MATLAB (книга-рус)

MATLAB
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Getting Started with MATLAB

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A =
16
5
9
4
3
10
6
15
2
11
7
14
13
8
12
1
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sum(A)
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ans =
34
34
34
34
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A'
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ans =
16
3
2
13
5
10
11
8
9
6
7
12
4
15
14
1
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sum(A')'
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ans =
34
34
34
34
10

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diag(A)
ans =
16
10
7
1
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sum(diag(A))
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ans =
34
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sum(diag(fliplr(A)))
ans =
34
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A(1,4) + A(2,4) + A(3,4) + A(4,4)
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ans =
34
H^gZdhwlhg_kZfucemqrbckihkh[kmffbjh\Zgbyhl^_evghckljhdb
LZd`_\hafh`ghh[jZsZlvkydwe_f_glZffZljbpuq_j_ah^bgbg^_dkA(k)Wlh
h[uqguc kihkh[ kkueZlvky gZ kljhdb b klhe[pu fZljbpu Gh _]h fh`gh bkihevah\Zlvlhevdhk^\mf_jgufbfZljbpZfb<wlhfkemqZ_fZkkb\jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd êbgguc \_dlhj knhjfbjh\Zgguc ba klhe[ph\ bkoh^ghc fZljbpu
11

LZd êy gZr_]h fZ]bq_kdh]h d\Z^jZlZ A(8) wlh ^jm]hc kihkh[ kkueZlvky gZ
agZq_gb_ojZgys__ky\A(4,2).
?keb\uiulZ_l_kvbkihevah\ZlvagZq_gb_we_f_glZ\g_fZljbpuMATLAB\u^Zklhrb[dm
t=A(4,5)
???
Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
K^jm]hcklhjhgu_keb\ukhojZgy_l_agZq_gb_\g_fZljbpulhjZaf_jfZljbpum\_ebqb\Z_lky
X=A;
X(4,5) = 17
X =
16
5
9
4
3
10
6
15
2
11
7
14
13
8
12
1
0
0
0
17
Hi_jZlhj^\h_lhqby
>\h_lhqb_wlhh^bgbagZb[he__\Z`guohi_jZlhjh\MATLABHgijhy\ey_lky\jZaebqguonhjfZo<ujZ`_gb_
1:10
wlh\_dlhjkljhdZkh^_j`ZsZyp_eu_qbkeZhl^h
1
10
>eyihemq_gbyh[jZlgh]hbgl_j\ZeZhibr_fijbjZs_gb_GZijbf_j
100:-7:50
qlh^Z_l
100
93
86
79
72
65
58
51
beb
0:pi/4:pi
qlhijb\h^bld
0
0.7854
1.5708
2.3562
3.1416
Bg^_dkgh_\ujZ`_gb_\dexqZy^\h_lhqb_hlghkblkydqZklbfZljbpu
A(1:k, j)
wlhi_j\u_k we_f_glh\j]hklhe[pZfZljbpu:LZd
sum(A(1:4,4))
12
\uqbkey_lkmffmq_l\_jlhckljhdbGh_klvbemqrbckihkh[>\h_lhqb_kZfh
ih k_[_ h[jZsZ_lky dh \k_f we_f_glZf \ kljhd_ b klhe[p_ fZljbpu Z keh\h
enddihke_^g_ckljhd_bebklhe[pmLZd
sum(A(:,end))
\uqbkey_lkmffmwe_f_glh\\ihke_^g_fklhe[p_fZljbpu:
ans =
34
Ihq_fmfZ]bq_kdZykmffZd\Z^jZlZojZ\gZ"?kebp_eu_qbkeZhl^h
hlkhjlbjh\Zgu\q_luj_]jmiiukjZ\gufbkmffZfbwlZkmffZ^he`gZ[ulv
sum(1:16)/4
dhlhjZydhg_qghjZ\gZ
ans =
34
Nmgdpbymagic
MATLABgZkZfhf^_e_h[eZ^Z_l\kljh_gghcnmgdpb_cdhlhjZykha^Z_lfZ]bq_kdbcd\Z^jZlihqlbex[h]hjZaf_jZG_ m^b\bl_evgh qlh wlZ nmgdpby gZau\Z_lkymagic.
B=magic(4)
B =
16
5
9
4
2
11
7
14
3
10
6
15
13
8
12
1
WlZfZljbpZihqlblZ`_fZljbpZqlhbgZ]jZ\xj_>xj_jZbhgZbf__l\k_l_
`_ fZ]bq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ?^bgkl\_ggh_ hlebqb_ aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh ^\Z
kj_^gbo klhe[pZ ihf_gyebkv f_klZfb >ey lh]h qlh[u ij_h[jZah\Zlv B \ fZljbpm>xj_jZAi_j_klZ\bfbof_klZfb
A=B(:,[1 3 2 4])
Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh êy dZ`^hc kljhdb fZljbpu B we_f_glu i_j_ibku\Zxlky \

ihjy^d_
A =
16
5
9
4
3
10
6
15
2
11
7
14
13
8
12
1
Ihq_fm >xj_j i_j_mihjy^hqbe klhe[pu ih kjZ\g_gbx k l_f qlh bkihevam_l

MATLAB" ;_a khfg_gby hg ohl_e \dexqblv ^Zlm ]jZ\xju \ gb`gxx
qZklvfZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZ
13
<ujZ`_gby
DZdb[hevrbgkl\h^jm]boyaudh\ijh]jZffbjh\ZgbyMATLAB ij_^hklZ\ey_l
\hafh`ghklv bkihevah\Zgby fZl_fZlbq_kdbo \ujZ`_gbc gh \ hlebqb_ hl fgh]bo ba gbo wlb \ujZ`_gby \ MATLAB \dexqZxl fZljbpu Hkgh\gu_ khklZ\eyxsb_\ujZ`_gby
i_j_f_ggu_
qbkeZ
hi_jZlhju
nmgdpbb
I_j_f_ggu_
<MATLAB g_lg_h[oh^bfhklb\hij_^_e_gbblbiZi_j_f_gguobebjZaf_jghklbDh]^ZMATLAB \klj_qZ_lgh\h_bfyi_j_f_gghchgZ\lhfZlbq_kdbkha^Z_l i_j_f_ggmx b \u^_ey_l khhl\_lkl\mxsbc h[t_f iZfylb ?keb i_j_f_ggZy
m`_kms_kl\m_lMATLAB baf_gy_l__khklZ\b_kebwlhg_h[oh^bfh\u^_ey_l
^hihegbl_evgmxiZfylvGZijbf_j
num_students = 25
kha^Z_lfZljbpmokbf_g_fnum_students bkhojZgy_lagZq_gb_\___^bgkl\_gghfwe_f_gl_
Bf_gZ i_j_f_gguo khklhyl ba [md\ pbnj beb kbf\heh\ ih^q_jdb\Zgby
MATLAB bkihevam_l lhevdh i_j\u_ kbf\he bf_gb i_j_f_gghc MATLAB
qm\kl\bl_e_gdj_]bkljZfhgjZaebqZ_laZ]eZ\gu_ b kljhqgu_ [md\u Ihwlhfm
A ba g_h^gZblZ`_i_j_f_ggZyQlh[um\b^_lvfZljbpmk\yaZggmxki_j_f_gghcijhklh\\_^bl_gZa\Zgb_i_j_f_gghc
QbkeZ
MATLAB bkihevam_lijbgylmx^_kylbqgmxkbkl_fmkqbke_gbykg_h[yaZl_evghc ^_kylbqghc lhqdhc b agZdZfb iexkfbgmk êy qbk_e GZmqgZy kbkl_fZ
kqbke_gby bkihevam_l [md\m e êy hij_^_e_gby fgh`bl_ey kl_i_gb ^_kylb
Fgbfu_ qbkeZ bkihevamxl i beb j dZd kmnnbdk G_dhlhju_ ijbf_ju ijZ\bevguoqbk_eijb\_^_gugb`_
3
9.6397238
1i
-99
1.60210e-20
-3.14159j
0.0001
6.02252e23
3e5i
<k_ qbkeZ êy ojZg_gby bkihevamxl nhjfZl long, hij_^_e_gguc klZg^Zjlhf

ieZ\Zxs_c lhqdb IEEE QbkeZ k ieZ\Zxs_c lhqdhc h[eZ^Zxl h]jZgbq_gghc
lhqghklvx ijb[ebabl_evgh agZqZsbo pbnj b h]jZgbq_gguf ^bZiZahghf
ijb[ebabl_evgh hl -308 ^h 308 Dhfivxl_j VAX bkihevam_l ^jm]hc nhjfZl
qbk_ekieZ\Zxs_clhqdhcghbolhqghklvb^bZiZahgijb[ebabl_evghl_`_
14
<ujZ`_gby
Hi_jZlhju
<ujZ`_gby bkihevamxl h[uqgu_ Zjbnf_lbq_kdb_ hi_jZpbb b ijZ\beZ klZjrbgkl\Z

+
*
/
\
^
'
()
keh`_gb_
\uqblZgb_
mfgh`_gb_
^_e_gb_
e_\h_^_e_gb_hibkZgh\jZa^_e_FZljbpubEbg_cgZy:e]_[jZ\dgb]_
"Using MATLAB")
kl_i_gv
dhfie_dkghkhijy`_ggh_ljZgkihgbjh\Zgb_
hij_^_e_gb_ihjy^dZ\uqbke_gby
Nmgdpbb
0$7/$% ij_^hklZ\ey_l [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h we_f_glZjguo fZl_fZlbq_kdbo

nmgdpbclZdbodZdabs, sqrt, exp, sin. <uqbke_gb_d\Z^jZlgh]hdhjgybebeh]ZjbnfZ hljbpZl_evgh]h qbkeZ g_ y\ey_lky hrb[dhc \ wlhf kemqZ_ j_amevlZlhf
y\ey_lkykhhl\_lkl\mxs__dhfie_dkgh_qbkeh0$7/$%lZd`_ij_^hklZ\ey_lb
[he__ keh`gu_ nmgdpbb \dexqZy =ZffZ nmgdpbx b nmgdpbb ;_kk_ey ;hevrbgkl\hbawlbonmgdpbcbf_xldhfie_dkgu_Zj]mf_gluQlh[u\u\_klbkibkhd\k_owe_f_glZjguofZl_fZlbq_kdbonmgdpbcgZ[_jbl_
help elfun
>ey\u\h^Z[he__keh`guofZl_fZlbq_kdbobfZljbqguonmgdpbcgZ[_jbl_
help specfun
help elmat
khhl\_lkl\_ggh
G_dhlhju_ nmgdpbb lZdb_ dZd sqrt b sin \kljh_ggu_ Hgb y\eyxlky qZklvx
0$7/$%ihwlhfmhgbhq_gvwnn_dlb\gughbo\uqbkebl_evgu_^_lZebljm^gh^hklmigu<lh\j_fydZd^jm]b_nmgdpbblZdb_dZdgamma bsinhj_Zebah\Zgu\FnZceZoIhwlhfm\ufh`_l_e_]dhm\b^_lvbodh^b\kemqZ_g_h[oh^bfhklb^Z`_fh^bnbpbjh\Zlv_]h
G_kdhevdhki_pbZevguonmgdpbcij_^hklZ\eyxlagZq_gbyqZklhbkihevam_fuo
dhgklZgl
pi
i
j
eps
realmin
realmax
Inf
NaN
3.14159265
fgbfZy_^bgbpZ-1
lh`_kZfh_qlhbi
hlghkbl_evgZylhqghklvqbkeZkieZ\Zxs_clhqdhc-52
gZbf_gvr__qbkehkieZ\Zxs_clhqdhc-1022
gZb[hevr__qbkehkieZ\Zxs_clhqdhc)21023
[_kdhg_qghklv
g_qbkeh
15
;_kdhg_qghklvihy\ey_lkyijb^_e_gbbgZgmevbebijb\uiheg_gbbfZl_fZlbq_kdh]h\ujZ`_gbyijb\h^ys_]hdi_j_iheg_gbxl_dij_\ur_gbxrealmax.
G_qbkehNaN]_g_jbjm_lkyijb\uqbke_gbb\ujZ`_gbclbiZbebInf Inf,
dhlhju_g_bf_xlhij_^_e_ggh]hfZl_fZlbq_kdh]h agZq_gby
Bf_gZnmgdpbcg_y\eyxlkyaZj_a_j\bjh\Zggufbihwlhfm\hafh`ghbaf_gylv
boagZq_gbygZgh\u_gZijbf_j
eps = 1.e-6
b ^Ze__ bkihevah\Zlv wlh agZq_gb_ \ ihke_^mxsbo \uqbke_gbyo GZqZevgh_
agZq_gb_fh`_l[ulv\hkklZgh\e_ghke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
clear eps
<ujZ`_gby
<u m`_ ihagZdhfbebkv k g_dhlhjufb ijbf_jZfb bkihevah\Zgby \ujZ`_gbc \

