L
xa
f(x) = "
"
xa+ xa+
xa
f(x) =
f(x) = L
xa
f(x) =
!
x=a y = f(x)
x -
L y = f(x)
x=a
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!%!
xa
? E
xa+
f(x) = A
E
f(x) =
f(x) = #
#
xa+
f(x) = A
E
xa+
A
f(x) = $
E
f(x) =
xa+
xa
f(x) =
xa+
f(x) =
xa
$
x -
x -
y = f(x)
x=a
x=a
# ) A
@AIJAI JA
I I ?=I I
x
f(x) = ,
f(x) =
f(x) = ,
f(x) = .
) IACKEH E JH @K EHA I =I @A E ? AI F=H= ?=@= K = @=I IEJK= ? AI =?E = @AI?HEJ=I FA =I ? HHAI F @A JAI CKH=I =?E = + A ?=HA I FA I E EJAI =JAH=EI E EJ I = I=>AH
Deni c ao 9.4.2 5A = A A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A \ {a} R K = BK ?= ,EHA I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a a, pela direita de a, e @A J= @ F H
xa+
f(x) = ,
IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < x a < , x A , JAHA I f(x) > C.
,A @ IA A D= JA @EHA @A J= @ F H IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a a, pela direita a, e

xa+
f(x) = ,
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < x a < , x A , JAHA I f(x) < C.
!%"
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
F H
,EHA
I GKA
limite de f(x) quando x tende a a, pela esquerda de a, e @A

xa
J= @
f(x) = ,
IA @=@ C > 0 F @A ,A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA

< x a < 0, x A,
JAH
I f(x) > C.
@ IA A D= JA @EHA e @A J= @ F H IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a a, pela esquerda de a,

xa
f(x) = ,

< x a < 0, x A,
JAHA
I f(x) < C.
Observa c ao 9.4.2
>IAHLA I GKA = @A E ?= @A E EJA E EJ FA = @EHAEJ= HAIFA?JEL= A JA FA = AI GKAH@= = BK ?= F @A AIJ=H @A E@= I A JA F=H= L= HAI =E HAI HAIFA?JEL= A JA A HAI GKA a EIJ A ? IE@AH=HA I I A JA x > a HAIFA?JEL= A JA x < a )I @A E ? AI =?E = ?=H=?JAHE = A $ @=I CKH=I =?E = I?
E
F HJ= A J I @=I BK ? AI ! " #

I=
A JA F=H= E EJAI E
EJ I
EJ JA
Deni c ao 9.4.3 5A = f : (a, ) R K = BK ?= ,EHA I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a e @A

x
J= @ F H
f(x) = , K > a J= GKA
IA @=@ C > 0 F @A ,A
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? IA x > K , I GKA
JAHA
I f(x) > C. J= @
F H
@ IA A D= JA @EHA
limite de f(x) quando x tende a e @A

x
f(x) = , K > a J= GKA
IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? IA x > K , JAHA
I f(x) < C.
6A
I J= > A
Deni c ao 9.4.4 5A = f : (, b) R K = BK ?= ,EHA I GKA limite de f(x) quando x tende a e @A

x
J= @ F H
f(x) = , K 0 F @A
I A ? JH=H K > 0 ? IA x < K ,
JAHA
I f(x) > C.
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!%#
,A @ IA A D= JA @EHA J= @ F H IA @=@ C > 0 F @A
I GKA
E
limite de f(x) quando x tende a e @A f(x) = , K 0 ? IA x < K ,
JAHA
I f(x) < C.
) IACKEH ? IE@AH=HA
Exemplo 9.4.1 +
I = CK I ANA F I
IE@AHA
I f : R \ {0} R = BK ?= @=@= F H
. 1 f(x) = , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} . A

E
f(x) = .
IJHA GKA
Resolu c ao:
x0+
f(x) =
x0
IJH=HA
I FHE AEH= A JA GKA
x0+
f(x) = .
,A B=J @=@ C > 0 ? IE@AHA
IR?
IA @
. 1 = . C
)IIE C
JAHA
I GKA
1 = C.
' !
1 x
0<x<
IA 0 < x 0 < , IJH= @ FA = @A ,A E ?= GKA I GKA
JAHA E
I f(x) =
f(x) = .
>
1 (9.30) = C,
x0+
@ IA A D= JA JA
x0
f(x) = .
,A B=J @=@ C > 0 ? IE@AHA
IR?
IA @
. 1 = . C
)IIE C
JAHA
I GKA
1 = C. < x 0 < 0,
' !
1 x
<x<0
IA IJH= @ FA = @A
JAHA E
I f(x) =
f(x) = .
<
1 (9.31) = C,
E ?= GKA KEJ K JE
x0
HAIK J=@ = IACKEH F @A IAH
AIJK@ @A E EJAI E
EJ I
!%$
Proposi c ao 9.4.1 5A = bR A K
xa
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f, g : A \ {a} R BK ? AI @EII A J=

1 = . xa |f(x)|
5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
E f(x) = 0,
xa
f(x) = 0 , F=H= x = A \ {a} ,
5A ANEIJA
x a
I E EJAI E f(x) E g(x) A = A

xa xa
@EII A J=
xa
E f(x) = b = 0 A
E g(x) = 0,
g(x) = 0 , F=H= x = A \ {a} ,
f(x) = . g (x)
! 5A A J= ANEIJA E EJA E
1 A = A f(x)
xa xa
E f(x) =
@EII
xa
1 = 0. f(x) 1 = 0. xa f(x)
" 5A
x a
E f(x) = ,
A J=
# 5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b R A
E g (x) =
A J= ANEIJA
E EJA E
xa
f(x) A = A g(x)
@EII
f(x) = 0. xa g(x)
$ 5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b R A
E g(x) =
A J= ANEIJA
E EJA E
xa
f(x) A = A g(x)
@EII
f(x) = 0. xa g(x)
Demonstra c ao:
,A ,=@ C > 0 IA J ? ANEIJA
=H
. 1 = > 0, C
E EJA E f(x) A
xa xa
E f(x) = 0,
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!%%
IACKA GKA F @A

0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA JAHA
I 0 < |f(x)| C, |f(x)|
IJH= @ GKA E ,A ,=@ =
1 = . xa |f(x)|
. | b| > 0 F EI b = 0 ? 2
ANEIJA
xa
E EJA E f(x) A
xa
E f(x) = b,
IACKA GKA F @A
I A ? JH=H 1 > 0 J= GKA IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < = ,
| b| , 2
b 2
E F E?= @ GKA
|b| |f(x)| |f(x) b| <
A?
EIJ
>JAHA
I F=H=
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
|b| < |f(x)|. 2
' !!
,=@ C > 0 IA J ? ANEIJA
=H
. |b| > 0, = 2C
E EJA E g(x) A
xa xa
E g(x) = 0,
IACKA GKA F @A

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I |g(x)| < =
2 . C.|b|
' !"
2 HJ= J IA J IACKA GKA IA
=H
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
0 < |x a| <
IACKA GKA 0 < |x a| < 1 A 0 < |x a| < 2

|f(x)| |g(x)|
(9.33), (9.34)
GKA E F E?=H = GKA
>
| b| 1 . = C, 2 |b| 2C
IJH= @ GKA E
,A ! ,=@ > 0 IA J
xa
f(x) = . g(x)
=H
. 1 C = > 0,
!%& ?
xa
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
E f(x) = IACKA GKA F @A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA JAHA I f(x) > C = ,

f(x)>0
0 < |x a| < ,
' !#
K IA = IA
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
1 1 0 = f(x) f(x)
1 (9.35) 1 = , < f(x) C
IJH= @ GKA E
,A " ,=@ > 0 IA J ?
1 = 0. xa f(x)
=H
xa
E f(x) = IACKA GKA F @A
. 1 C = > 0, I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
I f(x) < C = ,
' !$
K IA = IA
0 < |x a| < ,
JAHA
1 1 0 = f(x) f(x)
f(x)<0
1 (9.36) 1 = , < f(x) C
IJH= @ GKA E ,A # 5A b = 0 JAHA + IACKA @ EJA
xa
1 = 0. f(x)
xa
E f(x) = b = 0 . E g (x) =
1 = 0. g(x)
xa
! =?E = GKA
xa
C @=I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A E EJA JA
I GKA
[ ] [ ] ] [ f(x) 1 1 = E f(x). = E f(x) . E = 0.0 = 0. E xa xa xa g(x) xa g(x) g (x)
5A b = 0 @=@ > 0 IA J F EI b = 0 ? ANEIJA
=H
. | b| >0 = 2
E EJA E f(x) A
xa xa
E f(x) = b,
IACKA GKA F @A

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < = ,
b 2
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!%'
| b| , 2 | b| . 2
E F E?= @ GKA
|f(x)| |b| |f(x) b| <
A?
EIJ 5A J
>JAHA =H I
I IA
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x)| <
' !%
? IACKA GKA F @A
. | b| C= > 0, 2
xa
E g (x) = ,
|b| . 2
I GA ? JH=H 2 > 0 J= GKA IA

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHAH
I g(x) > C =
' !&
=H
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0
|f(x)| |g(x)| |f(x)| g(x) | b| 1 . = , 2 | b| 2
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
g(x)>0
(9.37), (9.38)
<
IJH= @ GKA E
,A $ ) @A IJH= ?= @ ?=I b = 0 A IA A D= JA = ? HHAIF @A JA @ EJA IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H 5A b = 0 @=@ > 0 IA J =H I
. |b| > 0, = 2
xa
f(x) = 0. g(x)
# =?E = A = IK= HA@= ?=
F EI b = 0 ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A
xa xa
E f(x) = b,
IACKA GKA F @A

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < = ,
| b| , 2 | b| . 2
b 2
E F E?= @ GKA
|f(x)| |b| |f(x) b| <
A?
EIJ 5A J
>JAHA =H I
I IA
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x)| <
' !'
. | b| C= > 0, 2
xa
E g(x) = ,
!& IACKA GKA F @A
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
A J=
g(x) < C =
| b| . 2
>IAHLA JAHA I
I GKA IA
0 < |x a| < 2 , , | b| >0 2
g (x) < C =
| b| <0 2
EIJ A
g (x) >
K =E @=
1 1 2 < . = | b| g (x) | b| 2
' "
=H
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
|f(x)| |g(x)| |f(x)| g(x) |b| 2 . = , 2 | b|
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
g(x)<0
[(9.39), (9.40)]
<
IJH= @ GKA E
xa
f(x) = 0. g (x)
Observa c ao 9.4.3
8= A = 2H F IE ?= =?E = IK>IJEJKE @ IA x a FA I E EJAI =JAH=EI EIJ A x a+ K x a K =E @= FA I E EJAI E EJ EIJ A x K x I A K ?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI @AIJAI HAIK J=@ IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H - CAH= n ao F @A I HAJEH=H I GKA AIJK@A I cuidadosamente IACKE JA ANA F 5A = f : R R @=@= F H 5=>A I GKA E EJA ' "
x0+
@K I I EJA I A @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IA IE = @= BK ?= @A JH @ @K ? IJH= F=H= ?=@= x R .
. f(x) = x ,
x0
E f(x) = E x = 0
x0
=I n ao ANEIJA F EI LAH -NA F
1 1 = E , x0 f(x) x0 x
1 1 = E + = f(x) x0 x
x0
1 1 = E = . f(x) x0 x
>IAHLA
I GKA @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = EJA

E
IACKA GKA
1 1 = E = . x0 |x| x0 |f(x)|
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!&
" ) 2H F IE ?= =?E =
I @E empricamente GKA IA a = 0 A b R A J=
a = , 0 b =0
b = 0.
)F EGKA
HAIK J=@ =?E = F=H=
Exemplo 9.4.2
IJHA GKA
x1+
1 = . x1
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : (1, ) R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) .

(x 1) = 0 .
6A
I GKA
x1+
f(x) = E
x1+
C @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = EJA = LAH@=@A @= LAHI= F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI @=@ FA = >IAHL= ?= ' " ! EJA IACKA GKA
= E
x1+
1 1 = E + |f(x)| x1 |x 1|
x>1 x1>0
x1+
1 , x1 17.05.2013 - 27.a
GKAH
=
IJH=H I =EI = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E EJAI E

bR A K
xa
) IACKEH @=HA
EJ I = I=>AH
E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f, g : A \ {a} R BK ? AI @EII

xa
5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
E f(x) = b R A
xa
E g (x) = ,
A J=
xa
E (f + g)(x) = .
5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b R A E f(x) = A
E g(x) = , E g (x) = ,
A J= A J= A J=
xa
E (f + g)(x) = .
! 5A " 5A # 5A ANEIJA
xa
xa
xa
E (f + g)(x) = . E (f + g)(x) = .
xa
E f(x) = A
xa
x a
E g(x) = ,
x a
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b > 0 A
xa
E g(x) = A J=
xa
E (f.g)(x) = .
$ 5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b < 0 A
E g(x) = ,
A J=
x a
E (f.g)(x) = .
!&
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
% 5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
xa xa
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b > 0 A
xa
E g(x) = ,
A J=
xa
E (f.g)(x) = .
& 5A ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A = A
x a
@EII
xa
E f(x) = b < 0 A E f(x) = A
E g(x) = ,
A J= A J=
xa
E (f.g)(x) = .
' 5A 5A 5A
Demonstra c ao:
x a
xa
E g (x) = ,
xa
E (f.g)(x) = .
xa
E f(x) = A E f(x) = A
x a
E g(x) =
A J=
xa
E (f.g)(x) = . E (f.g)(x) = .
xa
xa
E g(x) = A J=
xa
,A ,=@ C > 0 ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E f(x) A
xa xa
E f(x) = b R,
. | b| = >0 2 |b| . 2
= @ IA
ANEIJEH = 1 > 0 J= GKA IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < =
|f(x) b| < |f(x)| > |b| |b| 2
=I
|b| |f(x)|
,AI JHE= CK =H
A J= IA
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
|b| | b| = . 2 2
' "
xa
E g(x) = ANEIJEH = 2 > 0 J= GKA IA

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I g(x) > C.
' "
C J JA
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
| b| + C C, 2
I GKA IA
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
IACKA GKA f(x) + g(x)
(9.41), (9.42)
>
IJH= @ GKA E (f + g)(x) = . xa ,A
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!&! E EJA E f(x) A

xa xa
,=@ C > 0 ?
ANEIJA
E f(x) = b R,
. = 1,
= @ IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < = 1.
=I
|f(x)| |b| |f(x) b| < 1 ,
A J= IA 0 < |x a| < 1 ,
. C = C + | b| + 1 > 0 ,
JAHA
|f(x)| < |b| + 1.
' "!
xa
E g(x) = @=@

0 < |x a | < 2 ,
JAHA
. =
I g(x) < C = (C + |b| + 1). E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
' ""
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
I f(x) + g(x)
(9.43), (9.44)
<
(|b| + 1) (C + |b| + 1) = C,
IJH= @ GKA E (f + g)(x) = . xa ,A ! ,=@ C > 0 ? E f(x) = J

xa
= @ IA
C = C > 0, 2

0 < |x a | < 1 ,
JAHA
I f(x) > C =
C . 2
' "#
xa
E g(x) = @=@ C =
. C > 0 ANEIJEH = 2 > 0 J= GKA IA 2
0 < |x a | < 2 ,
JAHA
I g(x) > C =
C . 2
' "$
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
I f(x) + g(x)
(9.45), (9.46)
>
C C + = C, 2 2
IJH= @ GKA E (f + g)(x) = .

xa
!&" ,A " ,=@ C > 0 ? E f(x) = J
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
xa
= @ IA
C = C > 0, 2

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I f(x) < C = .
C 2
' "%
xa
E g(x) = @=@
. C C = > 0 , 2 C 2

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I g(x) < C = .
' "&
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
I f(x) + g(x)
(9.47), (9.48)
<
C C = C, 2 2
IJH= @ GKA E (f + g)(x) = . xa ,A # ,=@ C > 0 ? ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A

xa xa
E f(x) = b > 0
. b = > 0, 2 b 2
Ab>0 J
= @ IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < = .
b . 2 b b = . 2 2
=I
|b| |f(x)| |f(x) b| <
=b
C IA
0 < |x a | < 1 ,
JAHA
|f(x)| > b
' "'
b>0A E
xa
g(x) = ANEIJEH = 2 > 0 J= GKA IA 0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I g(x) >
2C . b
' #
C J
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!&#
JA
I GKA IA
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
IACKA GKA f(x).g(x)
(9.4), (9.50)
>
|b| 2C . = C, 2 b
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = . xa ,A $ ,=@ C > 0 ? ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A

xa xa
E f(x) = b < 0,
. | b| > 0, = 2 | b| . 2
= @ IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
IACKA GKA |f(x) b| < =

| b| . 2 | b| . 2
=I
|b| |f(x)| |b f(x)| = |f(x) b| <
C IA
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
|f(x)| >
+ b < 0 @ 6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = F=H= E EJAI F @A F=H= 0 < |x a| < 1 =IIE IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
I IKF H GKA f(x) < 0

| b| >0 2
JAHA
f(x) <
| b| , 2
K IA =
f(x) >
' #
xa
E g(x) = ANEIJEH = 2 > 0 J= GKA IA IACKA GKA g(x) <

. = 2K < 0, | b|
0 < |x a| < 2
K IA =
g(x) >
2C > 0. |b|
' #
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
|b| 2C . = C, 2 | b|
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
I f(x).g(x)
(9.51), (9.52)
>
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = . xa ,A % ,=@ C > 0 ? ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A

xa xa
E f(x) = b > 0,
. b = > 0, 2
= @ IA
!&$ ANEIJEH = 1 > 0 J= GKA IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
IACKA GKA |f(x) b| < = .

b . 2 |b| [b>0] b |b| = . = 2 2 2
b 2
=I
|f(x)| |b| |f(x) b| <
C F=H=
0 < |x a | < 1 ,
JAHA
|f(x)| < |b|
+ b > 0 IACKA @ 6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = F=H= E EJAI GKA F @A F=H= 0 < |x a| < 1 =IIE IA
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
I IKF H f(x) > 0 ' #!
IACKA GKA 0 < f(x) < .
b 2
xa

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I g (x) <
2C . b
' #"
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
( ) b 2C . = C, 2 b
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
IACKA GKA f(x).g(x)
(9.53), (9.54)
<
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = . xa ,A & ,=@ C > 0 ? ANEIJA E EJA E f(x) A

xa xa
E f(x) = b < 0,
. |b| = > 0, 2 |b| . 2
= @ IA

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I |f(x) b| < =
|b| . 2
=I
|b| |f(x)| |f(x) b| <
C F=H=
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
|f(x)| > |b|
| b| |b| = . 2 2
+ b < 0 IACKA @ 6A HA = @= + IAHL= ?= @ 5E = F=H= E EJAI GKA F @A F=H= 0 < |x a| < 1 =IIE IA
0 < |x a| < 1 ,
I IKF H f(x) < 0 ' ##
IACKA GKA f(x) <
| b| , 2
K IA =
f(x) >
|b| > 0. 2
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!&%
xa

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
JAHA
I g (x) <
. =
2C | b|
K IA =
g(x) >
2C > 0. | b|
' #$
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
|b| 2C . = C, 2 | b|
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
JAHA
I f(x).g(x)
(9.55), (9.56)
>
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = . xa ,A ' ,=@ C > 0 ? E f(x) = J

xa
= @ IA
C = C > 0,

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I f(x) > C = C.
' #%
xa
E g(x) = @=@
. C = C > 0 ,

0 < |x a | < 2 ,
JAHA
I g(x) > C = C.
' #&
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0
C. C = C,
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
IACKA GKA f(x).g(x)
(9.57), (9.58)
>
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = . xa ,A ,=@ C > 0 ? E f(x) = J

xa
= @ IA
C = C > 0,

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
I f(x) > C = C > 0 .
' #'
xa
E g(x) = @=@
. C = C > 0 ,

0 < |x a| < 2 ,
IACKA GKA g(x) < C = C < 0
' $
!&& C J JA I GKA IA
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
= @ IA
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 ,
( ) C. C = C,
JAHA
I f(x).g(x)
(9.59), (9.60)
<
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = . xa ,A ,=@ C > 0 ? E f(x) = J

xa
= @ IA
C = C>0

0 < |x a | < 1 ,
JAHA
I f(x) < C = C
. C = C > 0 ,
K IA =
f(x) > C =
C.
' $
xa
E g(x) = @=@

0 < |x a | < 2 ,
IACKA GKA g(x) < C = C

. =
K IA =
g(x) > C = C .
' $
C J JA I GKA IA
= @ IA
E {1 , 2 } > 0
( ) ( ) C . C = C,
0 < |x a| < 1 , 2 ,
xa
JAHA
I f(x).g(x) = [f(x)].[g(x)]
(9.61), (9.62)
>
IJH= @ GKA E (f.g)(x) = .
Observa c ao 9.4.4
8= A
=I LAHI AI = = C=I @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI EIJ A x a+ K x A F=H= E EJAI E EJ EIJ A x K x ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H I A K ?E=@ I A =I ? HHAIF @A JAI @A I JH= ? AI @AIJAI HAIK J=@ I
a
) 2H F IE ?= =?E =
I @E empiricamente GKA IA
b R, a (0, ),
A c (, 0)
A J=
b + = , a. = , . = , b = , a.() = , .() = + = , c. = , ().() = . = , c.() = ,
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!&'
! 8= A >IAHL=H GKA
=I IEJK= ? AI =?E = n ao =F=HA?A

0 , 0 , , ,
=I ANFHAII AI @ JEF
0.() .
0. ,
' $!
FHE ?
FE AIFAH=H
= I GKA =I EIJ F @A n ao ? HHAH ?
. 1 f(x) = 2 , x
HAIK J=@ @AIJ=I ANFHAII AI B IIA IJH= I ANA F I = IACKEH

2 . g (x) = 2 , x
>A
@AJAH E =@ I
= 5KF D=
I GKA f, g : R \ {0} R =I BK ? AI @=@=I F H F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} .

E g(x) = .
2 @A IA
IJH=H GKA
x0
E f(x) = A
x 0
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? >IAHLA I GKA

x0
ANAH?
? F=H=
AEJ H
E (f + g)(x) = E
x0
2 1 2 2 x x
( ) 1 -NAH?
?E = E 2 = . x0 x
AIJA ?=I JAH

= > 7 KJH ANA F
I K = ANFHAII= @ JEF
= .
IAHE= IA =
. f (x) = x ,
f, g : (0, ) R =I BK ? AI @=@=I F H . 1 g (x) = 3 , x f(x) = 0
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) . A

E
g(x) = .
2 @A IA
IJH=H GKA
x0+
x0+
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? >IAHLA I GKA
ANAH?
? F=H=
AEJ H
( ) 1 1 -NAH?
?E E + (f.g)(x) = E + x 3 = E + 2 = . x x0 x0 x0 x
AIJA ?=I JAH

=
I K = ANFHAII= @ JEF
0. = .
" 2 @A I >JAH KJH I ANA F I F=H= I GK=EI I E EJAI A ANFHAII AI @ JEF

= , =0 ,
GKAIJ= F @A
I AL=H =
0. = ,
K =E @= F @A ,AEN=HA I ? # E EJAI GKA
? HHAH KJH I L= HAI =I ANFHAII AI =?E = ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H = >JA ?= @A J=EI ANA F I I AL= = ANFHAII AI @ JEF
0 , 0 , , , 0. , 0.(),
A JHA KJH I IAH= @A IA ?=
E =@ I formas indeterminadas A IAH= JH=J=@ I = FH NE =
!' + =F E?= ?= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
I
x+1 = . (x 1)2
Exemplo 9.4.3
IJHA GKA
x 1
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I f : R R A g : R \ {1} R =I BK ? AI @=@=I F H A g(x) =

. 1 , F=H= ?=@= x R \ {1}. (x 1)2
. f(x) = x + 1 , F=H= ?=@= x R
,AIJA +
@ JA
I GKA
x1
E f(x) = E (x + 1) = 2 > 0.
x 1
x1
E (x 1)2 = 0
IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= ' " EJA

= E
GKA
(x1)2 >0 |(x1)2 |=(x1)2
1 x1 |(x 1)2 |
x1
1 = E g (x). (x 1)2 x1
C @= 2H F IE ?= ' " EJA E
# IACKA GKA
x+1 = E (f.g)(x) = , x1 (x 1)2 x1
GKAH
= I IJH=H 2=H= = E =H JA I =
A K
Proposi c ao 9.4.3 K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI F=H= E EJAI E EJ I 5A = @A R a A f : (b, ) R A g : A \ {a} R BK ? AI A L R 5KF D= I GKA E g(x) = A ANEIJA E EJA E f(y) A
xa y y
E JAHL=
=>AHJ
f(y) = L .
- J=
E EJA E (f g)(x) ANEIJEH = A = A

xa xa
@EII
x a
E (f g)(x) = L
f(y).
K IA =
E f[g(x)] = E
f(y) A = A
y
ANEIJA
E EJA E
@EII
f(y) = L,
ANEIJEH = K > 0 J= GKA IA

y > K,
JAHA
I |f(y) L| < .
' $"
=I
xa
E g(x) = ,
'"
1 16-5 1 .1 16 5
!' JAHA I g(x) > K. ' $#
C ANEIJA > 0 J= GKA IA

0 < |x a| < ,
C IA
0 < |x a| < ,
@A ' $# IACKA GKA g(x) > K, IJH= ?=
A @A ' " JAHA
I |f[g(x)] L| < ,
F AJ= @ = @A
Observa c ao 9.4.5
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
y x
6 6
? 6
? 6
fg
HAIK J=@ =?E = = I=>AH

x a
I @E ?
B= AH K =
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI A
E EJAI
EJ
E f[g(x)]
y = g (x) x a y = g(x) =
f(y) = L.
HAIK J=@ =?E = A L = E@ IK>IJEJKE @ IA E EJA GK= @ x a FA I E EJAI =JAHE=I EIJ A F=H= x a+ K F=H= x a A F=H= E EJAI E EJ EIJ A F=H= x K F=H= x I A K ?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI @ I AI I IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H JHA IA ANEIJEH L= H @ IACKE JA E EJA
x0
Exemplo 9.4.4 - ?
E e x2 .
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI g : R \ {0} R @=@= F H
. 1 g(x) = 2 , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0}
!' A f : R R @=@= F H >IAHLA =I

x 0
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
. f(x) = ey ,
1
F=H= ?=@= y R .
I GKA
x 0
E e x2 = E f[g(x)].
x0
E g(x) = E
x0
1 -NAH?
?E = x2
y0
E f(y) = E
ey = E
1 -NAH?
?E = 0. ey
- J= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA

x0
E e x2 = E f[g(x)]
x0
2H F IE ?= ' " !
y 0
E f(y) = E
ey = 0,
K IA =
x0
E e x2 = 0.

=
I JAH =F E?=@
1 x2
=EI @EHAJ= A JA = 2H F IE ?= =?E = = I=>AH

1 -NAH?
?E = 0. ey
x0
E e
1 x2
y = x12 x0 y= =
ey = E
9.5
Ass ntotas verticais da representa c ao geom etrica do gr aco de uma fun c ao real de uma vari avel real
IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : (1, ) R @=@= F H
1 , x1
. f(x) =
F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) .
AIJA ?=I >IAHL= I GKA GK= @ x JA @A = 1 FA = @EHAEJ= @A 1 EIJ A x 1+ I F J I @ CH = ? @= BK ?= EIJ A (x, f(x)) =FH NE =H IA = @ I F J I @= B H = (1, f(x)) K IA = @= HAJ= LAHJE?= x = 1 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
(
1 1, x 1
1 x, x 1
1 y = x 1
x=1
'#
)55 1 6 6) 8-461+)15
!'!
AIJA ?=I @EHA I GKA = HAJ= x = 1 A K = HAJ= =II

J J= LAHJE?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f
CAH= JA I=
AK
AJHE?=
E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A A f : A \ {a} R K = BK ?= ,EHA I GKA = HAJ= x = a A K = reta ass ntota vertical da representa c ao geom etrica da representa c ao geom etrica do gr aco da fun c ao f IA K = @=I IEJK= ? AI =>=EN ? HHAH
E E E E
f(x) = f(x) = f(x) = f(x) =
xa+
xa+
! "
xa
xa
Observa c ao 9.5.2 /A
AJHE?= A JA JA K
I =I IACKE JA IEJK= ? AI
E f(x) =
E
f(x) =
+=I GKA
E
xa
E f(x) =
f(x) =
xa
xa

6
y
xa

x=a y = f(x)
x -
y = f(x)
x=a
+=I GKA
xa
f (x) = L A
xa+
f(x) = !
xa
f (x) = L A
xa+
f(x) = "
!'"
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
xa
f(x) = L
xa+
f(x) =
!
xa
f(x) = L
xa+
f(x) =
"
x=a y = f(x)
x y = f(x)
x=a
! +=I GKA
xa
f(x) = A
xa+
f(x) = L #
K
E
xa
f(x) = A
xa+
f(x) = L $
xa xa
f(x) =
xa+
f(x) = L
$
f(x) =
xa+
f(x) = L
#
x=a y = f(x)
x -
y = f(x)
x=a
" +=I GKA
xa
f(x) = A
xa+
f(x) = %
xa
f(x) =
K E
xa+
f(x) =
'#
)55 1 6 6) 8-461+)15
!'#
&
E
f(x) =
xa
xa+
f(x) =
%
xa
f(x) =
xa+
f(x) =
&
x -
x -
y = f(x)
x=a
x=a
EIJ F @A
I HAI LAH
Exemplo 9.5.1 +
IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : R \ [1, 1] R @=@= F H
x . f(x) = , x2 1
F=H= ?=@= x R \ [1, 1] .
- ? JHA =I HAJ=I =II

J J=I D HE @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f
J=EI A LAHJE?=EI IA ANEIJEHA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?=
Resolu c ao:
4AJ=I =II
J J=I D HE
J=EI
!'$ 2=H= EIJ >=IJ= ?= ?K =H E I I E EJAI

f(x) = E x
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
EJ @= BK ?= f EIJ A
x=0
= x2 1
x>0 x= x2
x x x2 1 x = E
x
1 x2 1 x2
1 1 1 x2
=
x
E [1]
[
x =0
E [1] E
1 x2
] = 1,
f(x) =
= x2 1
x=0
x<0 x= x2
x x x2 1 x =
x
1 x2 1 x2
1 1 1 x2
[1]
x =0
[1]
1 x2
] = 1.
C =I HAJ=I =II
J J=I D HE
J=EI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y=1 A y = 1.
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH=
)II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI 2=H= EIJ >=IJ= A ? JH=H ) H = I GKA
I IA F II
LA F J I E
@A
E EJA @= BK ?= f @ = K ' $$ ' $%

-NAH?
?E
x1+ x1
f(x) = f(x) = .
,A B=J ?
x1
x = 1 = 0 +
x1+
x2 1
0,

= E
x1+
GKA
x x2 1
x>1 x>0 , x2 1>0
x1+
x , 2 x 1
IJH= @ ' $$ 2 H KJH =@ ?

x1
x = 1 = 0
x1
x2 1
-NAH?
?E
0,
'#
)55 1 6 6) 8-461+)15
!'% GKA
x<1 x<0,

=
x1
x 2 x 1
x2 1>0
x1
x x = E , 2 2 x1 x 1 x 1
IJH= @ ' $% C =I =II

J J=I LAHJE?=EI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
x=1
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH=
A x = 1.
,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H IJH=H GKA = BK ?= = JA =NE A
E ?=EI IK= ? ?=LE@=@A A L J=@= F=H= ?E = I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x (1, ) A L J=@= F=H= >=EN I F J I (x, f(x)) F=H= x (, 1) + EIJ JA I IACKE JA AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
x = 1 y
x=1
y = f(x) 1 y=1
y = 1
( ) Exerc cio 9.5.1 5A = f : , \ {0} R @=@= F H 2 2 . f(x) = ? IIA?(x) ,
) IACKEH JA
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
F=H= ?=@= x ,
( ) . 2 2
- ? JHA =I HAJ=I =II

J J=I LAHJE?=EI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
+ IE@AHA
Ig: ,
( ) R @=@= F H 2 2 . g(x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x , IA (x) = 0.
( ) . 2 2
>IAHLA
I GKA
x 0
E g(x) = E
x0
!'& C @= 2H F IE ?= ' " EJA

= E
x0+
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
IACKA GKA
=
x0+
1 |g(x)|
g(x)= IA (x)>0 0<x< 2
IA (x)
= E
x0+
? IIA?(x).
' $& AJHE?=
C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA = HAJ= x = 0 IAH = K = =II

J J= LAHJE?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA + @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f ?=I GK= @ x 0 ,A @ IA A D= JA JA I
= E
x0
1 |g(x)|
<x<0 g(x)= IA (x)<0 2
x0
1 IA (x)
= E
x0
? IIA?(x).
' $'
C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA L= A JA = HAJ= x = 0 IAH = K = =II

J J= LAHJE?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f ?=I GK= @ x 0 ,A ' $& A ' $' JAHA I GKA
x0+
? IIA?(x) = A
x0
? IIA?(x) = .
,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H AIJK@ @ I ANJHA I ?=EI A @= ? ?=LE@=@A @= HAFHA IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
2
2
Observa c ao 9.5.3 5A ?
IE@AH=H
I = BK ?= f : R \ {k ; k Z} R @=@= F H
x R \ {k ; k Z}
. f(x) = ? IIA?(x) ,
F @A I IJH=H GKA =I HAJ=I =II

J J=I LAHJE?=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA BK ? = f IAH= =I HAJ=I LAHJE?=EI
x = k ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @=
F=H= ?=@= k Z. I
E ? IIA?(x) = ? IIA?(x) = .
= LAH@=@A F @A IA
E
IJH=H GKA F=H= k Z JA

? IIA?(x) = A ? IIA?(x) = A
x2k +
x2k
x(2k+1) +
x(2k+1)
'$
64)+ )4 /4).1+ 5
!''
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H + = BK ? = f A 2 FAHE @E?= IACKA GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? = F IIKEH = HAJ=I =II
J J=I D HE J=EI ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H AIJK@ @ I ANJHA I ?=EI A @= ? ?=LE@=@A @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @ BK ? = f ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
(,
? IIA?())
6
? IIA?()
1
3 2
3 2
9.6
Tra cado da representa c ao geom etrica dos gr acos de fun co es reais de uma vari avel real
) IACKEH @=HA I K FH ?AII F=H= JH= ?=H I CH = ? @A K = BK ?= HA= @A K = L=HE =LA HA= ,=@= K = BK ?= f : A R =CEHA I @= IACKE JA B H =
1.o 2
J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ?= @E@=J I = ANJHA
?=EI @A f = A @EBAHA
- ? JHA I J @ I I F J I ?H
JE? I @=I BK ? AI f EIJ A I F J I @A A ?E =LA A @A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= f IA = K = - JHA A AI AIJ=H= J @ I I L= HAI @A 2=H= ? =IIE ? = I KJE E =HA
2.o
=NE
A K
E
?=EI @= BK ?= f 6AIA @= = @AHEL=@=
6AIJA @= = @AHEL=@= K
=NE
IA K
E
?=EI @= BK ?= f ? =IIE ?= ?= @ I F J I ?H

JE? I @= BK ?=
)F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= K 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= IA = BK ?= B H @K=I LA AI @EBA HA ?E =LA I F J I ?H

JE? I >JE@ I =?E = F=H= ? =IIE ?=H ?=@= K @ I F J I ?H
JE? I >JE@ I o EJA @ F J @A LEIJ= @A IAHA =NE I K
E ?=EI @= BK ?= f + EIJ @AJAH E = @A?HAI?A JA
3.o 2
I I?
K J I
@A = BK ?= f A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA K AIJHEJ= A JA AN= I F J I @A A @A f = A
J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ?= @E@=J I = F J I @A E
- ? JHA I J @ I I F J I ?H
JE? I @=I BK ? AI f EIJ A @EBAHA ?E =LA K @A = BK ?= @AHEL=@= IACK @= f IA = K = - JHA A AI AIJ=H= F J I @A E AN= IF J I @A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f F @AH = JAH
"
4.o 5E = @A f AIJK@ @= ?
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
?=LE@=@A F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f >JE@ f A ? JH=HA I I F J I @A E A I ? K J I B H =@ FA I F J CH = ? A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN K ? I AN= I @= ?=L
-IJK@= @ IE = @= BK ?= f = F=II=H FA I o EJA ! GK= @ D KLAH K@= ?= @A IE = = BK ?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @A F=H= ?E =
5.o )II
J J=I D HE
J=EI
x
5A A J= =I HAJ=I
f(x) = L R y=L
A A
f(x) = M R ,
y=M
IAH= HAJ=I =II

J J=I D HE
6.o )II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI
J=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
I L= HAI a R J=EI GKA

xa+
f(x) =
K
x=a
xa
f(x) = ,
JAHA
I GKA = HAJ= AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f AJHE?= @ CH = ? @=
IAH = K = HAJ= =II

J J= LAHJE?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA + I @=@ I =?E = F @AHA BK ?= f 2=H= E KIJH=H ? IE@AHA I I ? IJHKEH K
Exemplo 9.6.1 5A = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x3 3x2 + 3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
*=IA=@
f Resolu c ao:
AJ @ =?E = >JAH K AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
2 J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ?= @E@=J I = ANJHA I ?=EI >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E E= A F=HJE?K =H A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R =IIE I F J I ?H
JE? I @= AI = I ? HHAH= IF J IxR J=EI GKA
f (x) = 0 .
=I C
0 = f (x) = 3x2 6x = 3x(x 2) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R
IK E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f I=
. x1 = 0
A x2 = 2.
=NE
I K
E
?=EI @= BK ?= f ? =IIE ?= ?= @ I F J I ?H

JE? I @= BK ?=
'$
64)+ )4 /4).1+ 5
"
+ = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F @A I =F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= = ?=@= K @ I F J I ?H

JE? I =?E = F=H= ? =IIE ? = I @ F J @A LEIJ= @A IAHA =NE K
E ?=EI =I f (x) = 6x 6, x R , F=H= ?=@= =IIE
f (x1 ) = f (0) = 6 < 0
A f (x2 ) = f (2) = 6.2 6 = 6 > 0. K F J =NE ?= A ?K L= H A
C @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA

x = 0,
f(0) = 3 ,
AK
F J
?= A
x=2
?K
L= H A
f(2) = 1 .
F=HJE?K =H I=>A
I GKA
CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A

(, 0] [2, )
A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A
[0, 2].
2=H= EIJ >=IJ= AIJK@=H IE = @= BK ?= @AHEL=@= f A ?=@= K @AIIAI E JAHL= I GKA IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H 2 J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ?= @E@=J I = F J I @A E AN= + >IAHL=@ =?E = = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R =IIE I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ? HHAH= I F J I x R J=EI GKA
f (x) = 0 ,
= I=>AH K IA =
0 = f (x) = 6x 6 = 6(x 1), x3 = 1
K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f 5E = @= BK ?= f AIJK@ @= ? ?=?E@=@A >IAHLA I GKA IA x < 1 , JA I GKA K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
f (x) = 6(x 1) < 0 ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= >=EN

(x , f(x))
IF J I
F=H= ?=@= x (, 1) . I GKA

f (x) = 6(x 1) > 0 ,
2 H KJH
=@ IA
x > 1,
JA
K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E =

(x , f(x)) ,
IF J I
F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) . K F J @A E AN= F J
2 HJ= J = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
(1, f(1)) = (1, 1) .
" )II
J J=I D HE 6A I GKA
x
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5

)
!
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
) [( ) ] 3 3 -NAH?
?E = E 1 + 2 x3 = x x x [( ) x
3
f(x) = E
x 3x + 3
x3 3x2 + 3 3 x x3
A
x
f(x) =
) x 3x + 3 =
3 2
x3 3x2 + 3 3 x x3
) =
3 3 1 + 2 x x
-NAH?
?E
IJH= @ GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f = F IIKE HAJ=I =II

J J=I D HE J=EI )II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f + = BK ?= A ? J
K= A R IACKA GKA F=H= J @ a R JA I
x a
E f(x) = f(a) R ,
IJH= @ GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f = F IIKE HAJ=I =II

J J=I LAHJE?=EI + EIJ F @A I >JAH K AI> ? @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y 3
y = f(x)
2 1
6A
I J= > A
I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 9.6.1 5A = f : R R @=@= F H

2 . f(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?=
*=IA=@
f Resolu c ao:
2 J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f
'$
64)+ )4 /4).1+ 5
"!
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R F EI A ? F IJ= @=I BK ? AI 2 y x x A y e GKA I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A R A F=HJE?K =H A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R =IIE IF J I ?H
JE? I @= AI = I ? HHAH= I F J I x R J=EI GKA
f (x) = 0 .
=I C
0 = f (x) =
K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f A
d [ x2 ] 4ACH= @= +=@AE= x2 e = e (2x) , dx . x1 = 0 .
=NE I K
E I ?=EI @= BK ?= f + = BK ?= f A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A R F @A I =F E?=H 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= F J ?H
JE? =?E = F=H= ? =IIE ? = @ F J @A LEIJ= @A IAH =NE K
E ?= =I
( ) ] 1 d [ x2 x2 x2 x2 2 2xe = 2e 2xe .(2x) = 4e x , f (x) = dx 2
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
=IIE
f (x1 ) = f (0) = 2 < 0.
C @ 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= IACKA GKA = BK ?= f JA

x1 = 0 ,
F J @A
=NE
?= A
?K
L= H A f(0) = 1 .
- F=HJE?K =H I=>A I GKA CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (, 0] A AIJHEJ= A JA @A?HAI?A JA A [0, ) F=H= EIJ >=IJ= AIJK@=H IE = @= BK ?= @AHEL=@= f A ?=@= K @AIIAI E JAHL= I 2 J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f + >IAHL=@ =?E = = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R =IIE I F J I ?H
JE? I I F J I x R J=EI GKA @= BK ?= f ? HHAH=
f (x) = 0 ,
= I=>AH
0 = f (x) = 4e
x2
( )( ) ( ) 1 2 2 2 x2 x = 4e x+ x , 2 2 2
2 2 x1 = A x2 = 2 2 I= I K E? I F J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f 5E = @= BK ?= f AIJK@ @= ? ?=?E@=@A @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
K IA =
>IAHLA
I GKA IA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
2 x< , 2
JA
I GKA
f (x) = 4e
x2
)( ) x< 2 < 2 2 2 2 2 x+ x >0 , 2 2 ( ) 2 , . 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E =

(x, f(x)) ,
IF J I
F=H= ?=@= x
"" 2 H KJH =@ IA
2 2 <x< , 2 2
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
JA
I GKA
f (x) = 4ex
)( ) 2 <x< 2 2 2 2 2 x+ x <0 , 2 2

(x, f(x)) ,
IF J I
F=H= ?=@=
( ) 2 2 x , . 2 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
F J @A E
AN=
F J
) ( )) ( ( 2 2 2 1 ,f = ,e 2 . 2 2 2
5A
2 < x, 2
JA
I GKA
f (x) = 4e
x2
)( ) 2 < 2 <x 2 2 2 2 x+ x >0 , 2 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? A ? ?=L F=H= ?E = F=H=

( ) 2 x , 2
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
( 2 ,f 2 ( )) ( ) 2 2 1 ,e 2 . = 2 2
F J @A E
AN= A
)II
J J=I D HE 6A I GKA A

x
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
x
f(x) = E
ex = E
2
1 2H F ' " EJA ! = 0 ex2 1 2H F ' " EJA ! = 0 ex2
f(x) =
ex =
IJH= @ GKA = HAJ=

y=0
A K = HAJ= =II
J J= D HE J= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f )II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f + = BK ?= A ? J
K= A R IACKA GKA F=H= J @ a R JA I
x a
E f(x) = f(a) R ,
IJH= @ GKA @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f = F IIKE HAJ=I =II

J J=I LAHJE?=EI + EIJ F @A I >JAH = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
'$
64)+ )4 /4).1+ 5
y
"#
6
1
e2
y = f(x)
2 2
2 2
2=H=
= E =H JA
Exerc cio 9.6.2 +
IE@AHA f : R \
. f(x) = JC(x) ,
{ 2
} + k ; k Z R = BK ? = @=@= F H { 2 } + K : k Z .
F=H= ?=@= x R \
*=IA=@
f Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? =
+ = BK ?= f( A FAHE @E?= >=IJ= I=>AH I JH= ?=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE? @= CH = ? @= ) AI = E JAHL= , 2 2 2 J I ?H
JE? I @A f ( ) >IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A , A F=HJE?K =H A @EBA HA ?E =LA A GKA =I C = BK ?= f =NE
( ) , =IIE 2 2
I F J I ?H
JE? I @=
AI = I ? HHAH=
2 2
IF J Ix ,
( ) J=EI 2 2
f (x) = 0 . ( ) f (x) = JC (x) = IA?2 (x) > 0 , F=H= ?=@= x , , 2 2 ( ) = JA F J ?H

JE? A , A = A @EII IAH = AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A 2 2
( ) , 2 2
+ (
2 J I ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f + >IAHL=@ =?E = = BK ?= f JA ?H
JE? I @= BK ?= f ? HHAH= IF
, 2 2
I K
E I ?=EI =) BK ?= f = JA F J I ?H
JE? I IACKA GKA = JAH = F J I @A
=NE
K
E
?=EI
( ) JI x , J=EI GKA 2 2 f (x) = 0 ,
@AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A
( ) , =IIE 2 2
IF J I
"$ = I=>AH
0 = f (x) =
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
d [ 2 ] 4ACH= @= +=@AE= IA (x) IA? (x) = 2 IA?(x) [ IA?(x) JC(x)] = 2 3 , dx ? I (x) x1 = 0
K IA = A K E? F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f 5E = @= BK ?= f AIJK@ @= ? ?=?E@=@A @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f >IAHLA I GKA IA
< x < 0, 2
JA
I GKA
f (x) = 2
IA (x) ? I3 (x)
( 2
IA (x)<0, ? I(x)>0
<
0,

(x, f(x))
F=H= ?=@= x , 0 .
IF J I
2 H KJH =@ IA
0<x< , 2
JA
I GKA
f (x) = 2
IA (x) ? I3 (x)
IA (x)>0, ? I(x)>0
>
0,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? ?=L F=H= ?E =

(x, f(x)) quad F=H= ?=@= ( ) x 0, . 2
IF J I
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f JA
(0, f(0) = (0, 0) .
F J @A E
AN=
F J
)II
J J=I D HE J=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f + = BK ?= f A FAHE @E?= IACKA GKA = ANEIJA
x
f(x)
f(x) ,
K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f = JA HAJ=I =II

J J=I D HE )II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f >IAHLA I GKA IA (x) (9.70) =>=EN E + f(x) = E + = x 2 x 2 ? I(x)
x 2
J=EI
E f(x) = E
x 2
IA (x) ? I(x) A
(9.71) =>=EN
,A B=J ?
+ x 2
IA (x) = 1 GKA
+ x 2
+ x 2
? I(x) = 0
IACKA FA = 2H F IE ?= ' " EJA
IA (x) = . ? I(x)
=I IA
< x < 0, 2
'$
64)+ )4 /4).1+ 5
"%
JA
I GKA IA (x) < 0 A ? I(x) > 0 =IIE IA (x) IA (x) = , ? I(x) ? I(x)
C
+ x 2
IA (x) IA (x) = E + = . ? I(x) ? I(x) x 2 IA (x) = 1 GKA

x 2
' %
,A
@ IA A D= JA ?
x 2
x 2
? I(x) = 0
IACKA FA = 2H F IE ?= ' " EJA
IA (x) = . ? I(x)
2
=I IA
0<x<
JA
I GKA IA (x) > 0 A ? I(x) > 0 =IIE IA (x) IA (x) , = ? I(x) ? I(x)
C
x 2
IA (x) IA (x) = E = . ? I(x) x 2 ? I(x)

2
' %
C F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA =I HAJ=I

x=
x=
I= HAJ=I =II
J J=I LAHJE?=EI @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f + EIJ F @A I >JAH = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
y=
JC(x)
"&
Observa c ao 9.6.1 ,AEN=HA
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
I? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = >JA ?= @ I AI> ? I @=I HAFHA IA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI @A E@=I +=F
JK ! F H AE @ AJ @ =FHAIA J=@ =?E =
20.05.2013 - 28.a
9.7
Formas indeterminadas associadas a fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real - Regra de LHospital
=EI IE F AI @A AIJK@=H I
> AJEL ?A JH= @AIJ= IA ?= A A ? JH=H GK= @ F II

LA K = B H = E EJAI GKA I B H A?A ANFHAII AI B H =EI @ JEF
0 , 0 , , .
A JHA KJH I GKA IAH= @A E =@ I @A B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I LA = = @A 2=H= J= J FHA?EI=HA I @ IACKE JA HAIK J=@
E ?= = IACKEH
Teorema 9.7.1 6A HA = @ L= H A@E CA AH= E =@ K @ I =?H AI?E I 5A = f, g : [a, b] R BK ? AI ? J

K=I A [a, b] A @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A (a, b) - J= ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA f (c)[g(b) g(a)] = g (c)[f(b) f(a)] . Demonstra c ao:
EJ I @A +=K?DO
' %
+ IE@AHA
. h(x) =
I = BK ?= h : [a, b] R @=@= F H
f(x) g(x) 1 f(a) g(a) 1 f(b) g(b) 1
= f(x)[g(a) g(b)] g(x)[f(a) f(b)] + [f(a)g(b) f(b)g(a)] ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .

(a, b) F EI =I BK ? AI f A
+ EIJ JA I GKA = BK ?= h A ? J
K= A g JA AII=I FH FHEA@=@AI ) A @EII JA I
h(a) = f(a) g(a) 1 f(a) g(a) 1 f ( b) g ( b) 1 f ( b) g ( b) 1 f(a) g(a) 1 f ( b) g ( b) 1
= f(a)[g(a) g(b)] g(a)[f(a) f(b)] + [f(a)g(b) f(b)g(a)] = 0 , h(b) =
= f(b)[g(a) g(b)] g(b)[f(a) f(b)] + [f(a)g(b) f(b)g(a)] = 0 .
C @ 6A HA = @A 4 A 6A HA = & " IACKA GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA

h (c) = 0 .
'%
. 4 )5 1 ,-6-4 1 ),)5 4-/4) ,- 0 5216)
"'
=I C K IA = ?
h (x) = f (x)[g(a) g(b)] g (x)[f(a) f(b)] ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) ,
0 = h (c) = f (c)[g(a) g(b)] g (c)[f(a) f(b)] , f (c)[g(a) g(b)] = g (c)[f(a) f(b)] ,
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
Observa c ao 9.7.1
>IAHLA
I GKA
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = =?E = IA
g (c) = 0
g(a) = g(b) ,
A J= = E@A JE@=@A ' % A AGKEL= A JA =

f(a) f(b) f (c) = . g (c) g(a) g(b)
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = =?E = IA ? IE@AH=H

. g(x) = x ,
I g : [a, b] R @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] ,

6A HA = ' %
A J= JAHA K IA =
I
g(x)=x
f (c)[b a]
f (c)[g(b) g(a)]
g (c)[f(b) f(a)]
g (c)=1
f(b) f(a) ,
f (c ) =
f(b) f(a) , ba
GKA A = ? ? KI= @ 6A HA = @ 8= H ! II @A A C IJ=H

= I @A ?= ?K =H IA ANEIJEHA
x a
A@E LAH
6A HA = & " !
> AJEL = IACKEH A IKF @ GKA

xa
E f(x) = L A
xa
E f(x) = M ,
aR ,
K a = ,
K a=
L , M {0, , }
I IACKE JAI E EJAI

xa
f(x) , g (x)
xa
E [f(x) g(x)] ,
E [f(x) + g(x)] ,
xa
E f(x)g(x) ,
GKA @=
HECA
=I IACKE JAI ANFHAII AI B H =EI

' %!
0 , , , , , 0 , 0.() , , 00 , 0 , 1 , 0 . 0
6=EI E EJAI F @AH= ANEIJEH K =
@AFA @A @ @=I BK ? AI A L LE@=I
"
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
" 6= > A F @AHA I JAH ANFHAII AI B H =EI F=H= I E EJAI =?E = GK= @ AIJ= I ?= ?K = @ E EJAI =JAH=EI EIJ A GK= @ x a+ K GK= @ x a K F=H= E EJAI E EJ EIJ A GK= @ x K GK= @ x
Deni c ao 9.7.1 )I ANFHAII AI GKA =F=HA?A nadas indeterminada
' %! IAH= @A
E =@=I formas indetermiE =@ valor da forma
L= H @ E EJA @A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= IA ANEIJEHA IAH = @A

+ EIJ JA I
Exerc cio 9.7.1 5A = f : R \ {3} R = BK ?= A @=@= F H . x2 9 f (x) = , x3
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {3} .

x3
- ? JHA IA ANEIJEH
Demonstra c ao:
IACKE JA E EJA E f(x)

0 F EI 0
JA
I GKA E f(x) A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF

x3 x3
( ) x2 9 = 0 = E (x 3) .
x3
2=H= ?= ?K =H IAK L= H >IAHL=

x3
I GKA
E f(x) = E
(x 3)(x + 3) x=3 x2 9 = E = E (x + 3) = 6 , x3 x3 x 3 x3 x3
K IA = L= H @= B H = E @AJAH E =@= E f(x) A6 x3 ) IACKEH ANE>EHA I L =HE I HAIK J=@ I HA =?E =@ I ? =I B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I @A ' %! 6 @ I AIJAI HAIK J=@ I IAH= @A E =@ I @A Regras de LHospital + A ?=HA I FA =
9.7.1 Forma indeterminada do tipo 0 . 0
Teorema 9.7.2 (Caso
E JAHL= I=JEIB= A @
0 com a vari avel tendendo a um n umero real a) 5A = A K 0 =>AHJ @A R a A f, g : A R BK ? AI ? J

K=I A A A @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A A \ {a} A
E f(a) = g(a) = 0 EE g(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a} EEE g (x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a} EEE ANEIJA E EJA E
f (x) A xa g (x) f (x) = L R. xa g (x)
'%
. 4 )5 1 ,-6-4 1 ),)5 4-/4) ,- 0 5216)
"
- J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E
f(x) A = A xa g(x)
@EII
f(x) = L EIJ A xa g(x)
f(x) f (x) = E . xa g(x) xa g (x)
Demonstra c ao:
IJH=HA
I GKA
E EJA FA = @EHAEJ=
xa+
f(x) ANEIJA A GKA g(x) f(x) = L. g(x) f(x) =L g (x)
xa+
?=I
xa
A= = C A IK= @A IJH= ?= IAH = @AEN=@= ? 5A x A A x > a ?

f(a) = g(a) = 0
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
g(x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x A \ {a} ,
JA
I GKA
f(x) f(a) f(x) = . g (x) g(x) g(a)
, 6A HA = ' % = LAH@=@A @= >IAHL= ?= ' % EJA

c = c(x) (a, x)
IACKA GKA ANEIJA ' %" ' %#
J= GKA +
c (a, x) JA
f(x) f(x) f(a) 6A H ' % f (c) = . = g(x) g(x) g(a) g (c )
I GKA IA
x a+ ,
IACKA @A ' %" GKA c a+ . = ANFHAII= ' %# >JAHA

(9.75, (9.76)
' %$ I
)IIE
F=II= @
E EJA GK= @ x JA @A = a
xa+
f(x) f(a) f(x) = E + g(x) xa g(x) g(a)
ca+
f (c) = L, g (c)
K IA =
E EJA E
f(x) ANEIJA A = A xa g(x)
@EII E
f(x) = L, g(x)
xa+
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ 6A HA =

=
I A K ?E=H A FH L=H K HAIK J=@ = = C = 6A HA = =?E = F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI EIJ A F=H= x a+ K F=H= x a ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = A => H= ?= A @A IJH= ?= @ I AI I >IAHLA I GKA = @A IJH= ?= GKA ANE>E I =?E = JH=J= @ E EJA =JAH= FA = @EHAEJ= @A x = a A B E @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H E EJA =JAH= FA = AIGKAH@= @A x = a
" )F EGKA I HAIK J=@ =?E = =
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
E EJA
x2 9 x3 x 3
Resolu c ao: 0 0
LE
I = JAHE
A JA -NA F
' %
E EJA =?E = A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF
AIJA ?=I =I BK ? AI A L LE@=I I= f, g : R R @=@=I F H

. f(x) = x2 9
A g (x) = x 3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
GKA I=JEIB= A
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = =?E = F EI I= BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI

g(x) = 0 , F=H= x = 3 , f (x) x3 g (x) g (x) = 1 = 0 , F=H= ?=@= 2x = 6. x3 1 xR
f(3) = g(3) = 0 ,
A ANEIJA
E EJA
f (x)=2x ,g (x)=1, xR
' %%
C F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA ANEIJEH = E
E EJA E
f(x) A= A x3 g(x)
@EII
f (x) ' %% f(x) = E = 6, x3 g (x) x3 g(x)
K IA =
E EJA E
x2 9 ANEIJA A = A x 3 x 3
@EII
x2 9 = 6, x3 x 3
K IA =
L= H @= B H = E @AJAH E =@= E
x2 9 A6 x3 x 3
-LA JK= A JA JAHA I GKA =F E?=H 6A HA = =?E = K ? ? KEH = C I >HA = ANEIJA ?E= A L= H @ E EJA AIJK@=@ ?
K AH EJ @A LA AI F=H= F @AH I IJH= IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
E EJA
(ex 1)3 . x0 x2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA E EJA =?E = A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF LAHE GKA 0 AIJA ?=I =I BK ? AI A L LE@=I I= f, g : R R @=@=I F H
. f(x) = (ex 1)3
A g(x) = x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
GKA I=JEIB= A
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = =?E = LAHE GKA
'%
. 4 )5 1 ,-6-4 1 ),)5 4-/4) ,- 0 5216)
"!
C F @A
I ? ? KEH GKA
f(x) f (x) = E x0 g(x) x0 g (x)
f (x)=3(ex 1)2 ex , g (x)=2x
3(ex 1)2 ex . x0 2x
' %&
0
>IAHLA I GKA AIJA K JE E EJA J= > A A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF LAHE GKA 0 2=H= JA J=H ?= ?K = ? IE@AH=HA I =I BK ? AI f1 , g1 : R R @=@=I F H
. f1 (x) = 3(ex 1)2 ex
A g1 (x) = 2x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
GKA I=JEIB= A =I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = =?E = LAHE GKA C F @A I ? ? KEH GKA

f1 (x) f1 (x) = E x0 g1 (x) x0 g1 (x)
f1 (x)=
6(ex 1)2 ex
ex +3(ex 1)2 ex , g1 (x)=2 ,xR
x0
[ ] 6 (ex 1)2 ex ex + 3 (ex 1)2 ex 2
-NAH?
?E 0
= 0.
' %' E EJA E E

