Anten Wi-Fi

Khi thit b Wi-Fi ngy cng "trn ngp" th trng, lm th no chn c thit b p ng nhu cu
ca ban: tc nhanh, tnh nng phong ph v hu ch, vng ph sng rng... lua chn mt thit b
mang Wi-Fi (access point, router...) "va " ngoi yu t thong hiu, cc tnh nng cn thit v chun
Wi-Fi ph hp, ban cn phi quan tm thm n cc thng s k thut ca anten. Mt anten c cc thng
s ph hp s mang n cho ban mt khng gian lm vic "rng ri" hon. Ban nn tham kho k nhng
thng s sau trong ti liu i km sn phm khi chn anten.
li (gain)
li l mt thut ng m t su tng bin ca tn hiu v tuyn, on v o l decibel (dB) hay dBi
chi li ca anten ng hng (isotropic) v dBd chi li ca anten dipole na bc sng (half-
wave dipole). Mt dB bng log10 ca cng sut u ra chia cho cng sut u vo. V du, cng sut u
vo l 30mW v cng sut u ra l 60mW th li tnh c l 3dB. Theo cng thc ny, c tng 3dB
th cng sut tnh theo mW s tng gp i. Chng han, AP c cng sut 50mw v s dung anten 3dB
(loai Rubber Duck) th cng sut pht thuc su ca AP l 50*2 (3dB bng gp i cng sut) = 100mw.
Anten c li cng cao th khong cch sng di cng xa. Vic tp trung cng sut pht ca chng cht
ch hon lm cho nhiu nng lng c truyn n ch hon, khong cch xa hon.
Cch tnh gia dB v Watt: 0db = 1mW
C tng 3dB th cng sut tnh theo mW s c tng gp i:
3dB = 2mW
6dB = 4mW
...
30dB = 1000mW = 1W
Cc loai anten v hng nh rubber hay omni c li t 2-12dBi do chng phi pht 360 theo chiu
ngang (anten ng hng li cng cao th kch thc cng ln v phn cuc dc cng nh). Cc loai
anten nh hng nh flat, sector thng thng c li t 8-20dBi, gc pht theo chiu ngang khong
10 - 120 (anten nh hng c li cng cao, kch thc cng ln v bp sng cng nh). Ln hon
na l cc loai anten cho (Grid anten) c li ln, c khi ln n 30dBi hoc cao hon.
S phn cc (polarization)
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Su phn cuc ca sng l hnh nh lai bi u mt ca vecto trng khi c quan st dc theo chiu
truyn sng. Su phn cuc ca anten c th c phn loai nh tuyn tnh, trn hay ellip. Sng v tuyn
thuc cht c tao bi 2 trng: in trng v t trng. Hai trng ny nm trn 2 mt phng vung
gc vi nhau.
Tng ca 2 trng c gi l trng in t. Mt phng song song vi thnh phn anten c gi l E-
plane, mt phng vung gc vi thnh phn anten c gi l H-plane. Chng ta chi quan tm ch yu
n in trng v v tr v hng ca n trong mi tong quan n b mt tri t s quyt nh su phn
cuc ca sng. Su phn cuc l hung vt l ca anten theo phong ngang (horizotal) hay dc (vertical).
in trng l song song vi thnh phn bc xa ca anten v th nu anten nm dc th cuc ca anten l
dc hay cn gi l phn cuc dc (in trng vung gc vi mt t). Phn cuc dc thng c s
dung trong mang Wi-Fi (WLAN) l vung gc vi mt phng ca tri t. Phn cuc ngang l song song
vi mt t.
Bp sng (beamwidth)
Vic lm hep hay tp trung cc bp sng ca anten s lm tng li ca anten. Bp sng l rng
ca tia tn hiu RF m anten pht ra. Bp sng dc c o theo v vung gc vi mt t, cn bp
sng ngang cng c o theo v song song vi mt t. ng vi mi kiu anten khc nhau s c
bp sng khc nhau.
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Vic chn lua anten c bp sng rng hay hep thch hp l vic lm quan trng at c hnh dang
vng ph sng mong mun. Bp sng cng hep th li cng cao.
Tr khng (Impedance)
Su bc xa hiu dung ca mt anten l "t s ca tng cng sut pht ra bi anten so vi cng sut t
tram pht (ni vi anten) c chp nhn bi anten. Anten bc xa mt s cng sut dang nng lng
in t. Tt c cc thit b RF, ng truyn (cp), anten u c tr khng, chnh l t s gia in p v
dng in. Khi anten c kt ni vi mt oan cp, nu tr khng u vo ca anten trng khp vi tr
khng ca radio v ng truyn th tng cng sut c truyn t radio n anten l ti a. Tuy nhin,
nu tr khng khng ging nhau th mt s nng lng s b phn xa ngc tr lai ngun v s cn lai s
c truyn i n anten.
T s sng !"ng !i#n p ($S%&)
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) xut hin khi tr khng khng tong thch gia cc thit b trong
h thng RF. VSWR c gy ra bi mt b tn hiu RF b phn xa tai im tr khng khng tong thch
trn ng truyn tn hiu. Nu nh khng c phn xa th VSWR s bng mt. Khi VSWR tng ln th su
phn xa s cng nhiu. Nu VSWR cao v cng sut cao th c th gy ra tnh hung nguy him nh khi
ta s dung in p cao trong ng truyn, trong trng hp ti t nht, n c th bn ra tia la in.