0$7/$%Gb`_ijb\_^_gh_s_g_kdhevdhijbf_jh\kj_amevlZlZfb
rho = (1+sqrt(5))/2
rho =
1.6180
a = abs(3+4i)
a =
5
z = sqrt(besselk(4/3,rho-i))
z =
0.3730 + 0.3214i
huge = exp(log(realmax))
huge =
1.7977e+308
toobig = pi*huge
toobig =
Inf
16
JZ[hlZ k fZljbpZfb
JZ[hlZkfZljbpZfb
WlhljZa^_ejZkkdZ`_l\ZfhjZaebqguokihkh[Zokha^ZgbyfZljbp
=_g_jbjh\Zgb_fZljbp
0$7/$%bf__lq_luj_nmgdpbbdhlhju_kha^Zxlhkgh\gu_fZljbpu
\k_gmeb
\k__^bgbpu
jZ\ghf_jgh_jZkij_^_e_gb_kemqZcguowe_f_glh\
ghjfZevgh_jZkij_^_e_gb_kemqZcguowe_f_glh\
zeros
ones
rand
randn
G_dhlhju_ijbf_ju
Z = zeros(2,4)
Z =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
F = 5*ones(3,3)
F =
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
N = fix(10*rand(1,10))
N =
9
R = randn(4,4)
R =
-0.4326
-1.6656
0.1253
0.2877
-1.1465
1.1909
1.1892
-0.0376
0.3273
0.1746
-0.1867
0.7258
-0.5883
2.1832
-0.1364
0.1139
AZ]jmadZfZljbp
DhfZg^Z load kqblu\Z_l ^\hbqgu_ nZceu kh^_j`Zsb_ fZljbpu kha^Zggu_ \

MATLAB jZg__bebl_dklh\u_nZceukh^_j`Zsb_qbke_ggu_^Zggu_L_dklh\u_nZceu^he`gu[ulvknhjfbjh\Zgu\\b^_ijyfhm]hevghclZ[ebpu qbk_e
hl^_e_gguoijh[_eZfbkjZ\gufdhebq_kl\hfwe_f_glh\\dZ`^hckljhd_GZijbf_jkha^Z^bf\g_MATLAB l_dklh\hcnZcekh^_j`Zsbckljhdb
16.0
5.0
9.0
4.0
3.0
10.0
6.0
15.0
2.0
11.0
7.0
14.0
13.0
8.0
12.0
1.0
KhojZgbfwlhlnZceih^bf_g_fmagik.datLh]^ZdhfZg^Z
17
load magik.dat
ijhqblZ_lwlhlnZcebkha^Zkli_j_f_ggmxmagikkh^_j`ZsmxgZrmfZljbpm
FnZceu
<ufh`_l_kha^Z\Zlvk\hbkh[kl\_ggu_fZljbpubkihevamyFnZceudhlhju_
ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc l_dklh\u_ nZceu kh^_j`Zsb_ dh^ MATLAB. Ijhklh kha^Zcl_ nZce k \ujZ`_gb_f dhlhjh_ \u ohlbl_ gZibkZlv \ dhfZg^ghc kljhd_
MATLAB. KhojZgbl__]hih^bf_g_faZdZgqb\ZxsbfkygZ.m.
AZf_qZgb_ >ey \uah\Z l_dklh\h]h j_^ZdlhjZ gZ JK beb Mac \u[_jbl_ Open
bebNew ba f_gx File bebgZ`fbl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsmx dghidm gZ iZg_eb bgkljmf_glh\>eyh[jZs_gbydl_dklh\hfmj_^ZdlhjmgZUNIXbkihevamcl_kbf\he
kjZamaZdhfZg^hcdhlhjmx\ubkihevam_l_\kljhd_hi_jZpbhgghckbkl_fu
GZijbf_jkha^Z^bfnZce\dexqZxsbcke_^mxsb_kljhd
A=[
16.0
3.0
5.0
10.0
9.0
6.0
4.0
15.0
2.0
11.0
7.0
14.0
13.0
8.0
12.0
1.0 ];
KhojZgbf_]hih^bf_g_fmagik.m.Lh]^Z\ujZ`_gb_
magik
ijhqblZ_lnZcebkha^Zkli_j_f_ggmx:kh^_j`Zsmxbkoh^gmxfZljbpm
H[t_^bg_gb_
H[t_^bg_gb_ wlh ijhp_kk kh_^bg_gby fZe_gvdbo fZljbp êy kha^Zgby [hevrbo NZdlbq_kdb \u kha^Zeb \Zrm i_j\mx fZljbpm h[t_^bg_gb_f _z hl^_evguo we_f_glh\ IZjZ d\Z^jZlguo kdh[hd wlh hi_jZlhj h[t_^bg_gby GZijbf_jgZqg_fkfZljbpu:fZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZobknhjfbjm_f
B = [A A+32; A+48 A+16]
J_amevlZlhf[m^_lfZljbpZoihemqZ_fZykh_^bg_gb_fq_luj_oih^fZljbp
B =
16
5
9
4
64
53
57
52
2
11
7
14
50
59
55
62
3
10
6
15
51
58
54
63
13
8
12
1
61
56
60
49
48
37
41
36
32
21
25
20
34
43
39
46
18
27
23
30
18
35
42
38
47
19
26
22
31
45
40
44
33
29
24
28
17
JZ[hlZ k fZljbpZfb
WlhfZljbpZebrvgZiheh\bgmy\ey_lkyfZ]bq_kdhc?zwe_f_gluij_^klZ\eyxl
kh[hc dhf[bgZpbx p_euo qbk_e hl ^h Z kmffu \ klhe[pZo lhqgh jZ\gu
agZq_gbxêyfZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZo
sum(B)
ans =
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
260
H^gZdhkmffu\kljhdZowlhcfZljbpu( sum(B')' g_ \k_ h^bgZdh\u G_h[oh^bfhijh\_klb^hihegbl_evgu_hi_jZpbbqlh[uk^_eZlvwlm fZljbpm^_ckl\bl_evghfZ]bq_kdbfd\Z^jZlhfo
M^Ze_gb_kljhdbklhe[ph\
<ufh`_l_m^Zeylvkljhdbbklhe[pufZljbpubkihevamyijhklhiZjmd\Z^jZlguokdh[hdJZkkfhljbf
X = A;
L_i_jvm^Zebf\lhjhcklhe[_pfZljbpuX.
X(:,2) = []
WlZhi_jZpbybaf_gblOke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
X =
16
5
9
4
3
10
6
15
13
8
12
1
?keb\u m^Zey_l_h^bgwe_f_glfZljbpulhj_amevlZl m`_ g_ [m^_l fZljbp_c

LZd\ujZ`_gb_
X(1,2) = []
j_amevlZlhf\uqbke_gby\u^Zklhrb[dmH^gZdhbkihevah\Zgb_h^gh]hbg^_dkZ
m^Zey_l hl^_evguc we_f_gl beb ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv we_f_glh\ b ij_h[jZam_l
hklZ\rb_kywe_f_glu\\_dlhjkljhdmLZd
X(2:2:10) = []
\u^Zklj_amevlZl
X =
16
13
12
19
DhfZg^gh_hdgh
>hkboihjfubkihevah\ZeblhevdhdhfZg^gmxkljhdmMATLABi_qZlZydhfZgû b \ujZ`_gby b gZ[ex^Zy j_amevlZlu < wlhc ]eZ\_ hibkZgh g_kdhevdh
kihkh[h\baf_g_gby\g_rg_]h\b^ZdhfZg^gh]hhdgZ?keb\ZrZkbkl_fZiha\hey_l \Zf \u[bjZlv rjbnl lh fu j_dhf_g^m_f bkihevah\Zlv rjbnlu k nbdkbjh\ZgghcrbjbghclZdb_dZdFixedsys beb Courierêyh[_ki_q_gbyijZ\bevgh]hf_`kljhqgh]hbgl_j\ZeZ
DhfZg^ZIRUPDW
DhfZg^Z format mijZ\ey_l qbke_gguf nhjfZlhf agZq_gbc \u\h^bfuo

MATLABWlZhi_jZpby\eby_llhevdhgZlhdZdqbkeZbah[jZ`ZxlkygZwdjZg_
ghg_\eby_lgZlhdZdbo\uqbkey_lbkhojZgy_lMATLABGb`_ij_^klZ\e_gu
jZaebqgu_ nhjfZlu qbk_e bkihevam_fu_ êy hlh[jZ`_gby \_dlhjZ x k dhfihg_glZfbjZaebqguo\_ebqbg
x = [4/3 1.2345e-6]
format short
1.3333
0.0000
format short e
1.3333e+000
1.2345e-006
format short g
1.3333
1.2345e-006
format long
1.33333333333333
0.00000123450000
format long e
1.333333333333333e+000
1.234500000000000e-006
format long g
1.33333333333333
1.2345e-006
format bank
1.33
0.00
format rat
4/3
1/810045
format hex
3ff5555555555555
3eb4b6231abfd271
20
DhfZg^gh_ hdgh
?kebkZfuc[hevrhcwe_f_glfZljbpu[hevr_3bebkZfucfZe_gvdbcf_gvr_ -3, MATLAB ijbf_gy_l h[sbc fZkrlZ[guc dhwnnbpb_gl êy nhjfZlh\
short b long.
<^h[Z\e_gb_ddhfZg^Zfformat, jZkkfhlj_gguf\ur_
format compact
m[bjZ_lfgh]himkluoebgbcihy\eyxsbokygZ\uoh^_Wlhiha\hey_l\Zf\b^_lv [hevr_ bgnhjfZpbb gZ wdjZg_ ?keb \u ohlbl_ baf_gblv dhgljhev gZ^
nhjfZlhf\uoh^guo^Zgguobkihevamcl_nmgdpbbsprintf bfprintf.
KhdjZs_gb_\uoh^guo^Zgguo
?keb\ugZ[_j_l_\ujZ`_gb_bgZ`f_l_Return bebEnter, MATLABZ\lhfZlbq_kdb \u\_^_l j_amevlZl gZ wdjZg H^gZdh _keb \ dhgp_ kljhdb \u ihklZ\bl_
lhqdmkaZiylhcMATLABijh\_^_l\uqbke_gbyghg_hlh[jZablboWlhqZklh
[u\Z_lgm`ghijbkha^Zgbb[hevrbofZljbpGZijbf_j
A = magic(100);
>ebggu_dhfZg^gu_kljhdb
?keb\ujZ`_gb_g_mf_sZ_lkygZh^ghckljhd_bkihevamcl_ljh_lhqb_ZaZgbf
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21

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agZdhfuihevah\Zl_eyfj_^ZdlhjZEMACS.)
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22
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t = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(t);
plot(t,y)

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y2 = sin(t-.25);
y3 = sin(t-.5);
plot( t, y, t, y2, t, y3)
23

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djm`dbke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
plot(x, y, 'p\_lBklbevBfZjd_j')
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24
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subplot(m,n,p)
25
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t = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
[X,Y,Z] = cylinder(4*cos(t));
subplot(2,2,1)
mesh(X)
subplot(2,2,2); mesh(Y)
subplot(2,2,3); mesh(Z)
subplot(2,2,4); mesh(X,Y,Z)
Fgbfu_bdhfie_dkgu_^Zggu_
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26
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27
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t = -pi:pi/100:pi;
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plot(t,y)
axis([-pi pi -1 1])
xlabel( ' -\pi \leq \itt \leq \pi ' )
ylabel( ' sin(t) ' )
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28
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[X, Y] = meshgrid(-8:.5:8);
R = sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2)+eps;
Z = sin(R)./R;
mesh(X,Y,Z)
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print depsc2 magicsquare.eps
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30
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MATLAB.
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MATLAB Help Desk
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K\yavkThe MathWorks, Inc.
DhfZg^ZKHOS
DhfZg^Zhelp wlhkZfuchkgh\ghckihkh[hij_^_e_gbykbglZdkbkZbih\_^_gby
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help magic
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MAGIC Magic square.
MAGIC(N) is an N-by-N matrix constructed from the integers
1 through N^2 with equal row, column, and diagonal sums.
Produces valid magic squares for N = 1,3,4,5,...
AZf_qZgb_ MATLAB \l_dms_ckijZ\d_bkihevam_laZ]eZ\gu_[md\uêynmgdpbcbi_j_f_gguo êy lh]h qlh[u \u^_eblv boba l_dklZ H^gZdh ijb gZ[hj_
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help matfun
Matrix functions - numerical linear algebra.
Matrix analysis.
norm
- Matrix or vector norm.
normest
- Estimate the matrix 2-norm.
...
DhfZg^Z
help
HELP topics:
matlab\general
matlab\ops
...
General purpose commands.