(ex 1)3 ANEIJA A = A x0 x2
)IIE
@A ' %& A ' %' IACKA GKA
@EII
(ex 1)3 = 0. x0 x2
6A
I J= > A
0 com a vari avel tendendo a ) 5A = 0 (b, ) I=JEIB= A @ g(x) = 0 f, g : (b, ) R BK ? AI
Teorema 9.7.3 (Caso
@EBAHA ?E =LAEI A E E

x
f(x) = E
EE g(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x (b, ) EEE g (x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x (b, ) EEE ANEIJA E EJA E
f (x) A x g (x) f (x) = L. x g (x)
- J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E
f(x) A = A g (x)
@EII
f(x) = L EIJ A g(x)
f (x) f(x) = E . x g (x) x g(x)
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA h : (0, ) R A = BK ?= @=@= F H

. 1 h(t) = , t
F=H= ?=@= t (0, ) .
""
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
- J= @= 2H F IE ?= ' " ! K@= ?= @A 8=HE =LAEI F=H= E EJAI KC=H @= BK ?= g IACKA GKA
EJ
= BK ?= h
( ) 1 f . 1 , x A J= t0+ t = f(x) x t 6A H ' % LAHE GKA =I DEF JAIAI ( ) E = E = E x g(x) 1 t0+ t0+ g t ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 f . 2 f t t t 4ACH= @= +=@AE= t=0 ( ) = E + ( ) == E + 1 1 1 t0 t 0 . 2 g g t t t . 1 + x= t , t0 A J= x f (x) = E = L. x g (x)
[ ( )] d 1 f dt t [ ( )] d 1 g dt t
2 HJ= J
E EJA E
f(x) ANEIJA A g (x) f(x) = L, x g(x)
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ 6A HA =
Observa c ao 9.7.3
8= A K ,AEN=HA
HAIK J=@ = = C = 6A HA = =?E = F=H= I? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
E EJA A
EIJ A GK= @ x
A K ?E=@ A = @A
IJH= ?= @ HECA
AI = B H =I
I HAIK J=@ I =?E = F @A 0 E @AJAH E =@=I @ JEF

0
IAH K JAEI F=H= ?= ?K =H E EJAI GKA @AA
9.7.2
Forma indeterminada do tipo
.
A K A \ {a}
Teorema 9.7.4 (Caso
E JAHL= J=EI GKA

xa
com a vari avel tendendo a um n umero real a) 5A = =>AHJ @A R a A f, g : A R BK ? AI ? J

K=I A A A @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A
E E f(x) = E g(x) =

xa
EE g(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x A EEE g (x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x A EEE ANEIJA E EJA E
f (x) A xa g (x)
f (x) = L R. xa g (x)
'%
. 4 )5 1 ,-6-4 1 ),)5 4-/4) ,- 0 5216)
"#
- J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E
f(x) A = A xa g(x)
@EII
f(x) = L EIJ A xa g(x)
f(x) f (x) = E . xa g(x) xa g (x)
Demonstra c ao:
,=@ > 0 ?
ANEIJA
E EJA E
f (x) A xa g (x) f (x) = L, xa g (x)
F @A

0 < |x a| < 1 ,
JAHA
f (x) L < . g (x) 4
' & E EJA E

f(x) A GKA g (x)
IJH=HA
I GKA ANEIJA
E EJA FA = @EHAEJ= @A x = a EIJ A ANEIJA E

f(x) = L. g(x)
xa+
xa+
?=I @= ANEIJA ?E= @
E EJA FA = AIGKAH@= @A x = a EIJ A @ E EJA E E

f(x) = L, g(x)
xa
f(x) A GKA g (x)
xa
A= = C A IK= @A IJH= ?= IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H , 6A HA = ' % = LAH@=@A @= >IAHL= ?= ' % EJA IACKA GKA ANEIJA c = c(x) (a, x) J= GKA
f(a) f f(x) f(a) -NAH? f(x)
?E f(x) = = . g(a) g (c) g(x) g(a) g(x) 1 g(x)
(c)
' &
+ IE@AHA
I h : (a, a + 1 ) R = BK ?= @=@= F H
f(a) f(x) . , h(x) = g(a) 1 g (x) 1
F=H= ?=@= x (a, a + 1 ) .
)IIE
IA JAHA I
f(x) h(x) L g(x)
(9.81)
0 < x a < 1 ,
f (c) L g (c)
a<c<x<a+1 (9.80)
<
. 4
' &
+ IACKA GKA
xa
E f(x) = E g(x) = ,
xa
xa+
f(x) = E
xa+
g (x) = ,
"$ A =IIE
xa+
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
h(x) = E
xa+
f(a) f(a) 1 E + f(x) xa f(x) 2H F ' " EJA # 1 0 = = = 1, g(a) g(a) 10 1 1 E + g (x) xa g(x) 1
C F @A

0 < x a < 2 ,
JAHA A
I |h(x) 1| <
4(1 + |L|)
' &! ' &"
1 < h (x) . 2
5A = C IA IACKA GKA
f(x) L g (x)
>0 h(x)> 1 2
. =
E {1 , 2 } > 0 .
0 < x a < 1 , 2 , [ ] f(x) h(x) L g (x) h(x)
f(x) 1 h(x) L h(x) g (x) h(x) (9.84) f(x) f(x) < .h(x) L h(x) 2 = 2 [ h(x) L] + [L L h(x)] g (x) g(x) [ ] f(x) (9.83) (9.82) .h(x) L + |L(1 h(x))| = 2 + 2|L| |1 h(x)| = + 2|L| 2. g(x) 4 2 4(1 + |L|) =
|h(x)|=h(x)
|L| <1 1+|L|
<
+ = , 2 2
xa+
IJH= @ GKA
E EJA E
f(x) ANEIJA A GKA g(x)

xa+
f(x) = L, g (x)
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
Observa c ao 9.7.4
6A HA = =?E = J= > A A L = E@ F=H= E EJAI =JAH=EI EIJ A F=H= x a+ K F=H= x a I A K ?E=@ I A =I @A IJH= ? AI @ I AI I IAH= @AEN=@ I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAH@=@A = @A IJH= ?= =?E = JH=J= @ ?=I @ E EJA =JAH= FA = @EHAEJ= @A a 6A HA = =?E = AI ?=I @A E EJAI =JAH=EI A L = E@ GK= @ K @ I K I @ EI E EJAI @=I BK ? AI A L LE@=I A K IA = F @A I >JAH HAIK J=@ I IA A D= JAI = JH=J=@ 6A HA = =?E = F=H= B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I @ I JEF I
,
I A K ?E=@ I A =I HAIFA?JEL=I @A
IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@ I ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
'%
. 4 )5 1 ,-6-4 1 ),)5 4-/4) ,- 0 5216)
"%
)F EGKA
I I HAIK J=@ I =?E = =
E EJA
x0+
1 xe x
1
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
x0+
1 xe x
1
= E
1 x
x0+
K IA = JA
I K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF E

1 = x
F EI
x0+
ex
x0+
ex
-NAH?
?E
' &#
+ IE@AH= @ IA f, g : (0, ) R =I BK ? AI @=@=I F H

. 1 f(x) = x
A g(x) = e x ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
JA
I GKA =I BK ? AI f A g I=JEIB= A C E
1 xe
1 x
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = ' % " LAHE GKA

1 x2 1 1 ex 2 x
x0+
= E
x=0
x0+
f(x) 6A H ' % " f (x) = E + g(x) x0 g (x)
1 1 f (x)= 2 , g (x)=e x . 2 x
x0+
x0+
1 ' &# A = 2H F ' " EJA ! = 0, 1 ex 1 xe x

1
IJH= @ GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E
x0+
A= A E
@EII
1 xe x
1
x0+
= 0.
+ IAGKA ?E= @ 6A HA = =?E = JA

Teorema 9.7.5 (Caso
I
f, g : (b, ) R BK ? AI
@EBAHA ?E =LAEI A E E

x
para a vari avel tendendo a ) 5A = (b, ) J=EI GKA g(x) =
f(x) = E
EE g(x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x (b, ) EEE g (x) = 0 F=H= ?=@= x (b, ) EEE ANEIJA E EJA E
f (x) A x g (x)
f (x) = L. x g (x)
"&
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
- J= ANEIJEH =
E EJA E
f(x) A = A x g(x)
@EII
f(x) = L EIJ A x g(x)
f (x) f (x) = E . x g(x) x g (x)
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA h : (0, ) R A K = BK ?= @=@= F H

. 1 h(t) = , t
F=H= ?=@= t (0, ) , 1 EJ ? = BK ?= h KC=H
?= @A 8=HE =LAEI F=H= E EJA A J= @= 2H F IE ?= ' " ! K@= @A g IACKA GKA
( ) [ ( )] d 1 1 f f . 1 , x A J= t0+ t = f(x) x t 6A H ' % " dt t ( ) [ ( )] E = E = E x g(x) 1 1 t0+ t0+ d g g t dt t ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 f . 2 f t t t 4ACH= @= ?=@AE= t=0 ( ) ( ) = E == E + 1 1 1 t0+ t 0 g . 2 g t t t . 1 + x= t , t0 A J= x f (x) , = E x g (x)
IJH= @ GKA ANEIJA
E EJA E
f (x) A GKA g (x)

x
f(x) = L, g (x)
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 9.7.5
6A HA = =?E = A L = E@ GK= @ x A K ?E=@ A = @A IJH= ?= @
I E EJAI A L LE@ I B HA AI IAH= @AEN=@ I ?
F=H= EIJ A GK= @ ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
6A HA = =?E = A L = E@ GK= @ K @ I K I @ EI E EJAI @=I BK ? AI A L LE@=I A K IA = F @A I >JAH K HAIK J=@ IA A D= JA = 6A HA = =?E = F=H= =I B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I @ JEF , K .

I A K ?E=@ I A = @A
+ EIJ F @A
IJH= ? AI @ I AI E EJA
I IAH= @AEN=@ I ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
I =F E?=H AIJ=I E@ AE=I =
x2 . x ex
'%
. 4 )5 1 ,-6-4 1 ),)5 4-/4) ,- 0 5216)

F EI
"'
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
E EJA =?E = A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF

x
x2 =
ex
-NAH?
?E
' &$
+ IE@AH= @ IA =I BK ? AI f, g : (, 0) R @=@=I F H
. f(x) = x2 ,
A g(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, 0) ,
JA
I GKA =I BK ? AI f A g I=JEIB= A E
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = ' % # LAHE GKA A =IIE

f (x)=2x, g (x)=ex .(1)
x2 f(x) 6A H ' % # f (x) = E = E x ex x g(x) x g (x)
2x . x ex
' &%
F EI
>IAHLA
I GKA
E EJA
2x J= > A x ex
A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= A @ JEF

x
2x =
ex
] (9.86) = .
+ IE@AH= @ IA =I BK ? AI f1 , g1 : (, 0) R @=@=I F H
. f1 (x) = 2x
A g1 (x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, 0) ,
JA
I GKA =I BK ? AI f1 A g1 I=JEIB= A E

f1 (x)=2, g1 (x)=ex .(1)
2x f1 (x) 6A H ' % # f 1 (x) = E = E x ex x g1 (x) x g1 (x)

' &$ A 2H F ' " EJA
2 ex
= 0.
' && E EJA

x2 A= A x ex
2 HJ= J ' &% A ' &&
IJH=
GKA ANEIJA E
@EII
x2 = 0. x ex
+ I HAIK J=@ I =?E = F @A I JA J=H A ? JH=H =@=I ? E KIJH= ANA F = IACKEH

L= H @A KJH I JEF I @A B H =I E @AJAH E
E EJA
x
] x e x .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA AIJA E EJA A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF .0 F EI

x
x=
ex
-NAH?
?E
0.
' &'
2 @A
I HAI?HALA = @ IACKE JA
@
x
xex = E
x , ex
"
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
K IA = A = J H =H IA = K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF LAHE GKA + IE@AH= @ IA =I BK ? AI f, g : (0, ) R @=@=I F H

. f(x) = x
A g(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
JA

f (x)=1, g (x)=ex
f(x) 6A H ' % # f (x) x = E = E x ex x g(x) x g (x)

x
1 ex
ex = 0 , [ x ] xe = 0.
(9.89)
K IA = ANEIJA 2 @A
E EJA E
] xex A
x
I =F E?=H K = E@ AE= IA A D= JA = IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@

x0+
x2
(x) .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA AIJA E EJA A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF 0.() F EI

x0+
x2 = 0
x0+
(x)
-NAH?
?E
2 @A
I HAI?HALA = @ IACKE JA
x 0
@ E
[ x2 + ] (x) = E
x0+
(x) , 1 x2
K IA = A = J H =H IA = K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF LAHE GKA + IE@AH= @ IA =I BK ? AI f, g : (0, ) R @=@=I F H

. f(x) = (x)
A g(x) =
. 1 , x2
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
JA
2

1 2 f (x)= x , g (x)= 3 x
x0+
(x) = E
x0+
f(x) 6A H ' % " f (x) = E + g(x) x0 g (x)
x0+
1 x 2 x3
K IA = ANEIJA
x3 x=0 1 = E + x2 = 0, 2 x 0 x0+ 2x [ ] E EJA E + x2 (x) A = A @EII = E

x0 x0+
x2
(x) = 0 .
'&
1 16- .7 ,) - 6)
"
9.8
2.o Limite Fundamental

I I =F E?=H GK= @ F II
LA =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I = 5A ?= =?E = L= H IA ANEIJEHA @A B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I @ JEF
00 , 1 ,
Observa c ao 9.8.1 2 @A
F=H= A ? JH=H
K 0 . @ ? = ?K IA ANEIJEHA @A E EJAI

[f(x)]}
= LAH@=@A =I B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I =?E = =F=HA?A @ IACKE JA JEF

xa
E [f(x)]g(x) = E e{g(x)
xa
' '
@A AIJ= I IKF @ GKA A K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R a A g : A\{a} R A f : A\{a} (0, ) 5KF D= I GKA
. L= E
xa
{g(x)
[f(x)]} R . R IACKA @= 2H F IE ?=
+ = BK ?= ANF A?E= A ? J
K= A L F EI A ? J
K= A $ ! " GKA { }
xa
E eg(x)
(f(x))
=e
xa
E {g(x) [f(x)]}
= eL ,
@AIJA
@ ? IACKEH
=
I >JAH
xa
L= H @
E EJA = I=>AH
[f(x)]} xa
E [f(x)]g(x) = E e{g(x)
= eL .
)F EGKA
I AIJ= J A? E?= =
Exemplo 9.8.1 += ?K A IA ANEIJEH
E EJA
x0
(1 + 3x) 2x . +
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA AIJA E EJA A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF 1 F EI

x0+
(1 + 3x) = 1
x0+
1 -NAH?
?E = . 2x
2=H= JA J=H A ? JH=H
L= H @= B H = E @AJAH E =@= >IAHLA

[
I GKA
]
(1 + 3x)
1 2x
1 = e[ 2x
(1+3x)]
=e
(1+3x) 2x
+= ?K A
I IA ANEIJEH
E EJA
x0+
(1 + 3x) . 2x 0 F EI 0
>IAHLAH
I GKA AIJA E EJA A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF

x0+
(1 + 3x) = 0
x0+
2x = 0 .
+ IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI f, g : (0, ) R @=@=I F H
. f (x) = (1 + 3x)
A g(x) = 2x ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) .
" + =IIE EIJ JA
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = ' % LAHE GKA A
x0+
f (x) (1 + 3x) f(x) 6A H ' % = E + = E + 2x x 0 g (x) x0 g(x) 3 1 (x)=2 f (x)= 1+ .3, g 3 3 3x = E + 1 + 3x = E + = . 2 2 x0 x0 2 + 6x {

[
(1+3x) 2x
C IACKA @= >IAHL= ?= =?E = GKA

]
x0
(1 + 3x) 2x = E +
1
x 0
e +
=e
x0+
(1 + 3x) 2x
]} = e2 ,
3
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA E
x0+
(1 + 3x) 2x A = A
x0+
@EII
(1 + 3x) 2x = e 2 .
1 3
7 = KJH= =F E?= ?= @= J A? E?= =?E = A F=H= >JAH
EIJ A
Proposi c ao 9.8.1 (2.o Limite Fundamental) ) B H = E @AJAH E =@= E (1 + x) x JA

1
x0
L= H e
x 0
E (1 + x) x = e .
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA I E EJAI =JAH=EI =II ?E=@ I = E EJA =?E = I= K = B H =I E @AJAH E =@=I @ I JEF I 1 A 1 HAFA?JEL= AJA F EI
x0
E (1 + x) = 1 ,
x0+
1 = x
A
[
x0 ]
1 = . x
2=H= JA J=H A ? JH=H
L= H @= B H = E @AJAH E =@= >IAHLA

1 1 (1 + x) x = e[ x
I GKA IA x = 0
.
(1+x)]
=e
(1+x) x
6A J=HA ?E= >IAHLAH
I ?= ?K =H IA ANEIJEH
E EJA E
x0
(1 + x) A KJE E =H = ? x
JE KE@=@A @= BK ?= ANF A
0 F EI 0
I GKA AIJA E EJA A K = B H = E @AJAH E =@= @ JEF

x0
(1 + x) =
(1) = 0
x0
E x = 0.
+ IE@AHA + =IIE EIJ JA
I =I BK ? AI f, g : (1, ) R @=@=I F H
. f(x) = (1 + x)
A g (x) = x ,
F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) . =I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = ' % LAHE GKA A
x0
f(x) 6A H ' % f (x) (1 + x) = E = E x 0 g (x) x0 g (x) x 1 1 (x)=1 f (x)= 1+ , g 1 x = E + 1+x = E = 1. x0 1 + x 1 x0
'&
1 16- .7 ,) - 6)
" !
L = 1 IACKA GKA { [ = e
x0
= BK ?= ANF A ?E= A ? J
K= A
[ x0
E (1 + x) x = E e
x0
1
(1+x) x
[2H F $ ! "]
(1 + x) x
]} = e1 = e ,
K IA = ANEIJA
E EJA E (1 + x) x A = A
x0
@EII
x0
E (1 + x) x = e .
At e aqui para a 3.a prova
" "
+)2 167
'
1 16-5
1 .1 16
- 1 .1 16 5
Cap tulo 10
Diferenciais de fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real

22.05.2013 - 29.a Observa c ao 10.0.2 5A = HA ?E =LA A x = a A K
E JAHL=
=>AHJ @A R a A A f : A R K = BK ?= @EBA @EII
C ANEIJA
E EJA E
f(a + h) f(a) A = A h0 h f (a) = E

h 0
f(a + h) f(a) . h
2 HJ= J @=@= F H
F=H= > 0 IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA
JA
I GKA = BK ? = : (a , a + ) R
h = 0 ,
f(a + h) f(a) f (a) , . (h) = h 0 , h = 0
AIJ = >A
@A
E@= A = A
h = 0 F EI [ ] f(a + h) f(a) h=0 E (h) = E f (a) h0 h0 h f(a + h) f(a) = E f (a) = f (a) f (a) = 0 . h0 h
=f (a)
@EII AK
EJ AIE
@=@ > 0 F @AHA

|h| < ,
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA IA JAHA I

f(a + h) f(a) f (a) = |(h)| < , h

K =E @= IA @E E KH IACKA GKA
I > 0 =?E = >JE@

|h| <
F=H= GKA 0 < < 1 JAHA
I GKA F=H=

f(a + h) f(a) f (a)h = |(h) h| < |h| < . < .
(10.1)
(10.2)
!
5A @A
EH
I F=H= h = 0 IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA
@A
@ GKA a + h A
. f(a) = f(a + h) f(a)
" #
" $
+)2 167

,1.-4- +1)15
A J=
@A ! IACKA GKA

f(a) f (a)h 0 ,
IA h 0 , IA h 0 , IA h 0 . I KJE E =H = ANFHAII=
"
GKA A AGKEL= A JA = K =E @= + EIJ
f(a) f (a)h ,
f(a + h) f(a) + f (a)h ,
F=H= h IK ?EA JA A JA FAGKA
F @A
f(a) + f (a)h ,
F=H= =FH NE =H
+ EIJ JA
L= H f(a + h) EIJ A
I=
L= H @= BK ?= f A
a + h
Deni c ao 10.0.1 = IEJK= ?= =?E = @EHA I GKA = ANFHAII= f (a)h A = diferencial da fun c ao f no ponto a, calculada para o acr escimo h A IAH = @A J=@= F H df(a) K IA = . df(a) = f (a)h . Observa c ao 10.0.3
#
@= @A
E ?= =?E = " F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H =

f(a + h) f(a) + df(a) ,
IA h 0 .
$
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H
f(x) = x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
R A = A 1.h = h .
A J= JA
I GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

df(x) = f (x) h =
@EII
f (x)=1
+
f(x) = x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
IACKA GKA
dx = df(x) = h ,
K IA = =?H A?E h F @A IAH IK>IJEJK

@ F H dx )IIE # F @AH = IAH HAAI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H =
. df(a) = f (a) dx ,
%
A F HJ= J JAHA
I = IACKE JA AGKEL= A ?E=

df (a) = f (a) , dx
A AGKEL= A JA = df(a) = f (a) dx .
" %
! 5A y = f(x) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x A A J= F @AHA F J x ?= ?K =@= F=H= =?H AI?E dx ?
dy = f (x) dx .
I @A J=H = @EBAHA ?E= @= BK ?= f

&
A >HA
I GKA K = KJH=
J= ?= F=H= f (x) A

dy =
dy =IIE dx
JAHA
dy dx . dx
6A
I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I F=H= = @EBAHA ?E= @A BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI
A K
Proposi c ao 10.0.2 5A = A x=a
E JAHL=
=>AHJ
a A A f, g : A R BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI
- J=
IA
f(x) = c
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
df(a) = 0 ;
A J= = @EBAHA ?E= @= I = IAH ==I = @=I @EBAHA ?E=EI EIJ A

d(f + g)(a) = df(a) + dg(a) .
! = @EBAHA ?E= @= @EBAHA ? = @A @K=I BK ? AI IAH = = @EBAHA ? = @=I @EBAHA ?E=EI @=I HAIFA?JEL=I BK ? AI EIJ A
d(f g)(a) = df(a) dg(a) .
" JA
I GKA = @EBAHA ?E= @ FH @KJ @A @K=I BK ? AI IAH = @=@= FA = IACKE JA ANFHAII=

d(f g)(a) = df(a) g(a) + f(a) dg(a) .
F=HJE?K =H IACKA @= E@A JE@=@A =?E = A @A GKA

d(c f)(a) = c df(a) .
# IA g(a) = 0 A J= = @EBAHA ?E= @ GK ?EA JA @= BK ? = f FA = BK ? = g IAH = @=@= FA = IACKE JA ANFHAII= ( )

d f g (a ) = df(a) g(a) f(a) dg(a) . g2 (a)
$ IA n N n 2 JA
Demonstra c ao:
I GKA
dxn = nxn1 dx .
,A +
f (x) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
" & IACKA GKA ?

df(a) = f (a) dx = 0 dx = 0 ,
+)2 167

,1.-4- +1)15
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
= H = I ,A + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A ) A @EII JA I

d(f + g)(a) = (f + g) (a) dx
a A IACKA GKA = BK ?= f + g IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x=a
(f+g) (a)=f (a)+g (a)
] f (a) + g (a) dx
= f (a) dx + g (a) dx = df(a) + dg(a) ,
= H = I ,A ! + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A ) A @EII JA I

d(f g)(a) = (f g) (a) dx
a A IACKA GKA = BK ?= f g IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x=a
(fg) (a)=f (a)g (a)
[f (a) g (a)] dx
= f (a) dx g (a) dx = df(a) dg(a) ,
= H = I ,A " + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A ) A @EII JA I
a A IACKA GKA = BK ?= f.g IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x=a d(f.g)(a) = (f.g) (a) dx

(f g) (a)=f (a) g(a)f(a) g (a)]
[ ] f (a) g(a) f(a) g (a) dx
= g(a) f (a) dx f(a) g (a) dx = g(a) df(a) f(a) dg(a) ,
= H = I ,A # + =I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x = a ) A @EII JA I
a A A g(a) = 0 IACKA GKA = BK ?=
f IAH = g
( ) ( ) ( ) ] f (a) g(a)f(a) g (a) [ f (a)= g f f (a) g(a) f(a) g (a) f g2 (a) d f (a) = (a) dx = dx g g g2 (a) g(a) f (a) dx f(a) g (a) dx g(a) df(a) f(a) dg(a) = = , 2 g (a) g2 (a)
= H = I ,A $ 5A f : R R A = BK ?= @=@= F H
f(x) = xn ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
A J= A = IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
x R F EI A K = BK ?= F E E= A JA I [ ] d n dxn = df(x) = f (x) dx = x dx = nxn1 dx , dx
" ' ? = H = 6A I I IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 10.0.1 5A = BK ?= f : (1, ) R A @=@= F H . x3 1 f(x) = , F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) , 3x 2
A ? JHA = @EBAHA ?E= @= BK ? = f F=H= x (1, )

Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A = A @EII JA I
(1, ) = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ?
] [ ] d d [ 3 [3x 2] x 1 [3x 2] x3 1 dx f (x) = dx (3x 2)2 [ ( ] ) 1 [ ] 1 3 2 2 3 x 1 3x [3x 2] x 1 [3] 2 = (3x 2)2 ( ) 3 2 x (3x 2) 3 x3 1 . = 2 x3 1 (3x 2)2
C F=H= x (1, ) JAHA
( ) 3 2 3 x (3x 2) 3 x 1 dx . df(x) = f (x) dx = 2 x3 1 (3x 2)2
FH NE
ANAH?
?E
I @ = K = =F E?= ?= E JAHAII= JA @A @EBAHA ?E=EI @A K = BK ?=
Exerc cio 10.0.2 - ? Resolu c ao:
JHA K L= H =FH NE =@ @A 3 28 KJE E = @ = @EBAHA ?E=EI @A K = BK ?=
+ IE@AHA
I f : (0, ) R = BK ?= @=@= F H
. f(x) = 3 x ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) .

(0, ) =IIE
1 2
>IAHLA @=@= F H

df(x) = f (x) dx
IK= @EBAHA ?E= F=H= x (0, ) IAH =

1 1 dx . 3 3 x2
f(x)=x 3 f (x)= 1 x 3 3
,= >IAHL= ?= ! EJA
IACKA GKA F=H= ?=@= a > 0 JAHA
I
dx 0 .
f(a + h) f(a) + df(a) = f(a) + f (a) dx ,
F=H= ?=@=
'
+ IE@AHA
. a = 27
. dx = 1 .
"! ,= ANFHAII= =?E = ?

a = 27 A dx = 1 JAHA
(10.9)
+)2 167

,1.-4- +1)15
f(28) = f(27 + 1) f(27) + f (27).1 =
1 1 1 1 1 3 27 + = 3 + [ ]2 = 3 + . 3 3 272 3 3 27 27 1 . 27
28 3 +
Cap tulo 11
F ormula de Taylor para fun co es reais de uma vari avel real

Observa c ao 11.0.4 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E 6A HA = & " ! I @E GKA IA K = BK ?= f : [a, b] R B H ? J
K= A [a, b] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) A J= ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA f(b) f(a) = f (c)(b a) .
) IACKEH AIJ=>A A?AHA + A ?=HA I FA
I = CK =I CA AH= E = ? AI @AIIA HAIK J=@
Teorema 11.0.1 1.a generaliza c ao: 5A = BK ?= f : [a, b] R B H ? JE K= A JA @EBA HA ?E =LA A [a, b] EIJ A = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A [a, b] A @K=I LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) - J= ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA f(b) f(a) = f (a)(b a) + Demonstra c ao: f (c) (b a)2 . 2

5A =
. f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) K= . (b a)2 2
C F=H= ?
F AJ=H = @A
IJH= ?= >=IJ=
IJH=H
I GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA
f (c) = K .
2=H= EIJ ? IE@AHA
I g : [a, b] R = BK ?= @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .

(a, b) A IA x (a, b) JAHA
K . g(x) = f(b) f(x) f (x)(b x) (b x)2 , 2
C = BK ?= g IAH = ? J
K= A
[a, b] @EBAHA ?E =LA A
[ ] K g (x) = f (x) f (x)(b x) + f (x)(1) 2 (b x).(1) 2 = f (x)(b x) + K(b x) .

"!
"! A= A @EII
g(a) = f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a)
+)2 167

. 4 7 ) ,- 6);
K (b a)2 2 f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) (b a)2 = f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) 2 (b a)2 2 = 0, K g(b) = f(b) f(b) f (b)(b b) (b b)2 2 = 0.
C @ 6A HA = @A 4 A IACKA GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA

0 = g (c) = f (c)(b c) + K(b c) ,
(11.2)
K IA =
f (c)(b c) = K(b c) .
+ K IA =
c = b IACKA GKA
f (c) = K, f (c) (b a)2 , 2
f(b) f(a) = f (a)(b a) +
GKAH
= ,A
IJH=H I
@ IA A D= JA JA
Teorema 11.0.2 2.a generaliza c ao: 5A = BK ? = f : [a, b] R J= GKA = BK ?= f A? A [a, b] A = BK ? = f A JHAI LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) - J= ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA f(b) f(a) = f (a)(b a) + Demonstra c ao: f (c) f (a) (b a)2 + (b a)3 . 2! 3!
J
K=
5A =
. K= f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) (b a )3 3!
f (a) (b a)2 2! .
C >=IJ=
IJH=H
I GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA

f (c) = K .
2=H= EIJ ? IE@AHA
I g : [a, b] R = BK ?= @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
f (x) K . g(x) = f(b) f(x) f (x)(b x) (b x)2 (b x)3 , 2 3!
C = BK ?= g IAH = ? J
K= A
[a, b] IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(a, b)
"!! ) A
[ ] [ ] f (x) f (x) g (x) = f (x) f (x)(b x) + f (x)(1) (b x)2 + 2 (b x) (1) 2 2 K 3 (b x)2 (1) 3! f (x) K = (b x)2 + (b x)2 ! 2 2! (b a )2 (b a)3 K 2 3! 2 ( b a ) = f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) f (a) 2 (a) f f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) (b a)2 (b a)3 2 ! . = 0, 3! (b a)3 3! ( b b) 2 ( b b) 3 g(b) = f(b) f(b) f (b)(b b) f (b) K 2 3! = 0.
@EII IA x (a, b) JAHA
A
g(a) = f(b) f(a) f (a)(b a) f (a)
C @ 6A HA = @A 4 A IACKA GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA

0 = g (c) =
(11.3)
K f (c) (b c)2 + (b c)2 , 2 2 f (c) = K ,
K IA =
f (c) K (b c)2 = (b c)2 . 2 2
+ K IA =
c = b IACKA GKA
f(b) f(a) = f (a)(b a) +
f (c) f (b) (b a)2 + (b a)3 , 2! 3!
? -
GKAH
=
IJH=H I = IACKE JA CA AH= E = ?= @ 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E
CAH= JA
Teorema 11.0.3 Teorema de Taylor 5A = n N A f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = J= GKA = BK ? = f(n) A ? J

K= A [a, b] A = BK ? = f(n) A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) EIJ A ANEIJA f(n+1) A (a, b) - J= ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA f(b) f(a) = f (a)(b a)+ Demonstra c ao: f (a) f (a) f(n) (a) f(n+1) (c) (b a)2 + (b a)3 + + (b a )n + (b a)n+1 . 2! 3! n! (n + 1)!
+ IE@AHA
I F : [a, b] R = BK ?= @=@= F H
f (x) f (x) f (x) f(n) (x) . F(x) = f(b) f(x) (b x) (b x)2 (b x)3 (b x)n 1! 2! 3! n! k (b x)n+1 , (n + 1)!
"!" F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] @A k R A J= GKA

F(a) = 0 ,
+)2 167

. 4 7 ) ,- 6);
EIJ A
[ ] (a) (n) (a) (n + 1)! f (a ) f (a) f f . k = f(b) f(a) (b a ) (b a)2 (b a)3 (b a )n . 1! 2! 3! n! (b a)n+1
>IAHLA
[a, b] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) A = A @EII JAHA I [ ] [ ] f (x) f (x) f (x) f (x) 2 F (x) = 0 f (x) (b x) + (1) (b x) + 2(b x)(1) 1! 1! 2! 2! [ ] f (x) f(4) (x) f (x) 3 3 2 (b x) + (b x) + 3(b x) (1) 3! 3! 3! [ ] f(n+1) (x) f(n) (x) k n n1 (b x) + n(b x) (1) n(b x)n (1) n! n! (n + 1)!
(n+1) (x) -NAH?
?E k f
I GKA = BK ?= F A ? J
K= A
n!
(b x)n ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, b) .

= F(a)
-NAH?
?E
"
+
F(b)
-NAH?
?E
0,
IACKA @ 6A HA = @A 4 A GKA ANEIJA c (a, b) J= GKA

0 = F (c) =
(11.4)
k f(n+1) (c) (b c)n n!

=0
GKA E F E?=H =A
f(n+1) (c) = k .
C
0 = F(a) = f(b) f(a) f (a) f (a) f (a) f(n) (a) (b a) + (b a )2 (b a)3 (b a)n 1! 2! 3! n!
k (b a)n+1 (n + 1)! f (a) f (a) f (a) f(n) (a) (b a ) (b a )2 (b a)3 (b a)n 1! 2! 3! n!
= f(b) f(a)
f(n+1) (c) (b a)n+1 , (n + 1)!
EIJ A
f(b) f(a) = f (a) f (a) f(n) (a) f(n+1) (c) f (a ) (b a)+ (b a )2 + (b a)3 + + (b a )n + (b a)n+1 , 1! 2! 3! n! (n + 1)!
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ 6A HA =
Observa c ao 11.0.5
"!#
=I ? @E ? AI @ 6A HA = @A 6=O H IA x (a, b) F @A . = E JAHL= [a, x] A A ? JH=H c = cx (a, x) J= GKA

f(x) f(a) =
I =F E?=H
6A HA = @A 6=O H
f (a) f (a) f(n) (a) f(n+1) (c) (x a) + (x a )2 + + (x a)n + (x a)n+1 , 1! 2! n! (n + 1)!
K IA =
f(x) = f(a) + f (a) f (a) f(n) (a) f(n+1) (c) (x a) + (x a )2 + + (x a )n + (x a)n+1 1! 2! n! (n + 1)! . . =P (x)
n
=Rn (x)
= Pn (x) + Rn (x) ,
#
@A IAH = @A x=a A IAH = @A
f (a ) f (a) f(n) (a) . Pn (x) = f(a) + (x a ) + (x a)2 + + (x a)n 1! 2! n! E =@ polin omio de Taylor, de ordem n, associado a fun c ao f no ponto . f(n+1) (c) R n (x) = (x a)n+1 (n + 1)!
E =@ resto de Taylor, de ordem n, associado a fun c ao f no ponto x = a
. >IAHLA I GKA IA = BK ?= f A (n + 1) LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA A I = (a , a + ) A ? DA?A I = BK ? = f A IK=I @AHEL=@=I =J A = H@A n F J a A J= ? DA?AHA I F E E @A 6=O H @A H@A n =II ?E=@ = BK ? = f =I A CAH= n ao ? DA?A I ANF E?EJ= A JA HAIJ @A 6=O H @A H@A n =II ?E=@ = BK ?= f F EI = I=>A I GKA A ANF E?EJ= A JA F J c = cx (a, x) ?K = ANEIJA ?E= A C=H= JE@= FA 6A HA = @A 6=O H
! ) ANFHAII= # A ? DA?E@= ? f F J x=a
F ormula de Taylor @A H@A
n =II ?E=@ = BK ? =
" 5A a = 0 A J= = ANFHAII= # J H =H IA =

f(x) = f(0) + f (0) f (0) 2 f(n) (0) n f(n+1) (c) n+1 x+ x + + x + x 1! 2! n! (n + 1)! . . =P (x)
n
=Rn (x)
. = Pn (x) + Rn (x) ,
$
@A c [0, x] IA x > 0 F E E IAH = @A
K c [x, 0] IA x < 0
f (0) f (0) 2 f(n) (0) n . Pn (x) = f(0) + x+ x + + x 1! 2! n! E =@ polin omio de Maclaurin de ordem n associado a fun c ao f A . f(n+1) (c) n+1 R n (x) = x (n + 1)!
IAH = @A
E =@ resto de Maclaurin, de ordem n, associado a fun c ao f
"!$
+)2 167

. 4 7 ) ,- 6);
# ) ANFHAII= $ A ? DA?E@= ? BK ? = f
F ormula de Maclaurin @A H@A
n =II ?E=@ =
$ 5A ? IACKEH I @AEN=H HAIJ @A 6=O H A A @=@ > 0 JA D= I F=H= n N IK ?EA JA A JA CH= @A JAHA I
@K
J= FAGKA
GK= J IA GKAEH= EIJ
|Rn (x)| < ,
|f(x) Pn (x)| = |Rn (x)| < ,
F=H= ?=@= n No ,
F=H= = CK No N K IA = F @AH
= I =FH NE =H L= H @= BK ? = f F J x FA L= H @ F E E @A 6=O H @A H@A n =II ?E=@ = BK ?= f F J x = a = CH II @ JAH
= I
Pn (x) f(x).
2 HJ= J AII= IEJK= ?= A ? JH=H

= I K = =FH NE = ?= @ L= H @= BK ?= f F J x FA L= H @A K F E E ?=I F E E @A 6=O H @A H@A n =II ?E=@ = BK ? = f F J x = a F J x
+ IE@AHA I IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 11.0.2 )F E?=H = B H K = @A =? =KHE @A H@A n F=H= BK ? = f : R R @=@= F H . f(x) = x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + x 1 , F=H= ?=@= x R ,
F=H= ?=@= n N
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R F EI A K = BK ?= F E C F @A I >JAH = B H K = @A =? =KHE @A H@A n F=H= = BK ?= f F=H= ?=@= n N 2=H= AI?HALAH = B H K = @A =? =KHE FHA?EI= I ?= ?K =H =I @AHEL=@=I
f(n) (0) ,
E=
F=H= ?=@= n {0} N .
=I F=H= ?=@= x R JAHA
I
f(0) (0) = f(0) = 1 , f (0) = 1 , f (0) = 6 , f(3) (0) = 12 , f(4) (0) = 24 , f(m) (0) = 0 ,
f(x) = x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + x 1 ,
=IIE 3 2 f (x) = 4x + 6x + 6x + 1 , =IIE f (x) = 12x2 + 12x + 6 , =IIE

f(3) (x) = 24x + 12 , f(4) (x) = 24 , f(m) (x) = 0 ,
=IIE =IIE =IIE
F=H= m 5 .
C = B H K = @A
=? =KHE =II ?E=@= = BK ?= f F=H= n {5, 6, 7, } IAH =

=0 =0 =0
f(x) = f(0) +
f (0) 2 f (0) 3 f(4) f(5) (0) 5 f(n) (0) n f(n+1) (c) n+1 f (0) x+ x + x + (0)x4 + x + + x + x 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! n! (n + 1)! 1 6 12 24 0 0 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + + xn+1 1 2! 3! 4! 5! (n + 1)! = 1 + x + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
"!% K IA = F E E @A =? =KHE @A H@A n =II ?E=@ = BK ?= f GKA A K = BK ?= F E F=H= n {5, 6, 7, } IAH = = FH FHE= BK ?= F E E= f 6A I J= > A
Exemplo 11.0.3 )F E?=H = B H K = @A
E=
=? =KHE
@A H@A
n F=H= BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(x) = ? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
F=H= ?=@= n N
Resolu c ao:
@A
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A R C F @A =? =KHE @A H@A n F=H= = BK ?= f F=H= GK= GKAH n N 2=H= AI?HALAH = B H K = @A =? =KHE FHA?EI= I ?= ?K =H =I @AHEL=@=I
f(n) (0) ,
I >JAH = B H K =
F=H= ?=@= n {0} N .
=I
f(x) = ? I(x) , =IIE f (x) = IA (x) , =IIE f (x) = ? I(x) , =IIE f(3) (x) = IA (x) , =IIE f(4) (x) = ? I(x) = f(x) , =IIE f(5) (x) = f (x) = IA (x) , =IIE f(0) (0) = f(0) = 1 , f (0) = 0 , f (0) = 1 , f(3) (0) = 0 , f(4) (0) = 1 , f(5) (0) = 0 ,
K IA =
f
(n)
{ (0) =
F=H= n A
F=H (1) , F=H= n A F=H
0,
n 2
C = B H K = @A
f(x) = f(0) + =1+ =1
=? =KHE
@A H@A
n F=H= n {5, 6, 7, } IAH = @=@= F H
f (0) f (0) 2 f(3) (0) 3 f(4) (0) 3 f(5) (0) 3 f(n) (0) n f(n+1) (c) n+1 x+ x + x + x + x + + x + x 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! n! (n + 1)!
0 (1) 2 0 1 0 f(n) (0) n f(n+1) (c) n+1 x+ x + x3 + x4 + x5 + + x + x 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! n! (n + 1)! 1 2 1 (1)k 2k f(n) (0) n f(n+1) (c) n+1 x + x4 + + x + + x + x , 2! 4! (2k)! n! (n + 1)!
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
@A c AK
F J A JHA 0 A x
Observa c ao 11.0.6
>IAHLA I GKA -NA F =?E = F E E @A =? =KHE IAH =K F E E GKA I ?= f A K = BK ?= F=H A L LAH = F JA ?E=I F=HAI @A x A = BK 1IJ ? HHA A CAH= F EI IA K = BK ? = g : R R A K = BK ? =
F=H A J= @ALAHA I JAH g(x) = g(x) , F=H= ?=@= x R .
"!&
+)2 167

. 4 7 ) ,- 6);
F=HJE?K =H
g(0) = g(0) ,
=g(0)
K IA = E@= A
2g(0) = 0 ,
K =E @= IAK L= H A
g(0) = 0.
A @ALAHA
Conclus ao: J @= BK ? =
F=H @A
I JAH
R JA
x = 0 ECK= = AH
EIJ
g(0) = 0 .
A >HA I J= > A GKA IA K = BK ?= A

F=H A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A J= IK= @AHEL=@= IAH = K = BK ?= F=H A IA K = BK ? = A F=H A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A J= IK= @AHEL=@= IAH = K = BK ?=
F=H C IA = BK ? = f : R R A K = BK ? =
F=H A JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A J= F=H= ?=@= m N IACKA GKA = BK ? = f(2m+1) IAH = K = BK ?= F=H A = BK ? = f(2m) IAH = K = BK ?=
F=H - F=HJE?K =H
f(2m) (0) = 0 ,
IJH= @ GKA = . H K = @A
=? =KHE
@A H@A
?EA JAI @=I F JA ?E=I F=HAI GKA I= @=@ I F H IAH= ECK=EI = AH K IA = (2m)! F E E @A =? =KHE IAH =K F E E GKA I F IIKE F JA ?E=I
F=HAI @A x ! 2 H KJH =@ IA = BK ?= f : R R A K = BK ?= F=H A JA @AHEL=@= @A GK= GKAH H@A A J= F=H= J @ m N IACKA GKA = BK ?= f(2m+1) IAH = K = BK ? =
F=H A = BK ? = f(2m) IAH = K = BK ? = F=H - F=HJE?K =H
f(2m+1) (0) = 0 ,
f(2m) (0)
n =II ?E=@
= BK ? = f
I?A
IJH= @ GKA = . H K = @A
=? =KHE
@A H@A
A JAI @=I F JA ?E=I

F=HAI GKA I= @=@ I F H IAH= ECK=EI = AH K IA = (2m + 1)! F E E @A =? =KHE IAH =K F E E GKA I F IIKE F JA ?E=I F=HAI @A x " ,AEN=HA I ? @=I BK ? AI @A ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = >JA ? = B H K = @A E@=I +=F
JK " =? =KHE @A ?=@= K =
f(2m+1) (0)
n =II ?E=@ = BK ?= f
I ? A ?E
# 7JE E = @ IA = B H K = @A 6=O H F @A I >JAH K = @A IJH= ?= = JAH =JEL= F=H= A @K=I 6AIJA @= = ,AHEL=@= F=H= ? =IIE ?= ?= @ I F J I ?H
JE? I @A K = BK ? = f GKA LA AI @EBAHA ?E =LA 2=H= EIJ IKF D= I GKA = BK ?= f : [b, d] R A J= GKA = BK ? = f A ? J
K= A [b, d] A a (b, d) N=@ - J= =F E?= @ IA = B H K = @A 6=O H @A H@A n = 1 =II ?E=@ = BK ?= f A x = a F @A I A ? JH=H c (a, x) IA x > a K c (x, a) IA x < a J= GKA
f(x) f(a) = f (a)(x a) + f (c) (x a )2 . 2!
%
5KF D=
I GKA x = a IA = K
F J ?H
JE? @= BK ?= f
f (a) = 0 .
K IA =
"!'
- J=
IK>IJEJKE @ A
% JAHA
I
f (c) (x a)2 . 2!
f(x) f(a) =
&
5KF D= +
I GKA
f (a) > 0 . [b, d] A f (a) > 0 IACKA GKA ANEIJA > 0 J= GKA
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
f (x) > 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a + ) . FAGKA @A @ GKA
-IJ=
I IKF @ GKA 0 < A >A
b a < a + d.
- F=HJE?K =H IA =F E?=H E JAHL= [a , a] >JAHA

f (c) > 0 ,
I = B H K = @A 6=O H =?E = I GKA @A c (a, a + ) I F H & GKA

f(x) f(a) = f (c)
>0
E JAHL=
[a, a + ]
K c (a , a) ,
HAIFA?JEL= A JA C IA x [a, a + ] JAHA
(x a)2 > 0, 2
>0
K IA =
f(x) > f(a) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, a + )

(x a )2 >0 2
>0
'
A IA x [a , a] JAHA
I F H & GKA

f(x) f(a) = f (c)
>0
K IA =
f(x) > f(a) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a) ,
E ?= A

x=a
K IA = ' A E F E?=H= GKA = BK ? = f JAH =K ,A @ IA A D= JA IJH= IA GKA IA

f (a) < 0 ,
A J= F @A
I A ? JH=H > 0 J= GKA

f(x) f(a) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a , a + ) , AEJ H
K IA = = BK ? = f JAH =K =NE ?= A x = a ,AEN=HA I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ? ANAH?

?E F=H=
""
+)2 167

. 4 7 ) ,- 6);
Cap tulo 12
Integrais indenidas de fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real

24.05.2013 - 30.a
12.1
Primitiva de uma fun c ao real de uma vari avel real

A R = L= E A f : A R K = BK ? =
II > AJEL AIJA ?=F

JK @EBAHA ?E =LA A A J= GKA + A ?=HA
Observa c ao 12.1.1 5A =
IAH = A ? JH=H IA ANEIJEH K = BK ? = F : A R GKA IA = F=H= ?=@= x A .
F (x) = f(x) ,
I E JH @K E @ =
Deni c ao 12.1.1 5A = f : A R A IKF D= I GKA ANEIJ= K = BK ?= F : A R @EBAHA ?E =LA A A J= GKA F (x) = f(x) , F=H= ?=@= x A .
AIJA ?=I = BK ?= F IAH = @A

+ IE@AHA I = CK I ANA F I
E =@= primitiva (ou anti-derivada) da fun c ao f em A
Exemplo 12.1.1 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = 3x2 4x + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . F=H= ?=@= x R
IJHA GKA = BK ?= F : R R @=@= F H

. F(x) = x3 2x2 + x ,
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A
Resolu c ao:
R RA
,A B=J = BK ?= F : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
[ ] . d F (x) = x3 2x2 + x = 3x2 4x + 1 = f(x) , dx
F=H= ?=@= x R,
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= F A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A ""
""
Exemplo 12.1.2 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = ? I(x) ,
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
F=H= ?=@= x R . F=H= ?=@= x R
IJHA GKA = BK ?= F : R R @=@= F H

. F(x) = IA (x) ,
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ? = f A
Resolu c ao:
R RA
,A B=J = BK ?= F : R R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
. d F (x) = [ IA (x)] = ? I(x) = f(x) , dx
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
R
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= F A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A ,A @ IA A D= JA JA I ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 12.1.1 5A = f : (1, 1) R = BK ? = @=@= F H 1 . f(x) = , 1 x2
F=H= ?=@= x (1, 1) .
IJHA GKA = BK ?= F : (1, 1) R @=@= F H

. F(x) = =H?? I(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (1, 1)
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ? = f A
Resolu c ao:
(1, 1) (1, 1) A
,A B=J = BK ?= F : (1, 1) R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
1 . d [=H?? I(x)] = = f(x) , F (x) = dx 1 x2
F=H= ?=@= x (1, 1) ,

(1, 1)
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= F A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A
12.2
6A
Propriedades da primitiva
I =I IACKE JAI FH FHEA@=@AI CAH=EI F=H= =I FHE EJEL=I @A BK ? AI

A R = L= E A f : A R K = BK ? =
E 5A = BK ?= F : A R A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A A A C R A J= = BK ?= G : A R @=@= F H . G(x) = F(x) + C , F=H= ?=@= x A , IAH =K FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A
A A A J=
EE 5A A A K E JAHL= @A R A =I BK ? AI F, G : A R I= FHE EJEL=I @= BK ? = f A F @A I A ? JH=H C R @A @ GKA

G( x ) = F ( x ) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x A .
24 241-,),-5 ,) 241 1618)
""!
Demonstra c ao:
AA
,A E + = BK ?= F A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A

F (x) = f(x),
A A J= = BK ?= F : A R A @EBAHA ?E =LA A x A.
C = BK ?= G : A R @=@= F H
. G( x ) = F ( x ) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x A , F=H= ?=@= x A ,
,A EE + =I BK ? AI F, G I= FHE EJEL=I @= BK ?= f A A A J= =I BK ? AI F, G : A R I= @EBA HA ?E =LAEI A A A F (x) = f(x) = G (x) , F=H= ?=@= x A . )IIE = BK ?= h : A R @=@= F H
. h(x) = G(x) F(x) ,
AA= A @EII d d G (x) = [ F (x) + C ] = F (x) + C = f (x) , dx dx IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= G A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A A
F=H= ?=@= x A, F=H= ?=@= x A . I A ? JH=H C R @A @
IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A +
GKA
AA= A @EII d [G(x) F(x)] = G (x) F (x) = f(x) f(x) = 0 , h (x) = dx A A K E JAHL= @A R IACKA @ + H =HE & " GKA F @A h(x) = C ,
F=H= ?=@= x A , F=H= ?=@= x A ,
K IA =
G( x ) = F ( x ) + C ,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 12.2.1
EJA EE IA A n ao B H K E JAHL= = ? ? KI= F @AH = IAH B= I= ? IACKE JA ANA F 5A = f, F, G : (, 0) (0, ) R @=@=I F H
{ . f(x) = 1 , x (0, ) 1, x (, 0) { . , F(x) = x + 2 , x (0, ) x , x (, 0) F (x) = G (x) = f(x) { . A G( x ) = x , x (0, )
IJH=
.
x + 3 , x (, 0)
EIJ
F=H= x = 0 JA
I GKA LAHE GKA
=I n ao ANEIJA C R J= GKA LAHE GKA

F ( x ) = G( x ) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x = 0.
A A J= JA
5A F : A R A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ? = f A
I GKA
dF(x) = F (x) dx = f(x) dx ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
K IA = = @EBAHA ?E= @= BK ? = F IAH = @=@= F H dF(x) = f(x) dx , F=H= ?=@= x A .
"""
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
12.3
Integrais indenidas
I GKA IA A A K E JAHL= @A GK= GKAH KJH= FHE EJEL= GKA
Observa c ao 12.3.1 + ? ? KI= @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = JA R A = BK ? = F : A R A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ? = f A J= E @E?=HA I F H G : A R @= BK ?= f @ALAH = IAH @= B H = G( x ) = F ( x ) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
F=H= = CK
+
CR
EIJ JA
I=
Deni c ao 12.3.1 ,=@= K = BK ?= f : A R = ? A ?= B H =@= F H J @=I =I BK ? AI FHE EJEL=I @= BK ?= f A A IAH = @A E =@= integral indenida da fun c ao f em A A E @E?=@= F H f(x) dx . Observa c ao 12.3.2 5A A A K E JAHL= @A R A = BK ? = F : A R A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A A A J= @= >IAHL= ?= EJA IACKA GKA f(x) dx = { F(x) + C ; x A A C R } .
2 H =>KI @A
J= ?=
AI?HALAHA
I F=H= ?=@= x A ,
f(x) dx = F(x) + C ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE=
+ EIJ JA I
Exemplo 12.3.1 += ?K A = E JACH= E @A
E@= f(x) dx
@A = BK ? = f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = 3x2 4x + 1 , Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R .
, -NA F I=>A
I GKA = BK ?= F : R R @=@= F H
F(x) = x3 2x2 + x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , I GKA
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A R + R = (, ) K IA = AK
E JAHL= JA
f(x) dx = {F(x) + C ; x R A C R} ,
K @A
@ IE F E ?=@
3x2 4x + 1 dx = F(x) + C = x3 2x2 + x + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
"
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) 1 ,-.1 1,)
""#
E@= f(x) dx
@A = BK ?= f : R R A @=@= F H
. f(x) = ? I(x) , Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= x R .
, -NA F
I=>A
I GKA = BK ?= F : R R @=@= F H
F(x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , I GKA
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A R + R = (, ) K IA = AK
E JAHL= JA
f(x) dx = {F(x) + C ; x R A C R} ,
K @A
@ IE F E ?=@
? I(x) dx = F(x) + C = IA (x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
12.4
6A I
Propriedades da integral indenida

IACKE JA HAIK J=@ > =IE? F=H= E JACH=EI E @A
A K
E@=I
Proposi c ao 12.4.1 5A = nN
E JAHL=
@A R f, g : A R BK ? AI @=@=I a R r R A
- J=

(af)(x) dx = a f(x) dx , (f + g)(x) dx =
F=H= ?=@= x A
f(x) dx + g(x) dx , f(x) dx g(x) dx ,
F=H= ?=@= x A F=H= ?=@= x A @A C R A =H>EJH =HE= @A C R A =H>EJH =HE=
! " #
(f g)(x) dx = 1 dx = x + C , xn dx =
F=H= ?=@= x R
1 xn + 1 + C , n+1
F=H= ?=@= x R
$ 5A x (0, ) JA
I GKA
1 xr+1 + C , F=H= r x dx = r + 1 (x) , F=H= r = 1, r R \ {1}
""$
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
,A 5A = BK ?= F : A R A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f : A R A J= = BK ?= a.F : A R IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A = A @EII JA I GKA

[aF] (x) = aF (x) = af(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
A

K IA = = BK ?= (aF) IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= (af) A ) A @EII JA I
. D=aC a f(x) dx = a[F(x) + C] = aF(x) + aC = (aF)(x) + D = (af)(x) dx ,
F=H= ?=@= x A .
,A 5A =I BK ? AI F, G : A R I= FHE EJEL=I @=I BK ? AI f, g : A R HAIFA?JEL= A JA A J= =I BK ? AI F, G : A R IAH= @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A = A @EII JA I GKA

F (x) = f(x),
A G (x) = g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A .
A F EI = BK ?= F + G : A R IAH =
C = BK ?= F + G IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f + g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A ?
[F + G] (x) = F (x) + G (x) = f(x) + g(x) = (f + g)(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,

IACKA GKA
. E=C+D f(x) dx + g(x) dx = [F(x) + C] + [G(x) + D] = [F(x) + G(x)] + E = (F + G)(x) + E = (f + g)(x) dx , F=H= ?=@=
x A.
,A ! 5A =I BK ? AI F, G : A R I= FHE EJEL=I @=I BK ? AI f, g : A R HAIFA?JEL= A JA A J= =I BK ? AI F, G : A R IAH= @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A = A @EII JA I GKA

F (x) = f(x),
A G (x) = g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A .
A F EI = BK ?= F G : A R IAH =
C = BK ?= F G IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A A A ?
[F G] (x) = F (x) G (x) = f(x) g(x) = (f g)(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
!
IACKA GKA
. E=CD f(x) dx g(x) dx = [F(x) + C] [G(x) + D] = [F(x) G(x)] + E ! = (F G)(x) + E = (f g)(x) dx , F=H= ?=@=
x A.
,A " 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H
f(x) = 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
"
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) 1 ,-.1 1,)
""%
- J= = BK ?= F : R R @=@= F H
F(x) = x ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
RA= A
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A
R F EI = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A F (x) = d (x) = 1 , dx
@EII JA
I GKA
F=H= ?=@= x R . F=H= ?=@= x R ,
)IIE
1 dx = F(x) + C = x + C ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ,A # 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H

f(x) = xn ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- J= = BK ?= F : R R @=@= F H
. F (x) = 1 xn+1 , n+1
F=H= ?=@= x R , @EII JA I GKA
IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A
R F EI = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A R A = A [ ] 1 d xn+1 = xn , F=H= ?=@= x R . F (x) = dx n + 1 1 xn+1 + C , n+1
xn dx = F(x) + C =
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ,A $ 2=H= r = 1 ? IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
f(x) = x1 = 1 , x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
A J= = BK ?= F : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. F(x) = (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,

(0, ) A = A
IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @A @= BK ?= f A JA I GKA

F (x) =
(0, ) F EI = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
@EII
1 d [ (x)] = = f(x) , dx x (x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) . F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
1 dx = F(x) + C = x
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= 2 H KJH =@ FH= r R \ {1} IA = f : (0, ) R = BK ?= @=@= F H

f(x) = xr = er
(x)
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) .
""& - J= = BK ?= F : (0, ) R @=@= F H

. F(x) = 1 xr+1 , r+1
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) , I
A K = FHE EJEL= @A @= BK ?= f A (0, ) F EI = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (0, ) A = A @EII JA GKA [ ] d 1 r+1 F (x) = x = xr , F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) .
dx r + 1
xr dx = F(x) + C =
1 r +1 x + C, r+1
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ?
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
Observa c ao 12.4.1
+ =I FH FHEA@=@AI =J A # F @A F E E= ,AEN=HA 2=H= I = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ?
I >JAH = E JACH= E @A ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
E@= @A GK= GKAH BK ? =
?=I r = 1 = FH FHEA@=@A $ F @A IAH AIJA @E@= = IACKE JA IEJK= ?=

1 dx = x (|x|) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} , ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ,AEN=HA

+

I
ANAH?
?E HAI LE@ JA
Exerc cio 12.4.1 += ?K =H =I E JACH=EI E @A (i ) ( ) 4x2 3x + 2 dx , F=H= x R (ii)
E@=I
[ 1 IA? (x) + IA (x) + 1 + x2
2
( ) dx , F=H= x , . 2 2
Resolu c ao:
,A E ,= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA

( ) 2 2 4x 3x + 2 dx, = 4x dx + (3x) dx + 2 dx = 4 x dx 3 x dx + 2 1 dx
2
1 1 4 3 = 4 x3 3 x2 + 2x + C = x3 x2 + 2x + C , 3 2 3 2
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ,A EE ,= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA
"
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) 1 ,-.1 1,)
""'

1 IA? (x) + IA (x) + 1 + x2

2
] dx =
IA? (x) dx + IA (x) dx +

2
1 dx 1 + x2
1 JC (x)= IA?2 (x); ? I (x)= IA (x); =H?JC (x)= 1+ x2
F=H= ?=@=
= ( ) , x , 2 2
JC(x) ? I(x) + =H?JC(x) + C,

( ) ( )
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= A AIJ= I ? IE@AH= @ JC : , R A =H?JC : R , 2 2 2 2 6A I J= > A IACKE JA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 12.4.2 +
IE@AHA I K = F=HJ
?K = ?=@= E IJ= JA A @=@= F H
a(t) = (2t 1) m/s2 ,
LA @ IA I >HA K = HAJ= F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) ,
@A IK= =?A AH= ?=
E IJ= JA t = 1 s IK= LA ?E@=@A A vo = 3 m/s A IK= F IE ?= A xo = 4 m - ? JH=H = ANFHAII= @= LA ?E@=@A A = F IE ?= @= F=HJ
?K = A ?=@= E IJ= JA t
Resolu c ao:
5=>A I GKA IA x = x(t) F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) I @ = AIF= ? A BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A t - J= JAHA I v(t) = x (t) , F=H= ?=@= t (0, ) A )IIE IACKA GKA
a(t) = v (t) ,
BK ?= @ JA F ?
K =
F=H= ?=@= t (0, ) .
v (t) = a(t) = 2t 1 a(t) dt = (2t 1) dt
GKA E F E?=H =A
v(t) =
-NAH?
?E
t2 t + C , F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) ,
K IA =
v(t) = t2 t + C ,
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) . K IA =

C = 3,
=I
3 = v(1) = 1 1 + C ,
C
v(t) = t2 t + 3 ,
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) . F=H= ?=@= t [0, )
+ IACKA GKA
x (t) = v(t) = t2 t + 3 ,
( ) 1 -NAH?
?E 1 3 x(t) = v(t) dt = t2 t + 3 dt = t t2 + 3t + C , F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) , 3 2 1 1 x(t) = t3 t2 + 3t + C , 3 2
K IA =
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) .
"# =I
4 = x(1) = 1 1 + 3 + C, 3 2
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
EIJ A
-NAH?
?E 7
2 HJ= J
1 1 7 x(t) = t3 t2 + 3t + , 3 2 6
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) .
12.5
+
Algumas t ecnicas para calcular algumas integrais indenidas

I FA
A ?=HA
Teorema 12.5.1 5K>IJEJKE ?= ,EHAJ= F=H= = 1 JACH= 1 @A R A IKF D= I GKA = BK ? = g : A B A @EBAHA ?E =LA A BK ? = F : B R ? K = FHE EJEL= @A E@= A B - J= = BK ?= H : A R @=@= F H . H(x) = F[g(x)] ,
E@= 5A = A, B R E JAHL= I @A A A = BK ?= f : B R =@ EJA =
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ? = h : A R @=@= F H

. h(x) = f[g(x)] g (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A .
F=HJE?K =H
f[g(x)] g (x) dx = F[g(x)] + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
"
Demonstra c ao:
+ BA= A
= BK ?= F : B R A FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A B IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A @EII F (y) = f(y) , F=H= ?=@= y B . #
A
=I = BK ?= g A @EBAHA ?E =LA A @= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= JAHA I

H (x) =
C = BK ?= H = F g IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
AA= A
@EII
d (12.5) [F g](x) = F [g(x)] g (x) = f[g(x)] g (x) , F=H= ?=@= dx . K IA = = BK ?= H = F g IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= h = (f g) g EIJ A f[g(x)] g (x) dx = F[g(x)] + C , F=H= ?=@= x A ,
x A,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ?
Observa c ao 12.5.1
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?=
- K ?AHJ IA JE@ HAIK J=@ =?E = = E JACH= E @A E@= = I=>AH

. f(u) du =
I @E ?
B= AH K =
f[g(x)] g (x) dx
K@= ?=I @A L=HE =LAEI
u=g(x) du=g (x) dx
#
6-+ 1+)5 ,- 1 6-/4)+ )
"#
A= = @ ? =?K K IA = B= A I AIJA ?=I
@= E JACH= E @A
E@= @
=@ @EHAEJ
L J=
I = L=HE =LA
HECE = u
x = g1 (u) .
= IK>IJEJKE ?=
u = g (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
@ALAH = IAH K = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI EIJ A @ALAH = IAH bijetora ! 1IJ IAH = @A CH= @A E F HJ= ?E= = FH NE = IA ?= HAIK J=@ =?E = F @A IAH HAAI?HEJ @= IACKE JA B H =
f[g(x)]) g (x) dx
u=g(x) du=g (x) dx
f(u) du
F (u)=f(u)
F (u) + C
u=g(x)
F[g(x)] + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x A ,
)F EGKA I EIJ =
} { b , xR\ a
Exemplo 12.5.1 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= 1 dx , F=H= ?=@= (ax + b)2
@A a = 0 A b R AIJ=
Resolu c ao:
N I
5A ? IE@AH=H
I = BK ?= g : R R @=@= F H
. g(x) = ax + b ,
F=H= ?=@= x R
A = BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. 1 f(y) = 2 , y
F=H= ?=@= y (0, ) ,

R
A J= JA
I GKA = BK ?= g IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

g (x) = a ,
F=H= ?=@= x R
A = BK ?= F : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. 1 F(y) = , y
F=H= ?=@= y (0, ) , ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
IAH = K FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f )= LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ) A @EII JA I
1 1 dx = 2 (ax + b) a 1 -NAH?
?E a dx = (ax + b)2 6A H # 1 = {F[g(x)] + D} = a
1 f[g(x)] g (x) dx a [ ] .D ( ) C= a 1 1 1 1 b +D = + C , F=H= x , , a ax + b a ax + b a
"# K IA =
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
1 1 + C, dx = 2 (ax + b) a(ax + b)
F=H=
( ) b x , a
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= ,A @ IA A D= JA F @A
I ? IE@AH=H = BK ?= f : (, 0) R @=@= F H
. 1 f(y) = 2 , y
F=H= ?=@= y (, 0)
A = BK ?= F : (, 0) R @=@= F H
. 1 F (y ) = , y
F=H= ?=@= y (, 0) , AI H=?E ?