'()i an*en Bp sng
ngang (!)
Bp sng
d+c (!)

Omni-directional 360 T 7-80

Patch/Panel T 30-180 T 6-90

agi T 30-78 T 14-64

Parabolic Dish T 4-25 T 4-21
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Tuy nhin, tnh hung ny s khng xy ra nu ban s dung cng sut thp khi trin khai mang WLAN.
Phong thc thay i VSWR bao gm vic s dung thit b thch hp, kt ni chc chn gia cp v u
ni, s dung tr khng tong thch gia cc thit b phn cng v s dung cc thit b cht lng cao l
cc phong thc tt chng lai VSWR. T s ny thng l 1,5:1

T s sng !"ng !i#n p ($S%&)
VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) xut hin khi tr khng khng tong thch gia cc thit b trong
h thng RF. VSWR c gy ra bi mt b tn hiu RF b phn xa tai im tr khng khng tong thch
trn ng truyn tn hiu. Nu nh khng c phn xa th VSWR s bng mt. Khi VSWR tng ln th su
phn xa s cng nhiu. Nu VSWR cao v cng sut cao th c th gy ra tnh hung nguy him nh khi
ta s dung in p cao trong ng truyn, trong trng hp ti t nht, n c th bn ra tia la in.
Tuy nhin, tnh hung ny s khng xy ra nu ban s dung cng sut thp khi trin khai mang WLAN.
Phong thc thay i VSWR bao gm vic s dung thit b thch hp, kt ni chc chn gia cp v u
ni, s dung tr khng tong thch gia cc thit b phn cng v s dung cc thit b cht lng cao l
cc phong thc tt chng lai VSWR. T s ny thng l 1,5:1
Ngoi cc thng s trn, ban nn quan tm n chun Wi-Fi m thit b s dung chn anten ph hp.
Nh chng ta bit, mang khng dy hin nay hoat ng trn 2 tn s: 2,4 GHz (802.11b/g, 802.11n
draft) v 5 GHz (802.11a, 802.11n draft) hoat ng mi trng trong nh (indoor) hoc ngoi tri
(outdoor). Do , lua chn mt anten lm vic hiu qu, ban phi chn tn s anten ng vi tn s
ca thit b thu/pht sng Wi-Fi. Ngoi ra, ban cn phi quan tm thm n chun u ni ca anten.
Hin nay c cc chun u ni thng dung: N-Female, N-Male, RP-SMA, RP-TNC...
,c l()i an*en -. !/ *h0 1"c 2)
Anten s dung trong cc thit b Wi-Fi c thit k theo 2 dang: Loai lp c nh hoc ri. Loai anten c
nh thng thy nht l card mang tch hp trn cc MTT hay AP s dung anten c nh. Vi nhng
thit b c anten c nh ny, ban khng c lua chn no tt hon l dng anten ca hng cung cp. i
vi cc thit b s dung anten ri th vic thay th bng mt anten khc at c vng ph sng nh
mong mun kh d dng. Vic thay anten ph hp gip tng vng ph sng v tc , gim s lng AP
v chi ph lp t...
Anten c 2 loai chnh c s dung trong WLAN: ng hng hay v hng (Omni-directional) v nh
hng hay c hng (Directional).
3n*en !4ng h56ng truyn tn hiu RF theo tt c cc hng theo truc ngang (song song mt t) nhng
b gii han truc dc (vung gc vi mt t). Anten ny thng c dng trong cc thit b tch hp
Wi-Fi thng dung hin nay: ADSL, Broadband router, access point. Anten ng hng c li trong
khong 6dB, thng c dng trong cc ta nh cao tng. Anten ng hng cung cp vng ph sng
rng nht, tao nn vng ph sng hnh trn chng chp ca nhiu AP bao trm c mt ta nh. Hu ht
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cc AP u s dung anten ng hng c li thp. Vic s dung anten c li cao hon s tng
vng ph sng, do c th gim s lng AP tit kim chi ph.
Loai anten ny thng s dung trong m hnh im-im hay im-a im hay c th dng lp trn
xe. Anten nh hng s l anten chnh pht tn hiu n my tnh hay cc thit b Wi-Fi khc, chng han
my in khng dy, PDA... Khi s dung ngoi tri, nn t antenna omni-directional gia inh ca ta nh.
V du, trong khun vin ca mt trng ai hc th anten c th c t trung tm ca trng c
vng bao ph ln nht. Khi s dung trong nh, antenna nn c t gia nh ( trn nh) hay gia
vng bao ph mong mun c vng bao ph ti u. Loai anten ny c vng bao ph theo dang hnh
trn nn kh thch hp cho mi trng nh nh kho, trung tm trin lm...
Cc loai anten ng hng: Rubber Duck, Omni-directional, Celing Dome, Small Desktop, Mobile
Vertical, Ceiling Dome...
3n*en &711er 87ck9 (hay Rubber Duck hay Rubber Duckie) c sinh vin Richard B. ohnson ch tao
vo nm 1958. Hin nay, anten ny thng c s dung ph bin trn cc im truy cp (access point)
hay cc b nh tuyn (router) do c cu tao on gin, h tr phn cuc ng hng (phn cuc ngang gc
360 ).