Operators and special characters.
31
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helpwin topic
HdghkijZ\dbij_^hklZ\ey_l\ZflZdmx`_bgnhjfZpbxdZdbdhfZg^Zhelp, gh
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help inverse
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lookfor inverse
gZc^_l fgh`_kl\h kh]eZkh\Zgguo hl\_lh\ < aZ\bkbfhklb hl lh]h dZdb_ toolboxes \umklZgh\beb\uihemqbl_khhl\_lkl\mxsb_aZibkbGZijbf_j
INVHILB Inverse Hilbert matrix.
ACOS Inverse cosine.
ACOSH Inverse hyperbolic cosine.
ACOT Inverse cotangent.
ACOTH Inverse hyperbolic cotangent.
ACSC Inverse cosecant.
ACSCH Inverse hyperbolic cosecant.
ASEC Inverse secant.
ASECH Inverse hyperbolic secant.
ASIN Inverse sine.
ASINH Inverse hyperbolic sine.
ATAN Inverse tangent.
...
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32
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H1.
Help Desk
MATLAB Help Desk h[_ki_qb\Z_l ^hklmi d rbjhdhfm ^bZiZahgm kijZ\hqghc

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whos
Name
Size
Bytes Class
A
D
M
S
h
n
s
v
4x4
5x3
10x1
1x3
1x11
1x1
1x5
2x5
128
120
3816
442
22
8
10
20
double array
double array
cell array
struct array
char array
double array
char array
char array
Grand total is 471 elements using 4566 bytes.

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MATLAB\\_^bl_
clear
DhfZg^ZVDYH
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MATLABGZijbf_j
save August17th
khojZgy_lkh^_j`Zgb_\k_]hjZ[hq_]hijhkljZgkl\Z\nZce_August17th.mat?kebgm`gh\ufh`_l_khojZgblvlhevdhhij_^_e_ggu_i_j_f_ggu_mdZau\Zybo
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34
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-ascii
Bkihevam_lagZqgucl_dklh\hcnhjfZl
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^he`gu khojZgylv lhevdh h^gm i_j_f_ggmx \ ^Zgguc fhf_gl ?keb \u khojZgy_l_ [he__ h^ghc i_j_f_gghc MATLAB kha^Z_l l_dklh\hc nZce gh \u g_
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set defalt
>ey[hevrbgkl\ZbawlbodhfZg^\ufh`_l_bkihevah\Zlvihegu_imlbrZ[ehgubmdZaZl_eb^bkdh\\h[uqghcnhjf_
35
DhfZg^ZGLDU\
DhfZg^Zdiarykha^Z_l^g_\gbdk_ZgkZMATLAB\^bkdh\hfnZce_<ufh`_l_
ijhkfhlj_lv b hlj_^Zdlbjh\Zlv dhg_qguc l_dklh\hc nZce bkihevamy ex[hc
l_dklh\hcijhp_kkhj>eykha^ZgbynZceZih^bf_g_fdiarydhlhjuckh^_j`bl
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diary
>eykhojZg_gbyk_ZgkZMATLAB\nZce_khij_^_e_ggufbf_g_fbkihevamcl_
diary filename
IjbhklZgh\d_aZibkbk_ZgkZjZ[hlugZ[_jbl_
diary off
AZimkd\g_rgboijh]jZff
<hkdebpZl_evgucagZdhagZqZ_l\uoh^bah[hehqdbMATLABHglZd`_hagZqZ_l qlh ihke_^mxsZy kljhdZ \\h^Z [m^_l dhfZg^hc d hi_jZpbhgghc kbkl_f_

bebFinder gZ Mac Wlh hq_gv ihe_agh êy \uah\Z mlbebl beb aZimkdZ ^jm]bo
ijh]jZff[_a\uoh^Zba MATLABGZVMSgZijbf_j
!edt magik.m
\uah\_l j_^Zdlhj gZau\Z_fuc edt êy nZceZ magik.m Dh]^Z \u \uoh^bl_ ba
\g_rg_cijh]jZffuhi_jZpbhggZykbkl_fZ\ha\jZsZ_lmijZ\e_gb_MATLAB.
36
Ih^jh[g__ h fZljbpZo b fZkkb\Zo
Ih^jh[g__hfZljbpZobfZkkb\Zo
Wlhl jZa^_e jZkkdZ`_l \Zf [hevr_ h jZ[hl_ k fZljbpZfb b fZkkb\Zfb m^_eyy
hkh[h_\gbfZgb_
Ebg_cghcZe]_[j_
FZkkb\Zf
Fgh]hf_jguf^Zgguf
Ebg_cgZyZe]_[jZ
L_jfbgufZljbpZbfZkkb\qZklh g_ijZ\bevgh bkihevamxl dZd \aZbfhaZf_gy_fu_;he__lhqghfZljbpZwlh^\mf_jgucqbke_ggucfZkkb\bkihevam_fuc\

ebg_cguo ij_h[jZah\Zgbyo FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ hi_jZpbb hij_^_e_ggu_ gZ fZljbpZoy\eyxlkyh[t_dlhfebg_cghcZe]_[ju
FZ]bq_kdbcd\Z^jZl>xj_jZ
A =
16
5
9
4
3
10
6
15
2
11
7
14
13
8
12
1
bkihevam_lky \ g_dhlhjuo ijbf_jZo dhlhju_ iha\heyxl ihqm\kl\h\Zlv hi_jZpbbgZ^fZljbpZfb\ MATLAB <u m`_ \b^_eb hi_jZpbx ljZgkihgbjh\Zgby
fZljbpuA'. >h[Z\e_gb_fZljbpud_zljZgkihgbjh\Zgghc^Z_lkbff_ljbqgmx
fZljbpm
A + A'
ans =
32
8
11
17
8
20
17
23
11
17
14
26
17
23
26
2
Kbf\hemfgh`_gby h[hagZqZ_lfZljbqgh_ijhba\_^_gb_\dexqZxs__\gmlj_gg__ ijhba\_^_gb_ f_`^m kljhdZfb b klhe[pZfb Mfgh`_gb_ fZljbpugZ _z

ljZgkihgbjh\ZggmxlZd`_^Z_lkbff_ljbqgmxfZljbpm
A'*A
ans =
378
212
206
360
212
370
368
206
206
368
370
212
360
206
212
378
Hij_^_ebl_evwlhcqZklghcfZljbpuhdZau\Z_lkyjZ\gufgmexhagZqZyqlhwlZ
fZljbpZy\ey_lkykbg]meyjghc
d = det(A)
37

d =
0
Ijb\_^_ggZy d kljhdZf klmi_gqZlZy nhjfZ fZljbpu : \u]ey^bl ke_^mxsbf

h[jZahf
R = rref(A)
R =
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
-3
3
0
Ihkdhevdm aZ^ZggZy fZljbpZ y\ey_lky kbg]meyjghc lh hgZ g_ bf__l h[jZlghc
?keb\u\k_lZdbihiulZ_l_kv_zhij_^_eblv
X = inv(A)
lhihemqbl_ij_^mij_`^_gb_
Warning: Matrix is close to singular or badly scaled.
Results may be inaccurate. RCOND = 1.175530e-017.
Hrb[dZhdjm]e_gbyij_iylkl\m_lZe]hjblfmh[jZs_gbyfZljbpuijbhij_^_e_gbb lhqghc kbg]meyjghklb Gh agZq_gb_ rcond dhlhjh_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_l mkeh\b_

hp_gdbêyh[jZlghcfZljbpubf__lihjy^hdepshlghkbl_evghclhqghklbqbkeZkieZ\Zxs_clhqdhcihwlhfm\uqbke_gb_h[jZlghcfZljbpug_hq_gv`_eZl_evgh
Bgl_j_kghgZclbkh[kl\_ggu_agZq_gbyfZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZ
e = eig(A)
e =
34.0000
8.0000
-0.0000
-8.0000
H^ghbakh[kl\_gguoagZq_gbcjZ\ghgmexqlhy\ey_lkyke_^kl\b_fkbg]meyjghklb KZfh_ [hevrh_ kh[kl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_ jZ\gh fZ]bq_kdhc kmff_ Wlh
ijhbkoh^blihlhfm qlh \_dlhj khklhysbc ba \k_o _^bgbp y\ey_lky kh[kl\_gguf\_dlhjhf
v = ones(4,1)
v =
1
1
1
1
A*v
38

ans =
34
34
34
34
Dh]^ZfZ]bq_kdbcd\Z^jZlbaf_jy_lky_]hfZ]bq_kdhckmffhc
P = A/34
j_amevlZl [m^_l [bklhoZklbq_kdhc fZljbp_c m dhlhjhc kmffu \ kljhdZo b

klhe[pZo\k_jZ\gu_^bgbpZf
P =
0.4706
0.1471
0.2647
0.1176
0.0882
0.2941
0.1765
0.4412
0.0588
0.3235
0.2059
0.4118
0.3824
0.2353
0.3529
0.0294
LZdb_ fZljbpu ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc \_jhylghklv i_j_oh^Z \ FZjdh\kdhf ijhp_kk_Ih\lhjgu_\ha\_^_gbyfZljbpu\kl_i_gvy\eyxlkyih\lhjgufbrZ]Zfb

\wlhfijhp_kk_>eygZr_]hijbf_jZiylZykl_i_gv
P^5
jZ\gZ
ans =
0.2507
0.2497
0.2500
0.2496
0.2495
0.2501
0.2498
0.2506
0.2494
0.2502
0.2499
0.2505
0.2504
0.2500
0.2503
0.2493
Bawlh]hke_^m_lqlh_kebk klj_fblkyd[_kdhg_qghklblh]^Z\k_we_f_glu\khckl_i_gb, Pk,klj_fylkyd.

<aZdexq_gb_jZkkfhljbfdhwnnbpb_gluoZjZdl_jbklbq_kdh]hihebghfZ
poly(A)
ans =
1.0e+003 *
0.0010
-0.0340
-0.0640
2.1760
0.0000
Baq_]hke_^m_lqlhoZjZdl_jbklbq_kdbcihebghf
det(A-I)
jZ\_g
4 343 642 + 2176
DhgklZglZ jZ\gZ gmex lZd dZd fZljbpZ y\ey_lky kbg]meyjghc Z dhwnnbpb_gl
ijblj_lv_ckl_i_gbjZ\_glZddZdfZljbpZfZ]bq_kdZy
39
FZkkb\u
Dh]^Zfu\uoh^bfbafbjZebg_cghcZe]_[jufZljbpuklZgh\ylky^\mf_jgufb
qbke_ggufb fZkkb\Zfb :jbnf_lbq_kdb_ hi_jZpbb gZ fZkkb\Zo ijhba\h^ylky
ihwe_f_glghWlh hagZqZ_l qlh kmffbjh\Zgb_ b \uqblZgb_ y\eyxlky h^bgZdh\ufb hi_jZpbyfb êy fZljbp b fZkkb\h\ Z mfgh`_gb_ êy gbo jZaebqgh
MATLABbkihevam_llhqdmbeb^_kylbqgmxlhqdmdZdqZklvaZibkbêyhi_jZpbbmfgh`_gbyfZkkb\h\
Kibkhdhi_jZlhjh\\dexqZ_l\k_[y
+
.*
./
.\
.^
.'
kmffbjh\Zgb_
\uqblZgb_
ihwe_f_glgh_mfgh`_gb_
ihwe_f_glgh_^_e_gb_
ihwe_f_glgh_e_\h_^_e_gb_
ihwe_f_glgh_\ha\_^_gb_\kl_i_gv
g_khijy`_ggh_fZljbqgh_ljZgkihgbjh\Zgb_
?keb fZ]bq_kdbc d\Z^jZl >xj_jZ mfgh`blv gZ k_[y ih ijZ\beZf mfgh`_gby
fZkkb\h\
A.*A
j_amevlZlhf[m^_lfZkkb\kh^_j`Zsbcd\Z^jZlup_euoqbk_ehl ^h \ g_h[uqghfihjy^d_

ans =
256
25
81
16
9
100
36
225
4
121
49
196
169
64
144
1
Hi_jZpbb gZ^ fZkkb\Zfb ihe_agu êy kha^Zgby lZ[ebp Imklv n wlh \_dlhj
klhe[_p
n = (0:9)';
Lh]^Z
pows = [n
n.^2
2.^n]
kha^Z_llZ[ebpmd\Z^jZlh\bkl_i_g_c^\hcdb
pows =
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
40
We_f_glZjgu_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ nmgdpbb jZ[hlZxl k fZkkb\Zfb ihwe_f_glgh