E =?E = F=H= >JAH F=H= ?=@=
( ) b x , , a
GKA IAH =K
FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A =F E?=H
1 1 dx = + D, 2 (ax + b) a(ax + b)
@A D R A =H>EJH =HE= ,AEN=HA I I @AJ= DAI ? ANA F = IACKEH =CEHA
ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H I =EI @EHAJ= A JA
Exemplo 12.5.2 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= IA 2 (x) ? I(x) dx , F=H= ?=@= Resolu c ao:
x R.
AIJA ?=I FA 6A HA = # JA
2 2
I F=H= ?=@= x [, ] IACKA GKA

d u= IA (x) du= dx [ IA (x)] dx=? I(x) dx
IA (x) ? I(x) dx = [ IA (x) ] ? I(x) dx

=u u= IA (x) =du
1 u2 du = u3 + C 3
1 IA 3 (x) + C , 3
F=H= ?=@= x [, ] , F=H= ?=@= x R ,
K IA =
IA 2 (x) ? I(x) dx = F K?
1 IA 3 (x) + C , 3
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= FH NE ANA F AK
=EI @A E?=@
Exemplo 12.5.3 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A x2 1 + x dx , Resolu c ao:
E@= F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) .

I
AIJA ?=I FA 6A HA = # F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) JA

. u= x+1 x2 1 + x dx
u2 =x+1
d du
)2 d [x+1] dx 2u du=dx ( [u2 ] du= dx = u2 1 u 2u du ( ) 4 2 -NAH?

?E -NAH?
?E 2 7 u u5 + u3 + C = 2u6 4u4 + 2u2 du = 7 5 3 ) ) ) ( ( ( 7 5 3 4 2 u= x+1 2 = x+1 x+1 + x + 1 + C , F=H= ?=@= 7 5 3
x (1, ) ,
#
6-+ 1+)5 ,- 1 6-/4)+ )
"#!
K IA =
7 5 3 2 4 2 x2 1 + x dx = (x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 + (x + 1) 2 + C , 7 5 3
F=H= ?=@= x (1, ) .
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE= + ANAH?

?E HAI LE@ JA
Exerc cio 12.5.1 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= IA 2 (x) dx , F=H= ?=@= Resolu c ao:
x R.
A >HA
I GKA IA 2 (x) = I
1 ? I(2x) , 2
F=H= ?=@= x R .
1 ? I(2x) 1 1 1 1 IA (x) dx = dx = ? I(2x) dx = dx ? I(2x) dx 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 dx ? I(2x) dx = x ? I(2x) dx = 2 2 2 2 . d d u=2x du [u]du= dx [2x] dx 1 du=2 dx , K 1 du=dx 1 1 1 2 = x ? I(u) du 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 u=2x 1 = x ? I(u) du = x IA (u) + C = x IA (2x) + C , F=H= ?=@= x R , 2 4 2 4 2 4
2
C FA 6A HA = # JA
( )
K IA = FH NE
IA 2 (x) dx = x IA (2x) + C , KEJ= KJE E@=@A
1 2
1 4
F=H= ?=@= x R . KEJ=I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I
HAIK J=@ IAH = @A
? = ?K @A
Teorema 12.5.2 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH= 1 @A E@= 5A = A K E JAHL= @A R A f, g : A R BK ? AI @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A A - J= f(x) g (x) dx = f(x) g(x) g(x) f (x) dx , F=H= ?=@= x A . $ Demonstra c ao:
+ ) A K =E @= =IIE
=I BK ? AI f A g I= @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A @EII
A IACKA GKA = BK ?= f.g IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(f.g) (x) = f (x) g(x) + f(x) g (x), f(x) g (x) = (f g) (x) f (x) g(x),
F=H= ?=@= x A , F=H= ?=@= x A,
f(x) g (x) dx =
(f g) (x) f (x) g(x) dx = (f.g) (x) dx f (x) g(x) dx ,AB ! = (f g)(x) f (x) g(x) dx = f(x) g(x) g(x) f (x) dx, F=H= ?=@= x A ,
2H F " EJA
GKAH
=
IJH=H
"#"
Observa c ao 12.5.2 )F E?= @
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
I =@ I @=I E JACH=EI E @A
6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A E@=I =?E = >JAHA I

u=f(x), v=g(x) dv=g (x) dx
E@=I = = > I
. .
f(x) g (x) dx g(x) f (x) dx
u dv , v du .
u=f(x), v=g(x) du=f (x) dx
2 @A
I AI?HALAH @A
@ =>HALE=@
= ANFHAII= $ ?
u dv = uv v du .
)F EGKA
I AIIA HAIK J=@ = = CK I ANA F I
Exemplo 12.5.4 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@=
IA 2 (x) dx ,
Resolu c ao:
-NAH?
?E # ?= ?K = I AIJ= E JACH= E @A E@= KJE E = @ 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A E@=I ) IACKEH ?= ?K =HA I AIJ= AI = E JACH= E @A E@= KJE E = @ 6A HA = @= 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A E@=I 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA
IA (x) dx =
2
IA (x) IA (x) dx
=u =dv
6A H #
u dv = uv v du
d . u = IA (x) du = [ IA (x)] dx = ? I(x) dx dx . C =0 IA (x) dx = ? I(x) + C v = ? I(x) dv = IA (x) dx v = = = IA (x) [ ? I(x)] [ ? I(x)] ? I(x) dx = IA (x) ? I(x) + ? I2 (x) dx [ ] = IA (x) ? I(x) + 1 IA 2 (x) dx = IA (x) ? I(x) + 1 dx IA 2 (x) dx 1 = IA (2x) + x IA 2 (x) dx , 2
EIJ A K IA =
1 IA (x) dx = IA (2x) + x 2
2
IA 2 (x) dx ,
IA 2 (x) dx = IA (2x) + x + D ,
. D 2 1 4
1 2
@A D R A =H>EJH =HE
K =E @= C =
1 2
IA 2 (x) dx = x IA (2x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
#
6-+ 1+)5 ,- 1 6-/4)+ )
"##
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE
27.05.2013 - 31.a - 3.a Prova 29.05.2013 - 32.a
7 KJH ANA F A GKA F @A F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A E@=I A
I =F E?=H 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= A @= 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI
Exemplo 12.5.5 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
E@=
=H?IA (x) dx ,
(1, 1)
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ANA F =F E?=HA >IAHLA I GKA
I 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI A 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A
E@=I
=H?IA (x) dx =

=H?IA (x) dx = u dv
=u =dv
6A H #
uv v du
d 1 . u = =H?IA (x) du = [ =H?IA (x)] dx = dx 2 dx 1x . C =0 dv = dx v = 1 dx = x + C v = x = 1 = =H?IA (x) x x dx 1 x2 ( ) . u=1x2 du=2x dx 1 du=x dx 1 1 2 = x =H?IA (x) du 2 u [ ] 1 1 1 1 1 = x =H?IA (x) + u 2 du = x =H?IA (x) + u2 + C 2 2 1 2 ( )1 2 2 u=1x = x =H?IA (x) + 1 x2 + C ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE EIJ A
=H?IA (x) dx = x =H?IA (x) +
1 x2 + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x (1, 1) , E@=I
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE FH NE ANA F =F E?=HA
I 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A
Exemplo 12.5.6 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= x IA (x) dx .
Resolu c ao:
"#$ >IAHLA
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
I GKA
x IA (x) dx =

x . IA (x) dx =
=u =dv
u dv
6A H #
uv v du

d . u = x du = [x] dx = 1 dx dx . C=0 IA (x) dx = ? I(x) + C v = = ? I(x) dv = IA (x) dx v = = = x [ ? I(x)] [ ? I(x)] dx = x ? I(x) + ? I(x) dx = x ? I(x) + IA (x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,

x IA (x) dx = x ? I(x) + IA (x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE 7JE E = @ 1 JACH= ?= F H F=HJAI @K=I LA AI F @A

I HAI LAH
E@=
x2 ? I(x) dx ,
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
2
I GKA
x ? I(x) dx =

x
2 =u
? I(x) dx = u dv
=dv
6A H #
uv v du

d 2 . u = x2 du = [x ] dx = 2x dx dx . C=0 dv = ? I(x) dx v = ? I(x) dx = IA (x) + C v = IA (x) +
= x2 IA (x)
-NA F
IA (x) 2x dx = x2 IA (x) 2 x IA (x) dx I(x) + IA (x)] + C , F=H= ?=@= x R , %
# $ 2 x IA (x) 2[x ?

x2 ? I(x) dx = x2 IA (x) + 2x ? I(x) 2 IA (x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , I = 1 JACH=
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE AIJA FH NE ANAH?

?E =F E?=HA 1 @A E@= A GKAIJ=
I @K=I LA AI 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= ?= ?K =H
#
6-+ 1+)5 ,- 1 6-/4)+ )
"#%
Exerc cio 12.5.2 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
E@=
x2 IA (x) dx ,
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
x IA (x) dx =

x
2 =u
IA (x) dx = u dv
=dv
6A H #
uv v du
d [ 2] . u = x2 du = x dx = 2x dx dx . C=0 IA (x) dx = ? I(x) + C v = ? I(x) dv = IA (x) dx v = = = x2 ( ? I(x)) [ ? I(x)] 2x dx [ ] 6A H # 2 2 = x ? I(x) + 2 x ? I(x) dx = x ? I(x) + 2 uv v du
=u =dv
d . u = x du = [x] dx = 1 dx dx . dv = ? I ( x ) dx v = ? I(x) dx = IA (x) + C = [ ] 2 = x ? I(x) + 2 x IA (x) IA (x) 1 dx = x2 ? I(x) + 2x IA (x) 2[ ? I(x)] + C = x2 ? I(x) + 2x IA (x) + 2 ? I(x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R

( ) x2 IA (x) dx = 2 x2 ? I(x) + 2x IA (x) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE
Observa c ao 12.5.3
F H ANA F
I JHAI -NA F I =?E = F @A IAH AIJA @E@ I = IEJK= ? AI F=H= ?= ?K =H =I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I
x IA (x) dx
n
=EI CAH=EI
xn ? I(x) dx
=I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I A L LE@=I ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H=
KJH= IEJK= ?= A
R F=H= ?=@= n N *=IJ= =F E?=H I n LA AI 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A
E@=I F=H= A ? JH=H
AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J

E@=I AK JE A @=@ FA
GKA 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A
"#&
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
E@=
ex ? I(x) dx
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA

ex ? I(x) dx
=u I =dv
d x . u = ex du = [e ] dx = ex dx dx . C=0 dv = ? I(x) dx v = ? I(x) dx = IA (x) + C v = IA (x) =
6A H #
u v v du = e IA (x)
x
ex IA (x) dx
=u =dv
6A H # x = e

IA (x) u v v du
d x . u = ex du = [e ] dx = ex dx dx . C =0 IA (x) dx = ? I(x) + C v = ? I(x) dv = IA (x) dx v = = [ ] x x x = e IA (x) e [ ? I(x)] e ( ? I(x)) dx x = e [ IA (x) + ? I(x)] ex ? I(x) dx .
I
2 ex ? I(x) dx = ex [ IA (x) + ? I(x)] + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
K IA =
ex ? I(x) dx = ex
IA (x) + ? I(x)
2
+ C,
F=H= ?=@= x R.
Observa c ao 12.5.4 ,A
@ IA A D= JA F @A
I ?= ?K =H
ex IA (x) dx
) >JA ? = @AIJ= E JACH= E @A

2=H= = E =H JA
E@= IAH = @AEN=@= ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
#
6-+ 1+)5 ,- 1 6-/4)+ )
"#'
Exerc cio 12.5.3 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A ( ) , 2 2 Resolu c ao:
E@=
x =H?JC(x) dx
)F E?=HA I 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA

x =H?JC(x) dx =

E@=I
=H?JC(x) x dx = u dv
=u =dv
6A H #
u v v du
d 1 . u = =H?JC(x) du = dx [ =H?JC(x)] dx = dx 1 + x2 . dv = x dx v =
2 x2 C=0 x x dx = +Cv = 2 2 =
2 x2 x 1 1 1 + x2 1 1 2 = =H?JC(x) dx = x =H?JC(x) dx 2 2 1 + x2 2 2 1 + x2 [ ) ] ( 1 1 1 1 2 1 + x2 1 1 2 1 dx = x =H?JC(x) dx = x =H?JC(x) dx 2 2 1 + x2 1 + x2 2 2 1 + x2 ( ) 1 1 = x2 =H?JC(x) x + =H?JC(x) + C , F=H= ?=@= x , 2 2 2 2

1 x2 + 1 x =H?JC(x) dx = x + =H?JC(x) + C , 2 2
F=H= ?=@= x ,
( ) , 2 2
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE
E@=
(x) dx
(0, )
Resolu c ao:
)F E?=HA I 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I GKA

(x) dx =

E@=I
= uv v du

(x) . dx =
=u =dv
u dv
6A H #
d 1 (x) du = [ (x)] dx = dx dx x . C=0 dv = 1 dx v = 1 dx = x + C v = = x = 1 = x (x) x dx = x (x) 1 dx x = x (x) x + C , F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) , . u=
"$ @A C R A =H>EJH =HE EIJ A

(x) dx = x (x) x + C ,
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE
12.6
Outra t ecnicas para o c alculo de integrais indenidas

I KJH=I J A? E?=I F=H= A ? JH=H E JACH=EI E @A E@=I
) IACKEH ANE>EHA
12.6.1
Integrais indenidas envolvendo express oes dos tipos: a2 x2 , a2 + x2 ou x2 a2 , para a = 0 xado.
A ?=HA
I FA = IK>IJEJKE ? AI JHEC
AJHE?=I K DEFAH> E?=I
Observa c ao 12.6.1 5A = a R a = 0 N=@
2=H= JA J=H
I A ? JH=H K = E JACH= E @A
E@= GKA A L LA
ANFHAII AI @ JEF
E a2 x2 EE a2 + x2 EEE x2 a2 JA J=HA IK = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF I

. x = a IA ()
E 2=H=
?=I E JA J=HA
& '
K F=H= I K u J EE 2=H= ?=I EE JA J=HA I
. x = a JCD(u) ,
. x = a JC()

K F=H= I K u J EEE 2=H= ?=I EEE JA J=HA I
. x = a IA D(u) ,
. x = a IA?()
!
K F=H= I K u J
. x = a ? ID(u) ,
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5

Observa c ao 12.6.2
"$
>IAHLA I GKA I I, J I= IK>? K J I @A R @A @ GKA =I BK ?= A L LE@= IA = >E AJ H= I >HA = IK= E =CA @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A IK=I BK ? AI E LAHI=I J= > A @ALAH= IAH @EBAHA ?E =LAEI I IAKI HAIFA?JEL I @
E I 7JE E = I A CAH= =I IACKE JAI E@A JE@=@AI JHEC I= AJHE?=I K DEFAH> E?=I I FHA?EI=H @=I
"
E 2=H= ?=I E IA KJE E =H IACKE JAI HA = ? AI
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI & F @AHA A

d IA () = ? I() , d
IA 2 () + ? I2 () = 1
F=H= I 5A KJE E =H I= K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI ' FHA?EI=HA

JCD2 (u) + IA?D2 (u) = 1
I @=I HA = ? AI
#
d JCD(u) = IA?D2 (u) , du
F=H= u J EE 2=H= ?=I EE IA KJE E =H HA = ? AI F=H= I 5A KJE E =H I= K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI FHA?EI=HA
? ID2 (u) IA D2 (u) = 1
I=
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI F @AHA A

d JC() = IA?2 () , d
I FHA?EI=H @=I
$
1 + JC2 () = IA?2 ()
I @=I HA = ? AI
%
d IA D(u) = ? ID(u) , du
F=H= u J EEE 2=H= ?=I EEE IA KJE E =H HA = ? AI F=H= I 5A KJE E =H I= K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI ! F @AHA
? ID2 (u) IA D2 (u) = 1
I=
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI F @AHA A

d IA?() = IA?() JC() , d
I FHA?EI=H @=I
&
1 + JC2 () = IA?2 ()
I FHA?EI=H @=I HA = ? AI
'
d ? ID(u) = IA D(u) , du
F=H= u J 8= A >IAHL=H GKA =I IK>IJEJKE ? AI =?E = @ALAH= = LAH@=@A IAH K@= ?=I @A L=HE =LAEI K IA = BK ? AI >E AJ H=I 2=H= EIJ JAHA I A CAH= GKA HAIJHECEH I @
E I @=I BK ? AI A L LE@=I ? LA EA JA A JA F=H= AIJA
)F EGKA I EIJ = IACKE JA ANA F
"$
Exemplo 12.6.1 2=H= a > 0 N=@
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
x2 1 dx + a2
E@=
Resolu c ao:
) E JACH= E @A E@= =?E = A L LA K = ANFHAII= @ JEF EE AIJA ?=I JA J=HA I = K@= ?= @ JEF EIJ A ? IE@AH=HA K IA = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN
( ) R , . 2 2 . x = a JC()
x
I=
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI
a JC()
(, a JC())
EIJ FA 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A

. d x=a JC() , ( , dx=a d [ JC()]d=a IA?2 () d 1 2 2) = dx x2 + a 2 1 1 1 2 = IA? ( ) d = 1 d a JC2 () + 1 a
$
=
E@=I JAHA
1 a IA?2 () d [a JC()]2 + a2
1 +C a
IA?2 () x = =H?JC( a ) 1
=H?JC
(x) a
+ C,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
EIJ A 2 @A I =F E?=H =
(x) 1 1 dx = =H?JC + C, x2 + a2 a a
F=H= ?=@= x R .
AI = J A? E?= F=H=
Exemplo 12.6.2 2=H= a > 0 N=@
?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
1 a2 x2 dx ,
E@=
F=H= x (a, a)
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"$! IK = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF & EIJ A

d [ IA ()] d = a ? I() d . d
Resolu c ao:
-IJ= E JACH= A @ JEF E A JA J=HA

x = a IA () ,
=IIE
JAHA
I dx = a

>IAHLA I GKA = LAH@=@A = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH @= B H = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN ( )
, 2 2 (a, a) . . x = a IA ()
6
IA
x a
IA
()
(,
())
EIJ FA
6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A
1 1 1 (12.20) ? I() d dx = a ? I() d = a 2 2 a 2 x2 2 2 a [ 1 IA ( )] a [a IA ()] 1 1 a>0 a =a ? I() d = ? I() d 2 2 a | ? I()| a ? I ( )

|a| ( , ) ? I(t)>0 2 2
E@=I JAHA
1 d = + C
(12.20))
x =H?IA ( a )
=H?IA
(x) a
+ C,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, a) 2 HJ= J
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE
(x) 1 dx = =H?IA + C, a a2 x2
F=H= ?=@= x (a, a) ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE 6A I =EI K ANA F E JAHAII= JA

Exemplo 12.6.3 2=H= a > 0 N=@
?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
x2 1 dx , a2
E@=
F=H= x (, a) (a, )
"$"
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
AIJA ?=I JA I GKA = E JACH= E @A E@= =?E = A @ JEF EEE A =IIE F @AH
= I B= AH = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @= B H = ! EIJ A IAH = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN
(0, ) (a, ) . . u x = a ? ID(u)
x
a?
ID(u)
a
(u, a ?
ID(u))
,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = =F E?= ?= @AIJ= K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI = E JACH= @A =?E = A I ? = ?K I F=H= A ? JH = = 7 KJH @ @A A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A E@= =?E = IAHE=
E@=
) { } ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 -NAH?
?E 1 dx = dx dx dx = x2 a2 2a xa x+a 2a xa x+a . u= x a du = dx . ( ) v= x + a dv = dx 1 1 1 1 = du dv = [ (|u|) (|v|)] + C 2a u v 2a u=xa, v=x+a 1 [ (|x a|) (|x + a|)] + C , F=H= ?=@= x (, a) (a, ) , = 2a
K IA =
1 1 dx = [ (|x a|) x2 a2 2a (|x + a|)] + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x (, a) (a, ) ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE
I @EHAJ= BK ? AI H=?E AJ @ K = IA ?=
Observa c ao 12.6.3 ) E@ AE= @A ?
A JA HA =?E =@= ? =EI F=H= A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A =EI =@E= JA
HAI LAH = E JACH= E @A E@= =?E = AIJ=H = ? LAHA @ ? HAI LAHA I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I A L LA @ E@= @A BK ? AI H=?E =EI IAH = @AIA L LE@ A
) IACKEH ANE>EHA
I L =HE I ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"$#
Exerc cio 12.6.1 2=H= a > 0 N=@
?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
2 x a2 dx , x
E@=
F=H= x (, a) (a, )
Resolu c ao:
I GKA @ALAHA I JAH x2 a2 0 A x = 0 K AGKEL= A JA A JA |x| a A x = 0 K =E @= x (, a) (a, ) ? a > 0 JAHA I A?AII=HE= A JA GKA x = 0 AIJA ?=I AIJ= I ?=I EEE =?E = A JA J=HA I K = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF EIJ A
x = a IA?() ,
>IAHLA
=IIE
JAHA
I dx = a
d [ IA?()]d = a IA?() JC() d, d

@A
[ ) 0, , IA x [a, ) 2
) [ 3 , IA x (, a] . , 2
)IIE
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI IAH = @= B H = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LA = CKH= =>=EN

( ) ( ) 3 0, (, a) (a, ) , . 2 2 . x = a IA?()
6
(x, a IA?(x))
a IA?(x)
x
2
3 2
"$$ +

+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5

x2 a 2 (12.21) dx = x [a IA?()]2 a2
E@=I JAHA
[ ] a IA?() JC() d = a2 IA?()]2 1 JC() d a IA?() 2 2 [ IA?()] 1= JC () 2 2 = = a JC () JC() d = |a| | JC()| JC() d
(0, )(, 3 ) 2 2
JC()>0
a
2
a>0
= a
[ ] ] 2 = a IA? () 1 d = a IA? () d 1 d = a[ JC() ] + C [ ] )(, 3 ) JC()>0 (0, 2 2 = a [| JC()| ] + C = a JC2 () + C [ ] JC2 ()=[ IA?()]2 1 2 = a IA? () 1 + + C [ ] [ ] (x) (x) x = IA?() x2 x2 a2 a = a 1 + =H?IA? +C=a + =H?IA? +C a2 a a2 a ] [ x2 a2 ( x ) (x) x2 a2 a>0 + =H?IA? = a + =H?IA? +C +C = a a a a a2
[ IA?()]2 1= JC2 ()
JC2 () d
=|a|
x2 a2 + a =H?IA?
(x) a
+ C,
F=H= ?=@= |x| > a ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE 2 HJ= J
2 (x) x a2 dx = x2 a2 + a =H?IA? + C, x a
F=H= ?=@= |x| a ,
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE KJH ANA F A @=@ FA

Exerc cio 12.6.2 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= 1 (
4 x2
)3 dx ,
F=H= |x| < 2

Resolu c ao:
-IJ= E JACH= A @ JEF E a = 2 A JA J=HA

x = 2 IA () ,
IK =
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF & EIJ A
=IIE
JAHA
I dx = 2
d [ IA ()] d = 2 ? I() d . d
>IAHLA I GKA = LAH@=@A = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH @= B H = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN ( )
, 2 2 (2, 2) . . x = 2 IA ()
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5

x
"$%
6
IA
IA
()
(,
())
+
(
EIJ FA
1 4 x2
6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A

(12.22)
)3 dx
1 ]}3 ? I() d }3 2 ? I() d = 2 { [ 2 2 4 [2 IA ()] 4 1 IA () 1 1 1 [ =2 ? I() d ? I() d = ] 3 4 ? I6 () 2 64 ? I () ( , ) ? I()>0 1 1 1 1 2 2 ? I() d = ? I() d = 3 4 | ? I()| 4 ? I3 () 1 1 1 -NAH?
?E 1 = d = JC() + C IA?2 () d = 2 4 ? I ( ) 4 4 ( , ) ? I()>0 1 IA () 1 IA () 1 IA () 2 2 = +C = +C= +C 4 ? I() 4 ? I2 () 4 1 IA 2 () x (12.22) IA () = x x 2 1 2[ ] + C = = + C , F=H= ?=@= |x| < 2 , 2 4 x 4 x2 1 2 = {
E@=I JAHA
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE 2 HJ= J

(
1
2
)3 dx =
x 4 x2
+ C,
F=H= ?=@= |x| < 2 ,
4x
@A C R A =H>EJH =HE 6A I J= > A

Exerc cio 12.6.3 2=H= a > 0 N=@
?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
x2 a2 dx ,
E@=
F=H= |x| > a
"$&
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
-IJ= E JACH= E @A ! EIJ A
E@= A @ JEF EEE A =IIE E
JA J=HA
I K =
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF !
x = a ? ID(u) ,
E?= @ GKA dx = a
d [? ID(u)] = a IA D(u) du , du
=EI AIFA?E ?= A JA ? IE@AH=HA =>=EN
I = IACKE JA K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH=

(0, ) (a, ) . . u x = a ? ID(u)
x
a?
ID(u)
a
(u, a ?
ID(u))
C FA 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A

x2 a2 dx
(12.23)
[ ]2 2 2 ? ID2 (u) 1 a IA D(u) du [a ? ID(u)] a a IA D(u) du = a2 a2 =
E@=I JAHA
a>0 |a|=a
IA D2 (u) IA D(u) du = a2 | IA D(u)| IA D(u) du

a2
=|a|
u>0 IA D(u)>0 | IA D(u)|= IA D(u)
IA D2 (u) du
du 2 [ ] . [ ] 1 a2 1 v=2u dv=2 du 2 1 =a ? ID(2u) du du = = ? ID(v) dv du 2 2 2 2 [ ] [ ] 2 2 a 1 1 v=2u a = IA D(v) u + C = IA D(2u) u + C 2 2 2 2 [ ] a2 1 2 IA D(u) ? ID(u) u + C = 2 2 [ ] ( ) u>0 IA D(u)>0 IA D(u)= ? ID2 (u)1 a2 2 = ? ID (u) 1 ? ID(u) u + C 2 { [ } ] (12.23) x ( x )2 (x) ? ID(u) = a a2 x = 1 =H?? ID +C 2 a a a (x) x 2 1 = x a2 =H?? ID + C , F=H= ?=@= |x| > a . 2 2 a
?E ? ID(2u)1 IA D2 (u)-NAH? = 2
a2
? ID(2u) 1
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"$'
2 HJ= J
x2 a2 dx = (x) x 2 1 x a2 =H?? ID + C, 2 2 a
F=H= ?=@= |x| > a .
KJH ANAH?
?E HAI LE@ A @=@ FA
Exerc cio 12.6.4 2=H= a > 0 N=@
?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A
a2 x2 dx ,
E@=
F=H= |x| < a

Resolu c ao:
-IJ= E JACH= A @ JEF E A JA J=HA

x = a IA () ,
IK =
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF & EIJ A

d [ IA ()] = a ? I() d . d
E F E?= @ GKA dx = a

"
>IAHLA I GKA = LAH@=@A = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH @= B H = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN
( ) , (a, a) . 2 2 . x = a IA ()
x a
6
IA
IA
()
(,
())
"% +
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
(12.24)
E@=I JAHA
{ [ }2 ] 2 a2 x2 dx = a [a IA ()] a ? I() d = a a2 1 IA 2 () ? I() d a>0 =a a2 ? I2 () ? I() d = a2 | ? I()| ? I() d

(
[ ] ) ? I()>0 | ? I()|=? I() 2 = a ? I2 () d = a2 1 IA 2 () d { [ ]} 1 1 2 2 2 = a 1 d IA () d = a IA () ? I() + C 2 2

, 2 2
=|a|
[ ] ) ? I()>0 ? I()= 1 IA 2 () 2 1 1 2 = a + IA () 1 IA () + C 2 2 [ ] (12.24) x (x) 1 x ( x )2 IA () = a 2 1 = a =H?IA + 1 +C 2 a 2a a ( x ) a2 x a2 x2 a2 +C = =H?IA + 2 a 2 a a2 (x) 1 2 a>0 a = =H?IA + x a2 x2 + C , F=H= ?=@= |x| < a . 2 a 2
( , 2 2
-NA F
# "
2 HJ= J
a2 x2 dx = (x) 1 a2 =H?IA + x a 2 x2 + C , 2 a 2
F=H= ?=@= |x| < a .
2=H=
= E =H JA
I K=
=F E?= ?= E JAHAII= JA @
AJ @ @A E JACH= ?= @AIA L LE@ =?E =
Exerc cio 12.6.5 ,AJAH E =H = AGK= ?= @= tractriz EIJ A = AGK= ?= @= ?KHL= @AI?HEJ= FA =
JH= AJ HE= @A K > AJ GKA AIJ = K ? IJ= JA GK= @ = ANJHA E@=@A @ HAJ= GKA AIJ = ? JE@ F = D HE
F = D HE J= A AIJ = FHAI = K @A ? FHE A J GKA = AIJ = FHAI= = > AJ LA IA = C @A K = J=
Resolu c ao:
5KF D=
I GKA
JA D= ?
FHE A J a ?A J
AJH I
.ENA I K IEIJA = @A ? H@A =@=I xOy F = D HE J= @A J= @ GKA > AJ = F IE ?= E E?= AIJA = F J A = (a, 0) A F=HJE?K =H = KJH= ANJHA E@=@A @ AIJ=H = F J B = (0, 0) A = HAJ= = C @=I GK=EI = ANJHA E@=@A ELHA @ LE A J=H = IAH = AEN Oy LA = CKH= =>=EN
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5

y
"%
6
@EHA ?= A
GKA = ANJHA E@=@A ELHA @
LAH = > AJ
B = (0, 0)
]
-NJHA E@=@A ELHA @
A = (a, 0)
5A = y : I R K = BK ?= GKA IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A I K E JAHL= @A R ?K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ IAK CH = ? A = ?KHL= FH ?KH=@= >IAHLA I GKA ? = ANJHA E@=@A ELHA @ EIJ A F J B LA IA = C @ AEN Oy JAHA I GKA = HAJ= J= CA JA = ?KHL= @AI?HEJ= FA LE A J @ F J A F = xOy IAH = = HAJ= GKA ? J A I F J I A A B LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
JC() = y (x)
6
a a2 x2
(x, y)
(0, 0) (a, 0) x
EIJ JA
I GKA
y (x) = a 2 x2 , x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, a) ,
K IA = y : [0, a] R IAH = @=@= F H

2 a x2 y (x) = dx , x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, a) . IK = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ JEF & #
) E JACH= E @A EIJ A
E@= =?E = A @ JEF E A JA J=HA
x = a IA () ,
E F E?= @ GKA dx = a
d [ IA ()] = a ? I() d . d
"%
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
>IAHLA I GKA = LAH@=@A = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH @= B H = K = BK ?= >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN ( )
, \ {0} (a, a) \ {0} . 2 2 . x = a IA ()
x a a IA () (, a IA ())
5AH = LEIJ
=EI =@E= JA GKA

1 d = IA ()
? IIA?() d =
[ ? IIA?() + ? JC()] + C ,

$
F=H= ,
( ) \ {0} = A 2 2
@EII
x , a
IA () = +
(12.25)
E F E?=H = GKA
? IIA?() =
IA ()
1 a = x = . x a

%

2 2
E@=I JAHA
a [a IA ()] a2 x2 (12.25) dx = a ? I() d = ? I() d x a IA () IA () a2 ? I2 () |a| | ? I()| = ? I() d = ? I() d IA () IA () ) ? I()>0 a>0, ( ? I2 () 1 IA 2 () 2 2 = a d = a d IA () IA () ] [ ] [ 1 1 =a IA () d = a d IA () d IA () IA ()
(12.26)
[ ] a2 1 IA 2 ()
a { [ ? IIA?() + ? JC()] + ? I()} + C { [ ] } ? I() =a ? IIA?() + + ? I() + C IA () =
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5

] } 1 IA 2 () = a ? IIA?() + + 1 IA 2 () + C IA () ( x )2 1 ( x )2 a % a + 1 = a + +C x x a a ( ) a + a 2 x2 -NAH?
?E = a2 x2 a + C , F=H= ?=@= x (0, a) . x
( , \{0} ? I()>0 2 2)
"%!
{ [
+
0 = y(a) = a2 a2 a
a+
) a2 a2 +C=0a a
(1) + C ,
K IA =
C = 0,
IACKA GKA
2 a x2 y(x) = dx = a x
a+
) a2 x2 a2 x2 , x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, a) .
)IIE
= JH= AJ HE= @
> AJ
F=
y
D HE
6
J= IAH = @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
(0, a)
y(x)
(a, 0)
,=GKE A @E= JA II > AJEL FHE ?EF= IAH = A ? JH=H E JACH=EI E @A H=?E =EI K IA = A ? JH=H E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @ JEF
p(x) dx , q (x)
E@=I A L LA @ BK ? AI
@A p A q I= BK ? AI F E +
12.6.2
E=EI
3.06.2013 - 33.a
A ?=HA
I F H = CK I ?=I I F=HJE?K =HAI = JAI @A JH=J=H @= IEJK= ?= CAH= =?E =

1 dx ou 2 x + px + q 1 dx . x2 + p x + q
Integrais indenidas do tipo:
5A p, q R I= N=@ I F=H= I JEF I @A E JACH=EI E @A E@=I =?E = ? F AJ=HA I GK=@H=@ BK ?= F E E= @ = CH=K GKA AIJ = @A E =@ H EIJ A =CEHA I @= IACKE JA B H =
"%" 6A I GKA
x2 + px + q
-NAH?
?E
+)2 167
( x+
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
p )2 4q p2 + . 2 4
5A ? IE@AH=H
I=
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI K = BK ?= >E AJ H=

R x R p , . u=x+ 2
A J= JA E 5A
I =I IACKEJAI F IIE>E E@=@AI

4q p2 = 0, 4
JAHA
( p )2 x2 + px + q = x + = u2 , 2
K IA = = ANFHAII= E ?E= AK >JE@= + EE 5A LAHA I
GK=@H=@ FAHBAEJ A =IIE
F @A
I ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@=
E@=
AIJA ?=I IAH = B =?E A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A

4q p2 > 0, 4
= @ IA
. a=
4q p2 , 4 ( 4q p2 4 )2 = u2 + a 2 ,
JAHA
( p )2 x2 + px + q = x + + 2
A =IIE
F @A
I =F E?=H =I J A? E?=I @= IA ?= = JAHE H F=H= ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A I ?=I EE @= >IAHL= ?= $

4q p2 < 0, 4
E@= >JE@=
= LAH@=@A AIJ=HA EEE 5A
= @ IA
. a=
4q p2 , 4 4q p2 4 )2 = u2 a 2
JAHA
( p )2 x + px + q = x + 2
2
A =IIE
F @A
I =F E?=H =I J A? E?=I @= IA ?= = JAHE H F=H= ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A I ?=I EEE @= >IAHL= ?= $
E@= >JE@=
= LAH@=@A AIJ=HA
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"%#

4AIK E @ JAHA
1 dx = x2 + p x + q ?
? ?
4qp2 =0 4
1 dx = du ( ) 2 p u2 x+ 2 . 4qp2 4qp2 >0, a = u=x+ p du=dx 1 1 4 4 2 = dx = du ( 2 + a2 p )2 u x+ + a2 2 . 4qp2 4qp2 <0, a = u=x+ p du=dx 1 1 4 4 2 = dx = du ) ( 2 2 p u a2 2 a x+ 2 =
u=x+ p du=dx 2
A ?=@= K = @=I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @ =@ @EHAEJ @=I ECK= @=@AI =?E = F @A KJE E = @ =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I A IA ? AI = JAHE HAI ,A @ IA A D= JA JAHA I
? ? ?
4qp2 =0 4
IAH A ? JH=@=I
( .
x+
4qp2 >0, a= 4
dx p )2 2 (
u=x+ p du=dx 2
1 du | u| 1 du u2 + a2 1 du 2 u a2
1 x2 + p x + q
dx =
4qp2 4
1 x+
p )2 2 1
dx + a2
du=dx u=x+ p 2
4qp2 <0, a= 4
p 4q 4
x+
p )2 2
dx a2
u=x+ p du=dx 2
A ?=@= K = @=I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @ =F E?= @ IA =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I A + =F E?= ?= JA I
=@ @EHAEJ @=I ECK= @=@AI =?E = F @A IA ? AI = JAHE HAI
IAH A ? JH=@=I
E@=
2
1 dx . x + 2x + 5
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ?=I JA I GKA @A E =@ H @= BK ?= H=?E = A B H = ? F AJ= @ GK=@H=@ I

x2 + 2x + 5 = (x + 1)2 + 4 ,
GKAIJ= F @A IAH AI?HEJ
= IACKE JA
GKA ? HHAIF @A = ?=I EE =?E = C

1 dx = 2 x + 2x + 5
. 1 1 u=x+1, a=2 du=dx = du 2 2 2 (x + 1) + 2 u + a2 [ ] (u) x+1 -NA F $ 1 u=x+1, a=2 1 = =H?JC +C = =H?JC + C, a a 2 2 [ ] 1 1 x+1 dx = =H?JC + C. 2 2 x2 + 2x + 5
=IIE 2 @A I JAH IEJK= ? AI A ANA F
GKA JAHA
I GKA =F E?=H L =HE=I J A? E?=I F=H= >JAH = E JACH= E @A
E@=
"%$
2
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
E@=
IA (x) dx . ? I (x) + 2 ? I(x) + 5
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
I(x) dy= IA (x) dx
. IA (x) y=? dx ? I2 (x) + 2 ? I(x) + 5
1 (dy) y + 2y + 5 ) ( 1 y+1 -NA F $ " 1 = dy = =H?JC +C 2 2 y2 + 2y + 5 ] [ ? I(x) + 1 y=cos(x) 1 = =H?JC + C. 2 2 =

2
6A
I I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
E@=
ex dx . e2x 6ex + 13
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I =I IACKE JA
K@= ? =I @A L=HE =LAEI I= >E AJ H=I

R (0, ) . x u = ex
GKA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
R = A
@EII
du = d x [e ] dx = ex dx dx
A GKA J= > A A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

R = A
R R . u v=u3
@EII
d [u 3] du = du . du
dv =
. ex 1 u=ex du=ex dx dx = du 2x x 2 e 6e + 13 u 6u + 13 . 1 1 v=u3 dv= du du = du = 2 2 v + 22 (u 3) + 4 ( ) (v) 1 u3 -NA F $ ? a = 2 1 = =H?JC + C = =H?JC +C 2 2 2 2 ( x ) e 3 u=ex 1 =H?JC + C. = 2 2 ex 1 dx = =H?JC 2x x 2 e 6e + 13 ( ex 3 2 ) + C.
2 HJ= J 6A I J= > A
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"%%
Exerc cio 12.6.7 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= 1 dx . 2x2 + 3x + 2 Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA

I GKA
1 2x + 3x + 2
2
dx =
1 ( ) dx = 2 3 2 x2 + x + 1 2
1 ( ) dx. 25 3 2 x 16 4
+ IE@AHA
I = IACKE JA
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H=

R x (0, ) 3 . u=x 4 ( ) 3 x dx = dx . 4
GKA A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

du = d dx
1 dx = 2 2x2 + 3x + 2 1
1 1 1 ( ) dx = du ( )2 2 25 3 5 2 x u2 16 4 4 =
a=
5 4
-NA F
u=x 3 4
. =
1 u =H?IA + C 5 2 4 ) ( 3 4 x 4 2 + C. =H?IA 2 5
$ ?
2 HJ= J
( ) 2 4x 3 =H?IA + C. dx = 2 5 2x2 + 3x + 2 1
12.6.3 Integrais indenidas do tipo:
mx + n dx ou 2 ax + b x + c
mx + n dx . ax2 + b x + c
5A = a, b, c, m, n R J=EI GKA a = 0 A m2 + n2 = 0 K IA = m = 0 K n = 0 2=H= AIJ=I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I AI?HALAHA I K AH=@ H A JAH I @= @AHEL=@= @ F E = CH=K GKA =F=HA?A @A E =@ H EIJ A =CEHA I @= IACKE JA B H = E 5KF D= I GKA
I J . x u = ax2 + bx + c
E @
IA = K
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI EIJ A >E AJ H=
"%& C
du =
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
) d ( 2 ax + bx + c dx = (2ax + b) dx . dx
,AIJA @ F @A IACKE JA B H = )IIE JAHA KJE E = @ I GKA
I AI?HALAH
F E
E @ = CH=K @
K AH=@ H @=I E JACH=EI =?E =
mx + n =
m bm (2ax + b) + n . 2a 2a
6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= EIJ A
6A HA = # K = >IAHL= ?= #
( ) 2ax + b mx + n m bm 1 dx = dx + n dx 2 2 2 2a 2a ax + b x + c ax + bx + c ax + bx + c ( ) . d u=ax2 +bx+c du= dx (ax2 +ax+b) dx=(2ax+b) dx m 1 bm 1 = du + n dx 2 2a u 2a ax + bx + c ( ) m bm 1 dx = (|u|) + n 2 2a 2a ax + bx + c ) ( ) ( bm 1 u=ax2 +bx+c m 2 dx , = ax + bx + c + n 2 2a 2a ax + bx + c
(I)
A = E JACH= E @A E@= 1 F @AH = IAH ?= ?K =@= KJE E = @ IA =I J A? E?=I @= IA ?= $ EIJ A @= IA ?= = JAHE H EE ,A
) ( 1 m 2ax + b bm dx = dx + n dx 2 2 2 2a 2a ax + b x + c ax + bx + c ax + bx + c ( ) . d u=ax2 +bx+c du= dx (ax2 +ax+b) dx=(2ax+b) dx m bm 1 1 du + n = dx 2a 2a u ax2 + bx + c ( ) bm 1 m1 1 u2 + n dx = 1 2a 2 2a ax2 + bx + c ( ) bm 1 u=ax2 +bx+c m 2 = ax + bx + c + n dx, a 2a ax2 + bx + c mx + n
(II)
@ IA A D= JA JA
I GKA
A E JACH= E @A E@= 11 F @AH = IAH ?= ?K =@= KJE E = @ IA =I J A? E?=I @= IA ?= $ EIJ A @= IA ?= = JAHE H )F EGKA I AIJ= J A? E?= =
Exemplo 12.6.6 += ?K =H E JACH= E @A E@= 3x 2 dx . 2 x + 2x + 5 Resolu c ao:
,AEN=HA
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H A ? JH=H E JAHL= I I A J J=EI GKA

I J , . 2 x u = x + 2x + 5
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"%'
IA = K C

) d ( 2 x + 2x + 5 dx = (2x + 2) dx , dx
du =
A =IIE
JA
I GKA
3 (2x + 2) 5 3x 2 2x + 2 3 1 2 dx = dx = dx 5 dx 2 2 2 2 2 x + 2x + 5 x + 2x + 5 x + 2x + 5 x + 2x + 5 . d u=x2 +2x+5 du= dx (x2 +2x+5) dx=(2x+2) dx 3 1 1 dx = du 5 2 2 u x + 2x + 5 3 1 = (|u|) 5 2 dx 2 x + 2x + 5 ( ) 1 u=x2 +2x+5 3 = x2 + 2x + 5 5 dx 2 2 x + 2x + 5 3 2 ( x2 + 2x + 5 ) 5 =H?JC 2 (
-NA F
x+1 2
$ "
+ C,
EIJ A
3x 2 3 dx = 2 x + 2x + 5 2
( ) ( ) 5 x+1 2 |x + 2x + 5| =H?JC + C. 2 2
) IACKEH JA
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 12.6.8 += ?K =H E JACH= E @A
E@=
2x 8 2x2 + 3x + 2 dx .
Resolu c ao:
,AEN=HA
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H A ? JH=H E JAHL= I I A J J=EI GKA

I J . x u = 2x2 + 3x + 2
IA = K C

) d ( 2x2 + 3x + 2 dx = (4x + 3) dx , du
du =
"& A =IIE
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
JA
I GKA
1 (4x + 3) 13 2 2 dx dx = 2 2 2x + 3x + 2 2x + 3x + 2 1 4x + 3 13 1 = dx dx 2 2 2 2 2x + 3x + 2 2x + 3x + 2 . 1 13 1 u=2x2 +3x+2 du=(4x+3) dx 1 dx = dx 2 2 2 u 2x + 3x + 2 1 1 1 1 13 . 1 u2 dx = 2 2 2 2 2x + 3x + 2 . 1 13 u=2x2 +3x+2 = 2x2 + 3x + 2 dx 2 2x2 + 3x + 2 [ ( )] 25 2 4x 3 13 -NA F $ % = 2x2 + 3x + 2 =H?IA + C, 2 32 5 2x 8
EIJ A
2x 8 2x2 + 3x + 2 dx = 2x2 ( ) 4x 3 325 2 =H?IA + C. + 3x + 2 64 5
12.6.4
Integrais indenidas envolvendo pot encias de fun co es trigonom etricas
Integrais indenidas envolvendo pot encias da fun c ao seno e cosseno
A ?=HA
I JH=J= @ @A E JACH=EI E @A
E@=I A L LA @ F JA ?E=I
F=HAI @=I BK ? AI ? IIA
A IA
Proposi c ao 12.6.1 5A = n N - J= ) n ( (1)k n (x) dx = IA k 2k + 1

k= 0
? I
2n+1
2k+1
(x) + C ,
F=H= x R
Demonstra c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I = IACKE JA
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN

( ) (1, 1) , . 2 2 . x x = IA (x)

&
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5

x
"&
6
IA
IA
(x)
(x,
(x))
EIJ JAHA
(x) dx =
2n+1
I ? I (x) ? I(x) dx =
2n
? I
[ ]n 1 IA 2 (x) ? I(x) dx } ) { n ( ]k *E E @A AMJ 2H F % ! n [ 2 nk = IA (x) 1 ? I(x) dx k k=0 2k ) ) n ( n ( n n = (1)k IA 2k (x) ? I(x) dx = (1)k IA (x) ? I(x) dx k k k= 0 k=0 . =du =u ( ) n . d u= IA (x) du= dx [ IA (x)] dx=? I(x) dx n = (1)k u2k du k k=0 ) n ( 1 n (1)k = u2k+1 + C k 2k + 1 k= 0 ) n ( 1 u= IA (x) n IA 2k+1 (x) + C , = (1)nk k 2k + 1
? I2 (x)=1 IA 2 (x)
? I2 (x)
]n
. ? I(x) dx
k= 0
F AJ= @ = @A ,A
IJH= ?= I=
) n ( (1)k n (x) dx = ? I2k+1 (x) + C , k 2k + 1
k= 0
@ IA A D= JA JA
Proposi c ao 12.6.2 5A = n N - J=
IA
2n+1
F=H= x R
"&
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
+ IE@AHA
I = IACKE JA @=
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN

(0, ) (1, 1) . . x x = ? I(x)
6

'
1 (x, ?
I(x))
+ IA
EIJ JAHA
2n+1
I IA
2n
(x) dx =
*E
} ) n ( ]k n [ ? I2 (x) 1nk IA (x) dx = k k= 0 2k ( ) ( ) n n n n = (1)k ? I2k (x) IA (x) dx = (1)k ? I(x) . IA (x) dx k k k= 0 k= 0 . =du =u ( ) n . d u=? I(x) du= dx [? I(x)] dx= IA (x) dx n = (1)k u2k (du) k k= 0 ) n ( 1 n u2k+1 + C = (1)k k 2k + 1 k= 0 ) n ( 1 u=? I(x) n ? I2k+1 (x) + C , = (1)k k 2k + 1
E @A AMJ 2H F % !
k=0
(x) IA (x) dx =
IA (x)
2
]n
IA (x) dx
IA 2 (x)=1? I2 (x)
[ ]n 1 ? I2 (x) IA (x) dx
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= A IA JA I = IACKE JA >IAHL= ?=
2=H= =I F JA ?E=I F=HAI @=I BK ? AI ? IIA

Observa c ao 12.6.4
-NA F
#
IJH=
I GKA
IA 2 (x) dx = x IA (2x) + C ,
1 2 1 4
!
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"&!
F=H x R + EIJ F @A
[ ] 2 2 ? I (x) dx = 1 IA (x) dx = 1 dx IA 2 (x) dx [ ] 1 1 1 1 (12.30) = x x IA (2x) + C = x + IA (2x) + C , 2 4 2 4
I A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A
E@=
EIJ A F=H= x R 5A = n N 2=H= ?= ?K =H
? I2 (x) dx = x + IA (2x) + C ,
1 2
1 4
!
I = E JACH= E @A
E@=
? I2n (x) dx ,
=CEHA
I @= IACKE JA B H = >IAHLA
I GKA
2n
? I (x) dx =
? I (x)
2
]n dx
I(2x) ? I2 (x)= 1+? 2
1 = n 2
*E
1 + ? I(2x) 2 )
]n dx
[1 + ? I(2x)]n dx =
2H F % ! 1
E @A AMJ
{ n (
k= 0
} [? I(2x)] 1nk
k
2n
n k
dx
) n ( 1 n [? I(2x)]k dx = n k 2 k=0 ) n ( . d [2x] dx=2 dx 1 u=2x du= dx 1 n = ? Ik (u) du n k 2 2 k= 0 ( ) n 1 n = n+1 ? Ik (u) du , k 2

k=0
K IA =
? I (x) dx =
2n
1 2n+1
) n ( n ? Ik (u) du , k
k= 0
!
@A
= FA K JE = E JACH= E @A
E@=
I = K @= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H=
R R . . x u = 2x
>IAHLA I GKA = ANFHAII= ! I @E GKA F=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= E @A E@= @= F JA ?E= F=H 2n @= BK ? = ? IIA FHA?EI= I ?= ?K =H n + 1 E JACH=EI E @A E@=I A = H@A n =NE AJ=@A @A F JA ?E=I @= BK ?= ? IIA @AI@A = H@A 0 =J @= F JA ?E= E E?E= GKA AH= 2n ,AIJA @ HA@K E I FH > A = = ?= ?K =H n + 1 E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @A F JA ?E=I @= BK ? = ? IIA @A H@A 0 =J A = H@A n
"&"
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
! )I F=H?A =I GKA JA F JA ?E=

F=H F @A IAH ?= ?K =@=I FA = 2H F IE ?= $ A F=H= =I F=H?A =I GKA JA F JA ?E=I F=HAI F @A I HA=F E?=H IA A?AII =HE H=?E ?
E =?E = " = =F E?= @ K K AH EJ @A LA AI FH ?A@E A J =?E = HA?=EHA I = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= ? IIA = GK=@H=@ GKA B E ?= ?K =@= A !
! 5A = n N 2=H= ?= ?K =H =CEHA JA I
IA
2n
(x) dx ,
I @= IACKE JA B H = I GKA
[ ]n (x) dx = IA (x) dx = 1 ? I2 (x) dx } ) { n ( ]k *E E @A AMJ 2H F % ! n [ = ? I2 (x) 1nk dx k k= 0 ) n ( n = (1)k ? I2k (x) dx , k
2
IA
2n
]n
k=0
K IA = HA@K E BK ? = ? IIA
FH > A = = ?= ?K =H n + 1 E JACH=EI E @A
E@=I @A F JA ?E=I F=HAI @= E@=
C =F E?= @ I EJA I A @AIJ= >IAHL= ?= F @A @A F JA ?E=I F=HAI @= BK ? = IA
I A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A
Integrais indenidas envolvendo pot encias da fun c ao tangente e cotangente
A ?=HA
I JH=J= @ @=I E JACH=EI E @A
E@=I A L LA @ F JA ?E=I @= BK ?= J= CA JA
Observa c ao 12.6.5 6
+ IE@AHA
I=

( ) (0, 1) 0, . 2 . x u = ? I(x)
6
1 (x, ?
I(x))
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"&#
EIJ JAHA
I
. x(0, ) u=? IA (x) 2 dx ? I(x) (|u|) + C
u=? I(x)
d I(x)>0 du= dx [? I(x)] dx= IA (x) dx
JC(x) dx =
1 (du) u
(| ? I(x)|) + C ,
EIJ A
JC(x) dx =
(| ? I(x)|) + C .
!!
6A
I J= > A
JC (x) dx
2
JC2 (x)= IA?2 (x)1
] 2 IA? (x) 1 dx = IA? (x) dx 1 dx

2
d [ JC(x)]= IA?2 (x) dx
JC(x) x + C ,
EIJ A
JC2 (x) dx = JC(x) x + C .
!"
! 5A n N n > 2 A J=
n = k + 2,
F=H= = CK + IE@AHA
kN
I = IACKE JA

( ) , R . 2 2 . x u = JC(x)
!#
JC(x)
(x,
JC(x))
"&$
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
EIJ JAHA
JC (x) dx =
= .
JC
k+ 2
(x) dx =
2
JC (x) JC (x) dx =
k 2
JC (x) IA? (x) dx JCk (x) dx

k
JCk (x) IA?2 (x) 1 dx
d u= JC(x) du= dx [ JC(x)]= IA?2 (x) dx
uk du
. 1 u= JC(x) k+1 = u JCk (x) dx = , k+1 1 k+ 1 = JC (x) JCk (x) dx , k+1
JCk (x) dx
EIJ A
JC
k+2
1 (x) dx = JCk+1 (x) k+1
JCk (x) dx .
!$
2 HJ= J ?=@= LA GKA =F E?= I = E@A JE@=@A =?E = HA@K E I A 2 ANF A JA @= F JA ?E= @= BK ?= J= CA JA = E JACH= E @A E@= = IAH ?= ?K =@= K IA = =F E?= @ IA K K AH EJ @A LA AI HA@K EHA I FH > A = = ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ? = J= CA JA K @= BK ? = J= CA JA A AL=@= = GK=@H=@ GKA B H= >JE@=I I EJA I A @AIJ= >IAHL= ?=
2=H= =I F JA ?E=I @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA =CE
Observa c ao 12.6.6
I @A
@ IA A D= JA ?
IJH= =
+ IE@AHA
I=

( ) , (1, 1) . 2 2 . x u = IA (x)
x
!%
6
IA
IA
(x)
(x,
(x))
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"&%
EIJ JAHA
I
. x( , ) u= IA ? I(x) 2 2 dx IA (x) (|u|) + C
u= IA (x)
d (x) du= dx [ IA (x)] dx=? I(x) dx
? JC(x) dx =
=
1 du u
(| IA (x)|) + C ,
EIJ A
? JC(x) dx =
(| IA (x)|) + C .
!&
6A
I J= > A
? JC (x) dx =
2
] 2 ? IIA? (x) 1 dx = ? IIA? (x) dx 1 dx

2
d [? dx
JC(x)]= ? IIA?2 (x)
? JC(x) x + C ,
EIJ A
? JC2 (x) dx = ? JC(x) x + C .
!'
! 5A n N n > 2 A J=
n=k+2
@A k N + IE@AHA I = IACKE JA K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H= LAH CKH= =>=EN

(0, ) R . . x u = ? JC(x)
"
? JC(x)
"&&
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5

[ ]
EIJ JAHA
n
? JC (x) dx =
= .
? JC
k+ 2
(x) dx =
2
? JC (x) ? JC (x) dx =
k 2
? JC (x) ? IIA? (x) dx ? JCk (x) dx

k
? JCk (x) ? IIA?2 (x) 1 dx
d u= ? JC(x) du= dx [ ? JC(x)] dx du= ? IIA?2 (x) dx
uk (du)
. 1 u= ? JC(x) uk+1 ? JCk (x) dx = , k+1 1 = ? JCk+1 (x) ? JCk (x) dx , k+1
? JCk (x) dx
EIJ A
? JC
k+ 2
1 (x) dx = ? JCk+1 (x) k+1
? JCk (x) dx .
"
2 HJ= J @A @ IA A D= JA ? GKA ? HHAK ?=I @= E JACH= E @A E@= @A F JA ?E=I @= BK ? = J= CA JA ?=@= LA GKA =F E?= I = E@A JE@=@A =?E = HA@K E I A 2 ANF A JA @= F JA ?E= @= BK ? = ? J= CA JA = E JACH= E @A E@= = IAH ?= ?K =@= K IA = =F E?= @ IA K K AH EJ @A LA AI HA@K EHA I FH > A = = ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ? = ? J= CA JA K @= BK ?= ? J= CA JA = GK=@H=@ GKA B H= >JE@=I I EJA I A @AIJ= >IAHL= ?=
Integrais indenidas envolvendo pot encias da fun c ao secante e cossecante
2=H= =I F JA ?E=I F=HAI @= BK ?= IA?= JA JA

Observa c ao 12.6.7
2n
I
[
>IAHLA
[
I GKA
IA? (x)
2
IA? (x) dx =
*E
]n
dx = =
E @A AMJ
1 + JC (x) dx, } ) { n ( 2H F % ! n [ 2 ]k nk JC (x) 1 dx k

2 k= 0
]n
) n ( n = JC2k (x) dx , k
k=0
A ?=@= K = @=I F=H?A =I = I J= CA JA B H= JH=J=@=I ?