Phn cuc dc 25 Phn cuc ngang 360
Anten Rubber Duck
th bc xa ca anten Rubber Duck ( li 9dBi, phn cuc dc, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR 1,5:1, cng sut
ti a 100W)
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3n*en :mni;direc*i(nal
Phn cuc dc 8 Phn cuc ngang 360
Anten Omni-
directional
th bc xa ca anten Vertical Omni-directional ( li 12dBi, phn cuc dc, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR 1,5:1,
cng sut ti a 100W)
Antenna omni-directional c li cao th vng ph sng theo chiu ngang ln v vng ph sng theo
chiu dc nh. c im ny c th c xem nh l mt yu t quan trng khi lp t mt anten c
li cao trong nh (trn trn nh). Nu nh trn nh qu cao th vng bao ph c th khng th ph n
nn nh, noi m ngi dng thng hay lm vic.
3n*en !0nh h56ng
Anten nh hng (directional) c hng pht sng rt hep, thit b thu sng cn nm chnh xc trong
pham vi pht sng hep ny ca anten nh hng mi c th thu c sng pht t anten. th bc xa
tong tu nh nh sng ca n pin, tc khi chng ta chiu sng gn th chm sng s rng cn khi
chiu sng vt xa th chm sng rt nh, nh l mt tia sng. li anten cng cao th bp sng cng
hep, gii han khu vuc ph sng ca anten. Anten nh hng c li ln hon anten ng hng, t
12dBi hoc cao hon. Vic thay i li chnh l tao ra cc anten khc nhau, muc ch l tao ra cc bp
sng vi gc pht khc nhau, gc pht theo chiu dc (vertical beamwidth) hay chiu ngang (horizontal
beamwidth) cng nh th bp sng cng hi tu v cu ly pht s xa. ... Cc loai anten nh hng ny
thng c gc pht theo chiu ngang khong 10 - 120 nn c li ln hon nh 18dBi, 21dBi...
Anten nh hng c nhiu kiu dng v kch thc khc nhau, in hnh c cc loai anten: agi, Patch,
Backfire, Dish... Cc loai anten nh hng ny rt l tng cho khong cch xa, kt ni khng dy im-
im.
3n*en <agi
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Anten agi l loai anten nh hng rt ph bin bi v chng d ch tao. Cc anten nh hng nh
agi thng s dung trong nhng khu vuc kh ph sng hay nhng noi cn vng bao ph ln hon
vng bao ph ca anten omni-directional.
Phn cuc dc 45 Phn cuc ngang 45
Anten agi
th bc xa ca anten agi ( li 12dBi, phn cuc dc, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR 1,5:1,
cng sut ti a 50W)
Anten agi hay cn gi l anten agi-da (do 2 ngi Nht l Hidetsugu agi v Shintaro da ch tao
vo nm 1926) c bit n nh l mt anten nh hng cao c s dung trong truyn thng khng
dy. Loai anten ny thng c s dung cho m hnh im- im v i khi cng dng trong m hnh
im-a im. Anten agi-da c xy dung bng cch hnh thnh mt chui tuyn tnh cc anten
dipole song song nhau (xem hnh).
3n*en =a*ch c hnh thnh bng cch t 2 vt dn song song nhau v mt ming m gia chng.
Vt dn pha trn l mt ming ni v c th c in trn bng mach in. Anten Patch thng rt hu
ch bi v chng c hnh dng mng.

Phn cuc dc 65 Phn cuc ngang 75
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Anten Patch
th bc xa ca anten Patch ( li 8dBi, phn cuc dc/ngang, tr khng 50Ohm, VSWR 1,5:1, cng sut
ti a 25W)
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