LZd
format short g
x = (1:0.1:2)';
logs = [x log10(x)]
kha^Z_llZ[ebpmeh]Zjbnfh\
logs =
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
0
0.041393
0.079181
0.11394
0.14613
0.17609
0.20412
0.23045
0.25527
0.27875
0.30103
Fgh]hf_jgu_^Zggu_
MATLABbkihevam_lf_lh^hjb_glZpbbklhe[ph\êyfgh]hf_jguoklZlbklbq_kdbo ^Zgguo DZ`ûc klhe[_p \ gZ[hj_ ^Zgguo ij_^klZ\ey_l i_j_f_ggmx Z
dZ`^ZykljhdZj_amevlZlugZ[ex^_gbcLZdbfh[jZahfwe_f_gli,jwlhih_
gZ[ex^_gb_jhci_j_f_gghc
<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZjZkkfhljbfgZ[hj^Zgguoklj_fyi_j_f_ggufb
qZklhlZk_j^_qguokhdjZs_gbc
\_k
qZkumijZ`g_gbcaZg_^_ex
>ey iylb gZ[ex^_gbc j_amevlbjmxsbc fZkkb\ fh`_l \u]ey^_lv ke_^mxsbf
h[jZahf
D =
72
81
69
82
75
134
201
156
148
170
3.2
3.5
7.1
2.4
1.2
I_j\ZykljhdZkh^_j`blqZklhlmk_j^_qguokhdjZs_gbc\_kbqZkumijZ`g_gbc
êyi_j\h]hiZpb_glZ\lhjZykljhdZkh^_j`blZgZeh]bqgu_^Zggu_êy\lhjh]h
b l^ <u fh`_l_ ijbf_gblv fgh]b_ nmgdpbb MATLAB êy ZgZebaZ ^Zgguo d
wlhfm gZ[hjm bgnhjfZpbb GZijbf_j êy lh]h qlh[u ihemqblv kj_^g__ b
kj_^g_d\Z^jZlbqgh_hldehg_gb_êydZ`^h]hklhe[pZgZ^h
mu = mean(D), sigma = std(D)
41

mu =
75.8
161.8
3.48
5.6303
25.499
2.2107
sigma =
Qlh[uihkfhlj_lvkibkhd\k_onmgdpbcMATLABêyZgZebaZ^ZgguogZ[_jbl_
help datafun
?keb\Zfgm`ghmagZlvhStatistics Toolbox\\_^bl_
help stats
KdZeyjgh_jZkrbj_gb_
FZljbpu b kdZeyju fh]ml dhf[bgbjh\Zlvky jZaebqgufb imlyfb GZijbf_j

kdZeyj\uqblZ_lkybafZljbpuiml_f\uqblZgbybadZ`^h]hwe_f_glZKj_^g__
agZq_gb_we_f_glh\êygZr_]hfZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZjZ\ghihwlhfm
B = A - 8.5
nhjfbjm_lfZljbpmmdhlhjhckmffu\klhe[pZojZ\gugmex
B =
7.5
-3.5
0.5
-4.5
-5.5
1.5
-2.5
6.5
-6.5
2.5
-1.5
5.5
4.5
-0.5
3.5
-7.5
sum(B)
ans =
0
Bkihevamy kdZeyjgh_ jZkrbj_gb_ MATLAB mdZau\Z_l aZ^Zgguc kdZeyj \k_f

bg^_dkZf\^bZiZahg_GZijbf_j
B(1:2,2:3)=0
h[gmey_lqZklvfZljbpuB
B =
7.5
-3.5
0.5
-4.5
0
0
-2.5
6.5
0
0
-1.5
5.5
Eh]bq_kdZybg^_dkZpby
4.5
-0.5
3.5
-7.5
Eh]bq_kdb_\_dlhjZkha^Zggu_baeh]bq_kdbohi_jZlhjh\bhi_jZlhjh\kjZ\g_gbyfh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguêykkuedbgZih^fZkkb\uIj_îheh`bfqlhX
h[udgh\_ggZyfZljbpZbL fZljbpZlh]h`_jZaf_jZghkh^_j`ZsZyeh]bq_kdb_
hi_jZpbbLh]^ZX(L)aZ^Z_lwe_f_gluX\dhlhjuowe_f_gluL g_gme_\u_
42

Wlhl \b^ bg^_dkZpbb fh`_l [ulv hkms_kl\e_g aZ h^bg rZ] mdZaZgb_f eh]bq_kdhchi_jZpbblZdhcdZdbg^_dkZpby\ujZ`_gbyImklv\ubf__l_ ke_^mxsbc
gZ[hj^Zgguo
x =
2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 NaN 1.9 1.8 1.5 5.1 1.8 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.8
NaN wlh f_ldZêyg_^hklZxs_]hgZ[ex^_gbydZdgZijbf_jhrb[dZijbhl\_l_gZ\hijhkZgd_lu>eylh]hqlh[um[jZlv^Zggu_keh]bq_kdhcbg^_dkZpb_c bkihevamcl_ finite(x) dhlhjZy y\ey_lky bklbghc êy \k_o dhg_qguo qbke_gguoagZq_gbcbeh`vxêyNaN b Inf.
x = x(finite(x))
x =
2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.5 5.1 1.8 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.8
K_cqZkhklZeZkvh^gZgZ[ex^Z_fZy\_ebqbgZaZf_lghhlebqZxsZykyhlhklZevguo wlh \u[jhk Ihke_^mxsb_ ^_ckl\by mkljZgyxl \u[jhku \ ^Zgghf

kemqZ_ l_ we_f_glu êy dhlhjuo kj_^g_d\Z^jZlbqgh_ hldehg_gb_ [he__ q_f \
ljbjZaZmdehgy_lkyhlkj_^g_]h
x = x(abs(x-mean(x)) <= 3*std(x))
x =
2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.8
< dZq_kl\_ ^jm]h]h ijbf_jZ gZc^_f iheh`_gb_ ijhkluo qbk_e \ fZ]bq_kdhf

d\Z^jZl_ >xj_jZ bkihevamy eh]bq_kdh_ bg^_dkbjh\Zgb_ b kdZeyjgh_ jZkrbj_gb_qlhh[gmeblv\k_g_ijhklu_qbkeZ
A(~isprime(A))=0
A =
0
5
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
11
7
0
13
0
0
0
NmgdpbyILQG
Nmgdpbyfind hij_^_ey_lbg^_dkufZkkb\Zwe_f_glh\kaZ^Zggufbeh]bq_kdbfb
mkeh\byfb < gZb[he__ ijhklhc nhjf_ find \ha\jZsZ_l \_dlhjklhe[_p bg^_dkh\LjZgkihgbjm_f_]hêyihemq_gby\_dlhjZkljhdbGZijbf_j
k = find(isprime(A))'
\u[bjZ_l iheh`_gby bkihevamy h^ghf_jgh_ bg^_dkbjh\Zgb_ ijhkluo qbk_e

fZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZ
k =
2
10
11
13
IhdZ`_fwlbqbkeZdZd\_dlhjkljhdm\ihjy^d_hij_^_e_gghfnmgdpb_c
43
A(k)
ans =
5
11
13
?keb \u bkihevam_l_ k dZd bg^_dk k e_\hc klhjhgu \ hi_jZlhj_ ijbk\Zb\Zgby

lhfZljbqgZykljmdlmjZkhojZgy_lky
A(k) = NaN
A =
16
NaN
9
4
NaN
10
6
15
NaN
NaN
NaN
14
NaN
8
12
1
44
MijZ\e_gb_ ihlhdZfb
MijZ\e_gb_ihlhdZfb
MATLAB bf__liylv\b^h\kljmdlmjmijZ\e_gbyihlhdZfb
hi_jZlhjif
hi_jZlhjswitch
pbdeufor
pbdeuwhile
hi_jZlhjbreak
if
Hi_jZlhjif \uqbkey_leh]bq_kdh_\ujZ`_gb_b\uihegy_l]jmiimhi_jZlhjh\
_keb \ujZ`_gb_ bklbggh G_h[yaZl_evgu_ dexq_\u_ keh\Z elseif b else kem`Zl
êy \uiheg_gby Zevl_jgZlb\guo ]jmii hi_jZlhjh\ Dexq_\h_ keh\h end dhlhjh_kh]eZkm_lkykifaZ\_jrZ_lihke_^gxx ]jmiim hi_jZlhjh\ LZdbf h[jZahf
\k_]jmiiu hi_jZlhjh\ aZdexq_gu f_`^m q_luj_o dexq_\uo keh\ [_a bkihevah\Zgbynb]mjguobebh[uqguokdh[hd
:e]hjblf0$7/$%êykha^ZgbyfZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZihjy^dZQ\dexqZ_lljb
jZaguokemqZyQg_q_lgh_Qq_lgh_ghg_^_eblkygZbQq_lgh_b^_eblkygZ
Gb`_ijb\_^_gijbf_jkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hdh^Z
if rem(n,2) ~= 0
M = odd_magic(n)
elseif rem(n,4) ~= 0
M = single_even_magic(n)
else
M = double_even_magic(n)
end
< wlhf ijbf_j_ ljb kemqZy y\eyxlky \aZbfgh bkdexqZxsbfb gh _keb [u wlh
[uehg_lZdlh\uihegyehkv[ui_j\h_bklbggh_mkeh\b_
<Z`gh ihgylv dZd hi_jZlhj hlghr_gby b hi_jZlhj if jZ[hlZxl k fZljbpZfb
Dh]^Z \u ohlbl_ magZlv jZ\gu eb ^\_ i_j_f_ggu_ gm`gh bkihevah\Zlv ke_^mxsmxdhgkljmdpbx
if A == B, . . .
WlhijZ\bevgucdh^0$7/$%bhghkms_kl\ey_llhqlh\uh`b^Z_l__keb$b
%y\eyxlkykdZeyjZfbGhdh]^Z$b%fZljbpu$ %g_jZ[hlZ_l_kebhgb
g_jZ\guJZ\_gkl\hfZljbphagZqZ_lihwe_f_glgh_jZ\_gkl\hNZdlbq_kdb_keb$b%bf_xljZaebqgu_jZaf_ju0$7/$%\u^Zklhrb[dm
IjZ\bevguc kihkh[ hij_^_e_gby jZ\_gkl\Z f_`^m ^\mfy i_j_f_ggufb wlh
bkihevah\Zgb_nmgdpbbisequal
if isequal(A,B), . . .
45
>Ze__ijb\_^_g^jm]hcijbf_jdhlhjucbkke_^m_lwlhl\hijhk?kebAbB y\eyxlky kdZeyjZfb lh gb`_ijb\_^_ggZy ijh]jZffZ gbdh]^Z g_ ijb\_^_l d g_h`b^Zgghc kblmZpbb Gh êy [hevrbgkl\Z iZj bkihevam_fuo fZljbp \dexqZy
gZrb fZ]bq_kdb_ d\Z^jZlu k i_j_klZ\e_ggufb klhe[pZfb gb h^gh ba mkeh\bc
A > B, A < B beb A ==B g_ y\ey_lky bklbgguf êy \k_o we_f_glh\ b ihwlhfm
\uihegy_lkykemqZcelse.
if A > B
' greater '
elseif A < B
' less'
elseif A == B
' equal '
else
error ( ' G_ij_^\b^_ggZykblmZpby ' )
end
G_dhlhju_nmgdpbbfh]ml[ulvihe_aguêyfZljbqgh]hkjZ\g_gbyijbbkihevah\Zgbbkhi_jZlhjhfifgZijbf_j
isequal
isempty
all
any
VZLWFKbFDVH
Hi_jZlhjswitch \uihegy_l]jmiimhi_jZlhjh\[ZabjmykvgZagZq_gbbi_j_f_gghc beb \ujZ`_gby Dexq_\u_ keh\Z case b otherwise jZa^_eyxl wlb ]jmiiu
<uihegy_lky lhevdh i_j\uc khhl\_lkl\mxsbc kemqZc G_h[oh^bfh bkihevah\Zlvend êykh]eZkh\Zgbykswitch.
Eh]bdZ Ze]hjblfZ fZ]bq_kdbo d\Z^jZlh\ fh`_l [ulv hibkZgZ gZ ke_^mxs_f
ijbf_j_
switch (rem(n,4)==0) + (rem(n,2)==0)
case 0
M = odd_magic(n)
case 1
M = single_even_magic(n)
case 2
M = double_even_magic(n)
otherwise
error( ' Wlhg_\hafh`gh' )
end
AZf_qZgb_ êy ijh]jZffbklh\ Kb < hlebqb_ hl yaudZ Kb hi_jZlhj switch \
0$7/$% g_ ijh\Zeb\Z_lky ?keb i_j\uc kemqZc y\ey_lky bklbgguf ^jm]b_
46
MijZ\e_gb_ ihlhdZfb
kemqZb g_ \uihegyxlky LZdbf h[jZahf g_l g_h[oh^bfhklb \ bkihevah\Zgbb
hi_jZlhjZbreak.
for
Pbdefor ih\lhjy_l]jmiimhi_jZlhjh\nbdkbjh\Zggh_ij_^hij_^_e_ggh_qbkeh
jZaDexq_\h_keh\hend hq_jqb\Z_ll_ehpbdeZ
for n = 3:32
r(n) = rank(magic(n));
end
r
LhqdZ k aZiylhc ihke_ \ujZ`_gby \ l_e_ pbdeZ ij_^hl\jZsZ_l ih\lhj_gby \u\h^Zj_amevlZlh\gZwdjZgZr ihke_pbdeZ\u\h^blhdhgqZl_evgucj_amevlZl
Ohjhrbfklbe_fy\eyxlkyhlklmiuijbbkihevah\Zgbbpbdeh\êyemqr_cqblZ_fhklbhkh[_gghdh]^Zhgb\eh`_ggu_
for i = 1:m
for j = 1:n
H(i,j) = 1/(i+j);
end
end
while
Pbde while ih\lhjy_l ]jmiim hi_jZlhjh\ hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkeh jZa ihdZ \uihegy_lkyeh]bq_kdh_ mkeh\b_Dexq_\h_keh\hend hq_jqb\Z_lbkihevam_fu_hi_jZlhju
Gb`_ ijb\_^_gZ ihegZy ijh]jZffZ beexkljbjmxsZy jZ[hlm hi_jZlhjh\
while, if, else benddhlhjZybkihevam_lf_lh^^_e_gbyhlj_adZihiheZfêygZoh`^_gbygme_cihebghfZ
a = 0; fa = -Inf;
b = 3; fb = Inf;
while b-a > eps*b
x = (a+b)/2;
fx = x^3-2*x-5;
if sign(fx) == sign(fa)
a = x; fa = fx;
else
b = x; fb = fx;
end
end
x
J_amevlZlhf[m^_ldhj_gvihebghfZx3-2x-5
x =
2.09455148154233
47