Observa c ao 12.6.8
= =?E = ?=@= K = @A =I A L LA K = F JA ?E= F=H= @= BK ?= = >IAHL= ?= $ #

@ IA A D= JA ? IJH= =
)I F JA ?E=I F=HAI @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA I= JH=J=@=I @A
>IAHLA
[
I GKA GKA
? IIA?2 (x)
E @A AMJ
? IIA?2n (x) dx =
*E
]n
[ ]n 1 + ? JC2 (x) dx, } ) { n ( ]k 2H F % ! n [ 2 nk ? JC (x) 1 dx k dx =

k= 0
) n ( n = ? JC2k (x) dx , k
k= 0
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"&'
A ?=@= K = @=I F=H?A =I = I ? J= CA JA B H= JH=J=@=I ?
= =?E = ?=@= K = @A =I A L LA K = F JA ?E= F=H@= BK ? = = >IAHL= ?= $ $

I=
2=H= =I F JA ?E=I
F=HAI @= BK ?= IA?= JA JA
Observa c ao 12.6.9
+ IE@AHA
I=
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H= LAHE GKA

( ) (1, ) 0, . 2 . x u = IA?(x) + JC(x)
EIJ JAHA
IA?(x) dx =
= =
IA?(x) + JC(x) IA?(x) dx = IA?(x) + JC(x)

=
IA?2 (x) + IA?(x) JC(x) dx IA?(x) + JC(x)

1 du u
d u= IA?(x)+ JC(x) du= dx [ IA?(x)+ JC(x)] dx=[ IA?(x) JC(x)+ IA?2 (x)] dx
(|u|) + C
u= IA?(x)+ JC(x)
(| IA?(x) + JC(x)|) + C ,
EIJ A
IA?(x) dx =
(| IA?(x) + JC(x)|) + C .
"
2=H= n N KJE E = @ 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH= 1 @A
E@= JAHA
IA?2n+1 (x) dx =
(I)
IA?2n1 (x) IA?2 (x) dx = uv v du

u dv
u = IA?2n1 (x) du = dv = IA?2 (x) dx v =
d [ 2n1 ] IA? (x) dx = (2n 1) IA?2n2 (x) IA?(x) JC(x) dx dx
IA?2 (x) dx = JC(x) + C v = JC(x)
C=0
= [ ] = IA?2n1 (x) JC(x) JC(x) (2n 1) IA?2n1 (x) JC(x) dx 2n1 = IA? (x) JC(x) (2n 1) IA?2n1 (x) JC2 (x) dx [ ] JC2 (x)= IA?2 (x)1 2n1 = IA? (x) JC(x) (2n 1) IA?2n1 (x) IA?2 (x) 1 dx 2n1 2n+1 = IA? (x) JC(x) (2n 1) IA? (x) dx +(2n 1) IA?2n1 (x) dx ,
(I)
C
[(2n 1) + 1]
IA?
2n+1
(x) dx = IA?
2n1
(x) JC(x) (2n 1)
IA?2n1 (x) dx , "!
K IA =
IA?2n+1 (x) dx =
2n 1 1 IA?2n1 (x) JC(x) + 2n 2n
IA?2n1 (x) dx .
"'
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
2 HJ= J ?=@= LA GKA =F E?= I = E@A JE@=@A =?E = HA@K E I A 2 ANF A JA @= F JA ?E= @= IA?= JA =I GK=EI JAHA I GKA ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= C =F E?= @ = E@A JE@=@A =?E = K K AH EJ @A LA AI HAIJ=H = ?= ?K =H = E JACH= @= IA?= JA GKA B E >JE@= EJA @AIJ= >IAHL= ?=
,A @ IA A D= JA JA I =I F JA ?E=I
F=HAI @= BK ?= ? IIA?= JA ? IJH= =
Observa c ao 12.6.10
+ IE@AHA
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A >E AJ H= LAHE GKA
( ) 0, (1, ) . 2 . x u = ? IIA?(x) + ? JC(x)
EIJ JA
I GKA
? IIA?(x) dx =
.
? IIA?(x)
? IIA?(x) + ? JC(x) dx = ? IIA?(x) + ? JC(x)

=
? IIA?2 (x) + ? IIA?(x). ? JC(x) dx ? IIA?(x) + ? JC(x)

1 (du) u
d u= ? IIA?(x)+ ? JC(x) du= dx [ ? IIA?(x)+ ? JC(x)] dx=[ ? IIA?(x) ? JC(x) ? IIA?2 (x)] dx
(| u| ) + C
u= ? IIA?(x)+ ? JC(x)
(| ? IIA?(x) + ? JC(x)|) + C ,
EIJ A
? IIA?(x) dx =
(| ? IIA?(x) + ? JC(x)|) + C .
""
2=H= n N KJE E = @ 1 JACH= ?= F H 2=HJAI F=H= 1 JACH= 1 @A
E@= JAHA
? IIA?2n+1 (x) dx =
(I)
? IIA?2n1 (x) . ? IIA?2 (x) dx = uv v du

u dv
] d [ u = ? IIA? (x) du = ? IIA?2n1 (x) dx dx = (2n 1) ? IIA?2n2 (x) ? IIA?(x). ? JC(x) dx

2n1
dv = ? IIA?2 (x) dx v =
? IIA?2 (x) dx = ? JC(x) + C v = ? JC(x)
C=0
= [ ] = ? IIA?2n1 (x) ? JC(x) [ ? JC(x)] (2n 1) ? IIA?2n1 (x) ? JC(x) dx 2n1 = ? IIA? (x) ? JC(x) (2n 1) ? IIA?2n1 (x) ? JC2 (x) dx ? JC2 (x)= ? IIA?2 (x)1 2n1 = ? IIA? (x) ? JC(x) (2n 1) ? IIA?2n1 (x) [ ? IIA?2 (x) 1] dx = ? IIA?2n1 (x) ? JC(x) (2n 1) ? IIA?2n+1 (x) dx +(2n 1) ? IIA?2n1 (x) dx ,
(I)
C
[(2n 1) + 1]
? IIA?2n+1 (x) dx = ? IIA?2n1 (x) ? JC(x) (2n 1) ? IIA?2n1 (x) dx ,
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"'
K IA =
? IIA?2n+1 (x) dx =
1 2n 1 ? IIA?2n1 (x) ? JC(x) + 2n 2n
? IIA?2n1 (x) dx .
"#
+ F JA C @= ?
EIJ ?=@= LA GKA =F E?= I = E@A JE@=@A =?E = HA@K E I A 2 ANF A JA @= ?E= @= ? IIA?= JA =I GK=EI JAHA I GKA ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= =F E?= @ = E@A JE@=@A =?E = K K AH EJ @A LA AI HAIJ=H = ?= ?K =H = E JACH= IIA?= JA GKA B E @=@= EJA @AIJ= >IAHL= ?=
5.06.2013 - 34.a
12.6.5 Integrais indenidas do tipo: {2, 3, } (

2
1 x + px + q
2 )k dx, com p 4q < 0, k
6H=J=HA
I = IACKEH @A E JACH=EI @ JEF

( 1 x2 + px + q )k dx ,
F=H= ?=@= k {2, 3, } ,
@A
F E
E @
= CH=K
. p(x) = x2 + px + q ,
F=H= ?=@= x R H=
AI HA=EI K AGKEL= A JA A JA "$ @A E =@ H @= BK ?=
AK
F E
E EHHA@KJ
LA A
K IA =
= JA
. = p2 4q < 0 .
>IAHLA I GKA F @A I AI?HALAH F E H=?E = @ E JACH= @ @= IACKE JA = AEH=

x2 + px + q
-NAH?
?E
E @
CH=K GKA =F=HA?A
( x+
p )2 p )2 4q p2 p2 ( +q = x+ + . 2 4 2 4
(12.46)
)IIE
@A "$ IACKA GKA
4q p2 4 . a=
>
0.
C IA IACKA GKA
4q p2 4
"%
a2 =
4q p2 4
=IIE
= E@A JE@=@A =?E = F @A IAH AI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H =

( p )2 x2 + px + q = x + + a2 , 2
@A a A @=@ F H "% C
"'
( [( x+
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
)k dx = x2 + px + q
1 ) p 2 2
]k dx +a
2
u=x+ p du=1 dx 2
1 u2 + a2
)k du
"&
A AIJ= K JE = F @A IAH A ? JH=@= KJE E = @ IA =I IK>IJEJKE ? AI @=@=I FA = >IAHL= ?= $ = LAH@=@A A = A @ JEF EE A =IIE F @A I JA J=H ?= ?K = = KJE E = @ = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI
u = a JC()
K u = a IA D(v) . A JA
+ EIJ )F EGKA
>JA I = E JACH= E @A E@= @=@= E E?E= I = E@ AE= =?E = = IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 12.6.7 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A (
E@=
1
)2 dx . x2 + x + 1
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
F E
E @
= CH=K F=H= ?=@= x R
. p(x) = x2 + x + 1 ,
AK
F E
E EHHA@KJ
LA A
R EIJ A
= F IIKE H=
AI HA=EI F EI
= 12 4.1.1 = 3 < 0 .
EIJ F @A
1
I =F E?=H =I E@ AE=I @AIA L LE@=I =?E = A =IIE

"&
>JAH
( )2 dx x2 + x + 1
1 ( )2 2 du 3 3 + u2 + 4 2 . u= 23 JC() du= 23 IA?2 () d 1 3 = IA?2 () d [ 2 ]2 2 3 3 JC() + 2 4 3 1 8 3 1 2 2 = IA? () d = [ ]2 IA? () d [ ] 2 9 2 9 2 2 IA? () JC () + 1 16 [ ] 1 8 3 1 8 3 8 3 1 2 d = ? I () d = + IA (2) + C = 9 IA?2 () 9 9 2 4 = [( 1 x+ 2 ]2 = ( )] [ ( )]} {[ 2 = =H?JC( u) 4 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 = =H?JC u + IA 2 =H?JC u +C 9 3 2 3 [ ( { [ ( { )] )]}} +1 u= 2x2 4 3 2 3 2x + 1 1 2 3 2x + 1 = =H?JC + IA 2 =H?JC + C, 9 3 2 2 3 2
(12.31) 1 = 2 + 1 4
1 )2
du=dx u=x+ 1 2
IA (2)
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"'!
K IA =
[ ] { [ }]} { 4 3 3 (2x + 1) 1 3 (2x + 1) =H?JC + IA 2 =H?JC + C. ( )2 dx = 9 3 2 3 2 x +x+1 1
) IACKEH JA
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
E@=
1 )3 dx . ( x2 + x + 1
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
F E
E @
CH=K F=H= ?=@= x R ,
. p(x) = x2 + x + 1 ,
AK
F E
E EHHA@KJ
LA A
R EIJ A
= F IIKE H=
AI HA=EI F EI
. = 12 4.1.1 = 3 < 0 .
EIJ F @A
1
I =F E?=H = I E@ AE=I @AIA L LE@=I =?E = A =IIE

[( 1 x+ 2 1 )5 ]3
u=x+ 1 du=dx 2
>JAH
( )3 dx = 2 x +x+1
1 ( )2 3 du 3 3 2 + u + 4 2 . u= 23 JC() du= 23 IA?2 () d 1 3 = IA?2 () d [ 3 ] 2 5 3 3 JC() + 2 4 1 3 8 3 1 2 2 = IA? () d = ]3 IA? () d [ ]3 9 [ 2 2 9 2 IA? () JC () + 1 16 8 3 1 8 3 = d = ? I3 () d. "' 9 IA?3 () 9 =
+= ?K A
I = E JACH= E @A
E@= @= F JA ?E=
F=H @= BK ?= ? IIA
[ ] . v= IA 1 IA 2 () ? I() d
() dv=? I() dt
? I3 () d = ? I2 () ? I() d =
=v
( ) 1 v2 dv
v3 IA 3 () v= IA () +C = IA () + C. 3 3
#
C IK>IJEJKE @ # A
"' >JAHA
"'"
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
[ ] 8 3 IA 3 () IA () +C ( )3 dx = 9 3 x2 + x + 1 [ ( )] 2 3 ( ) [ ( )] IA 3 =H?JC u = =H?JC 2 3 3 u 8 3 3 2 3 = IA =H?JC u +C 9 3 3 { [ ( )]} 1 2 3 3 ]} IA { [ ( x + =H?JC ) 1 3 2 u=x+ 2 8 3 1 2 3 = x+ IA =H?JC + C, 9 3 2 3 1
K IA =
8 3 9 { { [ ( )]} IA 2 3 1 =H?JC x+ 3 2
3
1 ( )3 dx = 2 x +x+1
IA
[ ( )]} 2 3 1 =H?JC x+ 3 2 3 + C.
12.6.6 Integrais indenidas do tipo: {2, 3, } (

2
ax + b x + px + q
2 )k dx, com p 4q < 0, k
A2=H= k {2, 3, } JH=J=HA
I = IACKEH @A E JACH=EI @ JEF

ax + b ( )k dx , 2 x + px + q
@A AK
F E F E
E @
CH=K
. p(x) = x2 + px + q, xR
E EHHA@KJ
LA A
K IA =
= JA
H=
AI HA=EI K AGKEL= A JA A JA
= p2 4q < 0 .
GKA B=HA I A AI?HALAH @ @A E =@ H @= AI = >IAHLA I GKA

(
K AH=@ H @= BK ?= H=?E = @ E JACH= @
JAH
I @= @AHEL=@=
)k x + px + q
2
ax + b
-NAH?
?E
ap a (2x + p) + b 2 2 ( )k . x2 + px + q
$
764) 6-+ 1+)5
"'#
EIJ =CEHA
ax + b
I @= IACKE JA B H =
a (2x + p) + b ap 2 2 ( )k dx = ( )k dx x2 + px + q x2 + px + q ( a 2x + p ap ) 1 = ( )k dx + b ( )k dx 2 2 2 2 x + px + q x + px + q ( . 1 ap ) 1 u=x2 +px+q du=(2x+p) dx a = du + b )k dx ( k 2 u 2 2 x + px + q ) ( a 1 ap k{2,3, } = u k+ 1 + b ( )k dx 2(k + 1) 2 x2 + px + q ( a 1 ap ) 1 u=x2 +px+q = ( ) k 1 + b ( )k dx , 2(k + 1) 2 2 x + px + q x2 + px + q

(I)
A F=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= E @A E@= 1 KJE E = I =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I = IK>IA ?= = JAHE H )F EGKA I = J A? E?= =?E = = IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
E@=
3x + 3 ( )2 dx . 2 x +x+1
Resolu c ao:
5=>A
I GKA
F E
E @
CH=K F=H= ?=@= x R ,
. p(x) = x2 + x + 1 ,
AK
F E
E EHHA@KJ
LA A
R F EI = 12 4.1.1 = 3 < 0 .
C F @A
I =F E?=H = @A?
F IE ?= =?E = A >JAH
3 (2x + 1) + 3 2x + 1 1 3 3 2 2 ( )2 dx = ( )2 dx = ( )2 dx + ( )2 dx 2 2 x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1 . 1 3 1 u=x2 +2x+1 du=(2x+1) dx 3 du + = ( )2 dx 2 2 u 2 x2 + x + 1 3 1 3 1 ++ = ( )2 dx 2 u 2 x2 + x + 1 1 3 1 3 u=x2 +2x+1 + = 2 ( )2 dx 2 x + 2x + 1 2 x2 + x + 1 3x + 3

-NA F $ %
"'$
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
{ { [ ] 3 1 3 4 3 3 (2x + 1) = 2 + =H?JC 2 x + 2x + 1 2 9 3 { [ ]}}} 1 3 (2x + 1) + IA 2 =H?JC + C, 2 3
K IA =
[ ] { 3 1 2 3 3 (2x + 1) + =H?JC ( )2 dx = 2 2 x + 2x + 1 3 3 2 x +x+1 { [ ]}} 1 3 (2x + 1) + IA 2 =H?JC + C. 2 3 3x + 3
12.7
Integrais de fun c oes racionais

I J A? E?=I F=H= ? = ?K @A E JACH=EI E @A
p(x) dx , q(x)
AIJ= IA ?= @AIA L LAHA
E@=I @ JEF #
@A p, q I= BK ? AI F E E=EI K IA = ?= ?K =H E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @A BK ? AI H=?E =EI 2=H= EIJ KJE E =HA I A JHA KJH=I =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I =I IA ? AI = JAHE HAI A >HA I GKA K = BK ?= F E E= p = p(x) F=H= x R @A E@= F H K F E E @A CH=K n F @A IAH ? ?=@= = IACKE JA B H =
p(x) = ao + a1 x + + an xn ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , EJE@=
@A ai R F=H= ?=@= i {0, 1, 2, , n} A an = 0 + A ?=HA I FA IACKE JA HAIK J=@ ?K = @A
IJH= ?= IAH =
CA>H= 7 Teorema 12.7.1 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= )
F E E @A CH=K n F @A IAH @A ? F IJ ? FH @KJ @A K K AH EJ @A B=J HAI @A ?=@= K @AIIAI B=J HAI AK F E E @ CH=K K @ CH=K IA @ AIJA K JE EHHA@KJ
LA A R EIJ A = JA H=
AI HA=EI 5A p = p(x) F=H= x R A K = BK ?= F E E= ?K F E E GKA = @A A JA CH=K n A J= @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) CA>H= IACKA GKA = BK ? = F E E= p F @A IAH ? ?=@= = IACKE JA B H =
( )n1 ( )nj x2 + aj x + bj , p(x) = a (x x1 )m1 (x xk )mk x2 + a1 x + b1
B=J HAI @ CH=K B=J HAI @ CH=K EHHA@KJ
LAEI A
R
Observa c ao 12.7.1
@A ?=@= K EIJ A JA I GKA
@ IF E
E I@
a2 r 4br < 0 ,
CH=K = @A?
F IE ?= =?E = n ao JA
H=
AI HA=EI
F=H= ?=@= r {1, 2, , j} .
m1 + + mk + 2n1 + + 2nj = n .
%
1 6-/4)15 ,- .7 + -5 4)+1
)15
"'%
I GKA F=H= ?=@= i {1, 2, , k} = H=E x = xi IAH = K = m i raiz de multiplicidade mi @ E (x xi )

I IACKE JA ANA F
= IEJK= ?= =?E = @EHA
+ IE@AHA
@=@= F H
Exemplo 12.7.1 )F EGKA
CA>H= = BK 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) ?= F E F=H= ?=@= x R .
E= p : R R
p(x) = x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 ,
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA
p(1) = 14 2.13 + 2.12 2.1 + 1 = 0 ,
K IA =
x1 = 1
A K = H=E HA= @ F E
E
x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 ,
K IA = = BK ?= F E
E=
. p(x) = x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 ,
F=H= x R ,
IAH = @ELEI
LA FA = BK ?= F E
E=
. r(x) = x 1 ,
F=H= x R ,
EIJ A ANEIJA K = BK ?= F E
E=
q = q(x) ,
F=H= x R ,
J= GKA
p(x) = q(x)(x 1) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . I ) C HEJ @A *HE J 4K E
2=H= A ? JH=H = BK ?= F E
E= q = q(x) F=H= x R =F E?=HA
"'&
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 ) ( x4 x3 = x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 ( ) x3 + x2 = x2 2x + 1 ( ) x2 x = x + 1
x1
x3 x2 + x 1
(x + 1) =0
C IA ? IE@AH=H
I = BK ?= F E
E= q : R R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x R , F=H= ?=@= x R . #
. q (x) = x3 x2 + x 1 ,
JAHA
I GKA
p(x) = x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 = (x 1) q(x) ,
>IAHLA K IA =
I GKA
q(1) = 13 12 + 1 1 = 0 , x2 = 1
AK
H=E HA= @ F E
E
x3 x2 + x 1,
K IA = = BK ?= F E
E=
q (x) = x3 x2 + x 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
IAH = @EL
LA FA = BK ?= F E
E=
. r 1 (x) = x 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
EIJ A ANEJA K = BK ?= F E
E= q1 = q1 (x) J= GKA
q(x) = q1 (x)(x 1) ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . E >JAHA I
)F E?= @ IA
L= A JA
) C HEJ
@A *HE J 4K
%
1 6-/4)15 ,- .7 + -5 4)+1
)15
"''
x3 x2 + x 1 ) ( x3 x2 =x1
x1
x2 + 1
(x 1) =0
C IA ? IE@AH=H JAHA I GKA
I = BK ?= F E
E= r : R R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x R , F=H= ?=@= x R . #!
. q 1 (x) = x2 + 1 ,
q(x) = x3 x2 + x 1 = (x 1) q1 (x) ,
>IAHLA
I GKA
F E
E
x2 + 1
= F IIKE H=
AI HA=EI EIJ A AK F E C @A # A #! IACKA GKA
x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 =
E EHHA@KJ
LA @
(x 1)2
B=J H @ CH=K B=J H @
CH=K A
(
R
) x2 + 1
R
CH=K EHHA@KJ
LA A
CA>H= JA I = @A? F IE ?= C=H= JE@= FA 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) 4 3 ?=I x = 1 A K = H=

@A K JEF E?E@=@A 2 @ F E E x 2x + 2x2 2x + 1 2=II=HA I =C H= = JH=J=H @ ? = ?K @= E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = EIJ A @ ? = ?K @= E JACH= E @A E@= A =IIE
p(x) dx, q (x)
@A p A q I= BK ? AI F E E=EI @=@=I + IE@AH=HA I FHE AEH= A JA IACKE JA ?=I

12.7.1 Caso que CH=K(p) < CH=K(q)
6H=J=HA I AIJ= IK>IA ?= @ ?=I A GKA CH=K @ F E @= BK ?= H=?E = A A H GKA CH=K @ F E E @ @A CH=K(p) < CH=K(q).
E @ K AH=@ H @= E JACH= E @A E =@ H EIJ A
E@=
CA>H= = BK 1 E?E=HA I =F E?= @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) ?= F E = F E E @ @A E =@ H F=H= >JAH K = @A? F IE ?= @ JEF

B=J HAI @ CH=K
E= q = q(x) K IA = #"
( )n1 ( )nj q(x) = a (x x1 )m1 (x xk )mk x2 + a1 x + b1 x2 + aj x + bj .

B=J HAI @ CH=K EHHA@KJ
LAEI A
R
# II > AJEL A @A? F H = BK ?= H=?E =
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
p(x) p(x) ( )n1 ( )nj , = q (x) a(x x1 )m1 (x xk )mk x2 + a1 x + b1 x 2 + a j x + bj
A K = I = @A BK ? AI H=?E =EI I A JA K = ANFHAII= @ JEF F=H= ?=@= i {1, k} K @ JEF
@A ?=@= K =I @=I F=H?A =I @= @A? F=H= li {1, 2, , mi }
F IE ?= JAH = no denominador ## #$ K CH=K
(x xi )li ,
)sr ( x 2 + a r x + br ,
F=H= sr {1, 2, , nr } E= ?K CH=K IAH = AH

p(x) A q (x)
F=H= ?=@= r {1, , j} A K AH=@ H =F=HA?AH = K = BK ?= F E ECK= = 1 GKA @AFA @AH = @= F=H?A = GKA AIJ=HA I ? IE@AH= @ 6= @A? @A F IE ?= IAH = @A E =@= @A? ) IACKEH @AI?HALAHA I @A @ =EI ANF
?EJ E =@ H ## A = B=J H #$ 2=H= ?=@= i {1, 2, , k} IA =
(x xi )m i
F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E = ?
fra c oes parciais
I= =I F=H?A =I =II ?E=@=I = B=J H @
@ I B=J HAI @ CH=K = @A? = @A? F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E =
F IE ?= @ @A
p(x) A q (x)
E =@ H @= BK ?= H=?E =
@A #" K IA = @= BK ?= F E =@ H (x xi )mi JAHA
CA>H= E= q = q(x) @=@= FA 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI =II ?E=@ = JAH @ @A E
p(x) EIJ A q (x)
I =I IACKE JAI F=H?A =I

Ai,mi Ai,2 Ai,1 Ai,3 + . + + + x xi (x xi )2 (x xi )3 (x xi )m i
#%
2=H= ?=@= r {1, 2, , j} IA = K
x2 + ar x + br
)nr
@ I B=J HAI @ CH=K EHHA@KJ

LA @= @A? F IE ?= #" K IA = @= BK ?= F E q = q(x) @=@= FA 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) CA>H=
( )nr =@ H x2 + ar x + br JAHA
E= E
= @A?
F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E =
p(x) A q (x)
BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI =II ?E=@ = JAH
@ @A
I =I IACKE JAI F=H?A =I #&
Br,2 x + Cr,2 Br,1 x + Cr,1 Br,3 x + Cr,3 Br,nr x + Cr,nr )nr . +( )2 + ( )3 + + ( 2 2 x + a r x + br 2 2 x + a x + b r r x + a r x + br x + ar x + br
,AIJA
@
{[
>JA
I K = @A?
F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E =
1 p(x) = q(x) a
] [ ] A1,m1 Ak,mk A1,1 Ak,1 + + + + + + x x1 (x x1 )m 1 x xk (x xk )m k Bj,nj x + Cj,nj Bj,1 x + Cj,1 B1,n1 x + C1,n1 B1,1 x + C1,1 )n1 + + 2 )nj . + 2 + + ( + + ( x + a1 x + b1 x + a j x + bj x2 + a1 x + b1 x2 + aj x + bj
p (x) A q(x)
BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI = I=>AH
%
1 6-/4)15 ,- .7 + -5 4)+1
)15
# E@=I @A ?=@= K = @=I F=H?A =I I A ? JH=H = E JACH=
2=H= @= @A? E @A E@=
= E =H >IAHLA
I GKA I=>A
F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E
p(x) = A q (x)
I A ? JH=H =I E JACH=EI E @A BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI
K IA = F @A
p (x) dx q(x) ,A @ =EI ?= FHA?EI JH= IB H = I FH > A = @A A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK p(x) H=?E = EIJ A dx A ?= ?K =H = I = @A E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @ I IACKE JAI JEF I q(x) 1 dx xa 1 dx F=H= ?=@= k {2, 3, } (x a )k ax + b ! dx 2 x + px + q ax + b " ( )k dx F=H= ?=@= k {2, 3, } x2 + px + q
GKA B H=
JH=J=@=I =I IA ? AI = JAHE HAI

p (x)
I IJH=H GKA = @A? F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E = A q(x) F=H?E=EI >JE@= =?E = AK E?= ) @A IJH= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
)F EGKA I FH ?AII =?E = =
BH= ? AI
Exemplo 12.7.2 - ?
JHA = @A? p, q : R R I= @=@=I F H

. p(x) = 4 2x Resolu c ao:
F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E =
p(x) A q(x)
BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI
@A
. 4 A q (x) = x 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
CH=K(p) = 1 < 4 = CH=K(q). CA>H= = BK 2HE AEH= A JA @ALA I =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= @= ) ?= F E = BK ?= F E E= GKA =F=HA?A @A E =@ H @= BK ?= H=?E = 1IJ B E BAEJ -NA F % @A >JELA I
( ) q(x) = (x 1)2 x2 + 1 ,
JA
I GKA
E= q = q(x)
F=H= ?=@= x R .
2 HJ= J
4 2x 4 2x ( ). = 2 x 2x + 2x 2x + 1 (x 1)2 x2 + 1
4 3
2A EJA @ FH ?A@E A J =?E = =II ?E=@ = B=J H (x 1)2 @ @A

p(x) @ALAHA q (x)
E =@ H @= BK ?= H=?E =
I JAH = IACKE JA I
=
A1 A2 + . x 1 (x 1)2
# 2 H KJH @ALAHA + =@
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5

p(x) q (x)
=II ?E=@ = B=J H EHHA@KJ

LA x2 + 1 @ @A
B1 x + C1 . x2 + 1
E =@ H @= BK ?= H=?E =
I JAH = IACKE JA ANFHAII= EIJ @ALAHA

x4
I JAH
2x3 4 2x p(x) a=1 A1 A2 B1 x + C1 = = + + 2 . 2 2 + 2x 2x + 1 q (x) x 1 (x 1) x +1
)IIE
4
II FH > A = F=II= = IAH A ? JH=H A1 , A2 , B1 , C1 R @A J=

3
@ GKA
B1 x + C1 4 2x A1 A2 + 2 = + 2 2 x 1 (x 1) x 2x + 2x 2x + 1 x +1 2 A1 (x 1)(x + 1) + A2 ((x2 + 1) + (B1 x + C1 )(x 1)2 ( ) = (x 1)2 x2 + 1

3 2 -NAH?
?E (A1 + B1 )x + (A1 + A2 2B1 + C1 )x + (A1 + B1 2C1 )x + (A1 + A2 + C1 )
( ) (x 1)2 x2 + 1
.,
+ F=H= @ =@ @EHAEJ @= E@A JE@=@A =?E = ? =@ AIGKAH@ E A=H @A AGK= ? AI @ CH=K =I L=HE =LAEI A1 , A2 , B1 , C1 R
A1 + B1 = 0 A + A 2B + C = 0 1 2 1 1 A1 + B1 2C1 = 2 A1 + A2 + C1 = 4
>JAHA
I IACKE JA IEIJA =
?K = I K ?= IAH = -NAH?
?E
A1 2 A = 1 2 B1 = 2 C1 = 1
2 HJ= J = @A?
F IE ?= @= BK ?= H=?E = IAH = @=@= F H

x4 2x3 4 2x p(x) 2 1 2x + 1 = = + . + 2 2 2 + 2x 2x + 1 q (x) x 1 (x 1) x +1
EIJ F @A
I HAI LAH
Exemplo 12.7.3 - ?
JH=H = E JACH= E @A
E@=
4 2x dx . x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1
Resolu c ao:
, -NA F =?E = JA
] [ 4 2x 2 1 2x + 1 -NAH?
?E =?E = dx = + + 2 dx x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 x 1 (x 1)2 x +1 1 1 2x + 1 = 2 dx + + dx. 2 x1 (x 1 ) x2 + 1 . . 1 1 u=x1 du=dx u=x1 dx = du = (|u|) + C = (|x 1|) + C , x1 u . 1 1 1 1 u=x1 du=dx u=x1 dx = du = +C = + C, 2 2 (x 1) u u x1
I GKA
#' $ $
=I
%
1 6-/4)15 ,- .7 + -5 4)+1
2x + 1 dx = x2 + 1 = 2x dx + 2 x +1
)15
1 1 u=x2 +1 du=2x dx dx = dx + =H?JC(x) 2 u x +1
u=x2 +1
#!
(|u|) + =H?JC(x) + C
2 x + 1 + =H?JC(x) + C .
=x2 +1
$
C IK>IJEJKE @ $ $ A $ A

4 2x dx = 2 4 3 x 2x + 2x2 2x + 1
#' >JAHA
1 + x1
I
( ) x2 + 1 + =H?JC(x) + C .
(|x 1|)
Observa c ao 12.7.3
+ E KIJH= -NA F =?E = AJ @ @=I BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI A K = BAHH= A J= KEJ p(x) E F HJ= JA = >JA ?= @A E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @ JEF dx @A p, q I= BK ? AI q (x) F E E=EI IA @ GKA CH=K @ F E E p A H GKA CH=K @ F E E q EIJ A
CH=K(p) < CH=K(q).
3K= @ @ F E
CH=K @ F E E @A p F E @ K AH=@ H A E q K IA = @ F E E @ @A E =@ H K IA =
CH=K(p) CH=K(q),
=E H K ECK= = CH=K
A J=
=F E?= @ IA
) C HEJ
r = r (x)
@A *HE J 4K A s = s (x) ,
E F @A
I A ? JH=H BK ? AI F E
E=EI
F=H= ?=@= x R E p = p(x) FA F E E q = q(x)
F E J=EI GKA @A
E r = r(x) IAH = HAIJ @= @ELEI= @ F E

p(x) r (x) = s(x) + , q (x) q(x)
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {x R ; q(x) = 0} , A H GKA CH=K @ F E E @A q K IA =
CH=K @ F E
E @A r A
CH=K(r) < CH=K(q).
,AIJA
@ JAHA
I
p(x) dx = q(x)
] r (x) r(x) s(x) + dx = s(x) dx + dx , q(x) q(x)
@A = FHE AEH= F=H?A = A = E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK ? = F E E= IE F AI @A ?= ?K =H A = IACK @= F=H?A = A = E JACH= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = @A
CH=K(r) < CH=K(q)
A =IIE E@=
)F EGKA
F @A
I EIJ =
I =F E?=H
AJ @ @=I BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI F=H= A ? JH=H IK= E JACH= E @A
#"
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
E@=
x3 1 dx . 4x3 x
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= H=?E =
p(x) . x3 1 = 3 , q (x) 4x x
F=H= ?=@=
{ } 1 1 x R \ , 0, , 2 2
CH=K @ F E F E E @ @A C FHA?EI= )F E?= @ IA
E @ K AH=@ H EIJ A F E E x3 1 JA CH=K A 3 A ECK= = CH=K @ 3 E =@ H EIJ A F E E 4x x JA CH=K A 3 I HA= E =H = @ELEI= @ I @ EI F E E I F=H= F @AH I FH IIACKEH ) C HEJ @A *HE J 4K E >JAHA I
x3 1 ( ) 1 3 x x 4 4x3 x
1 4
1 x1 4
)IIE
JAHA
I F=H= ?=@= x R \ , 0,
{ 1 2 1 2 } .
1 x1 x3 1 1 1 1 x4 4 = + = + , 4x3 x 4 4x3 x 4 4 4x3 x
)IIE
x3 1 dx = 4x3 x [ ] 1 1 x4 1 1 x4 1 1 x4 + dx = dx = x + dx . dx + 3 3 4 4 4x x 4 4 4x x 4 4 4x3 x
$!
C >=IJ= ?= ?K =H
I = E JACH= E @A
E@=
x4 dx . 4x3 x
2=H= EIJ =F E?=HA I >IAHLA I GKA = @A? BK ?= F E E= @ @A
AJ @ @=I BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI F IE ?= A B=J HAI @ CH=K A B=J HAI EHHA@KJ
LAEI @ E =@ H IAH = @=@= F H
) ( )( ) ( 1 1 1 2 = 4x x + x . 4x x = 4x x 4 2 2
3
CH=K A
R @=
%
1 6-/4)15 ,- .7 + -5 4)+1
)15
## I
)( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 1 1 1 x + A2 x x + A3 x x + A1 x + A3 1 x 4 a=4 1 A1 A2 2 2 2 2 ( )( ) = + + = 3 1 1 1 1 4x x 4 x 4 x+ x x x+ x 2 2 2 2 1 1 (A1 + A2 + A3 )x2 (A2 A3 )x A1 -NAH?

?E 1 4 ] ( )2 ( ) [ = 1 1 4 x x+ x 2 2 A1 + A2 + A3 = 0 A1 = 16 1 , ?K = I K ?= IAH = -NAH?
?E = (A2 A3 ) = 1 A2 = 9 , 2 A3 = 7 1 A1 = 4 4
C =F E?= @
AJ @ @=I BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI >JAHA
=IIE
x4 1 16 9 7 = + + . 3 1 1 4x x 4 x x+ x 2 2
C
x4 dx = 4x3 x .
1 16 4 x . 9 1 x+ 2 7 x
dx = 4 1 2 4
1 u=x+ 1 , v=x 2 du=dx, dv=dx 2
7 dx 1 4 x+ 2 7 1 9 1 du dv (| x| ) 4 u 4 v ( ) + C.
9 1 dx x 4
1 x 1 2
dx
9 7 = 4 (| x| ) (|u|) 4 4 . 1 , v= . x 1 u=x+ 2 9 2 = 4 (| x| ) + 4
(|v|) + C ( ) 1 7 x+ 2 4 ( x+ )
1 x 2 (
5K>IJEJKE @ AIJ= E JACH=EI E @A

x3 1 1 dx = x + 4x3 x 4
E@=I ?= ?K @=I A
(|x|) 9 4
$! >JAHA
1 2 7 4
I
x 1 2 ) + C.
6A
ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 12.7.1 += ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= 3 x x2 + 3 dx . x2 2x + 2 Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= H=?E =
p(x) . x3 x2 + 3 = 2 , q (x) x 2x + 2
F=H= ?=@= x R ,
#$
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
CH=K @ F E E @ K AH=@ H EIJ A F E E x3 x2 + 3 JA CH=K A 3 A =E H GKA 2 @ F E E @ @A E =@ H EIJ A F E E x 2x + 2 JA CH=K A 2 C FHA?EI= I HA= E =H = @ELEI= @ I @ EI F E E I F=H= F @AH I FH IIACKEH )F E?= @ IA ) C HEJ @A *HE J 4K E >JAHA I
x3 x2 + 3 ( ) x3 2x2 + 2x x2 2x + 3 ( ) x2 2x + 2 1 x2 2x + 2
CH=K
x+1
C JAHA )IIE
x3 x2 + 3 1 = (x + 1) + 2 . 2 x 2x + 2 x 2x + 2 ] [ 1 1 (x + 1) + 2 dx = (x + 1) dx + dx 2 x 2x + 2 x 2x + 2 x2 1 = +x+ dx . 2 2 x 2x + 2 1 dx JH=H = E JACH= E @A E@= 2 x 2x + 2
x3 x2 + 3 dx = x2 2x + 2
$"
C >=IJ= A ? >IAHLA AK F E I GKA E @
F E
x2 2x + 2
CH=K EHHA@EJ
LA I >HA R F EI
= (2)2 4.1.2 = 4 < 0 .
)IIE
1 dx = 2 x 2x + 2
. 1 1 u=x1du=dx dx = =H?JC(u) + C dx = 2 2 (x 1) + 1 u +1
u=x1
=H?JC(x 1) + C . E@=I ?= ?K =@=I =?E = A $" >JAHA I
5K>IJEJKE @ IA =I E JACH=EI E @A
x3 x2 + 3 x2 dx = + x + =H?JC(x 1) + C . 2 x2 2x + 2 7.06.2013 - 35.a
%
1 6-/4)15 ,- .7 + -5 4)+1
)15
#%
12.7.2
Integrais indenidas de fun c oes racionais envolvendo seno e cosseno
JEF
Deni c ao 12.7.1 7 = BK ?= H=?E
= A L LA @ =I BK ? AI IA K
p[? I()] , q[ IA ()]
A ? IIA
A K = BK ? = @
p[ IA ()] q[? I()]
@A p = p(x) A q = q(x) x R I= BK ? AI F E
E=EI
? = ?K @A E JACH=EI @A BK ? AI H=?E =EI A L LA @ =I BK ? AI IA A ? IIA =CEHA I ? = IACKEH 6H=J=HA I @= E JACH= E @A E@=

p[ IA ()] d q[? I()]
$#
A @AEN=HA
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H JH=J=H @= E JACH= E @A

p[? I()] d . q[ IA ()]
E@=
) E@ AE= ?A JH= A B= AH K =
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI C

( ) . x = JC , 2
>E AJ H= @ JEF
F=H= I @A I K E JAHL= >IAHLA I GKA IA

. x = JC ( ) , 2
=FH FHE=@ @A R F H ANA F
( ) . I= , 2 2 d 2 [ =H?JC(x)] = dx . $$ dx 1 + x2
K IA = = 2 =H?JC(x) , E F E?= @ A JA I =I IACKE JAI HA = ? AI

(
d = 2
) A
@EII
) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) IA ()=1? I2 () 2 2 2 ? I() = ? I + =? I IA 1 = 2? I 2 2 2 2 2 ? I2 ( 2 2 2 x= JC() 2) ( ) 1= ( ) 1 = = 1 1 + x2 2 2 IA? 1 + JC 2 2 2 1x = . 1 + x2 ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( IA 2 2 ( )? I + = 2 IA ? I =2 IA () = IA 2 2 2 2 2 ? I 2 ( ) ( ) 1 1 ( ) = 2 JC ( ) = 2 JC 2 2 2 2 IA? 1 + JC 2 2 2x x= JC() . = 1 + x2
$%
$&
#&
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
)IIE
@A $$ $% A $& IACKA GKA
) 2x p . x= JC( ) p[ IA ()] 2 1 + x2 2 d = dx , ( ) 2 q[? I()] 1 x 1 + x2 q 1 + x2
$'
A AIJ= K JE = A = E JACH= E @A
2x 1 x2
E@= @A K = BK ? = H=?E = F EI p A q I= BK ? AI F E
E=EI
A x x I= BK ? AI H=?E =EI A F HJ= J F @A I =F E?=H 1 + x2 1 + x2 BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI F=H= A ? JH = = A @AF EI L J=H = L=HE =LA HECE = KJE E = @
x = JC() .
AJ @ @=I B=J GKA
)F EGKA
I EIJ = IACKE JA ANAH?

?E
E@=
1 d . 1 + IA ()
Resolu c ao:
?=I JA )F E?= @
I GKA p, q : R R I= @=@=I F H
p(t) = 1

q(t) = 1 + t , ()
2
F=H= ?=@= t R .
dx

F H?A@E A J =?E = >JAHA

. x = JC
I
2 1+x2
d =
IA () = ? I() =
2x 1 + x2 1 x2 1 + x2 =
1 1 + IA ()
1+
2x 1 + x2 . 1 1 1 -NAH?
?E u=x+1 = dx = dx = +C 2 2 ( x + 1 ) x + 1 x + 2x + 1 ( ) ? I x= JC( 2 ) 1 2 ( ) ( ) + C, = ( ) +C= JC +1 IA +? I 2 2 2
2 dx 1 + x2
%
K IA =
( ) ? I 1 2 ( ) ( ) + C. d = 1 + IA () IA +? I 2 2
Observa c ao 12.7.5 2 @A I =F E?=H = J A? E?= =?E = F=H= A ? JH=H =I E JACH=EI E @A 1 1 d A ? IIA?() d = d , IA?() d = ? I() IA ()
E@=I
@A K @ @EBAHA JA = GKA A I =I >IAHL= ? AI $ ' A $ HAIFA?JEL= A JA ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H = =F E?= ?= @AIJA FH ?AII = J=EI E JACH=EI E @A E @=I
&
764)5 6-+ 1+)5
#'
12.8
Outras t ecnicas
,AEN=HA I = ?=HC @ AEJ H = AEJKH= @=I J A? E?=I @AIJ= IA ?= F=H= A ? JH=H = CK I KJH I JEF I @A E JACH=EI E @A E@=I GKA IAH= =FHAIA J=@=I =I FH NE =I JHAI IK>IA ? AI GKA A L LA =F I IK>IJE JKE ? AI =FH FHE=@=I E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @A BK ? AI H=?E =EI
12.8.1 Integrais indenidas do tipo P[ IA (), ? I()] d Q[ IA (), ? I()]
Observa c ao 12.8.1 7 = BK ? = P : R2 R IAH = @EJ= fun c ao polinomial de duas vari aveis IA
A = FK@AH IAH ?
?=@= = IACKE JA B H =
P(x, y) = aoo + [a1o x + ao1 y] + [a2o x2 + a11 xy + ao2 y2 ] + + [ano xn + a(n1)1 xn1 y + + a1(n1) xyn1 + aon yn ] ,
F=H= ?=@= (x, y) R2 ,
@A a1o , , aon R
2=H= ?= ?K =H E JACH=EI E @A E@=I @ JEF
P[ IA (), ? I()] dx Q[ IA (), ? I()]
@A P = P(x, y) A Q = Q(x, y) I= BK ? AI F E E=EI @A @K=I L=HE =LAEI x, y R =CEHA = IK>IA ?= = JAHE H EIJ A ? IE@AH=HA I = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H=
. x = JC ( ) , 2
I?
K IA = = 2 =H?JC(x) , A ? E JAHL= =FH FHE=@ @A R

(
EIJ JAHA
I d = 2
d 2 [ =H?JC(x)] = dx . dx 1 + x2
F=H= I @A I AK ) A @EII
) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) IA ()=1? I2 () 2 2 2 ? I() = ? I + =? I IA 1 = 2? I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 x= JC() ( ) 1= ( ) 1 = = 1 1 + x2 2 2 IA? 1 + JC 2 2 2 1x = 1 + x2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) IA 2 2 ( )? I IA () = IA + = 2 IA ? I =2 2 2 2 2 2 ? I 2 ( ) ( ) 1 1 ( ) = 2 JC ( ) = 2 JC 2 2 2 2 IA? 1 + JC 2 2 2x x= JC() = . 1 + x2 ( )
# )IIE JAHA I GKA
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
) 2x 1 x2 P , . x= JC( ) P[ IA (), ? I()] 2 1 + x2 1 + x2 2 d = dx ( ) 2 Q[ IA (), ? I()] 2x 1 x 1 + x2 q , 1 + x2 1 + x2
%
GKA A K = E JACH= E @A @= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = A F HJ= J F @A F=H?E=EI F=H= ?= ?K = = )F E?=HA I EIJ = IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 12.8.1 += ?K =H
I =F E?=H
AJ @ @=I BH= ? AI
1 + IA () ? I() Resolu c ao:
IA ()
d .
JA
I GKA

( ) . x = JC 2 d =
2 1+x2
dx
IA () = ? I() =
2x 1+x2 1x2 1+x2
2x 2 1 + x2 = d dx 2 1 + IA () ? I() 2x 1 x 1 + x2 1+ 1 + x2 1 + x2 5 5 5 x+ 4 -NAH?
?E 4 + 4 2 dx dx = = (x + 2)(x2 + 1) x+2 x2 + 1 5 5 5 1 2x 1 dx dx + dx = 2 2 4 x+2 8 x +1 2 x +1 . . 5 1 5 1 1 u=x+2, v=x2 +1 du=dx , dv=2x dx 5 = du dv + dx 2 4 u 8 v 2 x +1 5 5 5 = (| u| ) (|v|) + =H?JC(x) + C 4 8 2 ) 5 5 ( 2 u=x+2, v=x2 +1 5 = (|x + 2|) |x + 1| + =H?JC(x) + C 4 8 2 } { [ ( )] ( ) ] [ [ ( )] x= JC( ) 5 2 5 2 5 JC JC = +2 + 1 + =H?JC JC +C 4 2 8 2 2 2 [ ( )]2 ( ) ] [ 5 5 5 JC JC = +2 + 1 + + C, 4 4 2 8 2
IA ()
>0
K IA =
5 d = 1 + IA () ? I() 4
IA ()
( ) ] 5 JC +2 2 8
{[
} ( )]2 5 JC + 1 + + C. 2 4
&
764)5 6-+ 1+)5
#
12.8.2
( ) P x, x2 + px + q ( ) dx Integrais indenidas do tipo Q x, x2 + px + q

( ) P x, x2 + px + q ( ) dx, Q x, x2 + px + q
2=H= ?= ?K =H E JACH=EI @ JEF
% I @= IACKE JA B H =
@A P = P(x, y) A Q = Q(x, y) I= BK ? AI F E E=EI @A @K=I L=HE =LAEI =CEHA AIJA ?=I ? IE@AHA I = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H=
. t=x+ x2 + px + q ,
F=H= x I @A I AK + EIJ JAHA I IA A I
E JAHL= =FH FHE=@ @A R
. t = x + x2 + px + q IA A I (2t + p)x = t2 q IA A I
A JA IA x = x2 + px + q IA A I A JA IA (t x)2 = x2 + px + q A JA IA 2 2t + x2 = x2 + px + q IA A I A JA IA t2 2t = px + q IA A I A JA IA A JA IA x =
t2 q . 2t + p
%!
C
[ ] d t2 q 2t(2t + p) (t2 q).2 2t2 + 2pt + 2q dx = dt = dt = dt . dt 2t + p (2t + p)2 (2t + p)2
%"
) A
@EII
x + px + q = t x
2 (12.73)
( ) t(2t + p) t2 q t2 + pt + q t2 q = = . t 2t + p 2t + p 2t + p
%# K@= ? =
5K>IEJKE @ IA %! %" A %# A @A L=HE =LAEI >JAHA I
% K IA = B= A @ = ? HHAIF @A JA
( 2 ) ( ) t q t2 + pt + q P x, x2 + px + q P , 2t2 + 2pt + 2q 2t + p 2t + p ( ) dx = dt , ( 2 ) (2t + p)2 t q t2 + pt + q Q x, x2 + px + q , Q 2t + p 2t + p
A = E JACH= E @A E@= = @EHAEJ= A = E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = = L=HE =LA t GKA F @A IAH JH=J=@= FA =I J A? E?=I GKA @AIA L LA I =I IK>IA ? AI = JAHE HAI EIJ A BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI )F I A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A E@= = L=HE =LA t @AIB= A I = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI EIJ A B= A I
t=x+ x2 + px + q
A?
EIJ JAH E = I @A ?= ?K =H = E JACH= E @A E@= @=@= E E?E= )F EGKA I AIJ= J A? E?= = IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
A JA
E@=
1 x2 +2 dx .
%$
#
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
.= A @ = JAHA I GKA
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI
. t=x+
x2 + 2 ,
%%
. t = x + x2 + 2 IA A I
IA A I IA A I C ) A
A JA IA t x = x2 + 2 IA A I A JA IA (t x)2 = x2 + 2 A JA IA t2 2t + x2 = x2 + 2 IA A I A JA IA t2 2t = 2 IA A I A JA IA 2tx = t2 2 A JA IA x =
t2 2 . 2t
%& %' & K@= ?=
( ) [ ] 2t 2t t2 2 2 d t2 2 2t2 + 4 t2 + 2 dx = dt = dt = dt = dt . dt 2t (2t)2 4t2 2t2
@EII
x2
+2=tx
%&
( ) t(2t + 2) t2 t2 2 t2 + 2 t = = . 2t 2t + 2 2t
5K>IJEKE @ IA %& %' A & A @A L=HE =LAEI >JAHA I

dx x2 + 2 1
%%
%$ K IA = B= A @ = ? HHAIF @A JA
(|t|) + C
t=x+ x2 +2
1 t2 + 2 dt = t2 + 2 2t2 2t
1 dt = t
( x+
x2 + 2
) + C.
12.8.3
( ) 2 P x, x + px + q ( ) dx, onde p2 + 4q > 0. Integrais indenidas do tipo Q x, x2 + px + q
Observa c ao 12.8.2
>IAHLA I JA
I GKA IA
F E
x2 px q ,
H=
AI ?
F AN=I EIJ A p2 + 4q < 0 IACKA GKA

x2 px q > 0 ,
E F E?= @ GKA
x2 + px + q
<0
x2 + px + q < 0
A F HJ= J = IAH = HA= F=H= ?=@= x R 5A p2 + 4q = 0 A J= GKA J= > A = F E
E x2 px q JA E F E?= @ GKA
@K=I H=
AI HA=EI ECK=EI EIJ A
x2 + px + q = (x a)2 < 0 ,
x2 px q = (x a)2 ,
I E JAHAII= F EI AIJA ?=I JAHA

x2 + px + q =
(x a)2
<0
= IAH = HA= F=H= ?=@= x R
&
764)5 6-+ 1+)5
#!
C I I E JAHAII= ?=I A GKA p2 + 4q > 0 K IA = F E E x2 px q JA H=

AI HA=EI @EIJE J=I GKA ?D= =HA I @A xo A x1 A L= I IKF H GKA xo < x1 AIJA ?=I F=H= A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A E@=
( ) 2 P x, x + px + q ( ) dx , 2 Q x, x + px + q
@K=I
&
=CEHA I @= IACKE JA B H = ,= EJA =?E = JAHA I GKA

x2 + px + q = (x xo )(x x1 ) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (xo , x1 ) .
C IA ? IE@AH=H
. t=
I=
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H=
(x xo )(x x1 ) , EIJ A (x xo )t = (x xo )(x1 x) , x xo K IA = (x xo )2 t2 = (x xo )(x1 x) , EIJ A (x xo )t 2 = x1 x
K IA = F=H= t I C @A I AK
(1 + t2 )x = xo t2 + x1 , EIJ A
x=
xo t2 + x1 , 1 + t2
&
E JAHL=
=FH FHE=@ @A R
( ) ( ) [ ] (2xo t) 1 + t2 xo t2 + x1 (2t) d xo t2 + x1 2t(xo x1 ) dx = dt = dt = ( ( )2 )2 dt . 2 dt 1+t 1 + t2 1 + t2
&!
) A
@EII
IACKA @A & GKA

( ) xo t2 + x1 (x1 xo )t . xo t = 2 1+t 1 + t2
(12.82) (x xo )(x x1 ) = (x xo )t =
&"
5K>IJEJKE @ IA & &! A &" A K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI >JAHA I
& K IA = B= A @ = ? HHAIF @A JA
( ) ( ) xo t 2 + x1 (x1 xo )t P P x, x2 + px + q , 2t(xo x1 ) 1 + t2 1 + t2 ( ) dx = ( ) ( )2 dt , 2 xo t + x1 (x1 xo )t 2 2 1 + t Q x, x + px + q Q , 1 + t2 1 + t2
A = E JACH= E @A E@= = @EHAEJ= A K = E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = A F HJ= J F @A I =F E?=H =I J A? E ?=I @AIA L LE@=I =I IA ? AI = JAHE HAI EIJ A BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI F=H= ?= ?K = = A @AF EI @AIB= AH I = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI EIJ A IK>IJEJKEH I
t= (x xo )(x x1 ) , x xo
F=H= A ? JH=H
I = E JACH= E @A
E@= @= BK ?= @=@= E E?E= A JA
#" + =F E?= ?= @AIJ= J A? E?= JA I
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
E@=
1 4 x2 dx .
&#
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
x2 + px + q = (x + 2)(x 2) = (x + 2)(2 x) ,
I GKA
F=H= ?=@= x (2, 2) .
+ IE@AHA
. t=
I=
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H= &$
(x + 2)(2 x) , K IA = x (2) (x + 2)t = (x + 2)(2 x) , EIJ A (x + 2)2 t2 = (x + 2)(2 x) , ( ) 2t2 + 2 K IA = (x + 2)t2 = 2 x , K =E @= 1 + t2 x = 2t2 + 2 , K IA = x = . 1 + t2 ( ) ( ) [ ] [4t] 1 + t2 2t2 + 2 [2t] d 2t2 + 2 8t 2 dx = 1 + t dt = dt = ( )2 dt . 2 2 2 dt 1+t (1 + t ) 2 1+t
&%
&&
) A
@EII IACKA @A &% GKA

4 x = (x + 2)t
2 (12.87)
] 2t2 + 2 4t (2) t = . 2 1+t 1 + t2
&' K@= ? =
5K>IJEJKE @ IA &% && A &' A @A L=HE =LAEI >JAHA I

1 4 x2 dx
&$
&# K IA = B= A @ = ? HHAIF @A JA
1 1 8t dt = 2 =H?JC(t) + C dt = 2 ( ) 2 4t 1 + t2 2 1+t 1 + t2 [ ] (x+2)(2x) t= ( x + 2 )( 2 x ) x+2 + C, = 2 =H?JC x+2 = [ ] 4 x2 dx = 2 =H?JC + C. x+2 4 x2 1
K IA =
12.8.4
( m1 m2 mk ) P x, (ax + b) n1 , (ax + b) n2 , , (ax + b) nk ( Integrais indenidas do tipo m1 m2 mk ) dx Q x, (ax + b) n1 , (ax + b) n2 , , (ax + b) nk

( ) m1 m2 mk n1 n2 nk P x, (ax + b) , (ax + b) , , (ax + b) ( ) dx , m1 m2 mk n1 n2 nk Q x, (ax + b) , (ax + b) , , (ax + b)
2=H= ?= ?K =H E JACH=EI E @A
E@=I @ JEF
'
&
764)5 6-+ 1+)5
##
@A a, b R a = 0 mi , ni N F=H= i {1, 2, , k} A P = P(x1 , , xk ) A Q = Q(x1 , , xk ) I= BK ? AI F E E=EI =I k L=HE =LAEI =CEHA I @= IACKE JA B H = + IE@AHA I = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H=
. r t = ax + b,
'
@A
. r = mmc{n1 , , nk }
@A mmc = A H K JEF ? K F=H= x I @A I K E JAHL= =FH FHE=@ @A R >IAHLA I GKA F @A I IKF H r > 1 +=I ? JH =HE IA r = 1 JAHA I GKA n1 = = nk = 1 A JAH
= I K = E JACH= E @A JEF
P (x, (ax + b)m1 , (ax + b)m2 , , (ax + b)mk ) dx , Q (x, (ax + b)m1 , (ax + b)m2 , , (ax + b)mk )
E@= @
GKA A K = E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = GKA I=>A I ? ?= ?K = = KJ E = @ =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I =I IA ? AI = JAHE HAI EIJ A BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI C F @A I IKF H IA FAH@= @A CA AH= E@=@A GKA r > 1 =IIE IA ? IE@AH=H I = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H=
ax + b = tr IA A I
A JA IA x =
ni
tr b IA A I a
Mi r
A JA IA dx =
rtr1 dt . a
'
+ @A
EIJ JA
I GKA
(ax + b) mi = (ax + b) . Mi = ji mi
= tMi ,
'!
l = ji ni ,
F=H= ?=@= i {1, , k} . K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI ? HHAIF @A JA A KJE E
5K>IJEJKE @ ' ' A = @ '! >JAHA I
' K IA = =
) ( m2 mk m1 ( ) n1 n2 nk P tM1 , tM2 , , tMk P x, (ax + b) , (ax + b) , , (ax + b) rtr1 ' ( ) ( ) dx = dt , m1 m2 mk M1 M2 Mk a Q t , t , , t n1 n2 nk Q x, (ax + b) , (ax + b) , , (ax + b)
A >IAHLA I GKA = E JACH= E @A E@= = @EHAEJ= A K = E JACH= E @A E@= @A K = BK ?= H=?E = @= L=HE =LA t A F @A IAH ?= ?K =@= KJE E = @ =I J A? E?=I @AIA L LE@=I =I IA ? AI = JAHE HAI EIJ A BH= ? AI F=H?E=EI A =F I EIJ F @A I @AIB= AH = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEAI EIJ A IK>IJEJKEH
t= r ax + b
F=H= A ? JH=H = E JACH= E @A E@= @=@= E E?E= A JA + =F E?= ?= @AIJ= J A? E?= JA I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
E@=
1 dx . 2x + 5 + 2x + 5
#$
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
1 6-/4)15 1 ,-.1 1,)5
>IAHLA
I GKA
1 dx = 2x + 5 + 2x + 5
1 (2x + 5)1 + (2x + 5) 2

1
dx ,
'"
K IA = C )IIE IA ? IE@AH=H I=
m1 = 1, n1 = 1, m2 = 1 A n2 = 2 . r = mmc{n1 , n2 } = mmc{1, 2} = 2 > 1 .
K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI @ALAH = IAH >E AJ H=

2x + 5 = tl = t2 ,
'# '$
JAHA
I
dx =
2t dt = t dt . 2
5K>IEJEJKE @ '# A '$ A '" K IA = B= A @ = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI ? HHAIF @A JA >JAHA I
1 '# dx = 2x + 5 + 2x + 5 = 1 t dt = t2 + t
u=t+1
(u) + C
. 1 1 u=t+1 du=dt dt = du t+1 u t= 2x+5 2x + 5 + 1 + C , (|t + 1|) + C =

>0
K IA =
1 dx = 2x + 5 + 2x + 5
( ) 2x + 5 + 1 + C .
Cap tulo 13
Integrais denidas de fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real

AIJA ?=F
JK ? A ?=HA I = JH=J=H @ IACK @ FH > A = GKA =F=HA?A E
?E @AIJ=I J=I = I=>AH FH > A = @A A ? JH=H =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @A K = HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F= xOy GKA A @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= f : [a, b] R FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y = f(x)
R
a
13.1
Somat orios
I I
> I AI?HALAH K = I = @A KEJ=I F=H?A =I @A K @
Observa c ao 13.1.1 3K= @ FHA?EI=H
? @A I=@ KI=HA
Exemplo 13.1.1
4 i= 1
i=1+2+3+4
,=@ I n N A K = BK ?= F : N R IA m {1, , n} JAHA

n i= m
F(i) = F(m) + F(m + 1) + + F(n) .
#%
#&
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
! ,=@ I n N = BK ? = f : R R A x1 , x2 , , xn , x R A J=
n i=1
f(xi )x = f(x1 ) x + f(x2 ) x + + f(xn ) x .
13.1.1
Propriedades do somat orio
6A
I =I IACKE JA FH FHEA@=@AI @ I
=J HE
Proposi c ao 13.1.1 5A = n N N=@
5A c R A J=
n i= 1
c = nc.
5A c R A F : N R A K = BK ?= A J=
n i=1
[c F(i)] = c
n i=1
F (i ) .
! 5A F, G : N R I= BK ? AI A J=
n i= 1
[F(i) + G(i)] =
n i=1
F (i ) +
n i=1
G( i ) .
" 5A F : N R A K = BK ? = A J=
n i= 1
[F(i) F(i 1)] = F(n) F(0) .
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A
IJH= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
13.2
Area de uma regi ao plana associada ao gr aco de uma fun c ao

I f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= ? J
K= A =
f(x) 0 ,
+ IE@AHA
AC=JEL= @A
E@= A
[a, b] EIJ A
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
> AJEL A A ? JH=H IA ANEIJEH = =HA= GKA E E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN @ I Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
II
!
)4-)
y
#'
6
y = f(x)
R
a
2=H= EIJ @ELE@EHA I E JAHL= [a, b] A n F=HJAI ECK=EI >JA @ @AIJ= B H = I F J I xi F=H= ?=@= i {0, , n} @A J= @ GKA LA = = CKH= =>=EN
. xo = a , . . xi = xo + i x = a + i x ,
F=H= ?=@= i {1, n} ,
@A
. ba x = . n
xo = a x 1 x2
a x = b n
-
x3
xn1xn = b
2=H= ?=@= n N ? IE@AHA
I=I
n
. Sn = f(xi ) x = A1 + A2 + + An ,
i=1
@A F=H= ?=@= i {1, n} Ai @A J= = =HA= @ HAJ= CK [xi1 , xi ] A = JKH= @=@= F H f(xi ) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
Ri GKA JA
>=IA
E JAHL=
#
y
+)2 167
6
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
R2 R1 R3 R4
Rn
Rn1
xo = a x1
x2
x3
a x = b n
-
xn1 xn = b
>IAHLA I GKA A CAH= F=H= ?=@= n N JA I GKA Sn = IAH == =HA= A @= HACE= R =I A K AH @A @ELEI AI @ E JAHL= [a, b] JAHA I GKA L= H Sn =K A J= @ IA L= H @A n EIJ ?=H = ?=@= LA =EI FH NE @ L= H @= =HA= A EIJ A
A= E
n
Sn = E
n i= 1
f(xi ) x ,
IA
E EJA =?E = ANEIJEH EIJ A B HK K AH HA= )F EGKA I AIJA FH ?AII = IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 13.2.1 5A = f : [0, 2] R @=@= F H . f(x) = 2x ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 2] .
+= ?K =H = =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = 2 A FA AEN Ox
Resolu c ao:
) CKH= =>=EN @AI?HALA = HACE= R F=H= I GK=EI GKAHA

y 4
I A ? JH=H = =HA=
y = 2x
2 x
!
)4-)
# ? >=IA E JAHL=
[0, 2] A = JKH=
>IAHLA I GKA = HACE= A K JHE= CK HAJ= CK GKA JA f(2) = 4 A =IIE IK= =HA= IAH = @=@= F H >=IA N = JKH= 2.4
A= 2 = 2
= 4 u.a. ,
!
@A u.a. @A J= K E@=@AI @A =HA= 2 @A I HA >JAH HAIK J=@ =?E = KJE E = @ IA FH ?AII @AIA L LE@ = JAHE H A JA K IA = @ELE@E @ IA E JAHL= [0, 2] a = 0 A b = 2 A n E JAHL= I ECK=EI JAHA I F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} GKA ( ) ( )
2 2 a =n , xi =a+ix=i n x= b 2 . n = f i Ai = f(xi ) x n
2 = n
2i
2 n
2 8 = 2i. n n
2 =2 i n
. Ai = Sn =
n n i= 1 i=1 n i= 1
8 i n2
) =
n 8 i. n2 i= 1
!
5=>A
I GKA I
= @ I n FHE AEH I JAH
I @A K = 2 ) @A H= = 1 A @=@= F H
i= n(n + 1) . 2
! ! AEJ H F=H= ?=@= n N . ! "
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? C

Sn =
ANAH?
?E F=H=
2 =4+ 4 , n
! A ! ! 8 n(n + 1)
5K>IJEJKE @ IA ! " A
) ( ) ( 4 -NAH? 4 (13.4)
?E A = E Sn = E = E 4+ = 4 u.a. , 4+ n x n n x
! >JAHA
n2
>JE@ A ! ANA F = IACKEH
= D =?
HAI LA
f(x) = x2 ,
IA = B H FA FH ?AII @AIA L LE@ = JAHE H A JA
Exemplo 13.2.1 5A = f : [0, 2] R @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- ? JH=H = =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = 2 A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y y = x2
R
x=2 x=0 x
#
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
.=HA I FH ?AII @AIA L LE@ = JAHE H A JA F=II = F=II F=II ? IE@AH= @ HAJ= CK GKA JA ? >=IA LAHJE?=
[0, f(2)] = [0, 4] ,
E JAHL=
[0, 2] A = JKH=
E JAHL=
GKA IAH = E @E?=@ F H R1 LA = = CKH= =>=EN - J= = =HA= @= HACE= R1 GKA E @E?=HA I F H A1 IAH = @=@= F H >=IA N = JKH= = 2.4 = 8 , EIJ A
A1 = 8 .
AIJA ?=I = @ELE@E I E JAHL= [0, 2] EIJ A xo = 0 A x1 = 2 C L= H A1 = 8 IAHE= K = FHE AEH= =FH NE = ?= F=H= L= H @= =HA= A @= HACE= R
y
6
y = x2 f(2) = 4
R1
x1 = 2 xo = 0
2=H= F=II ? IE@AH=HA = JKH=I I E JAHL= I LAHJE?=EI
I I HAJ= CK I GKA JA
>=IAI I E JAHL= I [0, 1] [1, 2] A
[0, f(1)] = [0, 1]
A [0, f(2)] = [0, 4] ,
HAIFA?JEL= A JA GKA IAH= E @E?=@ I F H R2,1 A R2,2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y = x2 f(2) = 4 R2,2
f(1) = 1 R2,1
x1 = 1 x2 = 2 xo = 0
!
)4-)
# ! I F H A2,1 A A2,2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA IAH= @=@=I
F H
)I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I R2,1 A R2,2 GKA E @E?=HA
A2,1 = >=IA N = JKH= @A R21 = 1.1 = 1
A C =I
A2,2 = >=IA N = JKH= @A R22 = 1.4 = 4 .
= @=I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I R2,1 A R2,2 GKA E @E?=HA

A2 = A2,1 + A2,2 = 1 + 4 = 5 ,
I F H A2 IAH = @=@= F H
EIJ A
A2 = 5 .
2=H=
]
AIJA ?=I @ELE@E I E JAHL= [0, 2] A @K=I F=HJAI ECK=EI EIJ A xo = 0 x1 = 1 A x2 = 2 C L= H A2 = 5 IAHE= K = IACK @= =FH NE = ?= F=H= L= H @= =HA= A @= HACE= [ R ] [ ! F=II ? IE@AH=HA I I HAJ= CK I GKA JA ? >=IAI
2 E JAHL= I 0, 3
2 4 , 3 3
4 , 2 A = JKH=I I E JAHL= I LAHJE?=EI 3 [ ( )] [ ] 2 4 0, f = 0, , 3 9
[ ( )] [ ] 4 16 0, f = 0, 3 9
A [0, f(2)] = [0, 4] ,
HAIFA?JEL= A JA GKA IAH= E @E?=@ I F H R3,1 R3,2 A R3,3 HAIFA?JEL= A JA LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
y = x2 4 R3,3
16 9
R3,2
4 9
R3,1
2 3 4 3
x=2
x=0
)I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I R3,1 R3,2 A R3,3 GKA E @E?=HA IAH= @=@=I F H

A3,1 = >=IA N = JKH= @A R31 = A3,2 = >=IA N = JKH= @A R32 =
I F H A2,1 A3,2 A A3,3 HAIFA?JEL= A JA

24 8 = , 39 27 2 16 32 = 3 9 27 2 8 4= . 3 3
A
A3,3 = >=IA N = JKH= @A R33 =
# " C =I
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
= @=I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I R3,1 R3,2 A R3,3 GKA E @E?=HA

A3 = A3,1 + A3,2 + A3,3 = 8 32 8 + + , 27 27 3
I F H A3 IAH = @=@= F H
EIJ A
A3 =
112 . 27 2 4 x2 = A 3 3
AIJA ?=I @ELE@E x3 = 4
I
112
E JAHL=
[0, 2] A
JHAI F=HJAI ECK=EI EIJ A xo = 0 x1 =
C L= H A3 = IAHE= K = JAH?AEH= =FH NE = ?= F=H= L= H @= =HA= A @= HACE= R 27 2 @A I FH IIACKEH @ELE@E @ E JAHL= [0, 2] A 4 5 AJ? F=HJAI ECK=EI K =EI CAH= A JA @ELE@E @ IA E JAHL= [0, 2] A n F=HJAI ECK=EI >JA @ I F J I
. . . . xo = 0 , x1 = x , , xj = j x , , , xn = 2 ,
@A
2 . 20 x = = , n n
A B= A @ K = ? IJHK ?= IA A D= JA = GKA A I =?E = F H AE @A HAJ= CK I GKA E @E?=HA I F H Rn,j >IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= j {1, , n} HAJ= CK Rn,j JAH =? >=IA E JAHL= [xj1 , xj ] A = JKH= E JAHL= LAHJE?= [xj , f(xj )] + EIJ >JAHA I K = L= =FH NE = ?= F=H= = =HA= A @= HACE= R KJE E = @ = I = @=I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I Rn,j >JE@ I = F=HJEH @= @ELEI= GKA ? IE@AH= I =?E = - CAH= IA @ELE@EH I E JAHL= I [0, 2] A n F=HJAI ECK=EI J @ I I IK> E JAHL= I >JE@ I @AII= @ELEI= EIJ I E JAHL= I [xj1 , xj ] F=H= ?=@= j {1, , n} JAH= AI ? FHE A J = I=>AH
. 2 x = n
A AIJAI IK> E JAHL= I IAH= @= IACKE JA B H =

[
] 2 2 [xj1 , xj ] = (j 1) , j , n n [
F=H= ?=@= j {1, , n} . E JAHL= I LAHJE?=EI @= B H =
2=H= ?=@= j {1, , n} =I = JKH=I @ I HAJ= CK I Rn,j IAH=
( )2 ] [ ] 2 4 2 [0, f(xj )] = 0 , j = 0, 2j . n n
/A
AJHE?= A JA F=H= j {1, , n}

y
HAJ= CK Rn,j IAH = @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
6
y = x2
2 n
)2 j Rn,j
=f(xj )
2 n xo = 0
(j 1)
2 n
j xn = 2
=xj1
=xj
! !
) ,- 41- )
# #
( ) 2 2 8 j = 3 j2 . n n
)IIE
F=H= ?=@= j {1, , n} = =HA= @ HAJ= CK Rn,j GKA E @E?=HA

An,j = >=IA N = JKH= @A Rn,j = 2 n
I F H An,j IAH = @=@= F H
C =I @=@= F H
= @=I =HA=I @ I HAJ= CK I Rn,j F=H= j {1, 2, , n} GKA E @E?=HA

Sn =
n n 8 2 8 2 j = j . n3 n3 j =1 j=1
I F H Sn IAH = ! #
7JE E = @ IA E @K ?=
EJ= F @A
I
j2 =
IJH=H GKA
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) . 6
n j =1
! $
) LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? C

Sn =
ANAH?
?E F=H=
6 =
AEJ H
8 4 4 + + 2, 3 n 3n
! # A ! $ 8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
4 4 8 + + 2 3 n 3n IAHE= = n AIE = =FH NE = ?= F=H= L= H @= =HA= A @= HACE= R =I [ ] [ ] 4 4 4 -NAH? 8 8 4 (13.7)

?E 8 A = E Sn = E + + 2 = E + + 2 , = n n 3 x 3 n 3n x 3x 3 8 K IA = = =HA= @= HACE= R IAH = A = u.a. 3 Sn =
F=H= ?=@= n N C L= H
n3
! %
FH ?AII =?E = I @ =K @ @A ?= ?K =H = =HA= @A HACE AI @ JEF @AI?HEJ =?E = F H A FH ?AII A ? F E?=@ A JH=>= D I GKA B=HA I = IACKEH A JA J=H ? ? = @A K = B H = =EI IE F AI @A >JA = GKA A GKA B=HA I =I FH NE =I IA ? AI
Observa c ao 13.2.1
13.3
+
Soma de Riemann
I FA =
A ?=HA
Deni c ao 13.3.1 7 = ? A ?=
EJ= @A F J I @ E JAHL=
. P = {xo , x1 , , xn }
[a, b] @= B H =
GKA I=JEIB= A
. . xo = a < x1 < x2 < < xn1 < xn = b ,
IAH = @A E =@= parti c ao (ou divis ao) do intervalo [a, b] AIJA ?=I F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} @A E I
. xi = xi xi1
A?
EIJ @EHA
I GKA norma da parti c ao P E @E?=@= F H P IAH = @=@= F H

. P =
i{1,n}
=N {xi } .
# $
Observa c ao 13.3.1
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
JAHL=
>IAHLA I GKA = H = @= F=HJE ?= P A? @AJAH E =@ FA = F=HJE ?= P LA = = CKH= =>=EN

x1 x4 x2 = P - x5 x3 - - x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 = b
FHE A J @
=E H IK>E
xo = a
5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= E EJ=@= A K = F=HJE ?= @ E JAHL= [a, b] 2=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} AI? D= I + EIJ F @A I B= AH = IACKE JA I
[a, b] A
. P = {xo , x1 , , xn }
IK>E JAHL= [xi1 , xi ] K = EJ=

n i= 1
F J i EIJ A i [xi1 , xi ]
f(1 ) x1 + f(2 ) x2 + + f(n ) xn =
f(i ) xi .
EIJ JA
I=
Deni c ao 13.3.2 ) I = =?E = IAH = @A E =@= soma de Riemann da fun c ao f, associada a parti c ao P e aos pontos i , para cada i {1, , n} Observa c ao 13.3.2
/A
AJHE?= A JA F @AHA
y
I JAH = IACKE JA IEJK= ?=

6
y = f(x)
a = xo
1 x1
2 x2 3 x3 4
x4 = b
-x
8= A >IAHL=H GKA = BK ?= f F @A IAH AC=JEL= ? = CKH= =?E = )IIE = I = @A 4EA = @= BK ?= f =II ?E=@= F=HJE ?= P A = I F J I i F=H= ?=@= I B H A?AH = AIJA ?=I K = =FH NE = ?= @= =HA= @= HACE= F = = i {1, , n} n ao E EJ=@= @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox F EI = =HA= @ I HAJ= CK I F @AH= n ao IAH A?AII=HE= A JA @=@ I F H f(i ) xi = GKA f(i ) F @A IAH A H GKA AH = IEJK= ?= @= CKH= =?E = EIJ =? JA?A GK= @ i = 1 K i = 2 F EI f(i ) < 0 F=H=
i {1, 2}
! !
) ,- 41- )
# %
! 5A = BK ? = f A = AC=JEL= = I = @A 4EA = =?E = F @AH = IAH K = =FH NE = ?= F=H= = =HA= @= HACE= F = = E EJ=@= @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox IA = BK ? = f B H >A ? F HJ=@= ? LAHA I =EI =@E= JA
+ EIJ F @A I E JH @K EH = IACKE JA @A E ?=
Deni c ao 13.3.3 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= E EJ=@= ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f A integr avel em [a, b] IA ANEIJEH L R @A F @A I A ? JH=H > 0 @A @ GKA F=H= J @= F=HJE ?= . P = {xo = a, x1 , , xn = b}
@ GKA @=@ > 0
@ E JAHL= @ALAHA
[a, b] I=JEIB= A @ P <
AJ @
i [xi1 , xi ]
n i=1
F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} ,
I JAH I GKA J=@= F H
f(i )xi L < .
AIJA ?=I @EHA

[a, b] GKA IAH = @A
b
a
K AH HA= L A = integral denida da fun c ao f no intervalo

f(x) dx, EIJ A b
a
. f(x) dx = L .
Observa c ao 13.3.3
) ,A E ?= =?E = I @E GKA = BK IA F @A I @AEN=H = I = @A 4EA i F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} J= FH NE H = @= F=HJE ?= P IA = IK ?EA JA 5A f A E JACH =LA E JAHL=
? = f A E JACH =LA E JAHL= [a, b] IA A I A JA = @= BK ?= f = =II ?E=@= F=HJE ?= P A = I F J I =@ K AH HA= L GK= J IA GKAEH= @AI@A GKA = A JA FAGKA = I
f(i ) xi ,
n i=1 n i= 1
[a, b] A J= JAHA L=
P0
K =E @=
b f(x) dx =
a
P0
f(i ) xi ,
F=H= GK= GKAH AI? D= i [xi1 , xi ] F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n}

. P = {xo = a, x1 , , xn = b}
@A
A K = F=HJE?= @ E JAHL= !
[a, b] b
= J= ?= @= E JACH= @A E@= E JH @K E@= = ,A E ?= =?E = EIJ A f(x) dx, = BK ?= a f IAH = @EJ= integrando F J a IAH = @EJ limite (ou extremo) inferior de integra c ao = @EJ limite (ou extremo) superior de integra c ao A F J b IAH @A E =@ sinal de integra c ao I
>
IAH =
# &
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
" 8= A >IAHL=H GKA KI=HA @A E@= = I=>AH
AI
I
>
F=H= = E JACH= E @A
E@= A F=H= = E JACH=
5AH = GKA ANEIJA = CK = HA = ?= A JHA AIJAI @ EI ? ?AEJ I J= @EBAHA JAI # 5A = BK ? = f : [a, b] R A n ao-negativa e integr avel A
b
a
[a, b] A J= = E JACH= @A
E@=
I B H A?AH = L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
f(x) dx
y
6
y = f(x)
A=
a
b
a
f(x) dx
b x
6A
I J= > A
= IACKE JA @A
E ?=
[a, b] A J=
Deni c ao 13.3.4 5A = BK ?= f : [a, b] R A E JACH =LA A a

b
. f(x) dx = a
a
b f(x) dx
a
. f(x) dx = 0 .
EIJ JA
IACKE JA
Exemplo 13.3.1 5A = f : [0, 1] R = BK ? = @=@= F H { . f(x) = 1, 0,
F=H= x = 0 F=H= ?=@= x (0, 1]

[0, 1] A GKA 1 f(x) dx = 0 .
0
IJHA
I GKA = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
! !
) ,- 41- )
y 1
# '
6
5A = >IAHLA I GKA IA
. L = 0. . P = {xo , x1 , , xn }
! &
A K = F=HJE ?= @ E JAHL= [a, b] A IA i [xi1 , xi ] F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} A J= @ALAHA

i = 0 , {1, , n} IAH = @=@= F H
I JAH
F=H= ?=@= i {2, n} .
)IIE
= I
= @A 4EA
n i=1
= @= BK ?= f =II ?E=@= F=HJE ?= P A = I F J I i F=H= ?=@= i

=0, i=2, ,n f(i )=0 ,i{2, ,n}
f(i ) xi =
f(1 ) x1 .
! '
C @=@ > 0 ? IE@AHA

.
. = .
5A K = F=HJE ?= P = {xo = a, x1 , , xn = b} @ E JAHL= [a, b] A J= GKA

P <
i [xi1 , xi ] ,
F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} ,

|f(x)|1
JAHA
I
n i=1
f(i ) xi L
n ! &
f(i ) xi 0
(13.9)
= |f(1 ) x1 | = |f(1 )| x1
1 x1
i= 1
i{1, ,n}
=N {xi } = P < = ,
1
0
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A
[0, 1] A = A
@EII
f(x) dx = L = 0 .
) IACKEH @=HA = I=>AH
I K = ? @E ?= suciente F=H= GKA K = BK ?= IA = E JACH =LA
E JAHL= [a, b]
Teorema 13.3.1 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= ? J

K= A [a, b] - J= = BK ? = f IAH = E JACH =LA E JAHL= [a, b] K IA = ANEIJA = E JACH= @A b f(x) dx .
a
E@=
#!
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
) @A IJH= ?= @AIJA HAIK J=@ IAH = EJE@= I E JAHAII=@ I A F @AH= A ? JH = =A F=C #

Observa c ao 13.3.4
6A HA = =?E = I @ = K = ? @E ?= suciente F=H= GKA K = BK ? = IA = E JACH =LA E JAHL= [a, b] =I GKA FA -NA F =?E = AIJ= ? @E ?= n ao e necess aria = GKA = BK ? = @ -NA F =?E = = A ? J
K= A [0, 1] =I A E JACH =LA A [0, 1]
2 @A I =C H= E JH @K EH =
. P = {xo , x1 , , xn } [a, b] IA
Deni c ao 13.3.5 7 = F=HJE ?=
@ E JAHL=
[a, b] IAH = @EJ= parti c ao regular @ E JAHL= ba . xi = a + i , n
F=H= ?=@= i {0, , n} .

[a, b] F IIKE 9 F
x8 = b x7
Observa c ao 13.3.5
= CKH= =>=EN = F=HJE ?= HACK =H @ E JAHL=

xo = a x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
J I n = 8
x
b a 8
. K = F=HJE ?= HACK =H P = {xo , x1 , , xn } @ E JAHL= [a, b] J @ I I IK>E JAHL= I [xi1 , xi ] F=H= i {1, , n} JAA AI ? FHE A J ,A B=J F EI . ba , F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} . xi = x =
AIJA ?=I
H = @= F=HJE ?= IAH =
ba n P =
K IA =
ba . n [a, b] A J= F @A
>IAHLA I GKA IA = BK ? = f : [a, b] R A E JACH =LA A K = F=HJE ?=

. P = {xo , x1 , , xn }
I ? IE@AH=H
GK= GKAH @ E JAHL= [a, b] ? HHAIF @A JAI IK>E JAHL= >IAHL= ?= ! ! ! EJA - F=HJE?K =H F @A I ? {xo , x1 , , xn } @ E JAHL= A? EIJ >JAHA
b
a
A F J I GK=EIGKAH i [xi1 , xi ] F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} I I @AJAH E =@ I FA = F=HJE ?= P F=H= ?= ?K =H I E EJA @= GKA I B H A?AH = L= H @= E JACH= @A E@= . IE@AH=H I K = F=HJE ?= HACK =H GKA E @E?=HA I F H P = [a, b] A F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} ,
ba . , i = a + i n
I
P0
f(x) dx =
n i=1
) ( n ba ba . f(i ) xi = E f a+i n n n
i= 1
!
! !
) ,- 41- )
#!
)F EGKA
I EIJ = IACKE JA ANAH?

?E
Exerc cio 13.3.1 5A = f : [1, 3] R = BK ? = @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 3] .

[1, 3] A A ?
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A

Resolu c ao:
JHA
L= H @= E JACH= @A
E@=
3
1
x2 dx
K= A [1, 3] C IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = GKA A = IAH =K = BK ?= E JACH =LA A [1, 3] ,= >IAHL= ?= =?E = EJA F @A I KJE E =H K = F=HJE ?= HACK =H @ E JAHL= [1, 3] A AI? DAH A ?=@= IK>E JAHL= @AJAH E =@ FA I F J I @= F=HJE ?= @A ?= ?K =H I L= H @= BK ?= f IACKA GKA
3
1 2
b f(x) dx
a
!
a=1 A b=3
x dx =
n b a ba E f a+i n n n i=1
) n ( 2 2 2 E 1+i n n n
i= 1 n i= 1 n i= 1
{ = E
n
n [ 2 n2 + 4in + 4i n n2 i= 1
]} 2
= i
= E
=xi =x [ n
2 n3
]} i2 .
n2 + 4n
i+4
i= 1
LE
I = JAHE H A JA -NA F
n i= 1
! A
n i=1
i=
n (n + 1 ) 2
i2 =
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) . 6
!
C
b
a
[ ]} n n n 2 2 2 x dx = E n 1 + 4n i+4 i n n3 i=1 i= 1 i= 1 { [ ]} 2 n (n + 1 ) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) ! 2 n n + 4n +4 = E n n3 2 6 [ ] [ ] 3 2 3 26n + 24n + 4n 26x + 24x2 + 4x -NAH? -NAH?
?E
?E 26 = E , = E = 3 3 n x 3n 3x 3 {
2
K IA =
3
1
x2 dx =
26 . 3
Observa c ao 13.3.6 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [1, 3] A E JACH =LA A [1, 3] F EI A K = BK ? = ? J

K= A [1, 3] IACKA GKA = =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = 1 x = 3 A FA AEN Ox IAH = @=@= F H A= 3
1
x2 dx =
26 u.a. . 3
#!
y
+)2 167
6
y = x2
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
R
3
1 2
A=
x dx =
26 3
1 3 x
13.4
Propriedades da integral denida

E@= GKA IAH= K JAEI F=H=
[a, b] A R
) IACKEH ANE>EHA I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI CAH=EI @= E JACH= @A @=I AI =I = I=>AH

? = ?K
- J=
f, g : [a, b] R BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI A [a, b] A = A b ( f)(x) dx =

a a
E ) BK ?= f : [a, b] R IAH = E JACH =LA A

b
@EII
f(x) dx .
EE ) BK ?= f + g : [a, b] R IAH = E JACH =LA A

b (f + g)(x) dx =
a a
[a, b] A = A b f(x) dx +
a
@EII
g(x) dx .
8= A
= = C F=H= = BK ? = f g EIJ A = BK ?= f g : [a, b] R IAH = E JACH =LA A [a, b] A = A @EII b b b

(f g)(x) dx =
a a
f(x) dx
a
g(x) dx .
EEE 5A c [a, b] A J= =I HAIJHE ? AI @= BK ?= f = I E JAHL= I [a, c] A [c, b] IAH= BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI A [a, c] A [c, b] HAIFA?JEL= A JA A = A @EII
b f(x) dx =
a a
c f(x) dx +
b f(x) dx .
c
EL 5A c, d, e [a, b] A J= =I HAIJHE ? AI @= BK ? = f = I E JAHL= I ? IAH= BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI I HAIFAJ?EL I E JAHL= I A = A @EII
d f(x) dx =
c c
ANJHA
IA
c, d A e
e f(x) dx +
d f(x) dx .
e
! "
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) ,-.1 1,)
#!!
L 5A f : [a, b] R A K = BK ? = @=@= F H

f(x) = C, x [a, b]
A J= = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A
[a, b] A = A b
@EII
f(x) dx = C(b a) .
a
LE 5KF D= - J=
I GKA
f(x) g(x), b
a
x [a, b] . b g(x) dx .
a
f(x) dx
LEE 5KF D=
I GKA ANEIJA
m, M R J=EI GKA m f(x) M, x [a, b] .
- J=
m(b a)
b
a
f(x) dx M(b a) .
LEEE ) BK ? = |f| : [a, b] R @=@= F H

. |f|(x) = |f(x)| ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] ,

b
a
IAH = E JACH =LA A
[a, b] A = A
@EII
b
a
f(x) dx
|f(x)| dx .
Demonstra c ao:
)I @A IJH= ? AI @AIJ=I FH FHEA@=@AI IACKA @= =F E?= ?= @A @ ? LA EA JA @= @A E ?= @A BK ?= E JACH =LA A K E JAL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ A IK=I A => H= ? AI IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
=?E = 2=H= EIJ
I @=H E JAHFHAJ= ? AI CA
AJHE?=I F=H= = CK =I @=I FH FHEA@=@AI = AC=JEL=I A

[a, b] EIJ A
L=
I IKF H GKA =I BK ? AI A L LE@=I I=

0 f(x) , g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b]
A 0 ) FH FHEA@=@A E I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I =HA= A @= HACE= HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox F @A IAH >JE@= K JEF E?= @ IA F H = E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = CKH= =>=EN
#!"
+)2 167
y = f(x)
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
6 -
b A =
a
f(x) dx
y = f(x)
b >1
b A=
a
f(x) dx
) FH FHEA@=@A EE I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f + g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox F @A IAH >JE@= I = @ IA = =HA= Af @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rf ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox ? = =HA= Ag @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rg ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = CKH= =>=EN
y = (f + g)(x)
b A=
a
b f(x) dx +
a
g(x) dx

y = g(x)
6 -
b Ag =
a
g(x) dx
y = f(x)
b
b Af = f(x) dx
a
! "
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) ,-.1 1,)
y = f(x)
#!#
b Af = f(x) dx
a

y = g(x)
6 -
b Ag =
a
g(x) dx
y = (f g)(x)
b
b A=
a
b f(x) dx
a
g(x) dx
! 5A
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] , = IACK @= F=HJA @= FH FHEA@=@A EE I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox F @A IAH >JE@= @= @EBAHA ? = @= =HA= Af @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rf ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox FA = =HA= Ag @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rg ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =?E =
g(x) f(x) ,
" ) FH FHEA@=@A EEE I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A = I = @= =HA= A1 @= HACE= E EJ=@= R1 ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = c A FA AEN Ox ? = =HA= A2 @= HACE= E EJ=@= R2 ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = c x = b A FA AEN Ox y y = f(x) 6 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
?
R1
R2
R = R1 R2
#!$
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
# ) FH FHEA@=@A EL CA AJHE?= A JA F @A IAH LEIJ= @A EJA =?E = F=H= = FH FHEA@=@A EEE
@ IA A D= JA = GKA
$ ) FH FHEA@=@A L I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A= =HA= @A K HAJ= CK ? >=IA @A ? FHE A J b a A = JKH= ? ? FHE A J C LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6 /
y=C
% ) FH FHEA@=@A LE
I @E GKA IA
f(x) g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] , J= ?= H K J= ?= CKH=
A J= = =HA= Af @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rf ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A A ECK= =HA= Ag @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rg ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = =>=EN

y = g(x)
6
y = f(x)
b Ag =
a
g(x) dx
b Af = f(x) dx
a
& 5A m 0 = FH FHEA@=@A LEE
I @E GKA IA F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] ,
m f(x) M ,
! "
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) ,-.1 1,)
#!%
A J= = =HA= Af @= HACE= E EJ=@= Rf ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A =E H K ECK= GKA = =HA= @ HAJ= CK GKA JA ? >=IA E JAHL= [a, b] A = JKH= ? ? FHE A J m A A H K ECK= =HA= @ HAJ= CK GKA JA ? >=IA E JAHL= [a, b] A = JKH= ? ? FHE A J M LA = CKH= =>=EN
y M M(b a)

y = f(x)
b Af = f(x) dx
a
m(b a)
' 5A f F @A =IIK EH L= HAI AC=JEL I = FH FHEA@=@A LEEE I @E GKA @K @= E JACH= @A E@= @= BK ?= f E JAHL= [a, b] A A H K ECK= =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= |f| FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = CKH= =>=EN
y
y = |f(x)|
I
y = f(x)
10.06.2013 - 36.a
6A I IACKE JA HAIK J=@ GKA IAH = KEJ E F HJ= JA F=H= ? IACKEH E JACH=EI @A E@=I @A BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@
Teorema 13.4.1 @ 8= H A@E ? J
K= A [a, b] - J= ANEIJA xo [a, b] J= GKA
I ?= ?K =H
L= H @A
F=H= 1 JACH=EI ,A
b
E@=I 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? =
f(x) dx = f(xo )(b a) .

a
#!&
Demonstra c ao: + f : [a, b] R A?
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
GKA
J
K= A
[a, b] @ 6A HA = $ # ! IACKA GKA ANEIJA

x[a,b]
so , to [a, b] J=
. f(so ) = m =
E f (x) A M =
x[a,b]
=N f(x) = f(to ) ,
!
K IA =
m f(x) M , b
a
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
C @= FH FHEA@=@A LEE @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = IACKA GKA

m
!
= f(so )
(b a)
f(x) dx
=
M
!
f(to )
(b a ) .
,ELE@E @ IA =I @AIECK= @=@AI =?E = F H (b a) > 0 >JAHA

b f(x) dx f(so ) = m
a
ba
M = f(to ) .
C @ 6A HA = @ 8= H 1 JAH A@E =HE EIJ A 6A HA = $ # IACKA GKA ANEIJA xo [so , to ] [a, b] J= GKA b
f(x) dx f(xo ) =
a
ba
K IA = ? GKAH
= I @A IJH=H
b f(x) dx = f(xo )(b a) ,

a
Observa c ao 13.4.2 5A = BK ? = f B H = AC=JEL= A [a, b] 6A HA = =?E = I @E GKA ANEIJA K xo [a, b] @A @ GKA = =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox IAH = ECK= = =HA= @ HAJ= CK GKA JA ? >=IA E JAHL= [a, b] A = JKH= @A ? FHE A J f(xo ) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y = f(x) y
6
f(xo )
b f(x) dx = f(xo )(b a)

a
xo
! "
24 241-,),-5 ,) 1 6-/4) ,-.1 1,)
#!'
IAH = @A
Deni c ao 13.4.1
E =@ valor m edio da fun c ao f no intervalo [a, b] E ?= =?E = L= H
L= H f(xo ) @=@ FA
6A HA = @ 8= H
A@E F=H= 1 JACH=EI ,A
E@=I
Observa c ao 13.4.3
2A = @A
A@E @A K = BK ? = f E JACH =LA A

b
a
[a, b] A @=@ F H
f(x) dx ba . [a, b] AIJA @A
L= H A@E @A K = BK ?= f E JACH =LA A K E JAHL= A@E= =HEJ AJE?= @A K ? K J EJ @A K AH I HA=EI 2=H= LAH EIJ >IAHLA I GKA IA
1 , , n [a, b]
? ?AEJ @A
A J= =
A@E= =HEJ AJE?= @ I K AH I HA=EI f(1 ), , f(n ) IAH = @=@= F H

n i=1
f(i ) n .
5A A K = F=HJE ?= HACK =H @ E JAHL= C
. P = {xo , x1 , , xn } [a, b] A i [xi1 , xi ] F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n}, A J= . ba , x = n

n i= 1
K IA =
n
n=
n
ba , x
! !
f(i ) n =
f(i ) =
f(i ) x .
(13.13) i=1
i= 1
ba x
n i=1
ba
= @ IA
E EJA GK= @ n @
n
=@ @EHAEJ @= E@A JE@=@A =?E = >JAHA

n
f(i )x =
f(i )x =
b f(x) dx
a
i=1
ba
ba
ba
, [a, b]
GKA FA = ,A
+ EIJ JA I
E ?= =?E = A JHA L= H
I GKA
L= H
A@E @= BK ? = f
E JAHL= ! !
Exerc cio 13.4.1 - ? Resolu c ao:
A@E @= BK ? = @ -NA F
3
1
E JAHL=
[1, 3]
, -NA F C L= H
! ! JA
x2 dx =
26 . 3
A@E @= BK ?= f
3
1
E JAHL= [1, 3] IAH =

x2 dx
-NA F
31
! ! 26
13 . 3
#"
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
13.5
II
O Teorema Fundamental do C alculo

? = ?K @A E JACH=EI
>A JEL AIJ= IA ?= A ANE>EH K HAIK J=@ GKA IAH = @A KEJ= E F HJ= ?E= @A E@=I 6= HAIK J=@ IAH = ? IAGKA ?E= @ IACKE JA HAIK J=@
Teorema 13.5.1 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? J
K= A [a, b] + IE@AHA I = BK ? = F : [a, b] R @=@= F H x . F(x) = f(t) dt , F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
a
! "
- J= = BK ?= F IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

F (x) = f(x) ,
[a, b] A = A
@EII
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b], F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .

IAH = ? J
K= A
[a, x]
K IA =
d dx
[ x
a
] f(t) dt = f(x) ,
Demonstra c ao:
+ = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] A = J= > A C FA 6A HA = ! ! IAH = E JACH =LA A [a, x] C = BK ?= f AIJ = >A @A E@= A [a, b] IJH=HA I GKA f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A xo (a, b) A GKA
F (xo ) = f(xo ) .
I ?=I I A
GKA
xo = a
xo = b ,
I= = = C I A IAH= @AEN=@ I ? IJH=HA I GKA ANEIJA A A ECK= = f(xo ) A @AEN=HA
ANAH?
? F=H=
h0+
AEJ H
F(xo + h) F(xo ) h
I ? E
ANAH?
?E F=H=
h0
AEJ H
IJH=H GKA
F(xo + h) F(xo ) h
ANEIJA A J= > A A ECK= = f(xo ) >IAHLA I GKA

F(xo + h) F(xo )
(13.14)
xo +h f(t) dt
a
xo
a
f(t) dt a ,AB ! ! " xo +h = f(t) dt + f(t) dt

a
2H F ! " EJA
EL
x o +h
xo
xo
f(t) dt .
C FA 6A HA = @ L= H A@E F=H= E JACH=EI @A E@=I EIJ A 6A HA = ! " =F E?=@ [xo , xo + h] @A = BK ?= f E JAHL= [xo , xo + h] IACKA GKA F @A I A ? JH=H x @ GKA
xo +h
xo
F(xo + h) F(xo ) =
f(t) dt
6A H 8= H
A@E
) [(xo + h) xo ] = f (x ) h , f (x
! #
6- 4- ) .7 ,) - 6) ,
+7 +)
#"
K IA =
F (xo + h ) F (xo ) = f (x ) . h
= BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A >IAHLA I GKA IA
xo [a, b] IACKA GKA f IAH =?

x[xo ,xo +h]
J
K= A
xo
h 0,
A J=
xo , x
C C
h0+
h0+
) = f(xo ) . f (x
F (xo + h ) F (xo ) ) = f(xo ) , = E + f (x h h0
IJH= @ GKA = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA = @EHAEJ= @ F J xo (a, b) A GKA

F+ (xo ) = f(xo ) .
2 HJ= J = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

Observa c ao 13.5.1
xo (a, b) A F (xo ) = f(xo ) ?
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
6A HA = =?E =
. F(x) = x
a
I @E GKA = BK ? = F : [a, b] R @=@= F H F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] K IA =
f(t) dt ,
A K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= ? J
K= f : [a, b] R
d dx [ x
a
] f(t) dt = f(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
Teorema 13.5.2 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? A [a, b] A G : [a, b] R K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ? = f A [a, b]
J
K=
- J=
b f(t) dt = G(b) G(a) .

a
Demonstra c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?= F : [a, b] R @=@= F H
. F(x) = x
a
f(t) dt ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .

[a, b]
, 6A HA = = JAHE H IACKA GKA = BK ?= F IAH = K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A =I @= 2H F IE ?= IACKA GKA ANEIJA C R J= GKA
G( x ) = F ( x ) + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .

x f(t) dt + C .
a
F=HJE?K =H F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] JAHA

G( x ) =
#" C
[ b G ( b) G ( a ) =
a
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
] a b f(t) dt + C f(t) dt +C = f(t) dt ,

a a =0
IJH= @ GKA ? GKAH

= I @A IJH=H
b f(t) dt = G(b) G(a) ,

a
Observa c ao 13.5.2
,A J=HA F H
I = @EBAHA ? =
G ( b) G ( a )
x=b
G( x )
,
x=a x=b
K =E @=
G( x )
a
EIJ A
G( x )
x=a
. = G ( b) G ( a ) .
6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K ? ?= FH > A = @A ?= ?K =H K = E JACH= @A E@= @A K = BK ? = ? J

K= A E JAHL= [a, b] AIIA ?E= A JA A JAH I @A A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= @A E@= FA E JACH= @ @= E JACH= @A E@= + EIJ F @A I HAB= AH = CK =I E JACH=EI @A E@=I GKA ?= ?K = I FA = @A E ?= @A @ >A =EI IE F AI ? IJH= I ANA F I = IACKEH
Exemplo 13.5.1 += ?K =H = E JACH= @A
E@= ?=I ANEIJ=

3
1
x2 dx .
Resolu c ao: 5A = f : [1, 3] R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 3] . E= =
K= A [1, 3] F EI A = HAIJHE ?= @A K = BK ?= F E = E JACH =LA A [1, 3] E JAHL= [1, 3] C = BK ?= f IAH 7 = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f IAH = = BK ?= F : [1, 3] R @=@= F H
F (x) = 3
1
x3 , 3
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 3] . JAHA

=
C @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K
x dx =
1 2
I
F(3) F(1) = 33 13 26 = , 3 3 3
f(x) dx
6A H .K @ + = ?K
K IA = JA I K @ -NA F ! !
=EI IE F AI @A ?= ?K =H = E JACH= @A
E@= =?E = @ GKA = GKA KJE E =
! #
6- 4- ) .7 ,) - 6) ,
+7 +)
#"!
Observa c ao 13.5.3 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [1, 3] A E JACH =LA A [1, 3] IACKA GKA L= H @= =HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 1 x = 3 A FA AEN Ox IAH = 26 A= u.a. , 3
EIJ A IAH =
7
L= H @= E JACH= @A
E@= ?= ?K =@= =?E =
KJH ANA F
Exemplo 13.5.2
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : [1, 2] R @=@= F H

. f (x) = x2 x3 + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 2] , E@=
A E JACH =LA A
[1, 2] A A ?
JHA
L= H @= E JACH= @A
2
1
x2
x3 + 1 dx .
Resolu c ao:
K= A [1, 2] IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J , 6A HA = ! ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = E JACH =LA A [1, 2] 2=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f K =E @= IK= E JACH= E @A E@= 2=H= EIJ =F E?=HA I 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 @A E@=I =EI FHA?EI= A JA
x2 x3 + 1 dx = . u=x3 +1 du=3x2 dx 1 x3 + 1 3x2 dx = 3 . =du =u 3 [ ]3 1 1 2 u=x3 +1 2 = 3 u 2 + C = x3 + 1 +C , 3 2 9 . =F(x) 1 3 1 1 1 u du = u 2 +1 + C 3 1 +1 1 2 =u 2
F=H= x [1, ) C @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K
2
1
JAHA
x=2
I
]3 2[ 3 2 x +1 9
x=2 x=1
x2
x3 + 1 dx
6A H .K @ + =?
F(x)
x=1
[ -NAH?
?E 2 = 9
] 81 .
Observa c ao 13.5.4 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [1, 2] A E JACH =LA A [1, 2] IACKA GKA L= H @= =HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 1 x = 2 A FA AEN Ox IAH = ] 2 [ 8 1 u.a. , A= 9
EIJ A IAH =
7
L= H @= E JACH= @A
E@= ?= ?K =@= =?E =
KJH ANA F E JAHAII= JA A
#""
Exemplo 13.5.3
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : [4, 3] R @=@= F H

. f(x) = |x + 2| ,
F=H= ?=@= x [4, 3] , E@=
A E JACH =LA A
[4, 3] A A ?
JHA
L= H @= E JACH= @A
3
4
|x + 2| dx .
Resolu c ao:
K= A [4, 3] IAH = @AEN=@ ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J C @ 6A HA = ! ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = E JACH =LA A [4, 3] >IAHLA I GKA IAH = ? F E?=@ A ? JH=H I K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f E JAHL= [4, 3] JA JA 2=H= B=?E EJ=H ? = ?K @= E JACH= @A E@= =?E = >IAHL= I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [2, 3] |x + 2| = (x + 2) , F=H= ?=@= [4, 2] .
|x + 2| = x + 2 ,
! # ! $

3
)IIE
3
4
@= 2H F IE ?= ! " EJA

2
4
EEE IACKA GKA

3 |x + 2| dx
x[2,3]
|x + 2| dx =
|x + 2|
x[4,2]
dx +
2
(13.15), (13.16)
2 (x + 2) dx +
4
(x + 2) dx
2
[ 2 =
4
(x+2)
2
4
] 1 dx +
x+2
3 1 dx
2 x=2 x=2
x dx + 2 =
2 x dx= x +C, 1 dx=x+D A 2
6A H .K @ + =?
x dx + 2 [
x2 2
+2x
x=4 x=4
x2 + 2
x=3
x=3
+2x
x=2 x=2
-NAH?
?E 29
Observa c ao 13.5.5 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [4, 3] A E JACH =LA A [4, 3] IACKA GKA L= H @= =HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 4 x = 3 A FA AEN Ox IAH = @A A= 29 u.a. , 2
EIJ A
2 @A
L= H @= E JACH= @A
I =F E?=H
E@= ?= ?K =@= =?E =
6A HA = ! # = IACKE JA ANA F
Exemplo 13.5.4 5A = F : [0, ) R = BK ?= @=@= F H x 1 . F(x) = dt , F=H= ?=@= 2 0 1+t x [0, )
x [0, ) .
IJHA GKA = BK ? = F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
[0, ) A ?= ?K A IK= @AHEL=@= F (x) F=H= ?=@=
! #
6- 4- ) .7 ,) - 6) ,
+7 +)
#"#
Resolu c ao:
= BK ?= f : [0, ) R @=@= F H
. f(t) = 1 , 1 + t2
F=H= ?=@= t [0, ) ,
A ? J
K= A [0, ) F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) N=@ IACKA @ 6A HA = ! # GKA = BK ?= f A @EBAHA ?E =LA A [0, x] C = BK ?= F AIJ = >A @A E@= ) A @EII F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) JAHA I
d F (x) = dx
[ x
0
1 dt 1 + t2
(13.5.1)
f (x) =
1 . 1 + x2
KJH ANA F IA A D= JA A @=@ FA

x3
x
Exemplo 13.5.5 5A = F : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . F (x) =
IA
( ) t2 dt ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
IJHA GKA = BK ?= F A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

Resolu c ao:
R A ?= ?K A IK= @AHEL=@= F (x) F=H= ?=@= x R
+ IE@AHA
I = BK ?= f : R R @=@= F H
. f(t) = IA ( ) t2 ,
F=H= ?=@= t R .
+ = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A R IACKA @ 6A HA = ! ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A GK= GKAH E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ ? JE@ A R C = BK ?= F AIJ = >A @A E@= ) A @EII JA I GKA
x3 F(x) =
x
0 x3 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 IA t dt = IA t dt + IA t2 dt x3 ( ) ( ) 2 IA t dt + IA t2 dt ,
0 x 0
x
0
F=H= ?=@= x R .
>IAHLA
I GKA @ 6A HA = ! # IACKA GKA

d dx [ x
0
( ) ] ( ) IA t2 dt = IA x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
! %
= BK ?= g : R R @=@= F H
. g(x) = x3 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R , F=H= ?=@= x R
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
RA
g (x) = 3x2 , y
0
A = BK ?= h : R R @=@= F H
. h(y) =
IA
( ) t2 dt ,
F=H= ?=@= y R
#"$ J= > A A @EBAHA ?E =LA A

R FA x3
0
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
6A HA = ! # IACKA GKA = BK ?= F1 : R R @=@= F H IA

( ) t2 dt = h(g(x)) ,
. F1 (x) =
F=H= ?=@= x R
J= > A IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A R 6= > A @ 6A HA = ! # IACKA GKA

h (y) = IA
( ) y2 ,
F=H= ?=@= y R .
)IIE
@= 4ACH= @= +=@AE= IACKA GKA
F1 (x) = h [g(x)] g (x) = IA
{ } ( ) [g(x)]2 3x2 = IA x6 3x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
! &
2 HJ= J JAHA I
@A ! % A ! & IACKA GKA = BK ?= f IAH = @EBAHA ?E =LA A

[ 3 ] [ x ( ) ] ( ) x d d F (x) = IA t2 dt + IA t2 dt dx dx 0 0 ( ) ( ) = IA x2 + 3x2 IA x6 . F (x) = IA ( ) ( ) x2 + 3x2 IA x6 , [
R A F=H= ?=@= x R
C ) IACKEH ANE>EHA
F=H= ?=@= x R .
I = CK I ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
] 3 Exerc cio 13.5.1 IJHA GKA = BK ?= f : , R @=@= F H 2 2 [ ] 3 . f(x) = ? I(x) , F=H= ?=@= x , 2 2 ] [ 3 , A A ? JHA L= H @= E JACH= @A E@= A E JACH =LA A 2 2 3
2 2
? I(x) dx .
] [ 3 , 2 2 ]
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
K= A
3 , 2 2
C @ 6A HA = ! ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A
2=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K )IIE JA I GKA
3
2 2
? I(x) dx =
? I(x) dx= IA (x)+C A
6A H .K @ + =?
IA (x)
x= 3 2 x= 2
= IA
3 2
IA
() 2
= 1 1 = 2 .
! #
6- 4- ) .7 ,) - 6) ,
+7 +)
[ ] R @=@= F H 2 [ ] F=H= ?=@= x 0, 2
#"%
Exerc cio 13.5.2
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : 0,
. f(x) = IA (8x) ,
A E JACH =LA A
[ ] 0, AA ? 2
JHA
IA (8x) dx .
[ ] [ ]
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A 0, C IAH = E JACH =LA A 0, 2 2 2=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K >IAHLA I GKA
f(x) dx =
u=8x
IA (8x) dx
u=8x du=8 dx
IA (u) du = [ ? I(u)] + C ! '
1 8
1 8
1 = ? I(8x) + C , 8
F=H= ?=@= x R C
IA (8x) dx
! ' A
6A H .K @ + = ?K
1 ? I(8x) 8
x= 2 x =0
1 = ? I(4) ? I(0) = 0. 8
=1 =1
K IA =
IA (8x) dx = 0 .
[ ]
Exerc cio 13.5.3
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : 0, 6 5 R @=@= F H

. f(x) = x2 , 5 + x6
6 5
F=H= ?=@= x 0, 6 5
A E JACH =LA A
[0,
6 5] A A ?
JHA
x2 dx . 5 + x6 ] [ ]
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A 0, 6 5 LAHE GKA C IAH = E JACH =LA A 0, 6 5 2=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K
#"& >IAHLA
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
I GKA
x2 dx = 5 + x6
1 x2 u=x3 du=3x2 dx 3 = f(x) dx = du ( )2 dx 2 5 + u 3 5+ x u 1 v= dv= du 1 1 5 1 5 5 { } du = dv = [ ] 3 15 1 + v2 u 2 5 1+ 5 ) ( ( 3) u v= 5 5 u 5 x u=x3 5 +C = = =H?JC(v) + C = =H?JC =H?JC + C . 15 15 15 5 5 [ ( 3 )] x2 5 x ! A 6A H .K @ + = ?K dx = =H?JC 5 + x6 15 5 [ ]3 6 ( ) 5 03 5 = =H?JC =H?JC 15 5 5
!
C
6 5
x=
x=0
( ) ] [ 5 5 5 5 = =H?JC 0 = =H?JC(1) = 15 15 15 4 5
K IA =
6 5
x2 5 . dx = 6 5+x 60 [ ] 0, 6 5 A E JACH =LA
Observa c ao 13.5.6 + = BK ? = f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A 6 =HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= A [0, 5] IACKA GKA L= H @= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = 6 5 A FA AEN Ox IAH = @A 5 u.a. , A= 60
EIJ A
L= H @= E JACH= @A
E@= ?= ?K =@= =?E =
Exerc cio 13.5.4
[( ) ( ) ] 2 2 IJHA GKA = BK ?= f : , R @=@= F H 4 2
A E JACH =LA A
( ) 2 x . ? IIA? f(x) = , x [( ) ( ) ] 2 2 , A A ? JHA 4 2 ( )2