>ey hi_jZlhjZ while \_jgu l_ `_ ij_^hkl_j_`_gby hlghkbl_evgh fZljbqgh]h
kjZ\g_gbyqlhbêyhi_jZlhjZif, dhlhju_h[km`^ZebkvjZg__
break
Hi_jZlhj break iha\hey_l ^hkjhqgh \uoh^blv ba pbdeh\ for beb while <h \eh`_gguopbdeZobreak hkms_kl\ey_l\uoh^lhevdhbakZfh]h\gmlj_gg_]hpbdeZ
Gb`_ij_^klZ\e_gmemqr_gguc\ZjbZglij_û^ms_]hijbf_jZIhq_fmbkihevah\Zgb_hi_jZlhjZbreak \^ZgghfkemqZ_\u]h^gh"
a = 0; fa = -Inf;
b = 3; fb = Inf;
while b-a > eps*b
x = (a+b)/2;
fx = x^3-2*x-5;
if fx ==0
break
elseif sign(fx) == sign(fa)
a = x; fa = fx;
else
b = x; fb = fx;
end
end
x
48
>jm]b_ kljmdlmju ^Zgguo
>jm]b_kljmdlmju^Zgguo
Wlhl jZa^_e ihagZdhfbl \Zk k g_dhlhjufb kljmdlmjZfb ^Zgguo \ MATLAB,
\dexqZy
Fgh]hf_jgu_fZkkb\u
FZkkb\uyq__d
Kbf\heubl_dkl
Kljmdlmju
Fgh]hf_jgu_fZkkb\u
Fgh]hf_jgu_fZkkb\u\MATLABwlhfZkkb\u[he__q_fk^\mfybg^_dkZfb
Hgb fh]ml [ulv kha^Zgu \uah\hf nmgdpbc zeros, ones, rand beb randn k [he__
q_f^\mfyZj]mf_glZfbGZijbf_j
R = randn(3,4,5)
kha^Z_l oo fZkkb\ k ghjfZevgh jZkij_^_e_ggufb kemqZcgufb
we_f_glZfb
Lj_of_jgu_ fZkkb\u fh]ml ij_^klZ\eylv lj_of_jgu_ nbabq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ gZijbf_jl_fi_jZlmjm\dhfgZl_J_amevlZlij_^klZ\ey_lkyihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx
fZljbp A(k) beb aZ\bkys_c hl \j_f_gb fZljbp_c A(t) < wlbo kemqZyo we_f_gl
(i,jNhcfZljbpubebtkhch[hagZqZ_lkyA(i,j,k).
<_jkbbfZ]bq_kdh]hd\Z^jZlZMATLABb>xj_jZhlebqZxlkyi_j_klZ\e_ggufb
klhe[pZfbHi_jZlhj
p = perms(1:4);
]_g_jbjm_l i_j_klZgh\dbqbk_ehl^hN-Zyi_j_klZgh\dZwlh\_dlhj
kljhdZp(k,:)Lh]^Z
A = magic(4);
M = zeros(4,4,24);
for k = 1:24
M(:,:,k) = A(:,p(k,:));
end
ojZgblihke_^h\Zl_evghklv fZ]bq_kdbo d\Z^jZlh\ \ lj_of_jghf fZkkb\_ M.

JZaf_jM jZ\_g
size(M)
ans =
4
24
HdZau\Z_lkyqlhZyfZljbpZ\wlhcihke_^h\Zl_evghklbfZljbpZ>xj_jZ
M(:,:,22)
49

ans =
16
5
9
4
3
10
6
15
2
11
7
14
13
8
12
1
Nmgdpby
sum(M,d)
\uqbkey_lkmffubaf_gyybg^_dkdLZd
sum(M,1)
- wlhoofZkkb\kh^_j`Zsbcdhibb\_dlhjZkljhdb
34
34
34
34
:
sum(M,2)
y\ey_lkyfZkkb\hfookh^_j`Zsbfdhibb\_dlhjZklhe[pZ
34
34
34
34
BgZdhg_p
S = sum(M,3)
^h[Z\ey_l fZljbpu \ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv J_amevlZl bf__l jZaf_jghklv

ooihwlhfmhg\u]ey^bldZdfZkkb\o
S =
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
FZkkb\uyq__d
FZkkb\uyq__d\MATLAB wlhfgh]hf_jgu_fZkkb\uwe_f_gludhlhjuoy\eyxlky dhibyfb ^jm]bo fZkkb\h\ FZkkb\ yq__d imkluo fZljbp fh`_l [ulv
kha^Zgkbkihevah\Zgb_fnmgdpbbcellGh[he__qZklhhgbkha^Zxlkyiml_faZdexq_gby jZaghh[jZaghc ]jmiiu h[t_dlh\ \ djm]eu_ kdh[db Djm]eu_ kdh[db
lZd`_bkihevamxlkykbg^_dkZfbêyihemq_gby^hklmiZdkh^_j`ZgbxjZaebqguoyq__dGZijbf_j
C = { A sum(A) prod(prod(A)) }
^Z_l fZkkb\ yq__d o Wlb ljb de_ldb kh^_j`Zl fZ]bq_kdbc d\Z^jZl \_dlhj
kljhdmkkmffZfb\klhe[pZobijhba\_^_gb__]hwe_f_glh\?kebhlh[jZablvC
gZwdjZg_lh\um\b^bl_ke_^mxs__
50
C =
[4x4 double]
[1x4 double]
[2.0923e+013]
Wlhijhbkoh^blihlhfmqlhi_j\u_^\_yq_cdbkebrdhf[hevrb_êy\u\h^Z\
wlhf h]jZgbq_gghf ijhkljZgkl\_ Z lj_lvy yq_cdZ kh^_j`bl lhevdh hl^_evgh_
qbkehbêyg_]h_klvg_h[oh^bfZyh[eZklv\u\h^Z
Hq_gv\Z`ghaZihfgblv^\Z\Z`guofhf_glZI_j\h_êyihemq_gby kh^_j`Zgbyh^ghcyq_cdbbkihevamcl_bg^_dk\djm]euokdh[dZoGZijbf_jC{1} \ha\jZsZ_lfZ]bq_kdbcd\Z^jZlZC{3} 16!<lhjh_fZkkb\uyq__dkh^_j`Zldhibb^jm]bofZkkb\h\ Zg_bo mdZaZl_eb Ihwlhfm _keb \u \ihke_^kl\bb baf_gbl_fZljbpmAkC gbq_]hg_ijhbahc^_l
Lj_of_jgu_fZkkb\ufh]ml[ulvbkihevah\ZguêyojZg_gbyihke_^h\Zl_evghklbfZljbph^bgZdh\h]hjZaf_jZ:fZkkb\uyq__dfh]mlijbf_gylvkyêyojZg_gbyihke_^h\Zl_evghklbfZljbpjZaebqgh]hjZaf_jZGZijbf_j
M = cells(8,1);
for n =1:8
M{n} = magic(n);
end
M
kha^Z_l ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv fZ]bq_kdbo d\Z^jZlh\ \ hij_^_e_gghc ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb

M =
[
[2x2
[3x3
[4x4
[5x5
[6x6
[7x7
[8x8
1]
double]
double]
double]
double]
double]
double]
double]
<ufh`_l_gZclbgZr_]hklZjh]h^jm]ZijhklhgZ[jZ\
M{4}
Kbf\heubl_dkl
<\_^bl_l_dkl\MATLABbkihevamyh^bgZjgu_dZ\uqdbGZijbf_j
s = 'Hello'
J_amevlZlhfg_[m^_ly\eylvkyqbke_ggZyfZljbpZbebfZkkb\dhlhju_fujZkkfZljb\ZebjZg__Wlh[m^_lkbf\hevgucfZkkb\o
<gmlj_gg_kbf\heuojZgylkydZdqbkeZghg_\nhjfZl_kieZ\Zxs_clhqdhc
Hi_jZlhj
a = double(s)
51

ij_h[jZam_lfZkkb\kbf\heh\\qbkeh\mxfZljbpmkh^_j`Zsmxij_^klZ\e_gb_
kieZ\Zxs_clhqdhcASCII dh^ZêydZ`^h]hkbf\heZJ_amevlZlhf[m^_l
a =
72
101
108
108
111
:\ujZ`_gb_
s = char(a)
hkms_kl\ey_lh[jZlgh_ij_\jZs_gb_
Ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ qbk_e \ kbf\heu ^_eZ_l \hafh`guf ijbkmlkl\b_ jZaebqguo
rjbnlh\ gZ \Zr_f dhfivxl_j_ I_qZlZ_fu_ kbf\heu \ ASCII dh^_ ij_^klZ\eyxlky p_eufb qbkeZfb hl ^h P_eu_ qbkeZ f_gvr_ ij_^klZ\eyxl
g_i_qZlZ_fu_ kbf\heu Wlb qbkeZ jZkiheh`_gu \ khhl\_lkl\mxs_f fZkkb\_
o
F = reshape(32:127,16,6)';
I_qZlZ_fu_kbf\heu\jZkrbj_gghfASCII gZ[hj_ij_^klZ\e_guF+128Dh]^Z
wlb qbkeZ bgl_jij_lbjmxlky dZd kbf\heu j_amevlZl aZ\bkbl hl lh]h dZdhc
rjbnl\^Zggucfhf_glbkihevam_lkyGZ[_jbl_ke_^mxs__
char(F)
char(F+128)
bihlhf ihbaf_gycl_ rjbnlu \ dhfZg^ghf hdg_ MATLAB Gb`_ ij_^klZ\e_g

h^bgbaijbf_jh\lh]hqlhfh`_lihemqblvky
ans =
!"#$%&'()*+,-./
0123456789:;<=>?
@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_
àbcdefghijklmno
pqrstuvwxyz{|}~
ans =
83,/2
1z}0~
:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI
JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
Z[\]^_àbcdefghi
jklmnopqrstuvwxy
Kh_^bg_gb_ d\Z^jZlgufb kdh[dZfb dhgdZl_gbjm_l l_dklh\u_ i_j_f_ggu_ \f_kl_\[hevrmxkljhdm
h = [s, ' world']
h[t_^bgy_lkljhdbih]hjbahglZebb^Z_l
h =
Hello world
52

Hi_jZlhj
v = [s; 'world']
h[t_^bgy_lkljhdb\_jlbdZevqlhijb\h^bld
v =
Hello
world
AZf_lvl_qlhi_j_^kbf\hehfw \i_j_f_gghchg_h[oh^bfhihklZ\blvijh[_e
Zh[Zkeh\Z\i_j_f_gghcv^he`gu[ulvjZ\ghcêbguJ_amevlbjmxsb_fZkkb\uy\eyxlkykgh\ZfZkkb\Zfbkbf\heh\i_j_f_ggZyh 1o11Zi_j_f_ggZyv
o
?klv ^\Z kihkh[Z qlh[u mijZ\eylv ]jmiihc l_dklZ kh^_j`Zs_c kljhdb jZaghc
êbgu nhjfbjh\Zlv aZiheg_gguc fZkkb\ kbf\heh\ beb de_lhqguc fZkkb\
kljhd Nmgdpby char ijbgbfZ_l ex[h_ qbkeh kljhd ^h[Z\ey_l ijh[_eu \ dZ`^mx kljhdm qlh[u \k_ hgb [ueb jZ\ghc êbgu b nhjfbjm_l fZkkb\ kljhd k
kbf\hevghckljhdhc\dZ`^hckljhd_GZijbf_j
S = char('A' , 'rolling' , 'stone' , 'gathers' , 'momentum.')
\u^Z_l
S =
A
rolling
stone
gathers
momentum.
Ijbkmlkl\m_l^hklZlhqgh_dhebq_kl\hijh[_eh\\i_j\uoq_luj_okljhdZoqlh[u\k_kljhdb[uebjZ\ghcêbgu>jm]hckihkh[wlhkhojZgblvl_dkl\fZkkb\_yq__d
C = {'A' ; 'rolling' ; 'stone' ; 'gathers' ; 'momentum.'
[m^_lfZkkb\yq__do
C =
'A'
'rolling'
'stone'
'gathers'
'momentum.'
<u fh`_l_ ij_h[jZah\Zlv aZiheg_gguc kbf\hevguc fZkkb\ \ fZkkb\ yq__d ba

kljhdke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
C = cellstr(S)
H[jZlgh_ij_h[jZah\Zgb_
S = char(C)
53
Kljmdlmju
Kljmdlmjuwlhfgh]hf_jgu_fZkkb\uMATLABkwe_f_glZfb^hklmiddhlhjufhkms_kl\ey_lkyq_j_aiheyGZijbf_j
S.name = 'Ed Plum';
S.score = 83;
S.grade = 'B+';
kha^Z_lkdZeyjgmxkljmdlmjmklj_fyiheyfb
S =
name: 'Ed Plum'
score: 83
grade: 'B+'
DZdb\kz\MATLABkljmdlmjuy\eyxlkyfZkkb\Zfbihwlhfm\u fh`_l_^h[Z\eylv\gbowe_f_glu<wlhfkemqZ_dZ`ûcwe_f_glfZkkb\Zy\ey_lkykljmdlmjhckg_kdhevdbfbiheyfbIheyfh]ml^h[Z\eylvkyeb[hihh^ghfm
S(2).name = 'Toni Miller';
S(2).score = 91;
S(2).grade = 'A-' ;
eb[hiheghklvx
S(3) = struct( 'name', 'Jerry Garcia', . . .
'score', 70, 'grade', 'C' )
K_cqZk kljmdlmjZ klZeZ ^hklZlhqghc [hevrhc ihwlhfm i_qZlZ_lky ebrv _z

k\h^dZ
S =
1x3 struct array with fields:
name
score
grade
?klvg_kdhevdhkihkh[h\i_j_ljZgkebjh\Zlv jZaebqgu_ ihey \ ^jm]b_ fZkkb\u

MATLAB<k_hgb[ZabjmxlkygZaZibkbkibkdZjZa^_e_ggh]haZiylufb?keb
\ugZ[_j_l_
S.score
wlh[m^_ljZ\ghkbevghke_^mxs_fm
S(1).score, S(2).score, S(3).score
Wlhb_klvkibkhdjZa^_e_ggucaZiylufbIjZ\^Z[_a^jm]hcimgdlmZpbbhgg_
hq_gv ihe_a_g < wlhc kljhd_ ijhbkoh^bl ijbk\Zb\Zgb_ lj_o kq_lh\ score i_j_f_gghcihmfheqZgbxans b\u\h^j_amevlZlh\dZ`^h]hijbk\Zb\ZgbyGh_keb\u\dexqZ_l_\ujZ`_gb_dd\Z^jZlgu_kdh[db
54

[S.score]
lh`_kZfh_qlh
[S(1).score, S(2).score, S(3).score]
j_amevlZlhf[m^_lqbke_gguc\_dlhjkljhdZkh^_j`Zsbc\k_kq_lZscore)
ans =
83
91
70
:gZeh]bqgh
S.name
ijhklhijbk\Zb\Z_lbf_gZnamesihh^ghfmi_j_f_gghcansH^gZdhaZdexq_gb_wlh]h\ujZ`_gby\djm]eu_kdh[db
{S.name}
kha^Z_lfZkkb\yq__dokh^_j`Zsbcljbbf_gbnames)
ans =
'Ed Plum'
'Toni Miller'
'Jerry Garcia'
Bnmgdpby
char(S.name)
klj_fyZj]mf_glZfbkha^Z_lfZkkb\kbf\heh\baiheyname.
ans =
Ed Plum
Toni Miller
Jerry Garcia
55
Kp_gZjbbbnmgdpbb
MATLAB wlh fhsguc yaud ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby lZd`_ dZd b bgl_jZdlb\gZy
\uqbkebl_evgZykj_^ZNZceudhlhju_kh^_j`Zldh^gZyaud_MATLAB, gZau\ZxlkyFnZceZfb<ukha^Z_l_FnZceubkihevamyl_dklh\hcj_^ZdlhjZaZl_fbkihevam_l_bodZdex[mxnmgdpbxbebdhfZg^mMATLAB.
Kms_kl\m_l^\Z\b^ZFnZceh\
Kp_gZjbbdhlhju_ g_ bf_xl \oh^guob \uoh^guo Zj]mf_glh\ Hgb hi_jbjmxlk^ZggufbbajZ[hq_]hijhkljZgkl\Z
Nmgdpbbdhlhju_ bf_xl \oh^gu_ b \uoh^gu_ Zj]mf_glu Hgb hi_jbjmxlkehdZevgufbi_j_f_ggufb
?keb\uy\ey_l_kvgh\bqdhf\MATLABijh]jZffbjh\Zgbbijhklhkha^Z\Zcl_
FnZceudhlhju_\uohlbl_bkihevah\Zlv\l_dms_c^bj_dlhjbb?keb`_\u
jZajZ[hlZebfgh]hFnZceh\\uaZohlbl_k]jmiibjh\Zlvbo\hl^_evgu_^bj_dlhjbbbi_jkhgZevgu_iZd_luijh]jZfftoolboxes>eywlh]h\Zfg_h[oh^bfh
^h[Z\blvbofZjrjmlihbkdZMATLAB.
?keb \u ih\lhjy_l_ bfy nmgdpbb lh MATLAB \uau\Zxl lhevdh lm dhlhjZy
\klj_qZ_lkyi_j\hc
Qlh[u m\b^_lv kh^_j`Zgb_ FnZceZ gZijbf_j myfunction.m g_h[oh^bfh gZ[jZlv
type myfunction
Kp_gZjbb
Dh^Z \u \uau\Z_l_ kp_gZjbc MATLAB ijhklh \uau\Z_l dhfZgû kh^_j`Zsb_ky\nZce_Kp_gZjbbfh]mlhi_jbjh\Zlvkms_kl\mxsbfb^Zggufb\jZ[hq_fijhkljZgkl\_bebhgbfh]ml kZfbkha^Z\Zlvwlb^Zggu_Ohlykp_gZjbbg_
\ha\jZsZxlagZq_gbc\k_i_j_f_ggu_dhlhju_hgbkha^ZxlhklZxlky\jZ[hq_f ijhkljZgkl\_ êy bkihevah\Zgby \ ihke_^mxsbo \uqbke_gbyo < ^h[Z\e_gb_dkdZaZgghfmkp_gZjbbfh]mlhkms_kl\eylv]jZnbq_kdbc\u\h^bkihevamy
lZdb_nmgdpbbdZdplot.
<dZq_kl\_ijbf_jZkha^Z^bfnZcemagicrank.mdhlhjuckh^_j`blwlbdhfZgûMATLAB:
% Investigate the rank of magic squares
r = zeros(1,32);
for n = 3:32
end
r
bar(r)
56
Kp_gZjbb b nmgdpbb

<\h^kljhdb
magicrank.m
ih\e_q_laZkh[hcbkiheg_gb_dhfZg^\uqbke_gb_jZg]Zi_j\uofZ]bq_kdbo
d\Z^jZlh\ b hlh[jZ`_gby klhe[bdh\hc ^bZ]jZffu j_amevlZlh\ Ihke_ ihegh]h
\uiheg_gbynZceZi_j_f_ggu_nbrhklZxlky\jZ[hq_fijhkljZgkl\_
Nmgdpbb
Nmgdpbb wlh FnZceu dhlhju_ fh]ml bf_lv \oh^gu_ b \uoh^gu_ \ha\jZsZlvBfyFnZceZbnmgdpbb^he`gh[ulvh^gbfbl_f`_NmgdpbbjZ[hlZxlki_j_f_ggufb\ij_^_eZobokh[kl\_ggh]hjZ[hq_]hijhkljZgkl\Zhl^_e_ggh]h hl jZ[hq_]h ijhkljZgkl\Z k dhlhjuf \u hi_jbjm_l_ \ dhfZg^ghc kljhd_
MATLAB.
Ohjhrbfijbf_jhfy\ey_lkynmgdpbbrankFnZcerank.m gZoh^blky\^bj_dlhjbb
toolbox/matlab/matfun
<ufh`_l_ijhkfhlj_lv_]hkh^_j`Zgb_\\_^y
type rank
function r = rank(A,tol)
%RANK
Matrix rank.
%
RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
%
independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
%
RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
%
that are larger than tol.
%
RANK(A) uses the default tol = max(size(A)) * norm(A) * eps.
%
%
Copyright (c) 1984-98 by The MathWorks, Inc.