2
F=H= ?=@= x
[( ) ( ) ] 2 2 , 4 2
? IIA?2
( 4)
( ) x dx. x
! $
1 6-/4)+ )
2 4 2)46-5
[( ) ( ) ] 2 2 , LAHE GKA 4 2
#"'
Resolu c ao: [( ) ( ) ] 2 2 , 4 2
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A
C IAH = E JACH =LA A
2=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K >IAHLA I GKA
( ) 1 u= x du= 2 dx x x dx = ? IIA?2 (u) 2 du = 2 ? JC(u) + C f(x) dx = x ( ) u= x = 2 ? JC x + C .
? IIA?2
!
C
( )2
2
? IIA?2
( 4)
( ) 2 ( )] x=( 2 ) x ! A 6A H .K @ + = ?K [ dx = 2 ? JC x 2 x x=( ) [ ( ) ( )] 4 ( )2 ( )2 = 2 ? JC ? JC 2 4 [ () ( )] = 2 ? JC ? JC = 2[0 1] = 2. 2 4 ( )2

2
K IA =
? IIA?2
( )2 4
( ) x dx = 2 . x [( ) ( ) ] 2 2 , 4 2
Observa c ao 13.5.7 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [( ) ( ) ] 2 2 A E JACH =LA A , IACKA GKA L= H @= =HA= GKA @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= 4 2 E EJ=@= R ? JE@=( )F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = ( )2 2 x= A FA AEN Ox IAH = @A f FA =I HAJ=I x = 4 2 A = 2 u.a. ,
EIJ A
L= H @= E JACH= @A
E@= ?= ?K =@= =?E =
13.6
+
Integra c ao por partes para integral denieda

? IAGKA ?E= @= E JACH= ?= F H F=HJAI @= E JACH= E @A E@= LAH JA HA = # JA I GKA
[a, b]
Teorema 13.6.1 5KF D= I GKA f, g : [a, b] R I= ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LAEI A EIJ A =I BK ? AI f A g I= BK ? AI ? J

K=I A [a, b]
- J=
b
a
f(x) g (x) dx = [f(x) g(x)]

x=a
x=b
b
a
g(x) f (x) dx .
##
Demonstra c ao:
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
, 6A HA = # JA
I GKA
f(x) g (x) dx = f(x) g(x) g(x) f (x) dx
A =IIE
@ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K IACKA
HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 13.6.1 5A @A
EH
I
v = g (x) ,
u = f(x),
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] ,

dv = g (x) dx b
x=a a
A J=
du = f (x) dx, b u dv = u v
a
A = B H K = =?E = F @AH = IAH AI?HEJ= @= IACKE JA B H = =>HALE=@=

x=b
v du .
2 @A
I =F E?=H EIJ =
Exemplo 13.6.1
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : [0, ] R @=@= F H

. f(x) = x IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, ] ,

x IA (x) dx .
A E JACH =LA A
[0, ] A A ?
JHA
Resolu c ao:
+
[0, ]
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
[0, ] IACKA @ 6A HA = ! ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA
2=H= ?= ?K =H = E JACH= @A

E@= KJE E =HA
6A HA = =?E = = I=>AH

u = x du = dx dv = IA (x) dx v =
x=
x IA (x) dx
IA (x) dx = ? I(x) + C v = ? I(x)

=
= I(x)]} |x x=0
C=0
= uv
x=0
v du = {x [ ? =
6A H .K @ + =?
[ ? I(x)] dx
? I(x) dx= IA (x)+C A
? I() + 0 ? I(0) + IA (x)

=0 =0
x=
= .
x=0
LA = CKH= =>=EN
Observa c ao 13.6.2 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [0, ] A E JACH =LA A [0, ] IACKA GKA L= H @= E JACH= @A E@= =?E = EIJ A IAH = L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? =HA= @= HACE= R IAH = u.a. @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = A FA AEN Ox K =E @= =
! %
1 6-/4)+ )
2 4 57*561671+ )
y
2)4) 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
##
y= 1
IA
(x)

R
13.7
6A
Integra c ao por substitui c ao para integrais denidas
I J= > A
Teorema 13.7.1 5A = g : [a, b] R K = BK ? = @EBAHA ?E =LA A [a, b] A f : g([a, b]) R K = BK ? = ? J

K= A g([a, b]) A J= GKA F : g([a, b]) R A K = FHE EJEL= @A f A g([a, b]) EIJ A F (y) = f(y), F=H= ?=@= y g([a, b])
- J=
b
a
f [g(x)] g (x) dx = F [g(b)] F [g(a)]
x=b
= F[g(x)]
x=a
!
Demonstra c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA @ 6A HA = # IACKA GKA

f[g(x)] g (x) dx = F[g(x)] + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x g([a, b]) .
C @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K
b
a
IACKA GKA
x=b
f[g(x)] g (x) dx = F[g(b)] F[g(a)] = F[g(x)]
,
x=a
GKAH
=
I @A
IJH=H
Observa c ao 13.7.1 , 6A HA = ! # IACKA GKA = BK ?= G : g([a, b]) R @=@= F H x . f(t) dt , F=H= ?=@= x g([a, b]) , G( x ) =
g(a)
A K = FHE EJEL= @A f A g([a, b]) C @ 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K

b
a
JA
I GKA !
f[g(x)] g (x) dx = G[g(b)] G[g(a)] =

=0
g(b)
g(a)
AIJ= AGKEL= A JA =
f(y) dy ,
! !
K IA =
6A HA = =?E =

I @E ?
y = g(x) x=a x=b
K@=H @A L=HE =LAEI = E JACH= @A

>E AJ H=
E@=
b
a
f[g(x)] g (x) dx
dy = g (x) dx y = g(a) y = g ( b) =
g(b) f(y) dy .
g(a)
! "
## )F EGKA I EII =
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
Exemplo 13.7.1
A E JACH =LA A
[ ] R @=@= F H 2 2 [ ] . h(x) = IA (x) ? I(x) , F=H= ?=@= x , , 2 2 [ ] , A A ? JHA 2 2 2 IA (x) ? I(x) dx .
IJHA GKA = BK ? = h : ,
Resolu c ao:
= BK ?= h A ? J
K= A
[ ]
E JACH =LA A , 2 2 2=H= ?= ?K =H = E JACH= @A

[ ] , IACKA @ 6A HA = ! ! IACKA GKA = BK ?= h A 2 2
E@= KJE E =HA
6A HA = =?E = = I=>AH

IA (x) ? I(x) dx
. f(y) = y [ ] A >E . g g(x) = IA (x), x g (x) dx = ? I(x) dx , 2 2 =

2
= =
g( )
2
f[g(x)] g (x) dx f(y) dy = IA ( ) 2

IA ( 2)
1 y dy =
1
g( 2)
y dy =
y2 2
y=1
=
y=1
1 1 = 0. 2 2
Observa c ao 13.7.2 Todo cuidado e pouco!
5A AIJELAH
I ?= ?K = @ K = E JACH= @A
c
E@= @ JEF
f(u) du
A GKAHA I =F E?=H 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= F=H= = 1 JACH= ,A B= AH K = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI EIJ A = BK ?=

. u = g (x) ,
E@=
= LAH@=@A FHA?EI=HA
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] I? AJAH AHH I CH IIAEH I
@ALAH = IAH K = BK ? = >E AJ H= +=I = IA = K = K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI F @AHA 2=H= E KIJH=H ? IE@AHA I IACKE JA ANA F 5A F=H= ?= ?K =H = E JACH= @A E@=
1
@A L=HE =LAEI
x2 dx KJE E =H
I = IK>IJEJKE ?= n ao A K = K@= ? =
1 2 x= u = x u dx = du 2 u x=1 u=1 x = 1 u = 1
1 1 x2 dx = u du = u du 2 2 u
! %
1 6-/4)+ )
2 4 57*561671+ )
1
1
2)4) 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5

1
1
##!
>JAH
= 2 H A
I FA
x dx =
1 u du = 0 . 2
6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K
1 x3 x dx = 3 1
2 x=1
JA
(
I GKA
1 3 ) = 2 = 0 ! 3
1 = 3 x=1
1IJ
? HHAK F EI = BK ?=
[1, 1] [0, 1] x x2
n ao AK =
K@= ? = @A L=HE =LAEI A @EBAHA ?E =LA =I = A >E AJ H= 2=H= E KIJH=H EIJ ? IE@AHA I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@ IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : [0, 1] R @=@= F H
. f(x) = x2 1 + x ,
Exerc cio 13.7.1
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 1] ,
A E JACH =LA A
Resolu c ao:
[0, 1] A A ?
JHA
1
0
x2 1 + x dx
K= A [0, 1] A F HJ= J E JACH =LA A ) A @EII IA g : [0, 1] [1, 2] A @=@= F H
. g (x) = 1 + x ,
[0, 1]
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 1] ,
IACKA GKA
. u = g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 1] ,

[0, 1]
IAH = K = K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI EIJ A >E AJ H= @EBAHA ?E =LA A AIJA ?=I JA I

1
0
x2 1 + x dx
. u = g(x) = x + 1, x [0, 1] u2 = x + 1 2u du = dx IA x = 0 u = 1 IA x = 1 u = 2 = 2
2 ( )2 u2 1 u 2u du
1
2 7 4 5 2 3 -NAH?
?E -NAH?
?E u u + u 2u6 4u4 + 2u2 du = = 7 5 3 1 { [ ] } { } [ ] [ ] 2 7 4 5 2 3 2 4 2 = 2 2 + 2 + 7 5 3 7 5 3 16 8 4 56 72 56 = 2 2+ 2 = 2 7 5 3 105 35 105
u= 2 u=1
K IA =
1
0
72 56 2 . x2 1 + x dx = 35 105
##"
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
= BK ? = f @ -NA F =?E = A A [0, 1] IACKA GKA L= H @= E JACH= @A E@= =?E = EIJ =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = 1 A FA AEN Ox
72 56 2 u.a. . 35 105
= AC=JEL= A [0, 1] A E JACH =LA 72 56 A 2 IAH = L= H @= 35 105 FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ K =E @= = =HA= @= HACE= R IAH =
12.06.2013 - 37.a
2=H=
= E =H AIJA ?=F
JK JA
I = IACKE JA >IAHL= ?=
Observa c ao 13.7.4
5A f : R R A K = BK ?= 2LFAHE @E?= A E JACH =LA A

2L f(x) dx =
0 L
[L, L] A J=
L f(x) dx .
! #
CAH= JA
I GKA F=H= ?=@= xo R IACKA GKA

xo +L f(x) dx =
x o L L
L f(x) dx ,
! $
?K = @A IJH= ?= A IA A D= JA = @= E@A JE@=@A ! $ A IAH = @AEN=@= ? F=H= AEJ H JA I GKA L 0 2L L

f(x) dx =
L L
ANAH?
?E
f(x) dx +
0
f(x) dx +
2L
f(x) dx .
! %
=I
A >E AJ H= . y = x 2L dy = dx x = 2L y = 0 L L x = L y = L = = f(y + 2L) dy f(x) dx 0 2L L 0 f(y+2L)=f(y) , F=H= yR = f(y) dy = f(y) dy . 0 L
! &
2 HJ= J
@A ! % A ! & IACKA GKA

L f(x) dx =
L 0
2L f(x) dx ,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
L L
0
5A f : [L, L] R A K = BK ?= F=H EIJ A f(x) = f(x) F=H= ?=@= x R A E JACH =LA A [L, L] A J=
f(x) dx = 2
L
f(x) dx .
! %
1 6-/4)+ )
2 4 57*561671+ )
L
2)4) 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5

0 L f(x) dx +
L 0
###
,A B=J
f(x) dx =
L
f(x) dx .
=I

0 f(x) dx
L
A >E AJ H= . y = x dy = dx x = L y = L x=0 y=0 =
0 f(y) (dy)
L
f(y)=f(y) ,
F=H= yR L
0
f(y) dy .
2 HJ= J ? GKAH
= I IJH=H
L f(x) dx = 2
L
L f(x) dx ,
0
! 5A f : [L, L] R A K = BK ?=
F=H EIJ A f(x) = f(x) F=H= ?=@= x R A E JACH =LA A [L, L] A J=
L f(x) dx = 0 .
L
,A B=J
L f(x) dx =
L
0 f(x) dx +
L
L f(x) dx .
0
=I

0 f(x) dx
L
A >E AJ H= . y = x dy = dx x = L y = L x=0 y=0 =
0 f(y) (dy)
L
f(y)=f(y) ,
F=H= yR
L
0
f(y) dy , L
K IA =
0 f(x) dx =
L
f(y) dy .
0
2 HJ= J ? GKAH
= I IJH=H
L f(x) dx = 0 ,
L
##$
+)2 167
!
1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
"
A >HA I GKA IA =I BK ? AI f A g I= BK ? AI F=HAI A J= f g f + g f g A f/g @A AIJELAH @A E@= J= > A IAH= BK ? AI F=HAI 5A =I BK ? AI f A g B HA

F=HAI A J= f g @A AIJELAH @A g A f + g f g IAH= BK ? AI
F=HAI
f
E@= IAH= BK ? AI F=HAI

f
5A = BK ? = f B H K = BK ?= F=H A = BK ? = g B H K = BK ? =
F=H A J= f g A @A g AIJELAH @A E@= IAH= BK ? AI
F=HAI )I @A IJH= ? AI @AIJAI B=J I IAH= @AEN=@=I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
Cap tulo 14
Aplica c oes de integrais denidas de fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real
14.1 A fun c ao logar tmo natural
+=F
JK " F =CE = '' E JH @K E I = BK ?= C=H
J =JKH= ) IACKEH EHA I HA A >H=H ? A = B E @A E@= + IE@AHA I CH = ? @= BK ?= f : (0, ) R @=@= F H
. 1 f(t) = , t
F=H= ?=@= t (0, )
LA = = CKH= =>=EN

6
f(t) = 1 t
(t, f(t)) =
( ) t, 1 t
= BK ?= f : (0, ) R A ? J
K= A
(0, ) F @A
I E JH @K EH =
Deni c ao 14.1.1 2=H= ?=@= x (0, ) @A
IA @
E
x
1
I
1 dt . t
logar tmo natural de x E @E?=@
F H
. (x) =
)IIE
JA
I @A
E@= = fun c ao logar tmo (natural) E @E?=@= F H

. (x) = x
1
: (0, ) R @=@= F H
1 dt , t
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) . L= H @= =HA= @= AJHE?= @ CH = ?
Observa c ao 14.1.1 >IAHLA I GKA F=H= x (1, ) JA I GKA (x) I @ = HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I t = 1 A t = x
##%
##&
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
,A B=J F EI BK ?= f A = AC=JEL= A (0, ) A ? J

K= A GK= GKAH E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ ? JE@ A (0, ) C E JACH =LA A ?=@= K @AIIAI E JAHL= I 2 H KJH =@ F=H= x (0, 1) A J= (x) I @ = A I L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I t = 1 A t = x ? @A E@ +=F
JK " LA = CKH= =>=EN
6
(x1 ) = Ax1
(x2 ) = Ax2
Rx1
t = x1 t=1
Rx2
t = x2
) IACKEH ANE>EHA
Lema 14.1.1 5A =
I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI @= BK ?=
a, b > 0 ab
a
C=H
J
FHA?EI=HA
I@
- J=
1 dt = t
b
1
1 dt . t
Demonstra c ao:
7JE E =HA I 6A HA = @= 5K>IJEJKE ?= = 1 JACH= ,A = E@A JE@=@A =?E = + IE@AHA I g : [1, b] [a, ab] @=@= F H
. g(u) = au ,
E@= 6A HA = ! % F=H= @A
IJH=H
F=H= ?=@= u [1, b] , K@= ?= @A L=HE =LAEI
GKA A >E AJ H= A @EBAHA ?E =LA A )IIE JA I

[1, b]
C IAH =K =
ab
a
1 dt t
. t >E AJ H= u= dt = a du a t=au=1 t = ab u = b =
b
1
1 a du = au
b
1
1 du , u
F AJ= @ = @A + EIJ JA I=
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Proposi c ao 14.1.1
(1) = 0
F=H= x, y (0, ) JA
I GKA
(x y ) = (x) + (y ) ;
"
/)4 16
##'
! F=H= n N A x (0, ) JA
I GKA
(xn ) = n (x) ;
" F=H x, y (0, ) JA # = BK ? =
I GKA
( ) x = y (0, ) A = A
(x)
(y ) ;
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
@EII
d 1 [ (x)] = , dx x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ;

(0, )
$ = BK ? = y = (x) A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A % = BK ? =

Demonstra c ao: : (0, ) R A >E AJ H=
,A 6A I GKA
(1) =
1
1
1 dt = 0 , t
F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA ,A 2=H= x, y (0, JA I GKA

xy
1

x
1
(x y ) = =
1 dt = t
1 dt + t
x.y
x
1 A = " dt = t
x
1
1 dt + t
y
1
1 dt t
(x) +
(y ) ,
F AJ= @ = @A ,A ! + EJA
IJH= ?= @ EJA
xn = x x ,
nB=J HAI
KJE E = @ IA ,A "
>JAHA
EJA
!
( ) ( ) x + y ( ) x , y
(x) =
x y y
EJA
(y ) ,
K IA =
(x) (y) =
F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?= @ EJA " ,A # , 6A HA = ! # IACKA GKA = BK ?= ? J

K= A (0, ) A = A @EII
d d [ (x)] = dx dx [ x
1
A @EBAHA ?E =LA A
(0, ) F EI = BK ?= t
1 t
] 1 1 dt = , t x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) ,
#$ ? F AJ= @ = @A ,A $ + IJH= ?= @ EJA
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
d 1 [ (x)] = > 0 , F=H= ?=@= x > 0 , dx x IACKA GKA = BK ?= A AIJHEJ= A JA ?HAI?A JA A (0, ) ? F AJ= @ = @A
,A % ,AEN=HA I ? 2=H= IJH=H EIJ JH=J=@=I +=F

JK )IIE @ EJA $ @ EJA %
IJH= ?= @ EJA
ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H IJH=H GKA ? K J E =CA @= BK ?= AR FHA?EI=HA I @ AIJK@ @A E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = A = AIF A?EAI GKA IAH= # IACKA GKA = BK ?= : (0, ) R IAH = >E AJ H= ? F AJ= @ = @A IJH= ?=
+ EIJ JA I J @=I =I KJH=I BK ? AI ? IK=I HAIFA?JEL=I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E@=I +=F

JK " = F=HJEH @= BK ?= C=H
J =JKH= = BK ?= ANF A ?E= =I BK ? AI F JA ?E= ? AI BK ? AI DE FAH> E?=I A BK ? AI DEFAH> E?=I E LAHI=I ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @=I AI =I + EIJ JA I I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 14.1.1
IJHA GKA = BK ?= f : 0,
. f(x) = JC(x) ,
A E JACH =LA A
[ ] 0, AA ? 4
] R @=@= F H 4 [ ] F=H= ?=@= x 0, 4
JHA
JC(x) dx .
] [ ]
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A 0, C IAH = E JACH =LA A 0, 4 4 2=H= I] A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A [ [ ] ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= 0, K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f E JAHL= 0, A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= 4 4 @ + = ?K [ ] >IAHLA I GKA F=H= x 0, JA I
f(x) dx = = 4
JC(x) dx =
IA (x) u=? dx ? I(x)
I(x)du= IA (x) dx
1 du = u
(| u| ) + C
u=? I(x)
[| ? I(x)|] + C
? I(x)>0 , F=H= x[0, 4]
[? I(x)] + C .
"
( ) 2 . 2
JC(x) dx K IA =
@A " A @ 6A H .K @ + = ?K
[? I(x)]
x= 4
=
x=0
[? I(0)]
? I
( )] 4
(1)
=0
JC(x) dx =
( ) 2 . 2
6= > A
JA
"
/)4 16
#$
Exerc cio 14.1.2
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : [1, 2] R @=@= F H

. f(x) =
2
(x) , 2
1
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 2] ,

2
A E JACH =LA A
[1, 2] A A ?
JHA
(x) dx .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A [1, 2] C IAH = E JACH =LA A [1, 2] 2=H= ?= ?K =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f A [1, 2] K @= E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f E JAHL= [1, 2] A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = .K @= A J= @ + = ?K >IAHLA I GKA F=H= x [1, 2] KJE E = @ E JACH= ?= FH F=HJAI F=H= = E JACH= E @A E@= >JA HA I
f(x) dx =
2
(x) dx =
(x)
1 x
(x) dx dx

u= dv =
(x) du = (x) dx v
-NAH?
?E # "
= =
= (x) [x = (x) x] [ x x
2
uv vdu [ ] 1 2 (x) (x) (x) x] dx = x x (x) [ x (x) x] + x + C
(x) x + C
(x) dx + dx
-NAH?
?E # "
(x) x
=x 2
1
(x) 2x
(x) + 2x + C ,
F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) .
"
C
2
(x) dx
@A " A @ 6A H .K @ + = ?K
[ = 2
(2) 2.2
[ ] x=2 x 2 (x) 2x (x) + 2x x=1 ] [ ] 2 (2) + 2.2 1 (1) 2.1 (1) + 2.1 = 2
(2 ) 4
(2) + 2 ,
K IA =
2
1
(x) dx = 2
(2) 4
(2) + 2 .
Observa c ao 14.1.2 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A [1, 2] A E JACH =LA A [1, 2] IACKA GKA L= H @= E JACH= @A E@= =?E = EIJ A 2 2 (2) 4 (2) + 2 IAH = L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= =HA= @= HACE= R @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 1 x = 2 A FA AEN Ox K =E @= = IAH = 2 2 (2) 4 (2) + 2 u.a. .
6A
I J= > A
Exerc cio 14.1.3
IJHA GKA = BK ? = f : 0,
. f(x) = ex IA (x) ,
A E JACH =LA A
[ ] 0, AA ? 2
] R @=@= F H 2 [ ] F=H= ?=@= x 0, , 2
JHA
ex IA (x) dx .
#$
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
[
"
]
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5

[ ]
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A 0, C IAH = E JACH =LA A 0, 2 2 2=H= ?= =H I = E JACH= @A E@= =?E = FHA?EI= I A ? JH=H K] = FHE EJEL= @= BK ?= f ] [ ?K [ E JAHL= 0, K = E JACH= E @A E@= @= BK ?= f E JAHL= 0, A @AF EI =F E?=H 6A HA = 2 2 .K @= A J= @ + = ?K [ ] KJE E = @ IA E JACH= ?= F H F=HJAI F=H= = E JACH= E @A E@= >IAHLA I GKA F=H= x 0, 2 >JAHA I
e
x =u I x
IA (x) dx
=dv
. u = ex du = ex dx . dv = IA (x) dx v = ? I(x) + C =
u v v du
= e [ ? I(x)] e [ ? I(x)] dx = e ? I(x) +

x x
ex ? I(x) dx
=u =dv
= ex ? I(x) + [u v v du]
. u = ex du = ex dx . dv = ? I(x) dx v = IA (x) + C = [ ] x x x = e ? I(x) + e IA (x) e IA (x) dx x = e [ IA (x) ? I(x)] ex IA (x) dx , I
K IA = K IA = C
2 ex IA (x) dx = ex [ IA (x) ? I(x)] + C ,
ex IA (x) dx = ex
IA (x) ? I(x)
2
+ C,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
]
" !
e IA (x) dx
x
@A " ! A @ 6A H .K @ + = ?K
[
x
= e 2 x=0 () () IA ? I 2 2 e0 IA (0) ? I(0) = e 2 + 1 , = e2 2 2 2

2
IA (x) ? I(x)
x= 2
K IA =
e2 + 1 . e IA (x) dx = 2
x
[ ] A E JACH =LA Observa c ao 14.1.3 + = BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= A 0, 2 [ ] e2 + 1 A 0, IACKA GKA L= H @= E JACH= @A E@= =?E = EIJ A IAH = L= H @= =HA= @= 2 2 HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ?
"
)4-)
#$!
@= BK ?= f
e +1 u.a. 2
2
FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x =
A FA 2
AEN Ox
K =E @= = =HA= @= HACE= R IAH =
14.2
Area de regi oes delimitadas por gr acos de fun c oes reais de uma vari avel real
I = JAHE H A JA IA = BK ?= f : [a, b] R A E JACH =LA A n ao negativa A [a, b] H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN IAH = @=@= F H
A=
y
Observa c ao 14.2.1
+ LE A J= L= @A E EJ=@= A FA AEN
b
a
f(x) dx .
6
y = f(x)
5A = BK ? = f : [a, b] R A E JACH =LA A [a, b] F @A =IIK EH L= HAI AC=JEL I A J= L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LE@A CKH= =>=EN F @A IAH >JE@= CA AJHE?= A JA HA AJE @ IA = F=HJA @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA ?= =>=EN @ AEN Ox EIJ A = F=HJA @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f @A = BK ? = A AC=JEL= A J H @ AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y = f(x)
a b
#$"
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
>IAHLA I GKA IA ? IE@AH=H I L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= |f| FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN A J= JAHA I GKA
A = A b
a
y = f(x) y = |f(x)| y
A =IIE
A=
|f(x)| dx .
a b
! 5KF D= - J=
I GKA f, g : [a, b] R I= E JACH =LAEI A

0 f(x) g(x) ,
[a, b] A GKA
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F= xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN IAH = @=@= F H
b
a
b
a
b
a
A=
g(x) dx
f(x) dx =
y = g(x)
[g(x) f(x)] dx .
y = f(x)
"
)4-)
#$#
"
= IEJK= ?= =?E = F @A EIJ A
I ? IE@AH=H I
f(x) g(x) ,
A JA
?=I A
GKA
" "
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] , L= HAI AC=JEL I LA = = CKH= =>=EN
= E F HJ= IA =I BK ? AI =IIK A
y = g(x)
6
a
U
b
-x
y = f(x)
2=H=
IJH=H EIJ
? IE@AHA
I K R J= GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] , E EJ=@= F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] , F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
K f(x) g(x) ,
GKA ANEIJA F EI = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= + EIJ JA I GKA A F @A F H I =F E?=H =HCK A J @ EJA
0 f(x) K g(x) K ,
=?E = F=H= =I BK ? AI F, G : [a, b] R @=@=I
. F(x) = f(x) K,
. G (x) = g (x) K ,
>IAHLA I GKA L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= @=@= E ?E= A JA A ECK= = =HA= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= G FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox F EI GKA A I B E JH= I =@=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g @A K = AI = ? IJ= JA K = LA = CKH= =>=EN
y = g(x) K
6
y
-
y = f(x) K
#$$
b
a
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
C = =HA= @= HACE= E E?E= IAH = @=@= F H

A= b
a
b [g(x) f(x)] dx ,
a
[G(x) F(x)] dx =
[g(x) K] [f(x) K] dx =
K IA = E @AFA @A JA A JA @=I BK ? AI f A g =IIK EHA L= HAI AC=JEL I IA " " ? HHAH JAHA I GKA L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A @= HACE= R @=@= E E?E= A JA IAH =
A= b
a
[g(x) f(x)] dx .
# - CAH= IA f, g : [a, b] R I= E JACH =LAEI A [a, b] A J= L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?= HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN IAH = @=@= F H
A= b
a
y = f(x)
|g(x) f(x)| dx .
a b
y = g(x)

)F EGKA I EIJ =
Exemplo 14.2.1 5A =
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
f, g, h : R R BK ? AI @=@=I F H . . . x f(x) = x + 6 , g(x) = x3 , h(x) = , F=H= ?=@= x R . 2 - ? JH=H L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f g A h Resolu c ao:
F=
>IAHLA
I GKA
f(x) = h(x)
IA A I IA A I
A JA IA x + 6 =
f(x) = g(x) g(x) = h(x)
IA A I
x K IA = x = 4 , 2 A JA IA x + 6 = x3 K IA = x = 2 , x A JA IA = x3 K IA = x = 0 . 2
C CA
AJHE?= A JA JAHA
I = IACKE JA ?
CKH= ?=
"
)4-)
#$%
4 y=x+6 0 2
y = x 2
y = x3
+
A=
=I BK ? AI f g A h I= ? J
K=I
0 [f(x) h(x)] dx +
4 0 [ 0
I HAIFA?JEL I E JAHL= I IACKA GKA
2 [f(x) g(x)] dx
) 2 ( 2 [ 0 ( ( x )] ) ] 3 3 = x+6 x + 6 dx + x + 6 x3 dx dx + x + 6 x dx = 2 4 0 0 4 2 ] x=0 [ ] x=2 [ 1 1 3 2 -NAH?

?E x + 6x + x2 + 6x x4 = 22 u.a. . = 4 2 4 x=4 x=0
= CK =I IEJK= ? AI F @A I IA B H ? LA EA JA A ? JH=H L= H @= =HA= @A K = HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy ? K = E JACH= @A E@= A L LA @ BK ? AI GKA @AFA @= @= L=HE =LA y ? IJH= ANA F =>=EN 2=H= E KIJH=H EIJ JA I
Exerc cio 14.2.1 - ? JHA L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I AGK= ? AI 2y2 x 4 = 0
JE@=
A x y2 = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA FA = CKH= =>=EN
AJHE?= @= HACE= R ?K
L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A GKAHA
I A ? JH=H A @=@=
#$&
+)2 167
y
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
6
x = y2 x = 2y2 4
>IAHLA
I GKA
2y2 4 = x = y2
IA A I
A JA IA y2 = 4
K IA =
y = 2 .
C IA ? IE@AH=H
I =I BK ? AI f, g : R R @=@=I F H
. f(y) = 2y2 4 A . g (y ) = y 2 ,
F=H= ?=@= y R ,
K=I A
A= 2
2
R JAHA 2
2
I GKA
(2y 4) y
2 2
|f(y) g(y)| dy =
2 dy =
y2 4 dy
y2 40 , F=H= y[2,2]
[ 3 2 ( ) y 2 = y + 4 dy = + 4y 3 2 y=2 [ 3 ] [ ] 3 2 (2) -NAH?

?E 32 = + 4.2 + 4.(2) = = u.a. . 3 3 3
2 ]y=2
2=H=
= E =H JA
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 14.2.2 - ? JHA L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? @=I BK ? AI f g A FA = HAJ= x = 3 @A =I BK ? AI f, g : R R I= @=@=I F H . f(x) = 2x Resolu c ao: . x A g(x) = 2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
AJHE?= HACE= R ?K L= H @A =HA= EIJ A A GKAHA
I A ? JH=H A @=@= FA =
"
)4-)
y
#$'
6
y = 2x
y = 2 x
x=3
) HACE= GKA GKAHA I A ? JH=H L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f : [0, 3] R A g : [0, 3] R A FA = HAJ= x = 3 )I BK ? AI f A g I= ? J
K=I A = AC=JEL=I A [0, 3] = A @EII L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A F @A IAH >JE@= ? @EBAHA ?= A JHA I L= HAI @=I =HA=I GKA E @E?=HA I F H A1 A A2 @A A1 A L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R1 ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA = HAJ= x = 3 FA AEN Ox A A2 A L= H @= =HA= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R2 ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= g FA = HAJ= x = 3 FA AEN Ox HAIFA?JEL= A JA EIJ A
A = A1 A2 .
=I
] x=3 7 2x = A1 = 2 dx = = (2) x=0 (2) 0 x x ] [ 3 x=3 2 dx= 2 (2) +C 7 2x A2 = 2x dx = = . (2) x=0 8 (2) 0 3
x 2x dx=
2x +C (2)
2 HJ= J
A = A1 A2 = Observa c ao 14.2.3 2 @AH
=
[ ] 7 7 63 = u.a. . (2) 8 (2) 8 (2)
B H =
I ?= ?K =H = =HA= @= HACE= =?E = @EHAJ= A JA @= IACKE JA

A= 3
0
|f(x) g(x)| dx ,
@A =I BK ? AI f, g : R R I= @=@=I F H
. f(x) = 2x . x A g (x) = 2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R . AEJ H

6A I J= > A
ANAH?
?E F=H=
#%
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
Exerc cio 14.2.3 - ? JHA L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g FA = HAJ= x = 4 @A =I BK ? AI f, g : R R I= @=@=I F H . f(x) = x2 + 3x + 5 Resolu c ao: . A g(x) = x2 + 5x + 9 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
AJHE?= HACE= R ?K
y
L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A GKAHA

x=4 y = x2 + 3x + 5
I A ? JH=H A @=@=
y = x2 + 5x + 9
1 2 4
>IAHLA
2x2 2x 4 = 0
x2 + 3x + 5 = y = x2 + 5x + 9
K IA =
x = 1
K x = 2.
) CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= = E@A JE@=@A =?E =

6
( ) y = 2 x2 x 2
+
1 2
"
)4-)
#%
R JAHA
+
4 A= 4 =
1 1
K=I A
|f(x) g(x)| dx = 2x2 2x 4 dx 4 (
1
I GKA
) ( ) x2 + 3x + 5 x2 + 5x + 9 dx
2x2 2x40 , F=H= x(2,) A 2x2 2x4<0 , F=H= x(1,2)
2
1
4 ( ) ) 2x 2x 4 dx + 2x2 2x 4 dx (
2 2
[ =
2 3 x x2 4x 3
x=2
[ +
x=1
2 3
?E 79 =4 -NAH? = x x2 + 4x |x u.a. . x=2 3 3
2=H=
= E =H JA
Exerc cio 14.2.4 - ? JHA L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I AGK= ? AI y2 = x + 4 Resolu c ao:
A x + 2y = 4 ,
F=H= ?=@= x R .
AJHE?= HACE= R ?K L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A GKAHA
I A ? JH=H A @=@= FA =
6
y2 = 4 + x
x + 2y = 4
12 4
>IAHLA
I GKA A JA IA
y2 + 2y 8 = 0
y2 4 = x = 4 2y IA A I
K IA =
y = 4
K y = 2.
/A
AJHE?= A JA JAHA
I = IACKE JA ?
CKH= ?= F=H= = IEJK= ?= =?E =
#%
+)2 167
x
"
6
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
x = y2 + 2y 8
+ 4 2
C @A
E @ IA =I BK ? AI f, g : R R @=@=I F H
. f(y) = y2 4
A g(y) = 4 2y ,
R JAHA
F=H= ?=@= y R ,
K=I A
2 4 =
1 4
I GKA
2 (
4
A=
|f(y) g(y)| dx = y2 + 2y 8 dx
) y2 4 (4 2y) dx
y2 +2y8<0 , F=H= x(4,2)
2
4 y=2
( ) y2 + 2y 8 dy
-NAH?
?E
[ =
1 3 y + y2 8y 3
36 u.a. .
y=4
14.3
5A = S K II
Volume de s olidos pelo m etodo das fatias

I E@ E EJ=@= @A R3 > AJEL A A ? JH=H K I= @ @A ?= ?K =H L K A @ I E@ S
2=H= EIJ E JH @K EHA
I E@ S ?
Deni c ao 14.3.1 7 = se c ao plana @ I E@ S A K = HACE= F = = >JE@= @= E JAHIA? ?= @ K F = LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" !
-6 ,
,)5 .)61)5
#%!
IA ?= F = = @ I E@ S
6A
I J= > A
Deni c ao 14.3.2 ,=@ K I E@ S A K = HAJ= r GKA E@A JE ?=HA I ? AEN Ox E JAH?AFJ= @ IA I E@ S ? K F = FAHFA @E?K =H = HAJ= r K IA = AEN Ox F J x >JAHA I K = IA ?= F = = @ I E@ S GKA ?D= =HA I @A se c ao reta do s olido S no ponto x LA = = CKH= =>=EN
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S
F J x
EIJ JA
Teorema 14.3.1 8 K A @A 5 E@ I FA AJ @ @=I .=JE=I 5KF D= I GKA L= H @=I =HA=I @=I IA ? AI HAJ=I @ I E@ S IA = @=@= F H K = BK ?= A : [a, b] R GKA A ? J
K= A [a, b]
#%"
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
- J= L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA
V=
I F H V @ I E@ S IAH = @=@ F H
b
a
A(x) dx u.v. ,
@A u.v. @A J= K E@=@A @A L K A
Demonstra c ao:
+ IE@AHA
. P = {a = xo , , xn = b}
K = F=HJE ?= @ E JAHL= [a, b] A

. xi = xi xi1 ,
F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} .

n I E@ I GKA E @E?=HA
EIJ F @A
I @A?
F H
I E@ S A
Si ,
IF H
F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} , FHAA @E@= A JHA =I IA ? AI
@A F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} I E@ Si @A J=H = = F H ?= @ I E@ S ? HAJ=I @ I E@ S I F J I xi1 A xi LA = = CKH= =>=EN
IA ?= HAJ= A IA ?= HAJ= A

xi1
xi
? ?
xi1
xi
2=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} @A JA I F H Vi L= H @ L K A @= B=JE= Si @ I E@ S >IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} IA Ai1 A Ai @A J=HA HAIFA?JEL= A JA =E H L= H @=I =HA=I @=I IA ? AI HAJ=I @ I E@ S A JHA I F J I xi1 A xi A J= JAHA I
Ai1 (xi xi1 ) Vi Ai (xi xi1 ) ,
A HA
K =E @=
Ai1
Vi Ai . xi xi 1
1IJ ? HHA F EI F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} JH ? @A ?E E @H ? >=IA = IA ?= HAJ= ? HHAIF @A JA = L= H @= =HA= Ai1 ? = JKH= [xi1 , xi ] AIJ=H = ? JE@= I E@ Si A JH ? @A ?E E @H ? >=IA = IA ?= HAJ= ? HHAIF @A JA @A L= H @= =HA= Ai ? = JKH= [xi1 , xi ] ? JAH = I E@ Si
" !
-6 ,
,)5 .)61)5
#%# A Ai = A(xk )
=I
Ai1 = A(xj )
F=H= ?=@= j, k {1, , n} + = BK ?= A = A(x) A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A [a, b] IACKA @ 6A HA = @ 8= H 1 JAH A@E =HE F=H= BK ? AI ? J
K=I GKA ANEIJA i [xj , xk ] K [xk , xj ] @A @ GKA
A(i ) = Vi xi
n i=1
K IA =
n i=1
Vi = A(i ) xi .
=I
V=
Vi =
A(i ) xi .
C F=II= @ E EJA GK= @ n JA @A = = E@A JE@= =?E = A KJE E = @ A = A(x) A E JACH =LA A [a, b] F EI A = A ? J
K= A [a, b] IACKA GKA
V= E
n i=1 n
B=J GKA = BK ?=
A(i ) xi
,AB 1 JACH= @A 4EA =
b
a
A(x) dx ,
? +
GKAH
=
IJH=H I HAI LAH
EIJ F @A
Exemplo 14.3.1 - ? A ?K = = JKH= A h>0 Resolu c ao:
JHA L= H @ L K A @A K ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ
?K H=E @= >=IA Ar>0
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
6
? -
)F E?=HA I AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! F=H= A ? JH=H L K A @ ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ =?E = 2=H= EIJ ? IE@AHA I = HAJ= r EIJ A AEN Ox ? IA @ AEN @ ?E E @H ? HECA IAK L AHJE?A A HEA J=@ F=H= >=EN LA = = CKH= =>=EN
#%$
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
?
x
?
>IAHLA
I GKA F=H= ?=@=
x [0, h] ,
= IA ?= HAJ= @ ?E E @H A x IAH = K ?

H?K ?K ?A JH AIJ = L AHJE?A A ?K H=E @A J=HA I F H r LA = = CKH= =>=EN C @= CKH= =>=EN JAHA I GKA
OB = h , OA = x , BC = r A
AEN Ox @EIJ= @ x K E@=@AI @
AD = r .
" #
IA ?= HAJ= A
>IAHLA
I GKA I JHE= CK I OBC A OAD I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) =IIE

AD OA = BC OB
K IA =
" #
r x = , r h
K =E @=
r =
r x. h
" !
-6 ,
,)5 .)61)5
#%% L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @ ?E E @H
C F=H= ?=@= x [0, h] x IAH = @=@= F H
( r )2 ( )2 r2 A(x) = r = x = 2 x2 , h h
K IA = L= H @= =HA= @= IA ?= HAJ= @ ? A HAJ @=@ IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

K= @A x F=H= x [0, h] C @ AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA
V= b
a
A(x) dx =
h
0
r2 r2 2 x2 dx = 2 h h
h
0
[ ] r 2 x3 x dx = 2 h 3
2
x=h
1 = r2 h u.v. . 3 x=0
Observa c ao 14.3.1 ) B H K = =?E = A?
DA?E@= @ I ?KHI I > =IE? I @A /A
AJHE=
2 @A
I J= > A
=F E?=H
AJ @ @=I B=JE=I F=H= I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
JHE= CK AGKE =JAH @A =@ I @A ? FHE A J l ? K @ I L AHJE?AI = HECA A IK= = JKH= I >HA AEN Ox ? IJHK= K I E@ S ?K = IA ?= HAJ= @A S A x A K GK=@H=@ += ?K A L= H @ L K A @ I E@ S
Resolu c ao:
Exerc cio 14.3.1 ) F=HJEH @A K
/A
AJHE?= A JA JAHA
l
l 2
O
l 2
l 3 2
] l 3 >IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x 0, 2 = @=@= F H IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A x IAH
L= H @= = =HA= GKA E @E?=HA
I F H A = A(x) @=
A(x) = y2 ,
@A y A
FHE A J =@ @ GK=@H=@ @= IA ?= HAJ= @A S A
x LA =
=I CKH=I =>=EN
#%&
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
i
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ A
y
y 2
l 2
x
y 2 l 2

l
=IIE
>IAHLA I GKA I JHE= CK I OAD A OBC I= IA A D= JAI ?=I ))) LA = = CKH= =>=EN JAHA I
C
B,
=I
OA OB = . AD BC l 3 OB = , 2 OA = x , BC = x 2
" $ A AD =
y . 2
" %
C @A " $ A " % IACKA GKA
l 3 x 2 y = l 2 2
K IA =
2 3 x. y= 3
" &
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
[
7+ )
#%' L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @A S A

[ ]2 2 3 4 x = x2 , 3 3 ] 3 x 0, l , 2 ] 3 J
K= @A x F=H= x 0, l 2 [ 3 3 l u.v. . 6 [ x IAH =
C @=@= F H
] 3 F=H= ?=@= x 0, l 2
" % A(x) = y2 =
F=H= ?=@=
K IA =
L= H @= =HA= @= IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ @=@ IAH = K = BK ?= ? AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A

V= b
a
C @
6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA

[ ] 4 2 4 x3 x dx = 3 3 3
A(x) dx =
3 l
2
x= x=0
3 l 2
-NAH?
?
Observa c ao 14.3.2
CA
I E@ A GKAIJ= A K = FEH= E@A @A >=IA GK=@H=@= ? = HAFHAIA J= ?= AJHE?= A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S AK
GK=@H=@
14.4
+
Volume de s olidos de revolu c ao

14.06.2013 - 38.a
A ?=HA
I FA =
Deni c ao 14.4.1 5A = K
F= t K = HAJ= F = A R K = HACE= F = = GKA AIJ = ? JE@= @ I IA E F = I @ F = @AJAH E =@ I FA = HAJ= t LA = = CKH= =>=EN
#&
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
@A
I E@ S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= R ? JE@= F= A J H E =@ s olido de revolu c ao A = HAJ= t IAH = @EJ= eixo de revolu c ao
@= HAJ= t IAH =
II
> AJEL A A ? JH=H
L K A @A K
I E@ @A HAL K ?= S ?
@A
E@ =?E =
A ?=HA I F H K = IEJK= ?= =EI IE F AI = I=>AH 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? J

K= A = AC=JEL= A [a, b] A ? IE@AHA I R = HACE= E EJ=@= @ F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y = f(x)
,A JA I F H S I E@ >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= R =?E = A J H @ AEN Ox EIJ A AEN @A HAL K ?= IAH = AEN Ox AIJA ?=I >IAHL= I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] =I IA ? AI HAJ=I @ I E@ S A x HA =JEL= A JA = AEN @A HAL K ?= Ox IAH = K ?
H?K ?K ?A JH A F J (x, 0) A H=E IAH = f(x) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
y = f(x)
#&
w 6
f(x)
?x AEN b
@A HAL K ?=
i
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A
x
C F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] @=@= F H +

[a, b]
L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA

A(x) = r2
r=f(x)
I F H A = A(x) @=
AI = IAH =
= = [f(x)]2 .
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
[a, b] IACKA GKA = BK ?= A = A(x) J= > A
IAH = ? J
K=
5A = V L= H @ L K A @ I E@ S C @ AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A @ 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA

V= b
a
A(x) dx =
b
a
[f(x)]2 dx u.v. .
)F EGKA
I EIJ = IACKE JA ANA F

x R.
Exemplo 14.4.1 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 , F=H= ?=@=
+= ?K A L= H @ L K A V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA = HAJ= x = 2 A FA AEN Ox A J H @ AEN Ox
Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= @= HACE= R GKA IAH = H J=?E =@= A

y
J H
@ AEN Ox A @=@= FA =
y = x2
x=2
#&
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [0, 2] L= H @= =HA= EIJ A A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S 2 A x IAH = L= H @= =HA= @A K ?
H?K @A H=E f(x) = x = BK ?= A = AC=JEL= )IIE F=H= ?=@= x [0, 2] JAHA I GKA
A(x) = r2
r=f(x)
[ ]2 = [f(x)]2 = x2 = x4 .
y = x2
AEN @A HAL K ?=
S

x=2
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= A : [0, 2] R A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A [0, 2] C FA AJ @ @= .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA
V= b
a
A(x) dx =
2
0
[ x4 dx =
1 5 x 5
x=2
=
x=0
32 u.v. . 5
AJHE?= @ I E@ A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN
Observa c ao 14.4.2 5A = BK ? =
f : [a, b] R A ? J
K= A [a, b] F @A @ ALA JK = A JA =IIK EH L= HAI AC=JEL I >=IJ= >IAHL=H GKA I E@ @A HAL K ?= >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = @ AEN Ox A AI GKA I E@ f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A J H @A HAL K ?= >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= |f| FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A J H @ AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
y = |f(x)|
#&!
y = f(x)
a b
b x
EIJ >IAHL= I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A x IAH == =HA= @A K ?
H?K @A ?A JH I >HA ?K H=E A |f(x)| )IIE F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] JAHA I
A(x) = r2
r=|f(x)|
IF HA= AEN Ox A
[|f(x)|]2 ,
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [a, b] C L= H @ L K A EIJ A V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= =?E = A J H @ AEN Ox IAH = @=@ FA AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! F H
V= b
a
[|f(x)|] dx =
b
a
[f(x)]2 dx u.v. .
I KJE E =H = AI = ANFHAII= F=H= ?= ?K =H L= H @ L K I E@ @A HAL K ?= @ I JEF I GKA B H= ? IE@AH=@ I =?E = E @AFA @A JA @= BK ? = K = L= HAI AC=JEL I K IA = F=H= K I E@ @A HAL K ?= >JE@ @= H J= ?= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @ AEN Ox f FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A J H
6A I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
. f(x) = x3 , , Exerc cio 14.4.1 5A = f : R R = BK ?= @=@= F H
Conclus ao: F @A
A @A K f =IIK EH @= HACE= @= BK ? =
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- ? JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA =I HAJ=I x = 1 x = 1 A J H @ AEN Ox
#&"
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
) CKH= =>=EN
I B H A?A K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @= HACE= R
1 1
M
y = x3
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1] = IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A 3 AEN Ox ?K H=E A |x | LA = =I CKH=I =>=EN
x AK
?
H?K @A ?A JH I >HA

1 x 1
H=E @ ?
H?K A
A ECK= = |x3 |
AEN @A HAL K ?=
M
y = x3
C F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1] I E@ A x IAH = @=@= F H

( )2 r=|x3 | A(x) = r2 = |x3 | .
I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
y
#&#
6

1 x 1
IA ?= HAJ= A
AEN @A HAL K ?=
M
y = x3
>IAHLA C @
V=
I GKA = BK ?= A : [1, 1] R A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA
b
a
[1, 1]
A(x) dx =
1
1
|x |
3
)2
1 dx = x dx = x7 7 1
6
x=1 x=1
-NAH?
?E 2
u.v. .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ I E@ S A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
Observa c ao 14.4.3 5A =
f, g : [a, b] R BK ? AI ? 0 g(x) f(x) ,
J
K=I A
[a, b] J=EI GKA
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
5A ? IE@AH=H I I E@ S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A FA AEN Ox A J H @ AEN Ox JA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] = IA ?= HAJ= @ = K = A ?EH?K =H ? ?A JH I >HA AEN Ox ?K H=E =E H A f (x) A I E@ S A x IAH H=E A H A g(x) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
#&$
+)2 167
y
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
6
y = f(x)
y = g(x)
:
a x b x
AEN @A HAL K ?=
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A
)IIE F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] @ I E@ S A x IAH = @=@= F H

{ } A(x) = [f(x)]2 [g(x)]2 ,
I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ=
GKA A K = BK ? = ? J
K= A [a, b] A C @ AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ S IAH = @=@ F H
V= b
a
L= H @ L K A GKA
A(x) dx =
b { } [f(x)]2 [g(x)]2 dx u.v. .

a
6A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
f, g : R R =I BK ? AI @=@= F H . f(x) = x2 + 2 , . g (x) = x + 8 ,
Exerc cio 14.4.2 5A =
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- ? JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g GK= @ H J=?E =@= A J H @ AEN Ox
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
x2 + 2 = x + 8
-NAH?
?E
f(x) = g(x)
K IA =
x=3
A x = 2 .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @= HACE= R A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
y = x2 + 2 y
#&%
y=x+8
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [2, 3] = IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A x IAH = K = A ?EH?K =H ?K ?A JH AIJ = I >HA AEN )x ?K H=E @ ?
?K H =E H A f(x) A H=E @ ?
H?K A H IAH = g(x) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y = x2 + 2 y
y=x+8
5AC A J GKA IAH = H J=?E =@ A
J H
@ AEN
Ox
AEN @A HAL K ?=
F=H= ?=@= x [2, 3] I E@ S A x IAH = @=@= F H
I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @
( )2 A(x) = [f(x)]2 [g(x)]2 = (x + 8)2 x2 + 2 ,
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [2, 3] C @ AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA
V= b
a
A(x) dx =
3 [
2
( )2 ] -NAH?
?E 2 (x + 8) x + 2 dx = 250 u.v. .
2
#&& ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@
7 = IEJK= ?=
=EI CAH= A @=@= FA

. f(x) = x3 ,
Exemplo 14.4.2 5A = f : R R = BK ? = @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- ? JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 1 y = 1 A J H @= HAJ= y = 1
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

x=1 y
y = x3
y = 1
AEN @A HAL K ?=
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
#&' ?A JH
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1] = IA ?= ( HAJ= @ ) I E@ S A x IAH = K ?

H?K ?K 3 AIJ = I >HA = HAJ= y = 1 ?K H=E IAH = @=@ F H 1 + x LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y = x3
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@
AEN @A HAL K ?=
C F=H= ?=@= x [1, 1] I E@ S A x IAH = @=@= F H

A(x) = r2
r=1+x3
I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @
[ ]2 1 + x3 ,
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [1, 1] C @ AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA
V= b
a
A(x) dx =
[ ]2 -NAH?
?E 16 1 + x3 dx = u.v. . 7 1
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
#' ) IACKEH JA
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 14.4.3 5A = 0 < a JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy A J H @ AEN Ox @A { } . R = (x, y) R2 ; x2 + (y b)2 a2 .
) IKFAHB
?EA @AIJA I E@ A @A
Resolu c ao:
E =@= @A toro
@A ?A JH A
y
) HACE= R @ F = A @=@= CKH= =>=EN
xOy A
?
H?K
(0, b) A @A H=E a ?K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?=
R

a (0, b)
>IAHLA IA J= ?= CA F H
I GKA = HACE= R A = HACE= E EJ=@= ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g @A f, g : [a, a] R I= =I BK ? AI @=@=I
. f(x) = b + a2 x2 , . g(x) = b a2 x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, a] ,
?K =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA
AJHE?=I I= @=@=I FA = CKH= =>=EN

6
y

a (0, b)
y=b+
a2 x2
y=b
a2 x2
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, a] = IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A x IAH = K = A ?EH?K =H ?K ?A JH ?= E = IA F J (x, 0) ?K H=E =E H IAH = f(x) A H=E A H IAH = g(x) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
6
y
#'

(0, b) a
y=
a2 x2 + b
y=b
a2 x2
AEN @A HAL K ?=
5A ?= HAJ= @ I ? E@
F=H= ?=@= x [a, a] I E@ S A x IAH = @=@= F H
I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= HAJ= @
[ ]2 [ ]2 A(x) = [f(x)]2 [g(x)]2 = b + a2 x2 b a2 x2 ,
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [a, a] C FA AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! JA
V= a
I GKA
a { [ ]2 [ ]2 } 2 2 2 2 A(x) dx = b+ a x b a x dx
a
{[ ( )] [ ( )]} = b2 + 2 a2 x2 b + a2 x2 b2 2 a2 x2 b + a2 x2 dx a a { a } 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = a x + 2 a x b + b b + 2 a x b a + x dx = 4 a2 x2 b dx a a [ 2 ] x=a a ( x ) x a -NAH?

?E $ " 2 2 2 2 = 4b 4 a x dx =H?IA a x = 4b + 2 a 2 a x=a {[ 2 ] [ 2 ( ) ]} ( ) a a a a (a) (a) 2 2 2 2 = 4b =H?IA + a a =H?IA + a (a) 2 a 2 2 a 2 a2 -NAH?
?E = 4b . 2
a a
L= H @ L K A @ I E@ S IAH =
V = 22 a2 b u.v. .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
#'
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
KJH ANAH?
?E HAI LE@ A
r, h > 0 N=@ I += ?K =H L= H L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAJ=I y= h x, r y=h
A FA
AEN Oy A
J H
@ AEN Oy
y
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AEN @A HAL K ?=
y= h x r
y=h
+ IE@AHA
I f : [0, y] R = BK ?= @=@= F H
. r f(y) = y , h
F=H= ?=@= h [0, h] .

y IAH =K
(0, y) A H=E f(y)
>IAHLA
I GKA F=H= ?=@= y [0, h] = IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A
?
H?K
@A ?A JH A
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
#'! I F H A = A(y) @= IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@
SA
)IIE
F=H= ?=@= y [0, h] y IAH = @=@= F H

2 r=f(y)
A(y) = r
y
( r )2 r2 = [f(y)] = y = 2 y2 , h h
2
y= h x r
AEN @A HAL K ?=
y=h
]
IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ A
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= A : [0, h] R IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

K= A C FA AJ @ @=I .=JE=I EIJ A 6A HA = " ! JAHA I
V= h
0
[0, h]
A(y) dy =
h
0
r2 r2 2 y2 dy = 2 h h
h
0
y2 dy
-NAH?
?E 1
r2 h u.v. .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

6
r
IA ?= HAJ= A
-?
y x
Observa c ao 14.4.4 I E@ =?E = A K ? A ?EH?K =H HAJ @A = JKH= h A ?K A ? DA?E@ @ I ?KHI I > =IE? I @A /A AJHE= @= >=IA A r A IAK L K A
H=E @ ?
H?K
6A
I J= > A
JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= A J H @ AEN Oy @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @= ?KHL= y2 = x A FA = HAJ= y = 1 A FA AEN Oy
#'"
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
) HACE= R GKA IAH = H J=?E =@= A CKH= =>=EN

y
J H
@ AEN Oy JA
HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @=@= FA =
AEN @A HAL K ?=
y=1
x = y2
+ IE@AHA
I f : [0, 1] R = BK ?= @=@= F H
. f(y) = y2 ,
F=H= ?=@= y [0, 1] .

y IAH =K
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= y [0, 1] = IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A (0, y) A H=E f(y) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
?
H?K
@A ?A JH A
AEN @A HAL K ?=
y=1
3
IA ?= HAJ= A
y
x = y2
SA
)IIE
F=H= ?=@= y [0, 1] = K ?

H?K GKA JA y IAH
L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A = A(y) @= IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ H=E ECK= = f(y) EIJ A IAH = @=@= F H
A(y) = r2
r=f(y)
= f2 (y) = y4 . [0, 1]
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= A : [0, 1] R IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

V= 1
0
A(y) dy =
1
0
y4 dy
-NAH?
?E 1
u.v. .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
" "
5 1, 5 ,- 4-8
7+ )
6
y
#'#
2=H=
= E =H JA
JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= >JE@ @= H J= ?= A J H @= HAJ= x = 1 @= HACE= E EJ=@= ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAJ=I
y= h x, r y=h
A FA
AEN Oy
Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= @= HACE= R GKA IAH = H J=?E =@= A
J H
@= HAJ= x = 1 A @=@=
y= h x r
y=h
x = 1
+ IE@AHA
I f : [0, h] R = BK ?= @=@= F H
r . f(y) = 1 + y , h
F=H= ?=@= y [0, h] . = A ?EH?K =H @A
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= y [0, h] = IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S A y IAH =K ?A JH A (0, y) A H=E =E H f(y) A H=E A H ECK= = 1 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
#'$
+)2 167
"
y
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5

y=h
6 ?