$Revision: 5.7 $ $Date: 1997/11/21 23:38:49 $
57

s = svd(A);
if nargin==1
tol = max(size(A)') * max(s) * eps;
end
r = sum(s > tol);
I_j\ZykljhdZnmgdpbbFnZceZgZqbgZ_lkykhkeh\Zfunction. A^_kvijhbkoh^bl
aZ^Zgb_ bf_gb kh kibkdhf Zj]mf_glh\ < gZr_f kemqZ_ bkihevam_lky ^h ^\mo
\oh^guoZj]mf_glh\bh^bg\uoh^ghc
Ke_^mxsb_g_kdhevdhkljhd^hi_j\hcimklhcbeb\uihegy_fhckljhdby\eyxlky dhff_glZjbyfb dhlhju_ ij_^hklZ\eyxl kijZ\hqgmx bgnhjfZpbx Wlb
kljhdb[m^ml\u\_^_gugZwdjZg_keb\ugZ[_j_l_
help rank
I_j\Zy kljhdZkijZ\hqgh]h l_dklZ wlh H1 kljhdZ dhlhjmx MATLAB hlh[jZ`Z_lijbbkihevah\ZgbbdhfZgûlookfor bebijbaZijhk_ help ih\k_c^bj_dlhjbb
HklZevgh_kh^_j`Zgb_nZceZkhklZ\ey_lbkihegy_fucdh^MATLABI_j_f_ggZysij_^klZ\e_ggZy\l_e_nmgdpbblZd`_dZdbi_j_f_ggu_\i_j\hckljhd_
r, Ab tol\k_y\eyxlkyehdZevgufbHgbhl^_e_guhl^jm]boi_j_f_gguo\jZ[hq_fijhkljZgkl\_MATLAB.
Wlhl ijbf_j ihdZau\Z_l \Z`gmx hkh[_gghklv nmgdpbc MATLAB dhlhjZy
h[uqgh g_ \kl_qZ_lky \ ^jm]bo yaudZo ijh]jZfbjh\Zgby i_j_f_ggh_ qbkeh
Zj]mf_glh\ Nmgdpby rank fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\ZgZ \ g_kdhevdbo jZaebqguo
nhjfZo
rank(A)
r = rank(A)
r = rank(A, 1.e-6)
Fgh]b_nmgdpbbMATLABjZ[hlZxllZdbfh[jZahf?kebg_l\uoh^gh]hZj]mf_glZ lh j_amevlZl khojZgy_lky \ i_j_f_gghc ans ?keb g_l \lhjh]h \oh^gh]h
Zj]mf_glZ lh nmgdpby \uqbkey_l agZq_gb_ ih mfheqZgbx <gmljb l_eZ nmgdpbbijbkmlkl\mxl^\_\_ebqbgunargin bnargoutdhlhju_\u^Zxlqbkeh\oh^guo b \uoh^guo Zj]mf_glh\ ijb dZ`^hf bkihevah\Zgbb nmgdpbb Nmgdpby
rank bkihevam_li_j_f_ggmxnargin ghg_bkihevam_lnargout.
=eh[Zevgu_i_j_f_ggu_
?keb \u ohlbl_ qlh[u [he__ h^ghc nmgdpbb bkihevah\Zeb hl^_evgmx dhibx
i_j_f_gghcijhklhh[ty\bl__zdZdglobal \h\k_onmgdpbyo>_eZcl_lh`_kZfh_\dhfZg^ghckljhd__keb\uohlbl_qlh[uhkgh\gh_jZ[hq__ijhkljZgkl\h
ihemqbeh^hklmidi_j_f_gghcHij_^_e_gb_global ^he`gh [ulv ^h kZfhc i_j_f_gghc bkihevam_fhc \ nmgdpbb Ohly wlh g_ h[yaZl_evgh bkihevah\Zgb_
[hevrbo[md\êybf_gb]eh[Zevghci_j_f_gghcihfh`_lhlebqblvbohl^jm]boi_j_f_gguoGZijbf_jkha^Z^bfFnZcefalling.m:
58
Kp_gZjbb b nmgdpbb
function h = falling(t)
global GRAVITY
h = *GRAVITY*t.^2;
AZl_f\\_^_fke_^mxsb_kljhdb
global GRAVITY
GRAVITY = 32;
y = falling((0: .1: 5)' );
LZdbf h[jZahf kljhdb hij_^_e_gby GRAVITY \ dhfZg^ghc kljhd_ ^_eZxl _z
^hklmighc \gmljb nmgdpbb <u fh`_l_ ihke_ baf_gblv GRAVITY b ihemqblv
gh\h_j_r_gb_g_j_^ZdlbjmydZdb_eb[hnZceu
DhfZg^ghnmgdpbhgZevgZy^\hckl\_gghklv
Ijbf_judhfZg^MATLABwlh
load
help
Fgh]b_ dhfZgû bf_xl mijZ\eyxsbc iZjZf_lj dhlhjuc hij_^_ey_l ihke_^mxs__^_ckl\b_
load August17.dat
help magic
type rank
>jm]hcf_lh^bkihevah\ZgbydhfZg^guoiZjZf_ljh\ wlh kha^Zgb_ kljhdb Zj]mf_glh\nmgdpbc
load( 'August17.dat' )
help( 'magic' )
type( 'rank' )
Wlhb_klvdhfZg^ghnmgdpbhgZevgZy^\hckl\_gghklvEx[ZydhfZg^ZlbiZ
command argument
lZd`_fh`_l[ulvi_j_ibkZgZ\nmgdpbhgZevghcnhjf_
command( 'argument' )
Ij_bfms_kl\h nmgdpbhgZevgh]h ihôh^Z ijhy\ey_lky dh]^Z kljhdZ Zj]mf_glZ
kha^Z_lkybahl^_evguoqZkl_cKe_^mxsbcijbf_jh[jZ[Zlu\Z_lfgh]hqbke_ggu_ nZceu k ^Zggufb August1.dat, August2.dat b l^ Hg bkihevam_l nmgdpbx
int2strdhlhjZyij_h[jZam_lp_eu_qbkeZ\kljhdmkbf\heh\êykha^Zgbybf_gb
nZceZ
59
for d = 1:31
s = [ 'August' int2str(n) '.dat']
load(s)
% H[jZ[hldZkh^_j`Zgbyd-]hnZceZ
end
NmgdpbyHYDO
Nmgdpby eval jZ[hlZ_l k l_dklh\ufb i_j_f_ggufb êy \uqbke_gby b j_ZebaZpbbl_dklh\uokljhd

eval(s)
bkihevam_lbgl_jij_lZlhjMATLABêy\uqbke_gbyb\uiheg_gby\ujZ`_gby,
kh^_j`Zs_]hky\l_dklh\hckljhd_s.
Ijbf_jbaij_û^ms_]hjZa^_eZfh`_l[ulvlZd`_j_Zebah\Zgke_^mxsbfh[jZahfohlywlh[m^_lf_g__wnn_dlb\ghldbkihevam_lkyihegucbgl_jij_lZlhjZg_\uah\nmgdpbb
for d = 1:31
s = [ 'load August' int2char(n) '.dat' ]
eval(s)
% H[jZ[hldZkh^_j`Zgbyd-]hnZceZ
end
<_dlhjbaZpby
Qlh[u^h[blvkyfZdkbfZevghckdhjhklb\g_MATLABhq_gv\Z`gh\_dlhjbah\u\Zlv Ze]hjblf \ FnZceZo LZf ]^_ ^jm]b_ yaudb ijh]jZffbjh\Zgby fh]ml

bkihevah\Zlvpbdeufor bebdo, MATLABfh`_lijbf_gylv\_dlhjgu_bebfZljbqgu_hi_jZpbbIjhklufijbf_jhfy\ey_lkykha^Zgb_lZ[ebpueh]Zjbnfh\
x=0
for k = 1:1001
y(k) = log10(x);
x = x + .01;
end
(Hiulgu_ ihevah\Zl_eb MATLAB ex[yl ]h\hjblv @bagv kebrdhf dhjhldZ
qlh[uljZlblv\j_fygZaZibkvpbdeh\)
:\_dlhjbah\ZggZy\_jkbywlh]hdh^Z\u]ey^blke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
x = 0: .10:10;
y = log10(x);
>ey[he__keh`guoijh]jZff\hafh`ghklb\_dlhjbaZpbbg_lZdhq_\b^guH^gZdh dh]^Z \Z`gZ kdhjhklv \u ^he`gu \k_]^Z bkdZlv kihkh[u \_dlhjbaZpbb
\Zr_]hZe]hjblfZ
60
Kp_gZjbb b nmgdpbb
Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_\u^_e_gb_
?keb\ug_fh`_l_\_dlhjbah\ZlvqZklvdh^Z\ufh`_l_aZklZ\blv\Zrpbdefor
jZ[hlZlv[uklj__>eywlh]hgm`ghij_^\Zjbl_evgh\u^_eblv\_dlhjZbebfZkkb\u\dhlhjuo[m^mlojZgblvky\uoh^gu_j_amevlZluGZijbf_jke_^mxsbc
dh^bkihevam_lnmgdpbyzeros êyij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h\u^_e_gby\_dlhjZkha^Z\Z_fh]h\pbde_forWlhiha\hey_lpbdemfor jZ[hlZlvaZf_lgh[uklj__
r = zeros(32,1)
for n = 1:32
end
;_a ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h \u^_e_gby \ ij_û^ms_f ijbf_j_ bgl_jij_lZlhj
MATLAB m\_ebqb\Z_l\_dlhjr ihh^ghfmwe_f_glmdZ`ûcjZa\gmljb pbdeZ
Ij_^\Zjbl_evgh_\u^_e_gb_\_dlhjZ mkljZgy_lwlh^_ckl\b_bj_amevlZl ihemqZ_lky[uklj__
Nmgdpbyhlnmgdpbc
DeZkk nmgdpbc gZau\Z_fuc nmgdpby hl nmgdpbc jZ[hlZ_l k g_ebg_cgufb

nmgdpbyfb kdZeyjguo i_j_f_gguo Lh _klv h^gZ nmgdpby jZ[hlZ_l k ^jm]hc .
Nmgdpbbhlnmgdpbc\dexqZxl\k_[y
GZoh`^_gbygmey
HilbfbaZpby
Bgl_]jbjh\Zgb_
H[udgh\_ggu_^bnn_j_gpbZevgu_mjZ\g_gby
MATLAB ij_^klZ\ey_lg_ebg_cgu_nmgdpbbq_j_aFnZceuGZijbf_jgb`_
ijb\_^_gZmijhs_ggZy\_jkbynmgdpbbhumps ba^bj_dlhjbbmatlab/demos
function y = humps(x)
y = 1. / ( (x - .3). ^2 + .01) + 1. / ( (x - .9) .^2 + .04) - 6;
<uqbkebfwlmnmgdpbx\g_kdhevdbolhqdZobgl_j\ZeZ[0,1]
x = 0: .002:1;
y = humps(x);
AZl_fihkljhbf]jZnbd
plot(x,y)
61

GZ ]jZnbd_ \b^gh qlh wlZ nmgdpby bf__l ehdZevguc fbgbfmf hdheh x=0.6.
Nmgdpbyfmins gZc^_lfbgbfmful_l_agZq_gbyx\dhlhjuonmgdpby^hklb]Z_lk\h_]hfbgbfmfZI_j\ufZj]mf_glhffmins y\ey_lkybfynmgdpbbfbgbfmfdhlhjhcbs_lkyZ\lhjufijb[eb`_ggh_iheh`_gb_fbgbfmfZ
p = fmins( 'humps', .5)
p =
0.6370
Qlh[ugZclbagZq_gb_nmgdpbb\fbgbfmf_
humps(p)
ans =
11.2528
Ki_pbZebklubkihevamxll_jfbgud\Z^jZlmjZbbgl_]jbjh\Zgb_ qlh[u jZaebqZlv qbke_ggmx ZiijhdkbfZpbx hij_^_e_gguo bgl_]jZeh\ b qbke_ggh_ bgl_]jbjh\Zgb_ h[udgh\_gguo ^bnn_j_gpbZevguo mjZ\g_gbc quad b quad8 wlh
ihîjh]jZffuMATLABih\uqbke_gbxd\Z^jZlmju
Q = quad8( 'humps', 0, 1)
\uqbkey_liehsZ^vih^djb\hcgZ]jZnbd_b\u^Z_l
Q =
29.8583
<aZdexq_gb_gZ]jZnbd_\b^ghqlhaZ^ZggZynmgdpbyg_bf__lgme_cgZwlhf
bgl_j\Ze_Ihwlhfm_kebfuihiulZ_fkyhlukdZlvgmev
z = fzero( 'humps', .5)
lhfugZc^_f_]h\g_gZr_]hbgl_j\ZeZ
z =
-0.1316
62
MijZ\ey_fZy ]jZnbdZ
MijZ\ey_fZy]jZnbdZ
MATLABij_^hklZ\ey_ldhfie_dknmgdpbcgbadh]hmjh\gydhlhju_iha\heyxl
kha^Z\Zlv b h[jZ[Zlu\Zlv ebgbb ih\_joghklb b ^jm]b_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ h[t_dlu
WlZkbkl_fZgZau\Z_lkymijZ\ey_fZy]jZnbdZHandle Graphics).
=jZnbq_kdb_h[t_dlu
=jZnbq_kdb_h[t_dluwlh[Zabkgu_we_f_glukbkl_fumijZ\ey_fhc]jZnbdb\
MATLABHgbknhjfbjh\Zgu\^_j_\hkljmdlmjghcb_jZjobbWlbfhljZ`Z_lky k\yav ]jZnbq_kdbo h[t_dlh\ GZijbf_j h[t_dlu Line (ebgby) gm`^Zxlky \
h[t_dlZoAxes (hkb)dZd\kbkl_f_hlkq_lZ<k\hxhq_j_^vh[t_dluAxes kms_kl\mxllhevdhkh[t_dlZfbFigure.
?klvh^bggZ^pZlv\b^h\h[t_dlh\mijZ\ey_fhc]jZnbdb
H[t_dlu Root y\eyxlky \_jrbghc b_jZjobb Hgb khhl\_lkl\mxl wdjZgm
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H[t_dluFigurewlhhdgZgZwdjZg_djhf_dhfZg^gh]hhdgZ
H[t_dluUicontrol wlhihevah\Zl_evkdh_mijZ\e_gb_bgl_jn_ckhfDh]^Z
ihevah\Zl_ev Zdlb\bjm_l h[t_dl \uau\Z_lky khhl\_lkl\mxsZy nmgdpby Hgb
\dexqZxl\k_[ypushbutton, radio button bslider.
H[t_dlu Axes hij_^_eyxl h[eZklv \ hdg_ Figure b hjb_glZpbx ^hq_jgbo
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H[t_dluImage wlh^\mf_jgu_h[t_dludhlhju_\u\h^blMATLAB, bkihevamywe_f_gluijyfhm]hevgh]hfZkkb\ZdZdbg^_dku\iZeblj_
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ijb kha^Zgbb G_dhlhju_ ]jZnbdb gZijbf_j k g_kdhevdbfb djb\ufb khklhyl
ba fgh]bo h[t_dlh\dZ`ûc ba dhlhjuo bf__l k\hc kh[kl\_gguc b^_glbnbdZlhjhandleQ_fiulZlvkyijhqblZlvbokwdjZgZbih\lhjgh\\h^blv\um\b^bl_qlh\k_]^Zemqr_ojZgblvagZq_gb_\i_j_f_gghcbbkihevah\Zlv_]hihg_h[oh^bfhklb
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63

nhjfZpbxbkihevam_fmxMATLABGZijbf_j_kebA wlhfZ]bq_kdbcd\Z^jZl>xj_jZlh
h = plot(A)
kha^Zklebg_cguc]jZnbdkq_lujvfyebgbyfbêydZ`^h]hklhe[pZ:ZlZd`_
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h =
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nmgdpbytext kha^Z_lh[t_dltextnmgdpbyfigure kha^Z_lh[t_dlfigure bl^=jZnbq_kdb_ nmgdpbb MATLAB \ukhdh]h mjh\gy lZdb_ dZd plot b surface \uau\Zxlg_h[oh^bfu_nmgdpbbgbadh]hmjh\gyêyhlh[jZ`_gbykhhl\_lkl\mxsbo
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Nmgdpbb gbadh]h mjh\gy ijhklh kha^Zxl h^bg ba h^bggZ^pZlb ]jZnbq_kdbo
h[t_dlh\ hij_^_e_gguo MATLAB aZ bkdexq_gb_f dhjg_\h]h h[t_dlZ root),
dhlhjuckha^Z_llhevdhMATLABGZijbf_j
line( [1 3 6], [8 2 0], 'Color', 'red' )
64
MijZ\ey_fZy ]jZnbdZ
K\hckl\Zh[t_dlZ
<k_h[t_dluh[eZ^Zxlk\hckl\Zfbdhlhju_hij_^_eyxldZdhgb\u\h^ylkygZ
wdjZg MATLAB ij_^hklZ\ey_l ^\Z f_oZgbafZ êy aZ^Zgby k\hckl\ K\hckl\Z
h[t_dlZ fh]ml [ulv mklZgh\e_gu nmgdpb_c kha^Zgby h[t_dlZ beb fh]ml [ulv
baf_g_gu nmgdpb_c set, dh]^Z h[t_dl m`_ kms_kl\m_l GZijbf_j ke_^mxsbc
we_f_gldh^Zkha^Z_lljbh[t_dlZbaZf_gy_lg_dhlhju_babok\hckl\ihmfheqZgbx
days = [ 'Su' ; 'Mo' ; 'Tu' ; 'We' ; 'Th' ; 'Fr' ; 'Sa' ]
temp = [ 21.1 22.2 19.4 23.3 23.9 21.1 20.0 ];
f = figure;
a = axes( 'YLim' , [16 26] , 'Xtick' , 1:7 , 'XtickLabel' , days )
h = line(1:7, temp)
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ijbjZs_gbcihxEbgbbkms_kl\mxl\gmljbhk_cbbf_xl aZ^Zggu_ agZq_gby
êy^ZgguoihxbyLjbb^_glbnbdZlhjZh[t_dlh\f, abh khojZg_guêy^Zevg_cr_]hbkihevah\Zgby
VHWbJHW
K\hckl\Z h[t_dlZ aZ^Zxlky h[jZs_gb_f d g_fm ihke_ _]h kha^Zgby >ey wlh]h
bkihevamcl_b^_glbnbdZlhj\ha\jZsZ_fuckha^Z\Z_fhcnmgdpb_c
Nmgdpby set iha\hey_l mklZgZ\eb\Zlv k\hckl\Z h[t_dlh\ mdZaZgb_f b^_glbnbdZlhjZh[t_dlZbkh\hdmighklbiZjgZa\Zgb_k\hckl\ZagZq_gb_<dZq_kl\_mijZ`g_gbybaf_gbfp\_lbrbjbgmebgbbbaij_û^ms_]hijbf_jZ
set( h , 'Color' , [0 .8 .8] , 'LineWidth' , 3)
>eylh]hqlh[um\b^_lvkibkhd\k_o^hklmiguok\hckl\aZ^Zggh]hh[t_dlZ\uah\_l_set kb^_glbnbdZlhjhfh[t_dlZ
65
set(h)
Color
EraseMode: [ {normal} | background | xor | none ]
LineStyle: [ {-} | -- | : | -. | none ]
LineWidth
Marker: [ + | o | * | . | x | square | diamond | v | ^ | > | < |
pentagram | hexagram | {none} ]
MarkerSize
. . .
XData
YData
Zdata
. . .
.
Qlh[u\u\_klbkibkhd\k_ol_dmsbomklZgh\e_gguok\hckl\aZ^Zggh]hh[t_dlZ
\uah\_l_get kb^_glbnbdZlhjhfh[t_dlZ
get(h)
Color = [0 0.8 0.8]
EraseMode = normal
LineStyle = LineWidth = [3]
Marker = none
MarkerSize = [6]
. . .
XData = [ (1 by 7) double array]
YData = [ (1 by 7) double array]
ZData = []
. . .
>eyaZijhkZagZq_gbyhl^_evgh]hk\hckl\Zbkihevamcl_get kbf_g_fk\hckl\Z
get(h , 'Color')
ans =
0
0.8000
0.8000
H[t_dlu axes bf_xl fgh]h ^_lZevguo k\hckl\ êy \k_]h ]jZnbdZ GZijbf_j
aZ]heh\hdtitle.
t = get(a , 'title' );
set(t , 'String' , 'Temperature' , 'FontAngle' , 'oblique')
Nmgdpbytitle h[_ki_qb\Z_l^jm]hcbgl_jn_ckdwlbf`_k\hckl\Zf
=jZnbq_kdbcIhevah\Zl_evkdbcBgl_jn_ck(GUI)
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(Handle Graphicsêykha^Zgbyihevah\Zl_evkdh]hbgl_jn_ckZ
b = uicontrol( 'Style' , 'pushbutton' , . . .
'Units' , 'normalized' , . . .
'Position' , [.5 .5 .2 .1] , . . .
66
MijZ\ey_fZy ]jZnbdZ
'String' , 'click here' );
kha^Z_l pushbutton \ p_glj_ hdgZ bah[jZ`_gby figure b \ha\jZsZ_l b^_glbnbdZlhjgh\h]hh[t_dlZH^gZdhihdZgZ`Zlb_gZwlmdghidmgbdq_fmg_ijb\h^bl
s = ' set(b , ' 'Position' ' , [.8*rand .9*rand .2 .1]) ';
kha^Z_l kljhdm kh^_j`Zsmx dhfZg^m dhlhjZy f_gy_l iheh`_gb_ dghidb Ih\lhjgh_bkihevah\Zgb_
eval(s)
[m^_li_j_^\b]Zlvdghidm\kemqZcgu_f_klZHdhgqZl_evgh
set(b , 'Callback' , s)
mklZgh\bl s \ dZq_kl\_ h[jZ[hldb gZ`Zlby dghidb Ihwlhfm dZ`ûc jZa dh]^Z
\u_zgZ`bfZ_l_hgZi_j_f_sZ_lkygZgh\h_f_klh
:gbfZpby
MATLAB ij_^hklZ\ey_l g_kdhevdh kihkh[h\ êy kha^Zgby ^\b]Zxs_cky ZgbfZpbhgghc ]jZnbdb Bkihevah\Zgb_ k\hckl\Z EraseMode ij_^gZagZq_gh êy
êbgghcihke_^h\Zl_evghklbijhkluo]jZnbdh\]^_baf_g_gb_hldZ^jZddZ^jm
fbgbfZevghGb`_ij_^klZ\e_gijbf_jfh^_ebjmxsbc[jhmgh\kdh_^\b`_gb_
Hij_^_ebfdhebq_kl\hlhq_d
n = 20;
L_fi_jZlmjmbebkdhjhklvdZd
s = .02;
Emqrb_ agZq_gby wlbo iZjZf_ljh\ aZ\bkyl hl kdhjhklb \Zr_c fZrbgu K]_g_jbjm_fn kemqZcguolhq_dkdhhj^bgZlZfb(x,y) f_`^m b.
x = rand(n,1)-0.5;
y = rand(n,1)-0.5;
Hlh[jZabf lhqdb \ d\Z^jZl_ kh klhjhgZfb \ ij_^_eZo hl ^h KhojZgbf
b^_glbnbdZlhjêy\_dlhjZlhq_dbmklZgh\bfk\hckl\hEraseMode jZ\gufxor.
WlhmdZ`_l]jZnbq_kdhckbkl_f_MATLABg_i_j_jbkh\u\Zlv\_kv]jZnbddh]^Zbaf_gy_lkydhhj^bgZlZh^ghclhqdbZ\hkklZgZ\eb\Zlvp\_lnhgZ\hdj_klghklblhqdbbkihevamyhi_jZpbxbkdexqZxs_]hBEB
h = plot(x , y , ' . ' );
axis([-1 1 -1 1])
axis square
grid off
set(h , 'EraseMode' , 'xor' , 'MarkerSize' , 18 );
67
while 1
x = x + s*randn(n,1);
y = y + s*randn(n,1);
set(h, 'Xdata' , x , 'Ydata' , y)
end
Kdhevdhgm`gh\j_f_gbqlh[uh^gZbalhq_d\ureZaZij_^_eud\Z^jZlZ"Q_j_adZdh_\j_fy\k_lhqdbhdZ`mlky\g_d\Z^jZlZ"

Movie
?keb\um\_ebqb\Z_l_qbkehlhq_d\[jhmgh\kdhf^\b`_gbbgZijbf_jn = 300,
lh \ wlhf kemqZ_ ^\b`_gb_ g_ [m^_l hq_gv ih^\b`guf lZd dZd ihlj_[m_lky
kebrdhf fgh]h \j_f_gb gZ dZ`^hf rZ]_ KlZgh\blky [he__ wnn_dlb\guf khojZgblvhij_^_e_ggh_qbkehdZ^jh\dZdbitmap bijhb]ju\ZlvbodZddbgh
<hi_j\uoimklvqbkehdZ^jh\
nframes = 50;
<h\lhjuomklZgh\bfi_j\uc]jZnbddZdbjZg__aZbkdexq_gb_fbkihevah\ZgbyEraseMode
x = rand(n,1)-0.5;
y = rand(n,1)-0.5;
h = plot(x, y, ' . ' )
set(h, 'MarkerSize' , 18)
axis([-1 1 -1 1])
axis square
grid off
L_i_jv\u^_ebf^hklZlhqghiZfylbêykhojZg_gbygZr_]hnbevfZ
M = moviein(nframes);
68
MijZ\ey_fZy ]jZnbdZ
Wlh mklZgh\bl [hevrmx fZljbpm k nframes klhe[pZfb DZ`ûc klhe[_p ^hklZlhqghêbggucqlh[ukhojZgblvh^bgdZ^jIhegh_dhebq_kl\hlj_[m_fhciZfylb ijhihjpbhgZevgh dhebq_kl\m dZ^jh\ b h[eZklb l_dmsbo hk_c gh hgZ g_
aZ\bkblhlkeh`ghklbhl^_evguo]jZnbdh\>eydZ^jh\bhk_cihmfheqZgbx
g_h[oh^bfh hdheh f_]Z[Zcl iZfylb < gZr_f ijbf_j_ bkihevamxlky d\Z^jZlgu_hkbdhlhju_g_fgh]hf_gvr_ihwlhfmlj_[m_lkyhdhehf_]Z[Zcl
K]_g_jbjm_fihemq_ggucnbevfbbkihevamygetframekhojZgbfdZ`ûcdZ^j
for k = 1:nframes
x = x + s*rand(n,1);
y = y + s*rand(n,1);
set(h , 'XData' , x , 'YData' , y)
M(: , k) = getframe;
end
L_i_jvijhb]jZ_fnbevf jZa
movie(30)
69
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Qlh[u m\b^_lv ^hihegbl_evgu_ ijbf_ju MATLAB \u[_jbl_ Examples and
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MATLAB Installation Guide hibku\Z_l dZd mklZgh\blv MATLAB gZ \Zrm
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Using MATLABij_^klZ\ey_l[he__]em[hdbcfZl_jbZeihyaudmMATLAB,
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MATLAB Application Program Interface Guide h[tykgy_l dZd ibkZlv ijh]jZffugZKbbNhjljZg_dhlhju_\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlkMATLAB.
MATLAB 5.1 New Features Guide ij_^hklZ\ey_lihe_agmxbgnhjfZpbxêy
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I_j_\h^kZg]ebckdh]hDhgxr_gdh<<
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18/05/1977
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e-mail: konushenko@afrodita.phys.msu.su
74

MATLAB (книга-рус)

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MATLAB (книга-рус)

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MATLAB

Getting Started with MATLAB

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