IA ?= HAJ= A
y
k
y= h x r

x = 1
AEN @A HAL K ?=
ry f(y) = 1 + h
)IIE F=H= ?=@= y [0, h] L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA A y A K = A ?EH?K =H IAH = @=@= F H
. A(y) = f2 (y) 12 =
I A = A(y) @= IA ?= HAJ= @ I E@ S
[( ] r )2 1+ y 1 . h [0, h]
>IAHLA I GKA = BK ?= A : [0, h] R IAH = K = BK ?= ? J

V= h
0
] ( ) 1 [( r2 h r )2 -NAH?
?E u.v. . A(y) dy = 1 + y 1 dy = rh + h 3 0
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
14.5
M etodo dos cilindros (ou cascas cil ndricas) para s olidos de revolu c ao
AE @A K KJH FH ?AII @A E
2=H= s olidos de revolu c ao F @A I A ? JH=H IAK L K A F H =@ m etodo dos cilindros (ou casas cil ndricas) 2=H= EIJ JA I =
" #
-6 ,
, 5 +1 1 ,4 5
L a A f, g : [a, b] R BK ? AI J=EI GKA g(x) f(x) ,
#'%
Deni c ao 14.5.1 5A =
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] .
+ IE@AHA I I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g FA =I HAJ=I x = a x = b A J H @= HAJ= x = L EIJ A = HAJ= x = L IAH = AEN @A HAL K ?= 2=H= ?=@= xo [a, b] A(xo ) @A J=H = L= H @= =HA= @ ?E E @H >JE@ @= H J= ?= @ IAC A J GKA A = E JAHIA? ?= @= HAJ= x = xo ? = HACE= R A J H @= HAJ= x = L LA = = CKH= =>=EN
AEN @A H J= ?=
y
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y
y = g(x) y = g(x)
b x
xo
b x
IAC A J = IAH H J=?E =@ A
J H
@= HAJ= x = L
?E E @H =?E = >JE@ IAH = @A LA = = CKH= =>=EN
x=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
E =@ se c ao cil ndrica (ou cilindro) do s olido S em xo
x=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @ I E@ S A
xo
xo
b x
x=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
Observa c ao 14.5.1 >IAHLA I GKA = IEJK= ?= =?E = JA @= =HA= EIJ A A = A(x) @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @ I E@ S A A(x) = 2 r(x) h(x) , SA
I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] x IAH = @=@= F H
L= H
@A r(x) A h(x) I= HAIFA?JEL= A JA x LA = = CKH= =>=EN
I L= HI @ H=E A = = JKH= @= IA ?= ?E

@HE?= @ I E@
#'&
+)2 167

"
. r(x) = x L
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5

6
. h(x) = f(x) g(x)
b x
x=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
EIJ
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] JAHA

r(x) = x L
I GKA A h(x) = f(x) g(x) ,
A =IIE
A(x) = 2 (x L) [f(x) g(x)] .
= IEJK= ?= =?E = JA
Teorema 14.5.1 5A = a, b, L J=EI GKA L a JE@ =?E = IAH =

b
a
- J= @=@ F H K IA =
L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA
V= b
A(x) dx ,
V = 2
(x L) [f(x) g(x)] dx u.v. ,

a
@A u.v. @A J=H = = K E@=@A @A L K A

Demonstra c ao:
2=H=
IJH=H
I = E@A JE@=@A =?E = ? IE@AHA
. P = {a = xo , , xn = b}
K = F=HJE ?= @ E JAHL= [a, b] A F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} ? IE@AHA I K F J i [xi1 , xi ] + IE@AHA I = HACE= F = = B H =@= FA = HAK E= @ I n HAJ= CK I GKA @A J=HA I F H Ri F=H= ?=@= i {1, n} ?K =I >=IAI I= I E JAHL= I [xi1 , xi ] A ?K = = JKH=I I= I E JAHL= I [(i , g(i )), (i , f(i ))] ?K L= H @ ? FHE A J A f(i ) g(i ) LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" #
-6 ,
, 5 +1 1 ,4 5
#''
a xi 1
xi i
b x
x=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
2=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} H J=?E = @ IA HAJ= CK Ri A J H @= HAJ= x = L I E@ ?K = HAK E= F=H= in {1, , n} IAH = B H =@= F H cascas cil ndricas GKA K = =FH NE = ?= F=H= L= H @ L K A @ I E@ S LA = = CKH= =>=EN
>JA I K I B H A?AH =
2=H= ?=@= i {1, 2, , n} L K A GKA E @E?=HA IAH = @=@ F H LA = = CKH= =>=EN
Vi = [H=E ANJAH
I F H Vi @A ?=@= K = @=I ?=I?=I ?E

@HE?=I
]2 [L= H @= = JKH=] [H=E E JAH
]2 [L= H @= = JKH=]
= (xi L)2 [f(i ) g(i )] (xi1 L)2 [f(i ) g(i )] [( ) ( )] 2 2 2 = x2 2x + L x 2x L + L [f(i ) g(i )] i i 1 i i1 [ ] 2 = x2 i 2xi xi1 + 2xi1 L [f(i ) g(i )] = [xi + xi+1 2L] [f(i ) g(i )] (xi xi1 ) .
$
x=L
+)2 167
AEN @A HAL K ?=
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
f() g(i )
? -
xi 1
xi
xi1 L
xi L
C
V= E
i= 1 n
Vi = E
i= 1
[xi + xi+1 2L] [f(i ) g(i )] (xi xi1 )
xi =xi xi1
i= 1
[xi + xi+1 2L] [f(i ) g(i )] xi b

a
b (2x 2L)[f(x) g(x)] dx = 2

a
(x L)[f(x) g(x)] dx u.v. ,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 14.5.2
6A HA = =?E = A ? DA?E@ ? M etodo das Cascas Cil ndricas F @A IAH K JE F=H= ? = ?K @ L= H @ L K A @A K I E@ @A HAL K ?= 5 IA =F E?= F=H= I E@ I @A HAL K ?= 5A AEN @A HAL K ?= A = HAJ=
x = L,
@A L a K L b A = BK ?= f g K@= @A IE = A [a, b] A J= L= H L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ?= @= HAJ= x = L IAH = @=@ F H f A g A FA =I HAJ=I x = a A x = b A J H
V = 2 b
a
|x L| |f(x) g(x)| dx u.v. .
,AEN=HA
I?
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" #
-6 ,
, 5 +1 1 ,4 5

. r(x) = |x L|
$
-
6
. h(x) = |f(x) g(x)|
b x
x=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
JA I GKA ?=I =?E = LA = = CKH= =?E = F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] A @= = JKH= @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= A x IAH= @=@ I HAIFA?JEL= A JA F H
r(x) = |x L|
L= HAI @ H=E
A h(x) = |f(x) g(x)| . =EI FHA?EI= A JA
" 5A = a, b, L R J=EI GKA L a K L b 5A = H J= ?= @= HACE= R B H A J H @A K = HAJ= F=H= A = = AEN Ox = HAJ=

y=L
K IA = AEN @A HAL K ?= B H = HAJ= y = L A J= F @A I =F E?=H AJ @ @=I +=I?=I +E

@HE?=I F=H= >JAH L K A @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S A GKAIJ= = I=>AH
V = 2 b
a
|y L| |f(y) g(y)| dy u.v. ,
" '
CA
@A = HACE= R A = HACE= E EJ=@= ? JE@= AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI

x = f(y) , x = g (y ) ,
F=
xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI
F=H= ?=@= x [a, b] ,
FA =I HAJ=I y = a y = b LA = = CKH= =>=EN

y
6
x = g(y)
y=b
x = f(y)
y=a
y=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
$
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= y [a, b] = IA ?= ?E

@HE?= @ I E@ S A y F @A IAH JE@= H J=?E = @ IA K IAC A J =FH FHE=@ A J H @= HAJ= y = L LA = CKH= =>=EN ?=I A GKA L a A
g(y) f(y) ,
F=H= ?=@= y [a, b] ,
JA
I = IACKE JA IEJK= ?= CA
AJHE?=

. h(y) = f(y) g(y)
y=b
6
x = f(y) y
6
. r(y) = y L
x = g(y)
y=a
y=L
AEN @A HAL K ?=
+ EIJ JA I GKA F=H= y [a, b] L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA IA ?= ?E

@HE?= @ I E@ S A y IAH = @=@= F H
A(y) = 2(y L) [f(y) g(y)] ,
I F H A = A(y) @=
GKA
I B H A?A
E JACH= @ @= E JACH= @A
E@= =?E = F=H=
?=I ? IE@AH=@
) LAHE ?= ?= @= L= E@=@A @= ANFHAII= " ' F=H= L= H @ L K A EIJ A V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S ?=I CAH= IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H # JA I GKA ?=I =?E = LA = = CKH= =?E = F=H= ?=@= y [a, b] @= = JKH= @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= A y IAH= @=@ I HAIFA?JEL= A JA F H
r(y) = |y L|
I L= HAI H=E A
A h(y) = |f(y) g(y)| .
EIJ F @A
I HAI LAH
f, g : R R BK ? AI @=@=I F H . f(x) = 1 x2 , . g (x) = x2 1 ,
Exemplo 14.5.1 5A =
F=H= ?=@= x R .
- ? JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @ I CH = ? I @=I BK ? AI f A g A J H @= HAJ= x = 2
" #
-6 ,
, 5 +1 1 ,4 5
$! C F @A I =F E?=H AJ @ I @=I +=I?=I +E

@HE?=I
Resolu c ao:
)I BK ? AI f A g I= ? J
K=I A [a, b] F=H= ?= ?K =H L= H L K A V @ I E@ S >IAHLA I GKA
f(x) = g(x) ,
IA A I
A JA IA
1 x2 = x2 1 ,
K IA =
x=1
A x = 1 .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

AEN @A H J= ?=
y
6
R
y = 1 x2
1 1

y = x2 1 x=2
A2=H= ?=@= x [1, 1] JA I GKA L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?= ?E

@HE?= @ I E@ S A x A = H J= ?= @A K IAC A J A J H @= HAJ= x = 2 LA = = CKH= =>=EN IAH = @=@= F H
A(x) = 2 r(x) h(x) = 2(2 x) [( ) ( )] 1 x2 x2 1 dx ,
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
[1, 1]
AEN @A H J= ?=
^
IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @A S A
x
y = 1 x2
h(x) 1 x 1

y = x2 1
? x=2
r(x) = 2 x
$" C FA
V= b
a
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
AJ @ @=I +=I?=I +E
@HE?=I EIJ A 6A HA = " # IACKA GKA
1 1 2 r(x) h(x) dx = 2
1 1
A(x) dx =
(2 x)
[( ) ( )] -NAH?
?E 32 1 x2 x2 1 dx = u.v. . 3
6A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy A J H @= HAJ= x = 3 @A R A ?
H?K @A ?A JH F J (0, 0) A ?K = H=E JA L= H 2 EIJ A
{ } . R = (x, y) R2 ; , x2 + y2 4 .
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y x2 + y 2 = 4
6 ~ x
x=3
AEN @A HAL K ?=
I E@ S A K J H ?K L K A B E A ? JH=@ = JAHE H A JA KJE E = @ IA AJ @ @=I .=JE=I LA = -NAH?

?E " " ! )F E?=HA I AJ @ @=I +=I?=I +E
@HE?=I F=H= A ? JH=H L K A V @ J H =?E = 2=H= EIJ >IAHLA I = CKH= =>=EN
y
y=
4 x2
6
h(x) = 2 x 2 4 x2 ( 4 x2 ) = 2 4 x2
? 7
y = 4 x2 r(x) = 3 x x=3
AEN @A HAL K ?=
>IAHLA I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [2, 2] = @=@= F H ?E

@HE?= @ I E@ S A x IAH
I F H A = A(x) @= IA ?=
x]
A(x) = 2 [H=E @= IA ?= ?E

@HE?= @ I E@ S A x] [= JKH= @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @ I E@ S A ( ) = ( 3 x) 4 x2 4 x2 = 2(3 x) 4 x2 ,
" #
-6 ,
, 5 +1 1 ,4 5
$#
K IA = K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [2, 2] 2 HJ= J @ AJ @ @=I +=I?=I +E
] 2 2 2 2(3 x) 4 x dx = 4 3 4 x dx x 4 x dx V = A(x) dx = 2 a 2 2 2 { [ [ ] } ] x=2 (x) 1 )3 x=2 22 1 ( -NAH?
?E $ " 2 2 2 = 4 3 + x 2 x =H?IA + 4x 2 2 2 3 x=2 x=2 b 2
2
[ 2
-NAH?
?E
242 u.v. .
"
V = 242 u.v. .
2 HJ= J )>=EN JA I K = CKH= GKA I B H A?A K = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ I E@ S A GKAIJ=
2=H=
= E =H JA
JHA L= H @ L K A GKA E @E?=HA I F H V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= S >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= E EJ=@= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA =I HAFHAIA J= ? AI CA AJHE?=I @=I HAJ=I x = y 3 x = y + 3 y = 1 A J H @= HAJ= y = 1
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @= HACE= R A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
y
Resolu c ao:
6
3
R
1 y=1
x = y + 3 x=y3
>IAHLA
I GKA
y 3 = x = y + 3
IA A I
A JA IA
y = 3.
$$ C
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
F=H= ?=@= y [1, 3] L= H @= =HA= GKA E @E?=HA I E@ S A y IAH = @=@= F H LA = = CKH= =>=EN
A(y) = 2 [H=E @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @ I E@ S A
I F H A = A(y) @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @
y
y] [= JKH= @= IA ?= ?E
@HE?= @ I E@ S A
= 2 (y 1) [(3 y) (y 3)] = 2(y 1)(6 2y) ,
K IA = K = BK ?= ? J
K= A
[1, 3]
y
h(y) = (3 y) (y 3) = 2(3 y) 3
x=y3
6
1
x=3y
y=1
r(y) = y 1
2 HJ= J @
AJ @ @=I +=I?=I +E
V= b
a
A(y) dy = 2
3 (y 1)(6 2y) dy
1
-NAH?
?E 232
u.v. .
2 HJ= J
V=
232 u.v. . 3
)>=EN JA
I K = CKH= GKA HAFHAIA J=
I E@ A
GKAIJ=
17.06.2013 - 39.a
14.6
Comprimento de curvas planas dadas pelo gr aco de uma fun c ao, valores reias, de uma vari avel real
+ IE@AHA I f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= II > AJEL A A ? JH=H K = ANFHAII= F=H= L= H @ ? FHE A J GKA E @E?=HA I F H l @= ?KHL= @AJAH E =@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f LA = = CKH= =>=EN
" $
241 - 6
,- +748)5
y
$%
f(b)

f(a)
y = f(x)
) E@ AE= ?A JH= @ HAIK J=@ = IACKEH A =FH NE =H = ?KHL= F H K = F EC = =I GK=EI I=>A ?= ?K =H L= H @ IAK ? FHE A J 2=H= EIJ JA I
Teorema 14.6.1 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ?= ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A - J= L= H @ ? FHE A J l @= ?KHL= @AJAH E =@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CH = ? @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@ F H b [ ]2 l= 1 + f (x) dx u.c. ,
a
CA
[a, b]
AJHE?= @
@A u.c. @A J=H = = K E@=@A @A ?

Demonstra c ao:
FHE A J
2=H= J= J ? IE@AHA
. P = {xo = a, , xn = b}
K = F=HJE ?= @A [a, b] . + IE@AHA I F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} F J Pi = (xi , f(xi )) GKA FAHJA ?A = CH = ? @= BK ?= f A HAIFA?JEL IAC A J @A HAJ= Pi1 , Pi LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
6
P4 P1
P2
P3
Po
a = xo
x1
x2
x3
b = x4
$& >IAHLA I GKA ? = CKH= =>=EN
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
FHE A J @ IAC A J Pi1 Pi A @=@ F H FA 6A HA = @A 2EJ =C H=I LA = "
2 2 Pi1 Pi = (xi ) + (yi ) = (xi )2 + [f(xi ) f(xi1 )]2

y
6
(Pi Pi1 )2 = (Pi1 Qi )2 + (Qi Pi )2 Pn Pi1
yi
6 ?
Po Pi Qi
xi1 xi
xi
-
+ = BK ?= f : [a, b] R A ? J
K= A [a, b] A @EBAHA ?E =LA A (a, b) F EI = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A [a, b] IACKA @ 6A HA = @ 8= H A@E GKA F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} F @A I A ? JH=H i [xi1 , xi ] @A @ GKA
f (i ) = f(xi ) f(xi1 ) f(xi ) f(xi1 ) = , x1 xi1 xi
K IA = I
f(xi ) f(xi1 ) = f (i ) xi .
5K>IJEJKE @ AIJ= ANFHAII= A

Pi1 Pi =
" >JAHA
(xi )2 + [f (i )xi ]2 =
1 + [f (i )]2 xi .
C
l= E
n i= 1 n
Pi1 Pi = E
n i= 1
[ ]2 ,AB 1 JACH= @A 4EA = 1 + f (i ) xi =
b
a
1 + [f (x)]2 dx ,
? +
GKAH
=
IJH=H I HAI LAH
EIJ F @A
Exemplo 14.6.1 5A = f : [1, 8] R = BK ? = @=@= F H

3 . f(x) = 3 + x 2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 8] . AJHE?= @ CH = ?
- ? JH=H @= BK ?= f
Resolu c ao:
L= H @ ?
FHE A J l @= ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
" $
241 - 6
,- +748)5
$'
6
y = 3 + x2
1 8
>IAHLA

f (x) =
[1, 8] A
] 3 1 3 d [ 3 + x2 = x2 , dx 2
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 8] ,

[1, 8]
GKA A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [1, 8] K IA = = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A C @ 6A HA = " $ IACKA GKA
b l=
a
1 + [f (x)] dx =
2
8
1
3 1 1 + x2 2
]2 dx
x1>0 , IACKA GKA
2 x) =|x|=x
8
1
9 1 + x dx 4
9 9 . u = 1 + x du = dx 4 4 x=1u= 13 4
76 x=8u= = 19 =4
19
13 4
[ ] 4 -NAH?
?E 1 u dx = 152 19 13 13 u.c. , 9 27
K IA =
l=
] 1 [ 152 19 13 13 u.c. . 27
6A
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
3] R = BK ?= @=@= F H . f(x) = (x) ,
Exerc cio 14.6.1 5A = f : [1,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 3] . AJHE?= @ CH = ?
- ? JH=H @= BK ? = f
Resolu c ao:
L= H @ ?
FHE A J l @= ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
$
y
+)2 167
6
y=
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
(x)
w -
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A
[ ] 1, 3 A >HA
I GKA
1 F=H= ?=@= x (0, ) x b
d [ (x)] = dx
C @ 6A HA = " $ IACKA GKA

[ ]2 3 2 3 2 1 x + 1 x +1 x>0 l= 1 + [f (x)] dx = 1+ dx = dx dx = 2 x x x a 1 1 1 [ ( ) ] -NAH?
?E = 2 2+ 2 2+1 3 u.c. ,
2
K IA =
l=2
2+
[ ( ) ] 2 2+1 3 u.c. .
2=H=
= E =H JA
Exerc cio 14.6.2 - ? JH=H L= H @ ? FHE A J l @= ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f : [1, 3] R @=@= F H 1 1 f (y ) = y 3 1, 2 6y Resolu c ao:
AJHE?=
F=H= ?=@= x [1, 3] .
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y 3
6
1 1 x= 1 y3 + 6y 2
" %
)4-) ,- 572-4. 1+1-5
$
[1, 3] A d 3 1 f(y) = y2 2 F=H= dy 2 6y
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A
?=@= yin[1, 3] C @ 6A HA = " $ IACKA GKA

b l= [ =
a
1 + [f
(y)]2 dy
3 =
1
9 3 1 y 18 6y
3 1 1 + y2 2 2 6y
]2 dy
-NAH?
?E
3 (
1
9 2 1 y + 2 6 6y
) dy
y=3
=
y=1
118 u.c. , 4 118 u.c. . 4
K IA =
l=
14.7
Area de uma superf ce de revolu c ao
5A = f : [a, b] R = AC=JEL= A [a, b] II > AJEL A A ? JH=H = =HA= A @= IKFAHB

?EA @A HAL K ?= S >JE@= @= H J= ?= @= ?KHL= @=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A J H @ AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y = f(x) y
AEN @A HAL K ?=
J= ?= =?E = JA
Teorema 14.7.1 5A = f : [a, b] R K = BK ? = ? [a, b]
JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A =
AC=JEL= A
- J=
b A = 2
a
f(x)
[ ]2 1 + f (x) dx u.a. ,
@A u.a. @A J= K E@=@AI @A =HA=

Demonstra c ao:
5A =
. P = {xo = a, , xn = b}
K = F=HJE ?= @A [a, b] + IE@AHA I F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} F J @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f GKA @A J=HA . Pi = (xi , f(xi )) A HAIFA?JEL IAC A J @A HAJ= Pi1 , Pi LA = = CKH= =>=EN
IF H
$
y
+)2 167
6
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
P4 P1
P2
P3
Po
a = xo
x1
x2
x3
b = x4
3K= @ IAC A J Pi1 Pi A H J=?E =@ A J H @ AEN Ox >JA I = IKFAHB

?EA =JAH= @A K JH @A ? A GKA E @E?=HA I F H Si LA = = CKH= =>=EN ?K I H=E I @= >=IA A @ J F I=
. ri1 = f(xi1 )
A ri = f(xi ) ,
HAIFA?JEL= A JA
y
6
Pn Pi1
6
Pi
Po ri1
6
ri
?
xi1 xi
AEN @A HAL K ?=
xi = xi xi1
>IAHLA I GKA = CAH=JHE @AIJA JH ? @A ? A A = JAHE H JA ? FHE A J @=@ F H

Pi1 Pi =
IAC A J Pi1 Pi GKA ?
LE
I = IA ?=
[ ]2 1 + f (i ) xi
@A i [xi1 , xi ] F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n}
" %
)4-) ,- 572-4. 1+1-5
$! @A ? A Si GKA E @E?=HA
)IIE F=H ?=@= i {1, , n} = =HA= =JAH= @ JH @=@= F H

Ai
8A = = >IAHL= ?= =>=EN
I F H Ai IAH =
(ri + ri1 ) (Pi1 Pi ) = [f(xi ) + f(xi1 )]
[ ]2 1 + f (i ) xi .
A= E
n i= 1
Ai = E
} n { 2 [f(xi ) + f(xi1 )] 1 + [f (i )] xi
i= 1
b f(x)
a
[ ]2 1 + f (x) dx u.a. ,
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 14.7.1 ) E@A JE@=@A KJE E =@=
IACKE JA B H = 5A Ac E @E?=H L= H = =HA= =JAH= @A K ? A GKA JA A@E @ l A J= JA I GKA LA = = CKH= =>=EN
2r Ac = 2 l 2l
K
= @A
IJH= ?= =?E = F @A IAH ?
IJH=@= @=
H=E @= >=IA r A CAH=JHE

"
=HA= =JAH= @ ? A = =@
K IA =
Ac = r l .
l l

2r
+ @A
EIJ
LAHA
I = IACKEH F @A
AC = l1 , AE = l2 ,
A
I >JAH = =HA= =JAH= @A K

BC = r1
JH ? @A ? A AT
" !
A DE = r2 .
C B
$"
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
>IAHLA
I GKA I JHE= CK I ABC A ADE I= IA A D= JAI ?=I )))

DE BC = , AE AC
CKH= =>=EN
" "
@A " ! JAHA

"
r2 r1 = l2 l1
K IA =
r2 l1 = r2 l2 .
C
AT = r1 l1 r2 l2
(14.14)
(r1 + r2 ) (l1 l2 ) u.a. ,
GKA B E = E@A JE@=@A KJE E =@= = @A

+ EIJ F @A I HAI LAH
IJH= ?= @ 6A HA = =?E =
[ ] Exemplo 14.7.1 5A = f : 0, R = BK ? = @=@= F H 2 . f(x) = IA (x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x 0,
] . 2
- ? JHA = =HA= A @= IKFAHB

?EA @A HAL K ?= S >JE@= GK= @ H J=?E = CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A J H @ AEN Ox
Resolu c ao:
I = HAFHAIA J= ?=
= BK ?= f A ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A
b f(x)
a
[ ] 0, JA 2
I FA
6A HA = " % GKA
A = 2

1 + f (x) dx = 2
]2
IA (x) 1 + [? I(x)]2 dx
. u = ? I(x) du = IA (x) dx x=0u=1 x= u=0 2 =
0
1
1 + u2 (du)
-NAH?
?E
[ 2+
( )] 2 + 1 u.a. ,
K IA =
A=
[ 2+
( )] 2+1 u.a. .
) IKFAHB
?EA S JA
IK= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
6A
I I IACKE JA ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 14.7.1 += ?K =H = =HA= =JAH= @A K A = = JKH= A@A h > 0
? A ?EH?K =H HAJ ?K
H=E @= >=IA
A@A r > 0
" %
)4-) ,- 572-4. 1+1-5
$#
Resolu c ao:
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
I
6
?
r
>IAHLA I GKA = IKFAHB

?EA =?E = F @A IAH >JE@= ? LA = = CKH= =>=EN A J H @ AEN Ox
y
H J= ?= @ CH = ? @= CAH=JHE @ ? A
6
r
?
h
2 @A I @AI?HALAH = CAH=JHE ? CH = ? @A K = BK ?= @A x F=H= x [0, h] @= IACKE JA B H = = CKH= =>=EN I JHE= CK I ABE A ACD I= IA A D= JAI ?=I )))
y
6
E
6 6
f(x) r
?
x
?
C
C
AB AC = BE CD
K AGKEL= A JA A JA
h x = , f(x) r
$$
+)2 167
"
)2 1+)+ -5 ,- 1 6-/4)15 ,-.1 1,)5
K IA = = BK ?= f : [0, h] R IAH = @=@= F H

. r f(x) = x , h
F=H= ?=@= x [0, h].

h
0
b
a
A = 2
f(x)
[ ]2 1 + f (x) dx = 2
[0, h] JA I FA 6A HA = " % GKA [ r ]2 r -NAH?

?E dx = rl u.a. , x 1+ h h
K IA =
A = rl u.a. .
2=H=
= E =H JA
Exerc cio 14.7.2 += ?K =H = =HA= @= IKFAHB

?EA @A HAL K ?= S IA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f A J H @ AEN Oy
@=@= F H
>JE@= @= H J= ?= @= HAFHA @A = BK ?= f : [0, 1] R A
. f(y) = y3 ,
F=H= ?=@= y [0, 1] .
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

y
AEN @A HAL K ?=
6
1
x = y3
b
a 1
A = 2 = 2
0
f(y) y3
[0, 1] JA I FA 6A HA = " % GKA 1 ( )2 [ ]2 1 + f (y) dy = 2 y3 1 + 3y2 dx

0
) ( -ANAH?
?E 1 + 9y4 dx = 10 10 1 u.a. , 27 A= ) ( 10 10 1 u.a. . 27
K IA = ) IKFAHB
?EA HAL K ?= S JA
IK= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @=@I FA = CKH= =>=EN
Cap tulo 15
Integrais impr oprias de fun co es reais de uma vari avel real

A >HA I GKA =J A A J I JH=J= I @A AIJK@=H E JACH=EI @A E@=I @A BK ? AI GKA I= E EJ=@=I A @A E@=I A K E JAHL= BA?D=@ A E EJ=@ GKA JH=J=HA I AIJA +=F
JK I= E JACH=EI @A BK ? AI @A E@=I A E JAHL= I n ao E E J=@ I K @A BK ? AI GKA n ao I= E EJ=@=I
Observa c ao 15.0.2
15.1
+
Integrais impr oprias de fun co es reais de uma vari avel real de 1.a esp ecie

E @= BK ?= = IAH K E JAHL= E EJ=@ @= HAJ= R
A ?=HA I FA = GKAIJ= =II ?E=@= = @ 2=H= EIJ JA I =
Deni c ao 15.1.1 5A = f : [a, ) R K = BK ?= E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= b [a, ) ,A EHA I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f (de 1.a esp ecie) em [a, ) @A J=@= F H f(x) dx ? IA @ a b . f(x) dx = E f(x) dx . b a a ,EHA I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx A convergente IA E EJA =?E = ANEIJEH A B H
EJ +=I ? JH =HE @EHA

,A @ = = C JA
I GKA E JACH= E FH FHE=

I=
f(x) dx A divergente
Deni c ao 15.1.2 5A = g : (, b] R K = BK ? = E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= a (, b] ,A EHA I = integral impr opria da fun c ao g (de 1.a esp ecie) em (, b] @A J=@= F H b g(x) dx ? IA @ b b . g(x) dx = E g(x) dx .
,EHA EJ
I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
a a
g(x) dx A convergente IA
E EJA =?E = ANEIJEH A B H
$%
$&
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
+=I ? JH =HE @EHA

6A
g(x) dx A divergente
I I IACKE JA ANA F I
Exemplo 15.1.1 -IJK@=H = ?
LAHCA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA
ex dx .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f : [0, ) R IAH = @=@= F H

. f(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x [0, ) .

[0, b] F=H= ?=@= b [0, )
+ N=@ ) A
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A @EII JA
[0, ) IACKA GKA A = IAH = E JACH =LA A
I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA IAH =
. ex dx = E
b 0
ex dx = E
x=b x=0 b
ex 1 = E =0 b eb = 1.
= E
C = E JACH= E FH FHE=
[ ] E e b b e (1)
ex dx IAH =?
LAHCA JA A IAK L= H A1
= BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ?= ?K =@= =?E = I B H A?AH == =HA= ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA = HAJ= x = 0 A AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN K IA =
A = 1 u.a. .
y
6
y = e x
?
R
6A
I I ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 15.1.1 -IJK@=H = ?
1 dx . x2
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1-
$'
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA

. 1 f(x) = 2 , F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) . x J
K= A [1, ) IACKA GKA A = IAH = E JACH =LA A [ 1 1 dx = E b x2 x ]
+ N=@ ) A
= BK ?= f A? @EII JA
[1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, )
I = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA IAH =
1 . dx = E b x2
b
1
x=b x=1
1 ] E [ =0 1 b b = 1. = E (1) b b 1 dx IAH =? x2
LAHCA JA A IAK L= H A1
= BK ? = f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ?= ?K =@= =?E = I B H A?AH == =HA= ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA = HAJ= x = 1 A AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN K IA =
A = 1 u.a. .
y
y= 1 2
x
6A
I J= > A
1 dx . x
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA

. 1 f(x) = , F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) . x J
K= A [1, ) IACKA GKA A = IAH = E JACH =LA A [ 1 dx = E (x) b 1 x b ( b) (1) = .
=0
+ N=@ ) A
= BK ?= f A? @EII JA
[1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, )
I E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA IAH =
1 dx = E b x = E
x =b x =1
$ C = E JACH= E FH FHE=
1
+)2 167
1 dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA x
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
= BK ?= f @ -NA F =?E = A = AC=JEL= IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ?= ?K =@= =?E = I B H A?AH == =HA= ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= R ? JEBI F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f FA = HAJ= x = 1 A AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN K IA =
A = .
y
1 y= x
I @ EI -NAH?
? I =?E = F @A
Proposi c ao 15.1.1 5A = p R
IAH >JE@ I @ IACKE JA HAIK J=@ CAH=
) E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA
1 dx xp
A ? LAHCA JA IA A I
A JA IA p > 1
-NA F =?E =
Demonstra c ao: ?=I p = 1 B E JH=J=@
C F @A I IKF H GKA p = 1 >IAHLA I GKA AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f : [1, ) R IAH = @=@= F H

. 1 f(x) = p , x
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) .

[1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, )
+ N=@ ) A
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A @EII JA
[1, ) IACKA GKA A = IAH = E JACH =LA A

1 . dx = E p b x ] [ x=b 1 1 p=1 dx = E p b (1 p)xp1 x=1 1 x [ ] 1 , F=H= p > 1; 1 1 = E 1 = p1 p 1 (1 p) b b , F=H= p < 1 b
1
C = E JACH= E FH FHE= @ELAHCA JA IA p 1 ?
F AJ= @ = @A
1 dx IAH =? xp
LAHCA JA IA A I
A JA IA p > 1 A
F=HJE?K =H IAH =
IJH= ?=
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1-
$
= BK ?= f @= 2H F IE ?= =?E = A = AC=JEL= IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ?= ?K =@= =?E = I B H A?AH = = =HA= ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA = HAJ= x = 1 A AEN Ox LA = = CKH= =>=EN K IA =
1 u.a. , F=H= p (1, ) A= p1 , F=H= p (0, 1]
y
1 y= x p
KJH ?=I E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
s > 0 A a R N=@ I -IJK@=H = ? LAHCA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?E=

a
est dt .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA AIJA ?=I F=H= ?=@= s > 0 N JA

. fs (t) = est ,
I = BK ?= fs : [a, ) R IAH = @=@= F H
F=H= ?=@= t [a, ) .
+ N=@ ) A
= BK ?= fs A ? J
K= A [a, ) IACKA GKA A = IAH = E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= b [a, ) @EII JA

b [ est dt = E
b
. est dt = E
b a
1 st e s
t=b t=a
1 E (s) b
a
[ ] E e sb sa b e e est dx IAH =?
sb
= E
1 = 0 , F=H= s > 0 as e b esb = . s eas F=H= s > 0 s
Observa c ao 15.1.5
LAHCA JA A IAK L= H IAH =
2 @A
I LAH GKA F=H= s 0 A J= = E JACH= E FH FHE=
est dt IAH = @ELAHCA JA
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
5A = BK ? = f : [0, ) R A K = BK ?= E EJ=@= A J= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA

. F(s) = est f(t) dt
0
F=H= ?=@= s [0, ) = E JACH=
?K = ? LAHCA ?E= B E AIJK@=@= -NA F =?E = F=H= ?=I A GKA f(t) = 1 F=H= t [0, ) A J = @ IA a = 0 IAH = ? LAHCA JA A @AIA FA D=H = K F=FA KEJ E F HJ= JA AIJK@ @=I -GK= ? AI ,EBAHA ?E=EI H@E =HE=I E A=HAI ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J ) BK ?= F : [0, ) R @=@= FA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA =?E = IAH = @A E =@= transformada de Laplace @= BK ? = f
+ =I @A E ? AI =?E = F @A I E JH @K EH =
Deni c ao 15.1.3 5A = f : R R K = BK ?= E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= a, b R ? ab ,A EHA I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f (de 1.a esp ecie) em (, ) @A J=@= F H f(x) dx ? IA @
. f(x) dx =
f(x) dx +
c
f(x) dx ,
@A c R AIJ = N ,EHA I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx A convergente IA =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I

f(x) dx A
c
f(x) dx B HA
? LAHCA JAI
+=I ? JH =HE @EHA

Observa c ao 15.1.6
5A = E JACH= E FH FHE=
f(x) dx A?
LAHCA JA A J=
c f(x) dx + E
F=H= c R JA
b f(x) dx . c
d
I GKA
f(x) dx =
a a
b c
>IAHLA
I GKA IA F=H= = CK
c R =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I
f(x) dx A f(x) dx A
f(x) dx c f(x) dx
d
B HA ? LAHCA JAI A J= F=H= J @ d R =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I J= > A IAH= ? LAHCA JAI ,A B=J F EI ? = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A ANEIJEH = F=H= GK= GKAH d R N=@ C
d
[c, d] IACKA GKA = E JACH= @A
E@=
d f(x) dx
c
f(x) dx = =
a a c a a
f(x) dx = f(x) dx +
[ c f(x) dx +
a
d c
c
] f(x) dx d f(x) dx +
c
a c
f(x) dx =
f(x) dx .
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1-
$ !
f(x) dx ,
c
,A
@ IA A D= JA F @A
IJH=H GKA
c
d
f(x) dx =
f(x) dx + d f(x) dx +
=IIE
+ EIJ JA I
d f(x) dx =
f(x) dx .
1 dx . 1 + x2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA AIJA ?=I = BK ?= f : (, ) R IAH = @=@= F H

. f(x) = 1 , 1 + x2
F=H= ?=@= x R .
+ = BK ?= f A ? J
K= A (, ) IACKA GKA A = IAH = E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= a, b R N=@ I ? a b ) A @EII F=H= c R JA I GKA
1 . dx = 1 + x2
1 dx + 1 + x2
1 dx. 1 + x2
[ ] b x=b 1 1 dx = E dx = E =H?JC(x) = E [ =H?JC(b) =H?JC(c)] 2 b c 1 + x2 b b c 1+x x=c = =H?JC(c) , 2 c c 1 1 dx = E dx 2 a 1 + x 1 + x2 a [ x=c ] ( ) = E =H?JC(x) = E [ =H?JC(c) =H?JC(a)] = =H?JC(c) a a 2 x=a = =H?JC(c) + . 2 1 C = E JACH= E FH FHE= dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA A = A @EII 1 + x2 c [ ] [ 1 1 1 ] dx = dx + dx = =H?JC ( c ) + =H?JC ( c ) + = + = , 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 + x 1 + x c 1+x
=I
EIJ A
1 dx = . 1 + x2
F=HJE?K =H JA I GKA = =HA= @= HACE= @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= -NA F =?E = A FA AEN Ox IAH = @=@= FA = CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ? = f @=@= E JACH= E FH FHE= ?= ?K =@= =?E = EIJ A JAH = L= H u.a. LA = = CKH= =>=EN
$ "
y
+)2 167
6
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
y=
1 1 +x 2
/ x
19.06.2013 - 40.a At e aqui para a 4.a Prova, Prova Substitutiva e para a Prova de Recupera c ao
6A
I =I IACKE JA FH FHEA@=@AI F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA

f, g : [a, ) R BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI A
a
Proposi c ao 15.1.2 5A = R
[a, b] F=H= ?=@= b [a, ) A
5A = E JACH= E FH FHE= E JACH= E FH FHE= ) A @EII
f(x) dx A ?
LAHCA JA A J=
F=H= ?=@= c a JA
I GKA =
f(x) dx IAH =? c f(x) dx =
LAHCA JA
f(x) dx +
a c
f(x) dx
E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA
E JACH= @A
E@=
5A = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx A ? LAHCA JA A J= = E JACH= E FH FHE= a J= > A IAH = ? LAHCA JA ) A @EII
f(x) dx
a a
( f)(x) dx
a
( f)(x) dx =
a
f(x) dx .
a
! 5A = E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I
g(x) dx I= ?
LAHCA JAI A J= =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I
(f + g)(x) dx
(f g)(x) dx J= > A
IAH= ? LAHCA JAI

f(x) dx +
a a
) A A
@EII
(f + g)(x) dx =
a
g(x) dx
(f g)(x) dx =
a
f(x) dx
a
g(x) dx .
a
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1

a
$ #
" 5A = 0 = E JACH= E FH FHE= IAH= @ELAHCA JAI

Demonstra c ao:
f(x) dx A ? LAHCA JA A = E JACH= E FH FHE= g(x) dx a A @ELAHCA JA A J= =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I (f + g)(x) dx (f g)(x) dx A ( g)(x) dx
a a a
)I @A @AEN=@=I ?
IJH= ? AI IACKA @=I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A E EJAI ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H
EJ A E EJAI E
EJ I A IAH=
Observa c ao 15.1.8 8= A K (, )
HAIK J=@ = = C F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I A AEJ H I A K ?E=@ I A =I HAIFA?JEL=I @A IJH= ? AI
(, b] A A
,AEN=HA
6A
I = ?=HC @
I J= > A
Teorema 15.1.1 @= + R BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI A
F=H= ?= F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA 5A = f, g : [a, ) [a, b] F=H= ?=@= b [a, ) A I=JEIB= A @
0 f(x) g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [a, ) .
- J= E 5A = E JACH= E FH FHE=
g(x) dx B H ?
LAHCA JA A J= IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
f(x) dx IAH =?
LAHCA JA A
f(x) dx
g(x) dx .
a
EE 5A = E JACH= E FH FHE=
f(x) dx B H @ELAHCA JA A J=
IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
g(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA
Demonstra c ao:
,A E + = E JACH= E FH FHE=
g(x) dx A? b
a
LAHCA JA IACKA ANEIJA A A I GKA

b g(x) dx ,
a
EJ
E EJA E
b g(x) dx
=I @=I FH FHEA@=@AI @A E JACH= @A

0
E@= JA
b a
f(x) dx
F=H= ?=@= b [a, ) N=@ C @ 6A HA = @= +
F=H= ?= F=H= E EJAI

0 E b
b a
1
b
EJ IACKA GKA
g(x) dx < ,
f(x) dx E
b a
$ $ IJH= @ GKA E EJA E b ? LAHCA JA A JAHA I ,A EE 5KF D= , EJA 2 HJ= J

b
a
+)2 167
f(x) dx ANEIJA A A
a
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
EJ
K IA = = E JACH= E FH FHE=
g(x) dx .
f(x) dx IAH =
f(x) dx
I F H =>IKH@ GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= E @ALAH

=
g(x) dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA a I JAH GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx A ? LAHCA JA GKA ?
a
JH=HE= =
DEF JAIA @A @ EJA

a
EE
g(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA ?
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
Observa c ao 15.1.9
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I A (, b] A A (, ) ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H I A K ?E=@ I A HAIFA?JEL=I =I @A IJH= ? AI @ I AI I EJA @ HAIK J=@ =?E = I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA IA = =HA= @A K = HACE= F = = = E EJ=@= A EJ= A J= = =HA= @A GK= GKAH HACE= F = = ? JE@= = = J= > A IAH = EJ= 2 H KJH =@ EJA I @E CA AJHE?= A JA GKA IA = =HA= @A K = HACE= F = = AE EJ= A J= = =HA= @A GK= GKAH HACE= F = = GKA ? JA D= = = J= > A IAH =E EJ= LA = = CKH= =>=EN
y
y = g(x)
6
y = f(x)
K = =F E?= ?= @ HAIK J=@ =?E = JA

1 1 + x3 dx .
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1-
$ %
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R A @=@= F H

1 . f(x) = , 1 + x3
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) ,

[1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, ) N=@ F EI A = AK =
A J= JA I GKA = BK ?= f IAH = E JACH =LA A BK ?= ? J

K= A [1, ) 5A = BK ?= g : [1, ) R A @=@= F H
. 1 g(x) = 3 , x2
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) , I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
A J= FA = 2H F IE ?= # ?
p=
1
3 > 1 JA 2 g(x) dx =
1 x2
3
dx
IAH = ? LAHCA JA =I F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) JA
I GKA
1 1+x
3 1+x3 x3
0 f(x) =
1 x2
3
= g(x) .
C @ 6A HA = @= +
F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I EJA E IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
1 1 + x3
dx
IAH = ? LAHCA JA 6A I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
1 1 + x2
dx .
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI f, g : [1, ) R @=@=I F H
1 . g(x) = , 1 + x2 . f (x) = 1 + x ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) .
>IAHLA
I GKA
(x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1 1 + x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) , #
K IA = C
1+x g (x) = 1
1 + x2 ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) . F=H= ?=@= x 1.
(15.1) 2
1+x
1 = f(x), , 1+x
$ & =I
+)2 167
f(x) dx =
1 1
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
1 -NAH?
?E dx = , 1+x
1
EIJ A = E JACH= E FH FHE= C
1 A @ELAHCA JA 1+x
@ 6A HA = # EJA
EE IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
1 1 + x2
dx J= > A
IAH =
@ELAHCA JA 6A I J= > A
1

ex dx .
2
Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA
I =I BK ? AI f, g : [1, ) R @=@=I F H
2 . f(x) = ex ,
. g(x) = ex ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) .
>IAHLA
I GKA
0 f(x) = e
x2 ex ex
2
ex = g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) .

=
#
=I
g(x) dx =
1
ex
-NA F
1,
EIJ A = E JACH= E FH FHE=
ex dx A?
LAHCA JA
C @ 6A HA = # EJA E IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ex dx J= > A IAH =? 1 LAHCA JA HAIK J=@ = IACKEH F @A IAH KEJ K JE AIJK@ @= ? LAHCA ?E= @A E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA = I=>AH
2
Teorema 15.1.2 5A = f : [a, ) R K = BK ?= E JACH =LA A AC=JEL= A [a, ) A IKF D= I GKA ANEIJA p R J= GKA
x
[a, b] F=H= ?=@= b [a, )
xp f(x) = A ,
@A A [0, ] - J= E 5A p (1, ) A A [0, ) JAHA EE 5A p (, 1] A A (0, ] JAHA

Demonstra c ao:
f(x) dx IAH =?
LAHCA JA
f(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA
,A E +
xp f(x) = A [0, ) ,
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1.
$ '
@=@ = 1 > 0 F @A
I A ? JH=H K > 0 F @A F=H=

x K, x K, x K,
I IKF H K a J= GKA I
|xp f(x) A| < = 1 ,
JAHA I I
K IA = K =E @=
F=H= F=H=
JAHA JAHA
1 + A < xp f(x) < 1 + A , 1 + A 1+A < f (x) < , xp xp
F=HJE?K =H F=H= +
x K,
JAHA
I 0 f(x) <
1+A . xp
1 dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA 1 A IAH = ? LAHCA JA xp K )IIE @ 6A HA = @= + F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA EJA E IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA A ? = BK ?= f A E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= K f(x) dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA b [a, ) IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
,A EE + IE@AHA + @=@ =
I FHE AEH= A JA
?=I GKA A (0, )

x
xp f(x) = A = 0 ,
. A > 0 F @A 2
I A ? JH=H K > 0 F @A F=H=

x K,
I IKF H K a J= GKA I |xp f(x) A| < =

A , 2
JAHA
K IA = F=H= K =E @= F=H= A F=HJE?K =H F=H= +

x K, x K, x K,
JAHA
I JAHA JAHA
A A + A < xp f(x) < + A , 2 2 A 3A p < f (x) < x , p 2x 2
I 0
A < f (x) . 2xp
1 p (, 1] IACKA FA = 2H F IE ?= # GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= dx IAH = @ELAH p K x A CA JA C = E JACH= E FH FHE= dx J= > A IAH = @ELAHCA JA F EI A = 0 p 2x K )IIE @ 6A HA = @= + F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA EJA EE IACKA GKA A E JACH =LA A [a, b] F=H= ?=@= = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA A ? = BK ?= f K b [a, ) IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA
)C H= ? IE@AH=HA
?=I GKA A =
$! + @=@ R > 0 F @A K IA = F=H= +

xK
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
xp f(x) = A = ,
I A ? JH=H K > 0 F @A F=H=

x K,
I IKF H K a J= GKA JAHA JAHA I xp f(x) > R , I 0

R < f(x) . xp
p (, 1] IACKA FA = 2H F IE ?= # GKA = E JACH= R dx J= > A IAH = @ELAHCA JA F CA JA C = E JACH= E FH FHE= p K x )IIE @ 6A HA = @= + F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I @A = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA A ? = BK ?= f A K b [a, ) IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA
a
E FH FHE= EI R = 0
1 dx IAH = @ELAH xp
= AIF A?EA EJA E JACH =LA A
EE IACKA GKA

[a, b] F=H= ?=@=
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I A (, b] ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A K ?E=@ A = HAIFA?JEL= @A AI
IJH= ?= @
HAIK J=@ =?E = I @E ? = BK ?= f @ALA IA ? F HJ=H FAHJ @A F=H= F IIKEH K = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA ? LAHCA JA K @ELAHCA JA 2 H ANA F IA f(x) p F=H= x ? x AIF A?EA IAH = ? LAHCA JA
1 p (1, ) A J= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A =
! IA EJA E A = K EJA EE A = 0 =@= F @A I = H =H ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A ? JH=H ? JH= ANA F I F=H= ?=@= K ?=I I =?E =
)F EGKA I HAIK J=@ =?E = =
@ I
x2 + 2x + 1 dx . 4x4 + 25x3 + 2x + 5
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R B H @=@= F H

. f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 , 4x4 + 25x3 + 2x + 5
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) ,
A J= = BK ?= f IAH = E JACH =LA A [1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, ) N=@ F EI BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A [1, ) = AC=JEL= A [1, ) A = A @EII
x
x f (x) = E
2
] x2 + 2x + 1 x4 + 2x3 + x2 -NAH?
?E 1 . x = E = A. = 4 3 4 3 x 4x + 25x + 2x + 5 4x + 25x + 2x + 5 4
2
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1-
$! E GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
6A
p = 2 > 1 A A [0, ) IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = EJA x2 + 2x + 1 dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA 4x4 + 25x3 + 2x + 5
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
LACA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA
1 ? I(x) dx . x2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R B H @=@= F H

. 1 ? I(x) , f(x) = x2
F=H= ?=@= x [1, )
A J= BK ?= f IAH = E JACH =LA A [1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, ) F EI = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A [1, ) = AC=JEL= A [1, ) A = A @EII
x
x 2 f(x) = E
[ ] 3 1 ? I(x) 1 ? I(x) -NAH?

?E . x2 = E = 0 = A. 1 x x x2 x2
+ 6A
p =
1 ? I(x) dx IAH =? x2
3 > 1 A A [0, ) IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = EJA 2
E GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
LAHCA JA
I J= > A
x x + x2 + 1
4
dx .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R B H @=@= F H

. f(x) = x x + x2 + 1
4
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) ,
A J= = BK ?= f IAH = E JACH =LA A [1, b] F=H= ?=@= b [1, ) N=@ F EI = BK ?= f A K = BK ?= ? J

K= A [1, ) = AC=JEL= A [1, ) A = A @EII
[
x
x f (x) = E
x x4 + x2 + 1
]
x2 =
x4 x
x4 -NAH?
?E . = 1 = A. 2 x +x +1
4
+
1
2 @A
p = 1 A A (0, ) IACKA @ x dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA x4 + x2 + 1
6A HA = # EJA
EE GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=
I J= > A
=F E?=H
HAIK J=@ =?E = =
LACA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA
x2 1 dx . x6 + 16
$!
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R B H @=@= F H

. x2 1 f(x) = , x6 + 16
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) ,

K= A [1, ) = AC=JEL= A [1, ) A = A @EII
[
x
x f (x) = E
x2
IA x>1 JAHA
x6 + 16
x3 x=
(
2
(x3 x)
x3 x
6
)2
-NAH?
?E
x + 16
. 1 = A.
p = 1 A A (0, ) IACKA @ x2 1 dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA x6 + 16
6A HA = # EJA

1
x2 + 1 dx . x2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R B H @=@= F H

. f(x) = x2 + 1 , x2
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) ,

K= A [1, ) = AC=JEL= A [1, ) A = A @EII
[
x
xf(x) = E
x2 + 1 x
0<x= x2
x2 + 1 [-NAH?
?E ] . = 1 = A. 2 x
+
1
p = 1 A A (0, ) IACKA @ x +1 dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA x2

2
6A HA = # EJA
>IAHLA I GKA @= ANJA I= =JKH= @= 2H F IE ?= " % L= H @= =HA= @A K = IKFAHB

?EA @A HAL K ?= >JE@= @= H J= ?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= CH = ? @= = @=@= F H BK ? = f =?E = A J H @ AEN Ox IAH
Observa c ao 15.1.11 A = 2
1
f(x)
[ ]2 1 + f (x) dx = 2
1 x
1 1+ x2
]2
2 x +1 dx = 2 dx = , x2 1
K IA = = =HA= @= IKFAHB
?EA =?E = IAH = LA =
=I CKH=I =>=EN
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,- ) -52-+1-
$!!
6
1 y= x
1 x
2 H KJH =@
A >HA
I GKA @ -NA F
# JA
1 dx = 1 , x2
K IA = A ? LAHCA JA A IAK L= H A1 C @= ANJA I= =JKH= @ 6A HA = " ! IACKA GKA L K A V @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= >JE@ @= H J= ?= @= HACE= R @ F = xOy @A E EJ=@ FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= CH = ? 1 @ CH = ? @= BK ? = y = FA = HAJ= x = 1 A FA AEN Ox LA = =I CKH=I =>=EN
x
y
1 y= x
IAH = @=@ F H
V=
1
A(x) dx =
1
f (x) dx =
1
1 dx = u.v. . x2
=HA=
Conclus ao: = >IAHL= ?= =?E =
=I IAK L K A A
= E =H JA I
@E GKA = IKFAHB
?EA @ I E@ @A HAL K ?= =?E = JA EJ A ECK= = u.v.
2=H=
IACKE JA HAIK J=@
Teorema 15.1.3 5A = f : [a, ?= E JACH =LA A ) R K = BK
5A = E JACH= E FH FHE= J= > A IAH = ? LAHCA JA

Demonstra c ao:
|f(x)| dx B H ?
LAHCA JA A J= = E JACH= E FH FHE=
[a, b] F=H= ?=@= b [a, )
f(x) dx
a
>IAHLA
I GKA F=H= ?=@= x [a, ) JA
I GKA
|f(x)| f(x) |f(x)| ,
$!" K IA =
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
0 f(x) + |f(x)| |f(x)| + |f(x)| = 2|f(x)| . + = E JACH= E FH FHE= 2|f(x)| dx A ? LAHCA JA IACKA @ 6A HA = @= + F=H= ?= F=H= a 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= [f(x) + |f(x)|] dx IAH = ? LAHCA JA
=I
f(x) dx =
a
[f(x) + |f(x)|] |f(x)| dx =

a
[f(x) + |f(x)|] dx
? LAHCA JA
|f(x)| dx,
? LAHCA JA
IJH= @ GKA = = E JACH= E FH FHE=
f(x) dx J= > A
IAH = ? LAHCA JA
8= A K HAIK J=@ = = C F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I A (, b] K (, ) ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H I A K ?E=@ I A = @A IJH= ? AI @ I E FH FHE= CAH= n ao vale a rec proca @ HAIK J=@ =?E =
a
AI
f(x) dx IAH ?
LAHCA JA
K IA = F @A ? HHAH @= E JACH= =I = E JACH= E FH FHE= |f(x)| dx IAH @ELAHCA JA
1 a
2 H ANA F
F @A IA
1
E JACH= E FH FHE= ,AEN=HA I?
IJH=H GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE=

IA (x)
x dx A @ELAHCA JA
IA (x)
x
dx A?
LAHCA JA
=I
ANAH?
?E F=H=
AEJ H

1
IJH=H GKA AIJ=I = H = ? AI I= LAH@=@AEH=I

x2 + 1 dx . x2
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA IA = BK ?= f : [1, ) R B H @=@= F H

. f(x) = x2 + 1 , x2
F=H= ?=@= x [1, ) ,

K= A [1, ) = AC=JEL= A [1, ) A = A @EII
x2 + 1 E x f (x) = E x x x
0<x=
x2 x
x2 + 1 -NAH?
?E . = 1 = A. 2 x
+
1
p = 1 A A (0, ) IACKA @ x +1 dx IAH = @ELAHCA JA x2

2
6A HA = # EJA
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1-
$!#
15.2
Integrais impr oprias de fun co es reais de uma vari avel real de 2.a esp ecie
= E EJ=@= A K E JAHL= E E
6H=J=HA I =C H= @= GKAIJ= =II ?E=@= = E JACH= @A K = BK ?= J=@ 2=H= EIJ JA I =

Deni c ao 15.2.1 5A =
A K E JAHL= @A R a A A f : A \ {a} R K = BK ? = ,EHA I GKA = BK ?= f JA K descontinuidade innita em x = a IA K = @=I IACKE JAI IEJK= ? AI ? HHAH (i)
xa+
f(x) =
(ii)
K K K
xa+
f(x) =
(iii)
xa
f(x) =
(iv)
xa
f(x) = .
Observa c ao 15.2.1 /A
y
AJHE?= A JA F @A
I JAH =I IACKE JAI IEJK= ? AI

y
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
6
y = f(x)
6
y = f(x)
$!$ 2=H= E KIJH=H JA I
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
Exemplo 15.2.1 5A =
p N A f : R \ {0} R = BK ?= @=@= F H . 1 f(x) = p , x
F=H= ?=@= x R \ {0} . EJ= A

a=0
y
- J= = BK ?= f JA
K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E
y
F=H
F=H
1 y= x p
1 y= x p
0 x
0 x
Resolu c ao:
,A B=J F EI
x0+
f(x) = .
>IAHLA
I GKA J= > A E
JA
I
{
x0
f(x) =
F=H= p (0, ) GKA A F=H , F=H= p (0, ) GKA A

F=H
,
= @A
E ?= =?E = F @A
I E JH @K EH =
Deni c ao 15.2.2 5A = f : (a, b] R K = BK ? = GKA JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x=a A A E JACH =LA A [c, b] F=H= ?=@= c (a, b] N=@ ,A EHA I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f (de 2.a esp ecie) em (a, b] @A J=@= F H b f(x) dx ? IA @
a
b
a
. f(x) dx = E b
a
b f(x) dx .
ca+ c
,EHA EJ
f(x) dx A convergente IA b
a
+=I ? JH =HE @EHA
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,y
) -52-+1-
$!%
y = f(x)
,A
@ = = C JA
I=
Deni c ao 15.2.3 5A = g : [a, b) R K = BK ?= GKA JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x=b A A E JACH =LA A [a, c] F=H= ?=@= c [a, b) N=@ ,A EHA I = integral impr opria da fun c ao g (de 2.a esp ecie) em [a, b) @A J=@= F H b g(x) dx ? IA @ a b c . g(x) dx = E g(x) dx .
a
,EHA EJ
b
a
cb
g(x) dx A convergente IA b
a
+=I ? JH =HE @EHA

y
g(x) dx A divergente
y = f(x)
EIJ JA
I I IACKE JA ANA F I
LAHCA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A

3
0
= AIF A?EA
1 dx . x
$!&
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f : (0, 3] R @=@= F H

. 1 f(x) = , x
F=H= ?=@= x (0, 3] ,
JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = 0 = LAHE ?= ?= @EIJ IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H A ? A= A ? J
K= A (0, 3] IAH = E JACH =LA A [c, 3] F=H= ?=@= c (0, 3] N=@ )IIE
3
0
1 dx = E + x c0 = E
c0+
3
c
1 dx = E + x c0 (c)]
x=3
(x)
x=c
[ (3)| 3
-NAH?
?E
IJH= @ GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA ) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
1 dx A @ELAHCA JA 0 x AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A @=@ FA = CKH= =>=EN

y
1 y= x
1 3
Observa c ao 15.2.2 + = BK ? = f =?E = A = AC=JEL= IACKA GKA = =HA= ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = 3 A FA AEN Ox IAH = @=@= FA = E JACH= E FH FHE= =?E = K IA = A = .
) CKH= =>=EN
I @ = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
y
AJHE?= @= HACE= R
1 y= x
1 3
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1-
$!'
2 @A
I JAH KJH I JEF I @A E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I = I=>AH
Deni c ao 15.2.4 5A = f : [a, b] \ {c} R K = BK ?= ? J

K= [a, b] \ {c} A GKA JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = c ,A EHA I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f (de 2.a esp ecie) em [a, b] @A J=@= F H b f(x) dx ? IA @ a b c b . f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(x) dx .
a a c
= AIF A?EA
= AIF A?EA
b
c
,EHA
I GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ? LAHCA JAI
b
a
f(x) dx A convergente IA =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I b

a
c f(x) dx
a
f(x) dx B HA
+=I ? JH =HE @EHA

y
y = f(x)
a c b
EIJ JA
LAHCA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE=

2
0
1 (x 1) 3
2
dx.
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= f : [0, 2] \ {1} R @=@= F H

. f(x) = 1 (x 1) 3
2
F=H= ?=@= x [0, 2] \ {1} , ANAH?

?E
JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = 1 [0, 2] = LAHE ?= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? F=H= AEJ H A A ? J
K= A [0, 3] \ {1}
$" )IIE
2
0
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
1 (x 1)
2 3
1 dx =
0
1 (x 1) [
2 3
2 dx +
1
1
1
2 3
= E
x=t x=0
(x 1) ] [ + E 1
t1+
dx = E
1 (x 1) ] =
2 3
t1 0
1
dx + E
1 (x 1) 3
2
t1+ t
dx
x =2 x =t
t1
(x 1) 3 2
0
(x 1) 3
-NAH?
?E
1 + 1 = 2,
IJH= @ GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ) CKH= =>=EN
y
(x 1) 3
dx A?
LAHCA JA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f
6
y=
1 (x1)2
1 2
Observa c ao 15.2.3 + = BK ? = f =?E = A = AC=JEL= IACKA GKA = =HA= ?K L= H @A J=HA I F H A @= HACE= R ? JE@= F = xOy @A E EJ=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f FA =I HAJ=I x = 0 x = 2 A FA AEN Ox IAH = @=@= FA = E JACH= E FH FHE= ?= ?K =@= =?E = K IA = A = 2 u.a. .
) CKH= =>=EN
y
AJHE?= @= HACE= R
6
y=
1 (x1)2
1 2
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1-
$"
I JAH KJH I JEF I @A E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I ?
F H ANA F EJ=I
5A = f : (a, b) R K = BK ? = A ? J
K= A (a, b) =I JA @AI? JE KE@=@AI E A x = a A x = b = CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= K = F IIE>E E@=@A @AIJ= IEJK= ?=
y = f(x)
AIJA ?=I @A ? IA @
I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f em (a, b) E @E?=@= F H

b
a
b f(x) dx
a
. f(x) dx =
c f(x) dx +
a
b f(x) dx,
c
= AIF A?EA
= AIF A?EA
@A c (a, b) ) E JACH= E FH FHE= A

b
c
b
a
f(x) dx IAH = @EJ= convergente IA =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I
c f(x) dx
a
f(x) dx B HA
? LAHCA JAI
b
a
+=I ? JH =HE = E JACH= E FH FHE=
f(x) dx IAH = @EJ= divergente
5A = c (a, b) A f : (a, b) \ {c} R K = BK ?= A ? J

K= A (a, b) \ {c} =I JA @AI? JE KE@=@AI E EJ=I A x = a x = b A x = c = CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= K = F IIE>E E@=@A F=H= AIJ= IEJK= ?=
$"
y
+)2 167
y = f(x)
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
AIJA ?=I @A ? IA @
E
b
a
I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f em (a, b) \ {c} E @E?=@= F H

. f(x) dx = b
a
b f(x) dx
a
c f(x) dx
a
b +
c
f(x) dx
= AIF A?EA I @ EI ANJHA I
. c f(x) dx
a
= AIF A?EA
I @ EI ANJHA
) E JACH= E FH FHE= A
b
c
f(x) dx B HA
? LAHCA JAI
b
a
! 5A = f : (a, ) R K = BK ? = A ? J
K= A (a, ) =I JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = a = CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= K = F IIE>E E@=@A F=H= AIJ= IEJK= ?=
y
y = f(x)
AIJA ?=I @A ? IA @
I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f em (a, ) E @E?=@= F H
f(x) dx
a
. f(x) dx =
c f(x) dx +
a
f(x) dx,
c
= AIF A?EA
= AIF A?EA
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1-
$"!
c f(x) dx
a
@A c (a, ) ) E JACH= E FH FHE= AIJ= A @A
f(x) dx IAH = @EJ= convergente IA =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I = AIF A?EA A f(x) dx AIJ= A @A = AIF A?EA B HA ? LAHCA JAI
a c
+=I ? JH =HE @EHA
" 5A = f : (, b) R K = BK ?= A ? J
K= A (, b) =I JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = b = CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= K = F IIE>E E@=@A F=H= AIJ= IEJK= ?=
y
y = f(x)
AIJA ?=I @A ? IA @
I = integral impr opria da fun c ao f em (, b) E @E?=@= F H

b
f(x) dx
. f(x) dx =
b f(x) dx +
c
f(x) dx,
= AIF A?EA
= AIF A?EA
@A c (, b)
f(x) dx IAH = @EJ= convergente IA =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I b AIJ= A @A = AIF A?EA A f(x) dx AIJ= A @A = AIF A?EA B HA ? LAHCA JAI
c
) E JACH= E FH FHE=
f(x) dx
# 5A = f : R \ {a} R K = BK ?= A ? J
K= A R \ {a} =I JA K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = a = CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= K = F IIE>E E@=@A F=H= AIJ= IEJK= ?=
$""
y
+)2 167
6
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
y = f(x)
AIJA ?=I @A ? IA @
I = E JACH= E FH FHE= @= BK ?= f A
R \ {a} E @E?=@= F H f(x) dx ,
f(x) dx
. f(x) dx =
f(x) dx +
a
=A
= AIF A?EAI
=A
= AIF A?EAI
@A c (, ) ) E JACH= E FH FHE= A
f(x) dx
f(x) dx B HA
? LAHCA JAI
$ 2 @A I JAH KJH I JEF I @A E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I GKA F @A LAHCA ?E=I IACKE @ =I E@ AE=I =?E =
+ EIJ JA I=
a < c A p (0, ) N=@ I
IAH AIJK@=@=I IK=I ?
) E JACH= E FH FHE= @A
= AIF A?EA
c
a
1 dx , (x c)p
IAH = ? LAHCA JA IA A I
Demonstra c ao:
A JA IA p (0, 1)
>IAHLA
I GKA IA f : [a, c) R A @=@= F H

. f(x) = 1 , (x c )p
F=H= ?=@= x [a, c) ,

[a, b] F=H= b [a, c) N=@
A J= = BK ?= f IAH = ? J
K= A [a, c) @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = c
C E JACH =LA A
A JAH =K
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1c
a
$"#
C = E JACH= A K = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA 5A p = 1 JA I

c
a
1 dx (x c)p
1 = E x c tc
t
a
1 dx = E xc tc
= E
tc
|t c|
|a c|]
-NAH?
?E
5A p = 1 JA
c
a
I
t
1 = E (x c)p tc
[ ] x=t 1 1 1p dx = E (x c) p 1p tc a (x c) x=a [ ] 1 (a c)1p , F=H= ?=@= 1 1p 1p (t c) (a c) = p1 = E 1 p tc , F=H= ?=@= p (1, ) c

a
p (0, 1)
+ ? KI=
1 = (x c)p
? LAHCA JA F=H= ?=@= p (0, 1) @ELAHCA JA F=H= ?=@= p [1, )
F AJ= @ = @A 6A
IJH= ?=
I =I IACKE JA FH FHEA@=@AI F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA
N=@ I ?
@AI?
f, g : (a, b] R BK ? AI E JACH =LAEI A JE KE@=@A E EJ= A x = a A R b

a
[a, c] F=H= ?=@= c (a, b)
5A = E JACH= E FH FHE= E JACH= E FH FHE= ) A @EII

b
c
f(x) dx A?
LAHCA JA A J=
F=H= ?=@= c (a, b) JA
I GKA =
f(x) dx IAH =? c f(x) dx =
LAHCA JA
b f(x) dx
c
b
a
f(x) dx +
a
.
= AIF A?EA
E JACH= @A
E@=
E JACH= E FH FHE= @A
5A = E JACH= E FH FHE= f(x) dx A ? LAHCA JA A J= = E JACH= E FH FHE= a J= > A IAH = ? LAHCA JA ) A @EII b b
( f)(x) dx =
a a
b ( f)(x) dx
a
f(x) dx .
! 5A = E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I
b
a
b f(x) dx
a
b
a
b
a
g(x) dx I= ?
LAHCA JAI A J= =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I
(f + g)(x) dx
(f g)(x) dx J= > A
IAH= ? LAHCA JAI
$"$
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
) A A
@EII
b (f + g)(x) dx =
a
b f(x) dx +
a
g(x) dx
a
b (f g)(x) dx =
a
b f(x) dx
a
g(x) dx .
a
" 5A = 0 = E JACH= E FH FHE= IAH= @ELAHCA JAI

Demonstra c ao:
f(x) dx A ? LAHCA JA A = E JACH= E FH FHE= g(x) dx b b b a A @ELAHCA JA A J= =I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I (f + g)(x) dx (f g)(x) dx A ( g)(x) dx
a a a a
)I @A IJH= ? AI IACKA ANAH?

? F=H= AEJ H
@=I FH FHEA@=@AI > =IE?=I @A E EJAI
EJ A IAH= @AEN=@=I ?
>IAHL= ?= # " ,AEN=HA I = ?=HC @

6A I
HAIK J=@ = = C F=H= =I KJH=I E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I E JH @K E@=I AEJ H I A K ?E=@ I A =I HAIFA?JEL=I @A IJH= ? AI @ I AI I
IACKE JA HAIK J=@ E F HJ= JA F=H=
AIJK@ @A E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA
Teorema 15.2.1 @= + F=H= ?= F=H= E JACH=EI E FH FHE=I @A = AIF A?EA 5A = f, g : (a, b] R BK ? AI ? J
K=I A (a, b] ? @AI? JE KE@=@AI E EJ=I A x = a A I=JEIB= A @ 0 f(x) g(x) ,
F=H= ?=@= x (a, b] .

b f(x) dx
a
- J= E IA = E JACH= E FH FHE= IAH = ? LAHCA JA A
b
a
g(x) dx B H ? 0 b
a
LAHCA JA JAHA
f(x) dx b
g(x) dx ;
a
EE IA = E JACH= E FH FHE= IAH = @ELAHCA JA

Demonstra c ao:
b
a
f(x) dx B H @ELAHCA JA JAHA
b g(x) dx
a
) @A IJH= ?= @AIJA HAIK J=@ A IA A D= JA = @ 6A HA = @= + @A = AIF A?EA ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?

?E F=H= AEJ H = IK= @A IJH= ?=
F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I
Observa c ao 15.2.6 8= A I HAIK J=@ I = = C I = 6A HA = =?E = F=H= ?=@= K = @=I E JA CH=EI E FH FHE=I E JH @K E@=I = >IAHL= ?= # " ,AEN=HA I ? ANAH?
? F=H= AEJ H A K ?E = I A @A IJH = I
)F EGKA
I=
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1-
$"%
LAHCA ?E= @= E JACH= E FH FHE= @A

6
3
= AIF A?EA
(x) dx . (x 3)4
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA = BK ?= g : (3, 6] R @=@= F H

. g(x) = (x) , (x 3)4
F=H= ?=@= x (3, 6] ,

(3, 6]
JA
K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E EJ= A c = 3 A A ? J

K= A [c, 6] F=H= ?=@= c (3, 6] N=@ 5A ? IE@AH=H I = BK ?= f : (3, 6] R @=@= F H
. f(x) = 1 , (x 3)4
C IAH = K = BK ?= E JACH =LA A
F=H= ?=@= x (3, 6] ,

c = 3 IAH =?
A J= A = JAH = K = @AI? JE KE@=@A E

0 f(x) = 1 (x 3)4
EJ= A
J
K= A
(3, 6] A
3x 1 (3) (x)
(x) = g(x) , (x 3)4
F=H= ?=@= x (3, 6] .
) A
@EII FA = 2H F IE ?= # ?

6
p = 4 > 1 JA 6
f(x) dx =
3 3
1 dx (x 3)4
A @ELAHCA JA C @ 6A HA = @= + F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I @A E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA

6
3
= AIF A?EA EJA
EE IACKA GKA =
(x) dx (x 3)4
IAH = @ELAHCA JA 2=H= = E =H JA
ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 15.2.1 2=H= ?=@= t (0, ) N=@ ? IE@AHA I = E JACH= E FH FHE= . (t ) = ex xt1 dx ,
0
GKA A @A - J=
E =@= fun c ao Gama
E = E JACH= E FH FHE= =?E = A ? LAHCA JA F=H= ?=@= t (0, ) N=@ EE F=H= t (1, ) JA EEE A I GKA
(t) = (t 1) (t 1) ;
F=HJE?K =H IA n N JA
I GKA
(n) = (n 1)! .
$"&
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
,A E >IAHLA
I GKA
e x
x t1
1 dx =
0
e x
x t1
dx +
1
ex xt1 dx .
(II)
(I)
2=H= t [1, ) N=@ JA
I GKA = E JACH= 1 IAH = K = E JACH= @A

0
E@= A
[0, 1] F EI = BK ?=
x ex xt 1
A K = BK ?= ? J
K= A [0, 1] 5A (0, 1) JA I GKA
0 ex xt1 xt1 = 1
0
1 , x1t
F=H= ?=@= x (0, 1] . = AIF A?EA
+ C
1 t < 1 IACKA @= 2H F IE ?= #
IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A
xt1 dx IAH =?
1
LAHCA JA F=H= ?= F=H= 1 JACH=EI 1 FH FHE=I @A IAH = ? LAHCA JA JA = AIF A?EA IACKA GKA = E JACH= IJH= @ GKA 1 IAH = ? LAHCA JA F=H= ?=@= I GKA
= 0.
E FH FHE=
@ 6A HA = @= +
0
ex xt1 dx J= > A
t (0, ) N=@
2=H= = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A = AIF A?EA 11

x
x2 ex xt1
-NAH?
?E
1
0
)IIE
@ 6A HA = # EJA LAHCA JA
E ?
A = 0 A p = 2 IACKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A

0
= AIF A?EA
ex xt1 dx IAH =?
1 A 11 I= ? LAHCA JAI IACKA GKA = E JACH= E FH FHE= @A
ex xt1 dx A?
LAHCA JA F=H=
?=@= t (0, ) N=@ EIJ A = BK ?= : (0, ) R AIJ = >A ,A EE 2=H= ?=@ t (1, ) JA I GKA
(t ) =
0
E@=
e x
x t1
dx = E
a0+ b a
ex xt1 dx.
#
=I
b
a
ex xt1 dx =
xt1 ex dx =
a =u x=b
= uv
x=a
} u = xt1 du = (t 1)xt2 dx dv = ex dx v = ex + C =dv b [ ] x=b b t1 x (ex ) (t 1)xt2 dx v du = x (e )

a x=a a
b [ ] t1 b t1 = b e + a ea + (t 1) ex )xt2 dx .
a
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5 ,-
) -52-+1-
$"'
5K>IJEJKE @ A
# >JAHA
{[ } b ] t1 b t1 x t2 (t) = E + E b .e + a ea + (t 1) e x dx a0 b a -NAH?
?E = (t 1) ex x[(t1)1] dx = (t 1) (t 1) ,
0
GKAH
= I ,A EEE ,AEN=HA I ?
IJH=H ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
(1) =
0
IJH=H GKA
ex dx = 1 .
,A EJA
EE JA
I GKA
(2) = (2 1) (1) = 1 = 1! (3) = (3 1) (2) = 2 = 2! (4) = (4 1) (3) = 3.2! = 3!
A =IIE
F H E @KE ?= IACKA F @A I JH=J=H @
EJA
EEE ?
F AJ= @ = @A
IJH= ?= @ HAIK J=@
- =IIE
LAHCA JA @= E JACH= E FH FHE=
ex x3 dx .
Resolu c ao:
>IAHLA
I GKA

0 0
e x dx =
0
x 3
ex x(41) dx = (3) = 3! = 6 ,
ex x3 dx IAH =?
LAHCA JA A IAK L= H IAH =6
$#
+)2 167
#
1 6-/4)15 1 24 241)5
Cap tulo 16
Coordenadas Polares no Plano

AIJA +=F
JK JH=J=HA I @A AIJK@=H I AI I FH > A =I GKA JEL=H= = E JH @K ?= @ + = ?K ,EBAHA ?E= = GKAIJ= @= HAJ= J= CA JA A @ + = ?K 1 JACH= FH > A = @= =HA= I GKA @ F J @A LEIJ= @=I ? H@A =@=I F =HAI = A @A ?= ?K =H ? FHE A J @A K =H? @=@ A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
16.1
Coordenadas Polares no Plano
.ENA I A K F = K = IA E HAJ= GKA @A J=HA I ? IA E AEN F IEJEL @ I Ox A @A E = HA I F H eixo polar F J O IAH = @EJ origem polar A AIJA ?=I JAHA I plano polar ,=@ K F J P @EIJE J @= HECA O F @A I =II ?E = = K F=H H@A =@ (r, ) @A J= @ GKA
|r| A = @EIJ= ?E= @ F A = CK
J P = HECA
F =H O
A H=@E= I GKA = IA E HAJ= OP B= ? IA E HAJ= @ AEN F =H Ox IA @ F IEJEL IA AIJELAH HEA J=@ IA JE@ = JE D H =HE A AC=JEL ?=I ? JH =HE 5A r > 0 =H?= I F J P I >HA =@ @ = CK 2 H KJH =@ IA r < 0 =H?= I F J P I >HA =@ @ = CK + LA = CKH= =>=EN
|r| = d(Pi , O), i = 1, 2 P1 = (|r|, )
P2 = (|r|, )
F=H H@A =@ (r, ) >JE@ =?E = @=HA
A @A coordenadas polares @ F J P
F =HAI
Exemplo 16.1.1
?= E A
(
F=
F =H
I F J I =>=EN GKA AIJ= @=@ I A A

( ) 3 P3 = 2, . 2
? H@A =@=I
) P1 = 1, , 4
( ) P2 = 2, 2
$#
$#
Resolu c ao:
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
3 2 4
P1 =
( ) 1, 4
P2 =
( ) ( ) 2, = P3 = 2, 3 2 2
Observa c ao 16.1.1
-
I F J I P2 A P3 ? E ?E@A CAH= JA
A JA
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @EBAHA JAI
I GKA IA P = (r, ) A J= LA = CKH= =>=EN

(r, + 2) = P = (r, + ).
(r, + 2) = (r, ) = (r, + )
(r, )
=EI CAH= A JA JA
I
(r, + 2k) = P = (r, + (2k 1)), k Z.
, @A ? ? K
I GKA K @A =@=I F =HAI
F J P F @AH = JAH K = E
E@=@A @A HAFHAIA J= ? AI A
? H
2=H= ALEJ=H I EIJ L= I HAIJHE CEH = CK = K E JAHL= @A ? FHE A J GKA F @AH = L=HE=H @A =? H@ ? =I II=I A?AIIE@=@AI F H ANA F [0, ) K [ ) , A JHA KJH I
2 2
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
2 )
$#!
=I ? @E ? AI =?E = JA I GKA @=@ K F J P = (x, y) @=@ A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I F @A I A ? JH=H IK=I ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @= IACKE JA B H =
x2 + y 2 , IA F J P AIJ = K GK=@= JA d(P, O) = x2 + y2 , IA F J P AIJ = ! K " GK=@= JA; (y) =H?JC , IA x = 0 x : . = , IA x = 0 2 r= d(P, O) = {
$
) CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= = IEJK= ?=

GK=@H= JA
GK=@H= JA
P2 = (d(P2 , O), 1 ) 1
P1 = (d(P1 , O), )
P3 = (d(P3 , O), )
P4 = (d(P4 , O), 1 )
GK=@H= JA
"
GK=@H= JA
" 2 H KJH =@ @=@= =I ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @A K

{ x = r ? I() y = r IA ()
F J P = (r, ) @A
E @ IA
$
JA
I =I ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @ F J P = (x, y) LA = CKH= =>=EN

y y = r IA ()
P = (x, y)
O x = r?
I()
EIJ JA
ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 16.1.1
$#"
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
- ? JHA =I ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ I F J I =>=EN GKA AIJ= @=@ I A JAIE= =I

P1 = (1, 2) P2 = (1, 1).
? H@A =@=I ?=H
- ? JHA =I ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @ I F J I =>=EN GKA AIJ= @=@ I A F =HAI ( ) ( )

P3 = 1, 2 P4 = 2, 4 . Resolu c ao:
? H@A =@=I
,A F J P1 AIJ =
r=
GK=@H= JA C
(1)2 + 12 = 5
= =H?JC
1 2
) =
2 . 3
( ) 2 C P1 = 5, A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI 3 F J P2 AIJ = " GK=@H= JA C r = 12 + (1)2 = 2 A ( ) 3 C P2 = 2, A 4
= =H?JC
1 1
) =
3 . 4
? H@A =@=I F =HAI

P1 = ( ) 5, 2 3
3 4 2 3
/A
AJHE?= A JA JA
( ) P2 = 2, 3 4
,A 2=H=
F J P3 JA
I GKA
() x = 1 ? I 2 () y = 1 IA 2
EIJ A
{ x=0 y=1
C P3 = (0, 1) A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I 2=H= F J P4 JA I GKA
( ) x = 2 ? I 4 ( ) y = 2 IA 4
EIJ A
{ x= 2 y= 2
C P4 = ( 2, 2) A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I /A AJHE?= A JA JA I
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
y
)4-5
6
$##
P4 = ( 2, 2) P3 = (1, 0)
2
Observa c ao 16.1.2
) ?=@= F J P = (x, y) = (0, 0) AIJ=H = =II ?E=@ K K E? F=H H@A =@ (r, ) ?K =I ? H@A =@=I I= @=@=I F H $ HAIJHECE @ IA = CK = K E JAHL= @A ? FHE AJ 4A?EFH ?= A JA = ?=@= F=H H@A =@ (r, ) AIJ=H = =II ?E=@ K @=@ I F H $ K E? F J P = (x, y)
)I HA = ? AI $ A $ I= =I AGK= ? AI @A JH= IB H = ?= @A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I HJ C =EI A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI A LE?A LAHI=
16.2
Gr aco de fun co es dadas em coordenadas polares

E I
gr aco de uma equa c ao
Deni c ao 16.2.1 ,A
F(r, ) = 0 ,
F=H= ?=@= (r, ) A (0, ) R K J @ F= F =H
@=@= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI A
IACKE JA IK>?
{(r, ) A ; F(r, ) = 0}. Observa c ao 16.2.1 2 @A
@A K = AGK= ?= @=@= A AGK= ?= @=@= A

Exemplo 16.2.1 - ?
I HAFHAIA J=H CA AJHE?= A JA A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ? IJH= AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI ANA F I =>=EN
CH = ?
JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H

r = 1,
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @=
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ?=I
F(r, ) = r 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, 2] . F =H O EIJ A
5=>A I GKA |r| A = @EIJ= ?E= @A K F J P = HECA F =H O C GKAHA I KC=H CA AJHE? @ I F J I @ F = GKA @EIJ= 1 @= HECA K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH = HECA O A H=E = 1 LA = CKH= =>=EN
$#$
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
P = (1, )
r = 1 [0, 2]
6A
I I IACKE JAI ANAH?

?E I HAI LE@ I
AGK= ?= @=@= A

r = 1,
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @=
F=H= ?=@= [0, ] .
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ?=I
F(r, ) = r 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, ] .
5=>A I GKA |r| A = @EIJ= ?E= @A K F J P = HECA F =H O F=H= ?=@= [0, ] C GKAHA I KC=H CA AJHE? @ I F J I @ F = GKA @EIJ= 1 @= HECA F =H O F=H= ?=@= [0, ] EIJ A K = IA E ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH = HECA O A H=E = 1 ? JE@= IA E F = IKFAHE H @ F = xOy A ? H@A= @=I ?=HJAIE= =I LA = CKH= =>=EN
(1, )
O r = 1 [0, ]
Exemplo 16.2.2 - ?
AGK= ?= @=@= A

r = 1 ,
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @=
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ?=I
F(r, ) = r + 1 ,
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] . F =H O EIJ A
5=>A I GKA |r| A = @EIJ= ?E= @A K F J P = HECA F =H O C GKAHA I KC=H CA AJHE? @ I F J I @ F = GKA @EIJ= 1 @= HECA K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH = HECA O A H=E = 1 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$#%
P = (1, )
r = 1 [0, 2]
KJH ANA F
E F HJ= JA A @=@ FA
AGK= ?= @=@= A
Exemplo 16.2.3 - ?

= , 4
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @=
F=H= ?=@= r R .
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ?=I
F(r, ) =
, 4
F=H= ?=@= r R A R .
5=>A I GKA @=@ K F J P = O JA I GKA A = CK GKA IAC A J @A HAJ= OP B= ? AEN F =H C GKAHA I KC=H CA AJHE? @ I F J I P @ F = J= GKA IAC A J @A HAJ= OP B= ? EIJ A = HAJ= OP @A IAC A J OP B H = = CK AEN F =H K = CK ? IJ= JA @A L= H 4 4 ? AEN F =H LA = CKH= =>=EN
P=
( ) r, 4
= 4
= rR 4
6A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
AGK= ?= @=@= A

= , 4
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @=
F=H= ?=@= r (0, ).
Resolu c ao:
AIJA ?=I
F(r, ) =
, 4
F=H= ?=@= r (0, ) A R .
$#&
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
5=>A I GKA @=@ K F J P = O JA I GKA A = CK GKA IAC A J @A HAJ= OP B= ? AEN F =H C GKAHA I KC=H CA AJHE? @ I F J I P @ F = J= GKA IAC A J @A HAJ= OP B= ? AEN F =H K = CK ? IJ= JA @A L= H A r (0, ) EIJ A = IA E HAJ= OP @A IAC A J
OP B H = = CK ? 4
AEN F =H LA = CKH= =>=EN
P=
) ( r, 4
= 4
= r>0 4
Observa c ao 16.2.2 - = CK =I IEJK= ? AI IAH = B=?E EJ=@= = ? IJHK ?= @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA A JHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @A K = AGK= ?= F(r, ) = 0 @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI IA I K>AH I = CK =I FH FHEA@=@AI F=HJE?K =HAI @= BK ?= F GKA I B H A?AH= = CK =I FH FHEA@=@A @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AI = = CK =I =II ?E=@=I = IE AJHE= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ? F H ANA F
5A
F(r, + ) = F(r, ) ,
F=H= ?=@= (r, ) Dom(F) F=H= ?=@= (r, ) Dom(F) ,
K
F(r, ) = F(r, ) ,
A J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E = IAH = IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HECA F =H LA = = CKH= =>=EN
(r, )
(r, + ) = (r, )
5A
F(r, ) = F(r, 2 )
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$#'
K
F(r, ) = F(r, ),
F=H= ?=@= (r, ) FAHJA ?A JA = @

E @= BK ?= f A J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E = IAH = IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = AEN F =H LA = = CKH= =>=EN
(r, )
(r, 2 ) = (r, )
! 5A
F(r, ) = F(r, ),
F=H= ?=@= (r, ) FAHJA ?A JA = @

E @= BK ?= f A J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E = IAH = IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= = 2 LA = = CKH= =>=EN
(r, ) (r, )
2 @A
I =F E?=H AIJ=I J A? E?=I
I IACKE JA ANA F I A ANAH?

?E = IACKEH
N=@ - ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H
r = a ? I() , Resolu c ao:
Exemplo 16.2.4 5A = a > 0
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I
F=H= ?=@= ,
[ ] . 2 2
5A = - J=
. F(r, ) = r a ? I() ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A ,
? I()=? I()
[ ] . 2 2
F(r, ) = r a ? I() = r a ? I() = F(r, ), [ ] F=H= ?=@= r R A , K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? 2 2 @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A
AEN F =H
$$ C >=IJ= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
F(r, ) = 0 ,
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= A 0,

[ ] [ ] , 2
F=H= ?=@=
rR
A KI=H +
I = IE AJHE= =?E = F=H= JH= ?=H I = AI = F=H= , 0 2 EIJ >JA I = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
P = (a ?
I(), )
(a , 0) 2
(a, 0)
7I= @ GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = AEN F =H >JAHA I A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
(a ?
I(), )
( O ) (a, 0)
a,0 2
(a ? r = a? [ ] , I(), 2 2
I(), )
C A = HAFHAIA ?= CA AJHE?= A ( a ) J= a @A ?A JH A , 0 A H=E ECK= =

2 2 Observa c ao 16.2.3
? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @ CH = ? @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E=
= LAH@=@A F=II= @ F=H= ? ) H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I = AGK= ?= =?E = A= (a a AGK= ?= @= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH F J , 0 A H=E ECK= = A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE 2 2 = =I ,A B=J F EI
r = a ? I() r2 = a r ? I() ( ( a )2 a )2 x + (y 0)2 = , 2 2
r r2 =x2 +y2 , x=r ? I()
x2 + y2 = ax x2 ax + y2 = 0 (a 2 ) ,0
GKA A = AGK= ?=
? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH E KIJH= = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I
F J
a A H=E ECK= = ? 2
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
y
)4-5
$$
a 2
(a, 0) x
a,0 2
,A
@ IA A D= JA JA
I I ANAH?
?E I HAI LE@ I
Exerc cio 16.2.3 5A = a > 0
N=@ - ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H
r = a ? I() , Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= @ CH = ?
F=H= ?=@=
] 3 . , 2 2
5A =
. F(r, ) = r + a ? I() ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A
? I(2)=? I()
] 3 , . 2 2 [
F(r, 2 ) = r + a ? I(2 ) = r + a ? I() = F(r, ), [ ] 3 F=H= ?=@= r R A , K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? 2 2 @= AGK= ?= F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A AEN F =H ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? F=H= [ ]C >=IJ= JH= , A KI=H I = IE AJHE= =?E = F=H= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI 2 [ ] 3 @ CH = ? GK= @ , 2
- J=
EIJ
>JA
I = CKH= =>=EN A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
(a ?
I(), )
( (a, )
a, 2
3 CH = ? @= AGK= ?= F(r, ) = 0 F=H= ?=@= r R A , A 2 2
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA
IACKE JA = HAFHAIA[ J= ?= ] CA
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI @
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
$$
+)2 167
$
2
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
(a ?
I(), )
( (a, )
a, 2
(a ?
I(), 2 )
r = a ?
I(),
, 3 2 2
C A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ( a ) a @A ?A JH A , 0 A H=E ECK= =

2 2
Observa c ao 16.2.4 2=H= LAH GKA EIJ @A B=J A LAH@=@A >=IJ= >IAHL=H GKA r = a ? I() r2 = a r ? I() ( ( a )2 a )2 x+ + ( y 0 )2 = , 2 2
r r2 =x2 +y2 , x=r ? I())0
x2 + y2 = ax x2 + ax + y2 = 0
GKA A = AGK= ?= A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH A H=E ECK= =
a ? 2
F J
E KIJH= = CKH= =>=EN
? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I

y
( a ) ,0 2
6 I
(a, 0) (
a 2
a ,0 2
6A
I J= > A
N=@ - ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H
r = b IA () , Resolu c ao:
Exerc cio 16.2.4 5A = b > 0
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I
F=H= ?=@= [0, ] .
5A = - J=
. F(r, ) = r b IA () ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, ] .

IA ()= IA ()
F(r, ) = r b IA ( )
r b IA () = F(r, ) ,
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$$!
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, ] K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A = HECA F =H A A FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN F =H K IA = = A = 2 2 ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? F=H= [ ]C >=IJ= JH= 0, A KI=H I = IE AJHE= =?E = 2 + EIJ >JA I = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
( ) b, 2 (b IA (), ) ( )
b, 2 2
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA I = IACKE JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H F(r, ) = 0 F=H ?=@= r R A [0, ]
( ) b, 2 (b IA (), ) (
b, 2 2
(b IA ( ), ) )
O r = b IA () [0, ]
@A ?A JH A
C A = HAFHAIA ?= CA ( )J=
b 0, 2
b A H=E ECK= = 2
AJHE?= A
= LAH@=@A F=II= @ F=H= ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I = AGK= ?= =?E = A= b b AGK= ?= @= ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH F J (0, ) A H=E A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I 2 2 ,A B=J F EI
Observa c ao 16.2.5 r = b IA () r2 = b r IA () ) ( )2 ( b b 2 = , (x 0)2 + y 2 2
r] r2 =x2 +y2 , y=r IA ()
x2 + y2 = by x2 + y2 by = 0
GKA A = AGK= ?= A H=E

b ? 2
? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I
( ) b J 0, 2
E KIJH= = CKH= =>=EN A
$$"
y (0, b)
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
6
0, b 2
b 2
,A
@ IA A D= JA JA
Exerc cio 16.2.5 5A = b > 0 N=@ - ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H r = b IA () , Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I
F=H= ?=@= [, 2] .
5A =
. F(r, ) = r + b IA () ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A [, 2] .
IA ()= IA ()
- J=
F(r, ) = r b IA ( )
r b IA () = F(r, ),
F=H= ?=@= r R A [, 2] K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A = HECA F =H A A FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN F =H K IA = = ? + EIJ >JA
3 A= EIJ A >=IJ= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA 2 2[ ] 3 A KI=H I = IE AJHE= =?E = H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? F=H= , 2
AJHE?= A
I = CKH= =>=EN A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
b , 3 2 2
(b IA (), ) ( ) b, 3 2
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA I = IACKE JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= F(r, ) = 0 F=H= ?=@= r R A [, 2] A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$$#
( (b IA (), )
b , 3 2 2
) (b IA ( ), )
( ) b, 3 2
r = b IA () [, 2]
Observa c ao 16.2.6
= LAH@=@A F=II= @ F=H= ? H@A ?=HJAIE= =I = AGK= ?= =?E = A = AGK= ?= @= ( =@=I ) b b ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH F J 0, A H=E ECK= = A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I
2 2
,A B=J
F EI
r r2 =x2 +y2 , y=r IA ()
r = b IA () r2 = b r IA () ) ( )2 ( b b 2 2 = , (x 0) + y + 2 2
x2 + y2 = by x2 + y2 + by = 0
GKA A =)AGK= ?= A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH F J ( b b 0, A H=E ECK= = ? E KIJH= = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I
2 2
y
b 2
(0, b ) 2
(0, b)
,=@ I a, b 0 = = > I K I JA I GKA = HAFHAIA J ?= CA F =HAI @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
r = a ? I() + b IA (),
AJHE?= A
? H@A =@=I
F=H= L=HE= @ A
( a b , 2 2 )
K E JAHL=
( a )2 2
A H=E ECK= =
( )2 b + A 2
? LA EA JA
I @ = K = ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH A
? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I
$$$
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
,A B=J
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] JA
I F=II= @ F=H= ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I GKA

r
r = a ? I() + b IA () r2 = a r ? I() + b r IA () x2 + y2 = ax + by ( ) ( )2 ( a )2 b 2 ( a )2 b x + y = + , 2 2 2 2
r2 =x2 +y2 , x=r ? I(), y=r IA ()
K IA = A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I JA
I K =H? @A ?EH?K BAHA ?E= @A ?A JH A
A H=E ECK= =
( a )2 2
( )2 b + LE@A CKH= =>=EN 2
a b , 2 2
6 M
(
a 2
(0, b)
)2
( + )
b 2
)2
a, b 2 2
(a, 0) x
KJH ANA F E F HJ= JA @A ?KHL= @=@= A

Exemplo 16.2.5 - ?
? H@A =@=I F =HAI A
@A =@=I F =HAI F H
JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

r = 1 + IA () ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?=
[ ] 3 , . 2 2
@=@= A
? H
F=H= ?=@=
Resolu c ao:
5A =
. F(r, ) = r 1 IA () ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A
IA ()= IA ()
] 3 , . 2 2
- J=
F(r, ) = r 1 IA ( ) = r 1 IA () = F(r, ), [ ] 3 F=H= ?=@= r R A , K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= 2 2 A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A = HECA F =H A A 3 FAHFA @E?K =H = AEN F =H EIJ A = A= 2 2 [ ] C >=IJ= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E = F=H= , 2 2
A KI=H +
I = IE AJHE= =?E = EIJ >JA I = CKH= =>=EN A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
) (2, 2
$$%
2 0
2
r 0 1 2
(0, ) 2
(1 +
IA
(), )
(1, 0)
3 0 F=H= ?=@= r R A , 2 2
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA [
I ] IACKE JA CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) =
(1 +
IA
( ), )
(1 +
IA
(), )
r=1+
IA
[ ] () , 3 2 2
Observa c ao 16.2.7 ) ?KHL= =?E = A @A
E =@= cardi oide
7 = KJH= ?=H@E E@A A @=@= FA

ANAH?
?E =>=EN
@A =@=I F =HAI F H
Resolu c ao:

r = 1 ? I() ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?=
@=@= A
? H
F=H= ?=@= [, ] .
5A = - J=
. F(r, ) = r 1 ? I() , F(r, ) = r 1 ? I()
F=H= ?=@= r R A [, ] .
? I()=? I()
r 1 ? I() = F(r, ),
F=H= ?=@= r R A [, ] K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A AEN F =H C >=IJ= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E = F=H= [0, ] A KI=H I = IE AJHE= =?E = + EIJ >JA I = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
$$&
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
0
2
r 0 1 2
(2, ) (1 ?
I(), )
(1, ) 2
(0, 0)
0 F=H= ?=@= r R A [, ]
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA
I IACKE JA CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) =

(1 ?
I(), )
(1 ?
I(), ) I()
[, ]
r=1?
KJH= ?KHL= E F HJ= JA @=@= A

Exemplo 16.2.6 - ?
? H@A =@=I F =HAI A @=@ FA

r = 1 + 2 ? I() ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?=
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
Resolu c ao:
5A = - J=
. F(r, ) = r 1 2 ? I() ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, 2] .

? I(2)=? I()
F(r, 2 ) = r 1 2 ? I(2 )
r 1 2 ? I() = F(r, ),
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, 2] K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A AEN F =H C >=IJ= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? F=H= ?=@= [0, ] A KI=H I = IE AJHE= =?E = + EIJ >JA I = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
(1 + 2 ?
I(), )
0
2 2 3
r 3 1 0 1
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$$' @=@=
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA I = IACKE JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, 2] A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
(1 + 2 ?
I(), )
(1 + 2 ? r = 1 + 2?
I(2 ), 2 )
I(), [0, 2]
E =@= lima com

AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = AGK= ?= A
KJH= ?KHL= E F HJ= JA >JE@= ? ? H@A =@=I F =HAI A @=@ FA
= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
Exemplo 16.2.7 - ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @A =@=I F =HAI F H r = 3 ? I(2) , F=H= ?=@= [, ] . Resolu c ao:
@=@= A
? H
5A = - J=
. F(r, ) = r 3 ? I(), F(r, ) = r 3 ? I(2)
r R, =
F=H= ?=@= [, ] .
r 3 ? I(2) = F(r, ),
? I(2)=? I(2)
F=H= ?=@= r R A [, ] K IA = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A AEN F =H C >=IJ= JH= ?=H I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= =?E = F=H= [0, ] A KI=H I = IE AJHE= =?E = + EIJ >JA I = CKH= =>=EN A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
= 2 = 3 4 = 4
0
4 2 3 4
r 3 0 3 0 3
(3 ? =
I(2), )
,= IE AJHE= =?E = >JAHA I = IACKE JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 F=H= ?=@= r R A [, ] A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
@=@=
$%
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
(3 ?
I(2), )
r = 3?
I(2),
[, ]
Observa c ao 16.2.9 ) ?KHL= =?E = A?
DA?E@= ?
ros acea de quatro p etalas
KJH JEF @A H I =?A= A @=@ FA ANAH?

?E HAI LE@
@A =@=I F =HAI F H

r = 3 ? I(5) ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?=
@=@= A
? H
F=H= ?=@= [0, ] .
Resolu c ao:
5A =
. F(r, ) = r 3 ? I(5) ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A [0, ] .
EIJ [ >JA ] I = CKH= =>=EN A 2 2=H= 0, JAHA I

5
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
= 2 5
= 4 5
= 3 10 = 5 (3 ?
0
10 5 3 10 2 5
r 3 0 3 0 3
I(5), )
= 10
= 6 5 = 8 5
] 2 4 2=H= , JAHA 5 5
I = C IA A D= JA A
A JA F=H= [0, ] JAHA
$
/4).1+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$%
2 5
(3 ?
I(5), )
r = 3?
I(5),
[0, 2]
) ?KHL= = ?E = A @A CAH= JA
r = a ? I(n) ,
E =@= ros acea de cinco p etalas ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H K

r = a IA (n) ,
I GKA =I AGK= ? AI @=@=I A F=H= ?=@= [0, 2]
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2]
I= ros aceas de 2n p etalas IA n A F=H A ros aceas de n p etalas IA n A

F=H
KJH ANA F E F HJ= JA A
Exemplo 16.2.8 - ?
@A =@=I F =HAI F H
Resolu c ao:

r2 = ? I(2) ,
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?=
[ ] . 4 4
@=@= A
? H
F=H= ?=@= ,
= LAH@=@A JA
r=
I @K=I AGK= ? AI
? I(2) ,
F=H= ?=@= ,
[ ] 4 4
K r = ? I(2) ,
F=H= ?=@= ,
[ ] . 4 4
- ? JHA
I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
r=
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H F=H= ?=@= ,

[ ] . 4 4
? I(2) ,
5A JA I GKA
. F(r, ) = r ? I(2) , F(r, ) = F(r, ) ,
F=H= ?=@= r R A ,
[ ] 4 4
F=H= ?=@= r R A ,
[ ] , 4 4
K IA = CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F(r, ) = 0 F=H= ?=@= r R A , 4 4 A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = HAJ= GKA ? J A AEN F =H C >=IJ= ? DA?AH I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI [ ] F(r, ) = 0 , F=H= ?=@= r R A 0, . AIJA ?=I JA I
4
[ ]
$%
+)2 167
$
= 4
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
0
4
r 1 0
( ?
I(2), )
C KI= @ = IE AJHE= =?E = >JA ? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H

F(r, ) = 0 ,
I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A

[ ] 4 4
F=H= ?=@= r R A ,
IAH =
( ?
I(2), )
? I(2), )
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A

r=
? I(2) ,
F=H= ?=@= ,
[ ] 4 4
? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H
F @A IAH >JE@ @= HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? =?E = >IAHL= @ GKA FHE AEH A IE AJHE? A HA = ?= = IACK @ HA =JEL= A JA = HAJ= = 2 + EIJ >JA I = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F = HAI F H [ ] r2 = ? I(2) , F=H= ?=@= , ,
4 4
IA @
? I(2), )
( ?
I(2), )
r2 =
? I(2),
[ ] , 4 4
$ !
4-6) 6) /- 6- -
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
lemniscata
$%!
Observa c ao 16.2.11 ) ?KHL= =?E = A?
DA?E@= ?
CA
2=H= JAH E =H JA I IACKE JA ANA F J= > A E F HJ= JA @A ?KHL= @=@= FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = AGK= ?= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI
Exemplo 16.2.9 - ? JH=H = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @A =@=I F =HAI F H r = 1 , Resolu c ao:
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AGK= ?=
@=@= A
? H
F=H= ?=@= r R A (0, ) .
AIJA ?=I JA
I
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4
-0,2
.ECKH= $ /H = ? @A r = 1
E =@= espiral de Arquimedes
16.3
Reta tangente a gr aco de fun c oes dadas em coordenadas polares

AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K =
2=H= A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA BK ?= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI JA I
Teorema 16.3.1 5A = A o IK
E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R o I A f : I R K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA
- J= ? A ?EA JA = CK =H m = m(o ) @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @= . ?KHL= @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI FA CH = ? @= BK ? = r = f() F J (o , ro ) = (o , f(o ) A @=@ F H
m=
IA f (o ) ? I(o ) ro IA (o ) = 0
Demonstra c ao:
f (o ) IA (o ) + ro ? I(o ) , f (o ) ? I(o ) ro IA (o )
8= I ANE>EH = @A IJH= ?= F=H= ?=I A GKA y = y(x) A K = BK ?= @EBAHA ?E =LA A J K E JAHL= =>AHJ @A R ?K = = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= I @AI?HALA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= r = f() F=H= (o , o + ) A (xo , y(xo )) = (o , ro ) LA = CKH= =>=EN
$%"
y
+)2 167
6
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
r = f()
m= (xo , y(xo )) y = y(x) ro o
JC()
+
{ x = r ? I() = f() ? I() y = r IA () = ? I() IA () =
dx () = f () ? I() f() IA () d d y () = f () IA () + f() ? I() d ,
F=H= I @A = BK ?= f B H @EBAHA ?E =LA 5=>A I GKA

m= dy d 1 4ACH= @= +=@AE= d y @AHEL=@= @= BK ?= E LAHI= d y (xo ) = (o ) (xo ) = (o ) dx dx d dx d ( o ) d f (o ) IA (o ) + ro ? I(o ) f (o ) IA (o ) + f(o ) ? I(o ) = , = f (o ) ? I(o ) f(o ) IA (o ) f (o ) ? I(o ) ro IA (o )
GKAH
=
IJH=H
Observa c ao 16.3.1
)I HAJ=I J= CA JA D HE J=EI = K = ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ? HHAIF @A = ?=I A GKA m = 0 K IA = K AH=@ H @A m = ANFHAII= =?E = A AH A @A E =@ H A @EBAHA JA @A AH 5A IA (o ), ? I(o ) = 0 EIJ IAH = AGKEL= A JA =
{ f (o ) IA (o ) + ro ? I(o ) = 0 f
( ) ? o
IA (o ),? I(o
I(o ) ro IA (o ) = 0
? I(o ) f ( o ) = r o = ro ? JC(o ); IA (o ) )=0 IA (o ) f (o ) = ro = ro JC(o ) ? I(o )
K IA =
f (o ) = ro ? JC(o )
A f (o ) = ro JC(o ) .
)I HAJ=I J= CA JA LAHJE?=EI = K = ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = @=@= A ? H@A =@=I F =HAI ? HHAIF @A = ?=I A GKA m = K A @EBAHA JA @A AH A @A E =@ H A AH IA = K AH=@ H @A m = ANFHAII= =?E = 5A IA (o ), ? I(o ) = 0 EIJ IAH = AGKEL= A JA =
f (o ) = ro ? JC(o )
A f (o ) = ro JC(o ) .
$ !
4-6) 6) /- 6- -
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$%#
! 2=H= A ? JH=H ? A ?EA JA = CK =H @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ? = r = f() F O @ALA I @AJAH E =H I L= HAI F=H= I @A o J=EI GKA
r = f(o ) = 0,
LAHE ?=H IA AIJAI L= HAI JA =?E = I B H A?AH =

m=
I f (o ) = 0 A ?
EIJ = ANFHAII=
f (o )=0
@=@= FA
6A HA =
f (o ) IA (o ) + ro ? I(o ) ro =0 f (o ) IA (o ) = f (o ) ? I(o ) ro IA (o ) f (o ) ? I(o ) m = JC(o ).
IA (o ) = JC(o ) , ? I(o )
K IA =
)F EGKA I EIJ =
Exemplo 16.3.1 +
IE@AHA
I = ?=H@E E@A @=@= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
r = 2 + 2 ? I() ,
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
2A@A IA E A ? JH=H ? A ?EA ( JA = CK =H ) @= HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA ?=H@E E@A =?E = A ,2 + 3
6
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= AJHE?= @ CH = ? AJHE?= @ CH = ?
EE I F J I @= ?=H@E E@A =?E = @A = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @= AI = AIIAI F J I IA = K = HAJ= D HE J= EEE I F J I @= ?=H@E E@A =?E = @A = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA @= AI = AIIAI F J I IA = K = HAJ= LAHJE?=
Resolu c ao:
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?=H@E E@A =?E = A @=@= FA = CKH= =>=EN
r = 2 + 2?
I()
,A E + IE@AHA
I f : [0, 2] R @=@= F H
f() = 2 + 2 ? I() ,
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
$%$ - J= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA ?=H@E E@A =?E = A
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A
f () 6 =2+ 3.
? H@A =@=I F =HAI
I @ = =
o =
= LAH@=@A A @A ? =IIA C A 6
f () = 2 IA () ,
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] ,
IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = GKA

[ () ] + 2 + 3 ) ? I f (o ) IA (o ) + ro ? I(o ) 6) 6) [ 6) ( ( ( m= = ] f (o ) ? I(o ) ro IA (o ) 2 IA ? I 2 + 3) IA 6 6 6 ] 3 1 [ 2 + 2 + 3
?E 4 2 -NAH? = = 1 . ]1 1 3 [ 2 2 + 3) 2 2 2
2 IA
()
IA
()
,A EE 2=H= = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA FHA?EI= I GKA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? r = f() IAH K = HAJ= D HE A f (o ) = ro JC(o ).
J=
f (o ) = ro ? JC(o )
2=H= EIJ
>IAHLA
I GKA
? I() IA ()=0 2 IA () = f () = r ? JC() = [2 + 2 ? I()] IA () [ ] { } 2 ? I2 () IA 2 () + 2 ? I() = 0 ? I2 () [1 ? I2 ()] + ? I() = 0 1 2 ? I ( ) 1 = 0 ? I() = 2 [2 ? I() 1] [? I() + 1] = 0 K K ? I() + 1 = 0 ? I() = 1 +
[0, 2] IACKA GKA =I K E?=I I K ? AI I= 1 = 3
K 2 =
>IAHLA
I GKA LAHE GKA

f (1 ) = f(1 ) JC(1 )
5 3
K 3 =
A f (2 ) = f(2 ) JC(2 ), F =H F EI f(3 ) = f() = 0 AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?=H@E E@A IF J I

( 3 ( )) 3
A 3 = ? HHAIF @A = F J O
( 5 ,f 3 ( 5 3 ))
@ F=
C =I HAJ=I J= CA JAI = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AA

(, f()) I= HAJ=I D HE
,f
J=EI LA = = CKH= =>=EN
$ !
4-6) 6) /- 6- -
4,- ),)5 2
(
,f 3
)4-5
3
$%%
))
5 3
(, f()
5 , f 3
5 3
))
GKA
,A EEE 2=H= = HAJ= J= CA JA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
AJHE?= @ CH = ? r = f() IAH K = HAJ= LAHJE?= FHA?EI= A f (o ) = ro JC(o ).
f (o ) = ro ? JC(o )
2=H= EIJ JA
I GKA IA () IA ()=0 ? I() IA ()(2 ? I() + 1) = 0

IA () = 0
2 IA () = f () = r JC() = [2 + 2 ? I()] 2 IA () ? I() + IA () = 0 [2 ? I() 1] [? I() + 1] = 0
2 ? I() + 1 = 0 1 = 0
[0, 2] IACKA GKA =I K E?=I I K ? AI I=
>IAHLA
I GKA LAHE GKA

f (j ) = f(j ) ? JC(j ) ,
? I() = 1 2 4 2 K 3 = . K 2 = 3 3
IA () = 0
F=H= ?=@= j {1, 2, 3} . I F J I (0, f(0))
2 ,f 3
C( =I )) HAJ=I J= CA = ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?=H@E E@A ( JAI ( HAFHAIA )) J= 2 4 4 AA ,f I= HAJ=I LAHJE?=EI LA = CKH= =>=EN
3 3 3
2 , f 3
2 3
))
4 3 2 3
(0, f(0))
4 , f 3
4 3
))
$%&
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
16.4
Area de regi oes planas dadas por fun co es em coordenadas polares
II > AJEL A A ? JH=H = =HA= A @= HACE= E EJ=@= R @ F = F =H @A E EJ=@= A ? H@A @=@= F =HAI FA =I HAJ=I = o = 1 A FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A r = f() LA = = CKH= =>=EN
r = f()
1 o
A 2=H= EIJ JA I
Teorema 16.4.1 5A = f : [o , 1 ] R K = BK ?= ?
J
K= A =
AC=JEL= A
[ o , 1 ]
- J= = =HA= A @A
E@= =?E = IAH = @=@= F H

1 A= 2 1
o
[f()]2 d u.a. .
Demonstra c ao:
5A =
. P = {o = o , 1 , , n = 1 }
K = F=HJE ?= @ E JAHL= [o , 1 ] 2=H= ?=@= i = 1, , n AI? D= I i [i1 , i ] GKA @AJAH E =H = . = CK ?A JH= i = i i1 ) =HA= Ai @AIJA IAJ H ?EH?K =H IAH = @=@= F H LA = CKH= =>=EN
1 Ai = [f(i )]2 i , 2
IAJ H ?EH?K =H @A H=E f (i ) A
F=H= ?=@= i {1, , n} .
$ "
)4-) -
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
r = f()
$%'
r = f(i )
i i1
C
A= E
n i=1 n
Ai = E
n 1 i=1 1 o
[f(i )]2 i
,AB E JACH= @A 4EA =
1 2
[f()]2 d u.a. .
GKAH
=
IJH=H
) @A
AI HAIK J=@ IA = BK ? = f =IIK EH L= HAI AC=JEL I IJH= ?= @AIJA B=J IAH = @AEN=@= ? ANAH?
?E F=H= AEJ H
I EIJ =
)F EGKA
Exemplo 16.4.1 += ?K =H =HA= A @= HACE=
=@=I F =HAI FA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA
E EJ=@= R @ F = F =H @A E EJ=@= A AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= ?=H@E E@A F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
? H@A
r = 1 + IA () , Resolu c ao:
+ IE@AHA +
I = BK ?= f : [0, 2] R @=@= F H
. f() = r = 1 + IA () ,
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
= BK ?= f A ? J
K= A
[0, 2] IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = GKA 1 1 1 2 A= [f()]2 d = [1 + IA ()]2 d 2 o 2 0 1 2 -NAH?

?E 3 [1 + 2 IA () + IA 2 ()] d = u.a = 2 0 2
AJHE?= @= HACE= =?E = @=@= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI A @=@= FA = CKH=
$&
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
r=1+
IA
()
6A
IACKE JA ANAH?
?E HAI LE@
Exerc cio 16.4.1 += ?K =H =HA= A @= HACE=
E EJ=@= R @ F = =@=I F =HAI FA = HACE= GKA A E JAHE H = ?EH?K BAHA ?E=

r = 2 ? I(),
F =H @A E EJ=@= A
? H@A
A ANJAHE H = ?=H@E E@A

r = 2 2 ? I() , Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= [0, ] .
>IAHLA
I GKA
2 ? I() = r = 2 2 ? I()
= . 3
) HAFHAIA J= ?= CA

= 3 r = 2?
I()
= 3 r = 2 2?
I()
=I BK ? AI f, g : ,
[ ] R @=@=I F H 3 3 . g() = 2 2 ? I() ,
. f() = 2 ? I(),
F=H= ?=@= ,
[ ] , 3 3
$ #
241 - 6
,- )4+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$&
I= ? J
K=I A
[ ] , IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = GKA 3 3 1 A= 2 1 3 1 3 2 [f()] d = [2 ? I()] d [2 2 ? I()]2 d 2 2 o 3 3 24 3 8 -NAH?

?E = u.a. . 6
2
16.5
Comprimento de arcos dados por gr acos de fun c oes em coordenadas polares
II > AJEL A A ? JH=H ? FHE A J @A =H? l @A K = ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @A K = BK ?= @=@= A ? H@A @=@= F =HAI r = f() F=H= [o , 1 ] LA = = CKH= =>=EN
r = f()
1 o
2=H= EIJ JA
Teorema 16.5.1 5A = f : [o , 1 ] R K= BK ? = ? J
K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA [o , 1 ] - J= ? FHE A J @A =H? l @= ?KHL= GKA A = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? ? H@A =@=I F =HAI @= BK ?= f IAH = @=@= F H 1 l=
o
[ ]2 [f()]2 + f () d u.c. .
Demonstra c ao:
5KF D= IAH >JE@ ?
I GKA = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? @= BK ?= f A ? H@A =@=I F =HA F II= = HAFHAIA J= ?= CA AJHE?= @ CH = ? A ? H@A =@=I ?=HJAIE= =I @A K = BK ?= F : [a, b] R ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A [a, b] @A
. a = f(1 ) ? I(1 )
A b = f(2 ) ? I(2 ) .
) CKH= =>=EN E KIJH= = IEJ= ?= =?E =
$&
y
+)2 167
6
r = f() y = F(x)
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
1 o a b
>IAHLA
{
I GKA IA
dx d () = f () ? I() f() IA () d y () = f () IA () + f() ? I() d .
x = r ? I() = f() ? I() y = r IA () = ? I() IA ()
JAHA
) A
@EII
dF d 1 y=F(x) d y 4ACH= @= +=@AE= d y 4AHEL=@= @= .K ?= 1 LAHI= d y (x) = (x) = () (x) = ( ) d x dx dx d dx d ( ) d y () = . x ()
C @= 2H F IE ?= " $ IACKA GKA

b l=
a
[ ]2 1 + F (x) dx =
o = [x ()]2 + [y ()]2
1
x = f() ? I() dx = x () d [ ]2 o y ( ) 1+ = x () d x = a = = 1 x ( ) 1 x = b = = o 1 |x ()| x () d .
+
x(o ) = f(1 ) ? I(1 ) = a b = f(2 ) ? I(2 ) = x(1 ) ,
IACKA GKA = BK ?= x = x() IAH = @A?HAI?A JA A

x ( ) 0 ,
[ o , 1 ]
K IA = LA = = CKH= =>=EN
F=H= ?=@= [o , 1 ] .
2 HJ= J
|x ()| = x () ,
F=H= ?=@= [o , 1 ] .
$ #
241 - 6
,- )4+
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
$&!
1 o a b
x ()
2 HJ= J
l=
o
1
[x ()]2
[y ()]2 (1) d
1 =
o
[x ()]2 + [y ()]2 d.
$ !
2=H= [o , 1 ] JA
[x ()]2 + [y ()]2 = [f () ? I() f() IA ()]2 + [f () IA () + f() ? I()]2 = [f ()]2 ? I2 () 2f () ? I()f() IA () + f2 () IA 2 ()] + [f ()]2 IA 2 () +2f () IA ()f() ? I() + f2 () ? I2 ()] = [f()]2 + [f ()]2 .
5K>IJEJKE @ AIJ= A
$ ! >JAHA
l=
1
o
[ ]2 [f()]2 + f () d u.c. ,
GKAH
= )F EGKA
IJH=H
I EIJ =
Exemplo 16.5.1 += ?K A
FHE A J @= ?=H@E E@A @=@= A
? H@A =@=I F =HAI F H
r = 1 + ? I() , Resolu c ao:
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .
r=1+?
I()
$&" + IE@AHA I = BK ?= f : [0, 2] R @=@= F H

. f() = 1 + ? I() ,
+)2 167
$
4,- ),)5 2
)4-5
F=H= ?=@= [0, 2] .

[0, 2] = LAH@=@A A @A ? =IIA C A [0, 2]
+ = BK ?= f A ? JE K= A JA @EBAHA ?E =LA A IACKA @ 6A HA = =?E = GKA

1 l=
o
[f()] + f () d = 2
0
]2
[1 + ? I()]2 + [ IA ()]2 d = 2
0
=
0
1 + 2 ? I() + ?
I2 ()
1+? 2
+ IA =
2 () d
2 + 2 ? I() d
2 = 2 1 + ? I() d
0
I() =? I2 (2)
2 2
0
( ) 2 ? I A BK ?= F=H = 2 2 ? I d = 2.2 2 0 0 ( ) ? I( 0, F=H= [ 0, ] ) -NAH?

?E 2 = 4 ? I d = 8 u.c. . 2 0
( ) 2? d 2 ( ) ? I d 2
I2
FIM
Refer encias Bibliogr acas

E = 4K@E 9 =CAI +KHI @A ) = EIA
2H AJ -K? E@AI 1 2) 4 + 2G '%$

?/H=M 0E * + F= O $ # ! !
2HE ?EF AI B
=JDA =JE?= ) = OIEI
$&#

Wagner Nunes ICMC

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Wagner Nunes ICMC

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Avisos Gerais sobre a Disciplina

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Hor ario de atendimento do docente da disciplina

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Crit erio de avalia c ao e aprova c ao da disciplina

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Prova de recupera c ao da disciplina

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